^ 


*IVER%.        .vlOS  ANGELA 

—  %    i  — 


I 


I 


THE 

GENUINE  WORKS 


OF 


FJLAVIUS    JOSEPHUS, 

THE 

LEARNED  AND  AUTHENTIC  JEWISH  HISTORIAN, 
AND  CELEBRATED  WARRIOR. 

TRANSLATED  FROM  THE"  ORIGINAL  GREEK,  ACCORDING  TO 
HAVERCAMP'S  ACCURATE  EDITION. 

WITH  COPIOUS  NOTES,  &  PROPER  OBSERVATIONS, 

IN  THREE  VOLUMES. 

VOLUME  II. 
CONTAINING   THE  LAST   NINE   BOOKS 

OF    THE 

ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE    JEWS,    WITH    THE  LIFE 
OF  FLAVIUS  JOSEPHUS. 

WRITTEN    BY    HIMSELF. 
TRANSLATED    BT 

WILLIAM  WHISTON,  A.  M. 

tfATl  PROFESSOR  OF  MATHEMATICS   IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   CAMBRIDGE. 


PSJJffED    Af   SPRINGFIELD, 

THOMAS  AND   ANDREWS,  BOSTON,  AND  ISAIAH. 
THOMAS,  JUN.  WORCESTER. 

1809. 


Stack 
Annex 


THE 


WORKS 


OF 


FLAVIUS  JOSEPHUS, 

CONTAINING 

THE  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  JEWS, 


BOOK  XII. 

Containing  the  Interval  of  an  hundred  and  fe verity 

years. 

[FROM   THE    DEATH  OF   ALEXANDER   THE  GREAT,  TO 
THE  DEATH  OF  JUDAS   MACCABEUS.] 


CHAPTER  I. 

Mow  Ptolemy,  the  fan  of  Lagus,  took  Jcrufalem  and  Judea 
by  deceit  and  treachery,  and  carried  many  of  the  'Jews 
thence  \  and  planted  them  in  Egypt. 


\  i.  ^^OW  when  Alexander,  king  of  Macedon,  had  put  an 
1/N  end  to  the  dominion  ot  the  Perfians,  and  had  fettled 
the  affairs  in  Judea  after  the  forementioned  manner,  he  ended 
his  lite.  And  as  his  government  fell  among  many,  Antigonus 
obtained  Afia,  Seleucus  Babylon  ;  and  oi  the  other  nations 
which  were  there,  Lyfimachus  governed  the  Hellefpont,  and 
Caflander  poffefled  Macedonia  ;  as  did  Ptolemy  the  fon  o£ 
Lagus  feize  upon  Egypt.  And  while  thefe  princes  ambi- 
tioufly  ftrove  one  agamft  another,  every  one  for  his  own  prin- 
cipality, it  came  to  pals  that  their  were  continual  wars,  and 
thofe  lafting  wars  too  ;  and  the  cities  were  fufferers,  and  loft 
a  great  many  ot  their  inhabitants  in  thefe  times  of  diftrefs,  in 
fo  much  that  all  Syria,  by  the  means  ot  Ptolemy  the  fon  ot 
Lagus,  underwent  the  reverfe  ot  that  denomination  of  Sa- 
viour, which  he  then  had.  He  alfo  feized  upon  Jerufalem, 
and  for  that  end  made  ufe  of  deceit  and  treachery  ;  for  as  he 
came  into  the  city  on  a  Sabbath  day,  as  if  he  would  offer  fao 


4  ANTIQUITIES    01   THE  JEWS."  fjBook    XII. 

rifice,  he,  without  any  trouble,  gained  the  city,  while  the 
Jews  did  not  oppofe  him,  _|or  they  did  not  fufpect  him  to  be 
their  enemy  ;  and  he  gained  it  thus,  becaufe  they  were  free 
from  fufpicion  of  him,  and  becaufe  on  that  day  they  were  at 
reft  and  quietnefs;  and  when  he  had  gained  it,  he  ruled  over 
it  in  a  cruel  manner.  Nay,  Agatharchides  of  Criidus,  who 
wrote  the  acts  of  Alexander's  fuccefjors,  reproaches  us  with 
fuperftition,  as  it  we,  by  it,  had  loft  our  liberty  ;  where  he 
fays  thus  :  "  There  is  a  nation  called  the  nation  of  the  Jews, 
who  inhabit  a  city  ftrong  and  great,  named  Jerufalem.  Thefe 
men  took  no  care,  but  let  it  come  into  the  hands  of  Ptolemy, 
as  not  willing  to  take  arms,  and  thereby  they  fubmitted  to  be 
under  an  hard  mafler,  by  reafon  of  their  unfeafonable  fuper- 
flition."  This  is  what  Agatharchides  relates  of  our  nation. 
But  when  Ptolemy  had  taken  a  great  many  captives,  both 
from  the  mountainous  parts  oi  Judea,  and  from  the  places 
about  Jerufalem  and  Samaria,  and  the  places  near  mount 
Gerizzim.  he  led  them  all  into*  Egypt,  and  fettled  them 
there.  And  as  he  knew  that  the  people  of  Jerufalem  weret 
mod  faithful  in  the  obfervation  of  oaths  ana  covenants  ;  and 
this  from  the  anfwer  they  made  to  Alexander  when  he  fent 
an  embairage  to  them,  after  he  had  beaten  Darius  in  battle,  fo 
he  diltributed  many  of  them  into  garrifons  ;  and  at  Alexan- 
dria gave  them  equal  privileges  of  citizens  with  the  Mace- 
donians themfelves  ;  and  required  ot  them  to  take  their  oaths, 
that  they  would  keep  their  fidelity  to  the  pofterity  ot  thofe 
who  committed  thefe  pldces  to  their  care  Nay  there  were 
not  a  few  other  Jews,  who,  of  their  own  accord,  went  into 
Egypt,  as  invited  by  the  goodnefs  of  the  foil,  and  by  the  lib- 
erality ot  Ptolemy.  However,  there  were  diforders  among 
their  pofterity,  with  relation  to  the  Samaritans,  on  account 
ot  their  refolution  to  preferve  that  conduct  of  life  which  was 
delivered  to  them  by  their  forefathers,  and  they  thereupon 
contended  one  with  another;  while  thofe  of  Jerufalem  faid, 
that  their  temple  was  holy,  and  refolved  to  fend  their  facrifi- 
ces  thither  ;  but  the  Samaritans  were  refolved  that  they 
Ihould  be  fent  to  mount  Gerizzim. 

*  The.  great  number  of  thefe  Jews  and  Samaritans  that  were  formerly  car- 

lied  into   Kgypt-  by  Alexander,  and  now  by  Ptolemy  the  fon  of   Lagus,  appear 

afterward    in  ;hz  v^lt  inultjtuce.  who.  as  we  fhall  lire  prefently,  were  loon  ran- 

lomcd  Liy  Phiiadelphus,  and  by  him  made  free,  before  he  fent  for   the  ieventy- 

two  interpreters  :     In    the   many  garriioi.s,  and  other  ioldiers  of  that  nation  in 

Egypt  :  In  the  famous  fet-.letnent  of   jews,  and  the  number  of  their  fynagogues 

at    Alexandria,  long    afterward  ;  and   in    the  vehement  contention  between  the 

•:d  Satnaiitans   under   Philometer,    about  the  place  appointed  foi  public 

•r>  in  the  law  of  Mofes  ;  wh-ther  at  the  Jewifh    temple  of  jerulalem,  or 

?tthe  Samaritan  temple  at  Gerizzim  ;  of  all  which   our   author  treats  hereafter. 

.And  as  to   the  Samaritans    carried    into  ligypt  under  the  fame  princes,  Scaiiger 

iuppoies,  ihat   thofe   who   have  a  gteat    fyuagogue  at  Cairo,  as  alfo  thofe  whom 

bic  j;e-ignpher  i'peaks  of,  as  having    feized   on  an  \fland  in  the  Red  Sea, 

aie  remains  ot  t:]»mat  this  very  day,  as  the  notes  here  inform  us. 

+  Of  the  facredneis  of  oaths  among  the   Jews    in    the  Old  Tefhmo 
Scripture  Politic.,  p.  54,  65. 


Chap.  II.]  .    ANTIQUITIKS    OF    THE    JEWS. 


CHAPTER  II. 

How  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  procured  the  laws  of  th<>  Jews  to 
betranjlated  into  the  Greek  Tingue  ;  .and  fet  many  (.actives 
free  ;  and  dedicated  many  gifts  to  God. 


§  i«  'TXT'HEN  Alexander  had  reigned  twelve  years,  and  after 
V  V  him  Ptolemy  Soter  forty  years,  Philadelphus  then 
to°k  the  kingdom  of  Egypt,  and  held  it  forty  years  within  one. 
He  procured  the*  law  to  be  interpreted  ;  and  fet  free  thofe 
that  were  come  from  Jerufalem  into  Egypt,  and  were  in  fla- 
very  there,  who  were  an  hundred  and  twenty  thouland.  The 
occafion  was  this  :  Demetrius  Phalerius,  who  was  library- 
keeper  to  the  king,  was  now  endeavoring,  if  it  were  poffible, 
to  gather  together  all  the  books  that  were  in  the  habitable 
earth,  and  buying  whatfoever  was  any  where  valuable  or  a- 
greeable  to  the  king's  inclination  (who  was-  very  earnestly 
fet  upon  collecting  of  books)  to  which  inclination  of  his  De- 
metrius was  zealously  fubfervient.  And  when  once  Ptole- 
my afked  him,  How  many  ten  thoufands  of  books  he  had  col- 
lected ?  He  replied,  That  he  had  already  about  twenty  times 
ten  thoufand,  but  that,  in  a  little  time,  he  fhould  have  fifty 
times  ten  thoufand.  But  he  laid,  he  had  been  informed  that 
there  were  'many  books  ot  laws  among  the  Jews,  worthy  ot 
inquiring  after,  and  worthy  of  the  king's  library,  but  which 
being  written  in  characters  and  in  a  dialect  of  their  oj^n,  will 
caufe  nofmall  pains  in  getting  them  tranflated  into  tTO  Greek 
tongue;  that  the  characterjin  which  they  are  written  leems-to 
be  like  to  that  which  is  the  proper  character  of  the  Syrians, 
and  that  its  found,  when  pronounced,  is  like  theirs  alfo  ;  and 
that  this  found  appears  to  be  peculiar  to  themfelves.  Where- 
fore he  faid.  that  nothing  hindered  why  they  might  not  get 
thofe  books  to  be  tranflated  al(b,  lor  while  nothing  is  wanting 
that  is  necefTary  tor  that  purpose,  we  may  have  their  books 
alfo  in  this  library.  So  the  king  thought  that  Demetrius  was 
very  zealous  to  procure  him  abundance  of  books,  and  that 
he  fuggefted  what  was  exceeding  proper  tor  him  to  do  ;  and 
therefore  he  wrote  to  the  Jewiih  High  Prieft,  that  he  ihould 
act  accordingly. 

*  Of  the  tranflation  of  the  other  parts  of  the  Old  TeHament  by  feventy 
Egyptian  jews,  in  the  reigns  of  Ptolemy  the  (on  of  Lzgus,  a-id  Philadelphia  ; 
z.s  a!!o  of  the  tranflation  of  the  Pentateuch  by  (eventytwo  Jerutalem  Jews,  in  the 
icventh  yearot  Philadelpiius  at  Alexandria  ds  given  ns  an  account  or  by  Anfte- 
us,  and  thence  by  Philo  and  Joiephus,  with  a  vindication  of  Arifteus'  hiftorv, 
fa  the  Appendix  to  Lit.'Accomp.  of  Proph.  at  lat^-i,  p.  117—  i,-,t. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE    JEWS.  [Book  XII. 

2.  Now  there  was  one  Arifteus,  who  was  among  the  king'g 
moft  intimate  friends,  and    on   account  ot  his    modefty  very 
acceptable  to  him.     This   Arifteus  refolved   frequently,  and 
that  before  now,  to  petition  the  king,  that  he  would  let  all  the 
captive  jews  in  his  kingdom  tree  ;  and  he  thought  this  to  be 
a  convenient  opportunity    for  the  making  that  petition.     So 
he  difcourfed,   in  the  fir  ft   place,   with  the  captains  of  the 
king's  guards,  Sofibius  ot  Tarentum,  and  Andreas  ;  and  per- 
iuaded  them  to  aflift  him  in  what  he   was   going  to  intercede 
with  the  king  for.    Accordingly  Arifteus  embraced  the  fame 
opinion  with  thofe  that  have   been   before  mentioned  ;  and 
went  to  the   king,   and   made  the   following  fpeech  to  him  : 
"  It  is  not  fit  for  us,  O  king,  to  overlook  things  haftily>  or  to 
deceive   ourfelves,   Out  to  lay  the   truth  open  :  For  fince  we 
have   determined  not  only  to  get  the  laws  of  the  Jews  tranf- 
cribed,  but   interpreted  alfp,   tor  thy   fatistaction,   by    what 
means  can  we  do  this,    while  fo  many  ot  the  Jews  are  now 
fbves   in  thy  kingdom  ?   Do  thou  then  what  will  be  agreea- 
ble to  tny   magnanimity,  and  to  thy  good  nature:  Free  them 
from  the  milerable  condition   they  are  in,  becaufe  that  God, 
who  fupporteth  thy  kingdom,  was  the   author  ot  their  laws, 
as  I  have  learned  by  particular  inquiry  ;  for  both  thefe  peo- 
ple, and  we  alfo,    worfhip  the   fame  God,  the  tramer  ol  all 
things      We  call  him,  and  that  truly  by  the  name  of  Zet/j  |  or 
life,  or  Jupiter  i  becaufe  he  breaths  life  into  all  men.  Where- 
fore do  thou  reilore  thefe   men   to  their  own  country  ;  and 
this  do  to  the  honor  of  God,  becaufe  thefe  men  pay  a  pecu- 
liarly excellent  worfhip  to  him.     And  know  this  farther,  that 
though  ^>e  not  of  kin  to  them   by  birth,  nor  one  of  the  fame 
country    with    them,  yet  do  1  defire  thefe    favors   to  be  done 
them,  fmce  all   men  are  the  workmanfhip  of  God  ,  and  1  am 
ienfible  that  he  is  well  pleafed  with  thofe  that  do  good.     I  do 
therefore  put  up  this  petition  to  thee,  to  do   good  to  them." 

3.  When  Arifteus  was  faying  thus,  the  king  looked  upon 
him  with  a  cheerful  and  joyful  countenance,  and  faid,  "  How 
many  ten  thoufands  doft   thou   fuppofe   there  are  of  fuch  as 
want  to  be  made  tree  ?"     To  which  Andreas   replied,  as  he 
flood  bye.  and  faid,   "  A  few  more  than  ten  times  ten  thouf- 
and.;>     The  king  made  anfwer,  "  And  is  this  a  tmall  gift  that 
thou  afkeft,  Arifteus  ?"  But  Sofibius,  and  the  reft  that  flood 
bye,  laid,  That   "  he  ought  to  offer  fuch  a  thank  offering  as 
was  worthy  ol  his  greatnefs  of  foul,  to  that  God  who  had  giv- 
en him  his  kingdom."     With  this  anfwer  he  was  much  pleaf- 
ed ;  and  gave  order,   that   when   they  paid  the  foldiers  their 
wages,   they    fhould  lay    down  [an*  hundred  andj  twenty 

*  Although  ihis  number  120  drachmae  [of  Alexandria,  or  60  Jewtfh  Shek- 
els] be  here  three  times  repeated,  and  that  in  all  Joiephus's  copies  Greek  and 
Latin,  yet  iiuce  all  the  copies,  of  Arifteus,  whence  Joiephus  took  his  relationi 


Chap.  II.3  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE     JEWS. 

drachmae  for  every  one  of  the  flaves.  And  lie  promifed  to 
publifh  a  magnificent  decree,  about  what  they  requeftecl, 
•which  ftouH  confirm  what  Arifteus  had  propofed.  and  efpe- 
eially  what  God  willed  fhould  be  done  ;  whereby  he  laid  he 
would  not  only  fet  thofe  free  who  had  been  led  away  captive 
by  his  father,  and  his  army,  but  thole  who  were  in  bis  king- 
dom before  and  thofe  alto,  if  any  fuch  there  were,  who  rud 
been  brought  away  fmce.  And  when  they  faid,  that  their 
redemption  money  would  amount  to  above  tour  hundred  tal- 
ents, he  granted  it.  A  copy  of  which  decree  I  have  deter- 
mined to  preferve,  that  the  magnanimity  < a  this  king  may  be 
made  known.  Its  contents  were  as  follows  :  "  Let  all  thole 
who  were  foldiers  under  our  father,  and  who,  when  they  over- 
ran Syria  and  Phoenicia,  and  laid  wafte  Judea,  took  the  Jews 
captives,  and  made  them  flaves,  and  brought  them  into  our 
cities,  .and  into  this  country,  and  then  lold  them;  as  alfo  all 
thofe  that  were  in  my  kingdom  before  them  :  And  it  there  be 
any  that  have  been  lately  brought  thither,  be  made  free  oy 
thofe  that  poffefs  them  ;  and  let  them  accept  of  [an  hundred 
and  I  twenty  drachmae  tor  every  fljve.  And  let  the  foldiers 
receive  this  redemption  money  with  their  pay,  but  .the  reft 
out  of  ;he  king's  trcafury  :  For  1  iuppofe  that  they  were  made 
captives  without  our  father's  content,  and  againft  equity  ; 
and  that  their  country  was  harraffed  by  the  infolence  ol  (he 
foldiers.  and  that,  by  removing  them  into  Egypt,  the  foldiers 
have  made  a  great  profit  by  them.  Out  ot  regard  therefore 
to  juftice.  and  out  ot  pity  to  thole  that  have  been  tyrannized 
over,  contrary  to  equity,  I  enjoin  thofe  that  have  luch  Jews 
in  their  fervice  to  let  them  at  liberty,  upon  the  receipt  ot  the 
before  mentioned  fum  ;  and  that  no  one  ufe  any  deceit  about 
them,  but  obey  what  is  here  commanded.  And  1  will,  that 
they  give  in  their  names  within  three  days  alter  the  publica- 
tion ot  this  edi6i,  to  fuch  as  are  appointed  to  execute  the 
lame,  and  to  produce  the  flaves  before  them  alfo,  for  I  think 
it  will  be  for  the  advantage  of  my  affairs  :  And  let  every  one 
that  will  inform  agdinft  ihufe  that  do  not  obey  this  decree; 
and  I  will,  that  their  eftates  be  cc  nfifcated  into  the  king's 
treafury."  When  this  decree  was  read  to  the  king,  it  at  firil 
Contained  the  reft  that  is  here  inlerted,  and  onruttted  only 
thofe  Jews  that  had  formerly  been  brought,  and  'hofe  brought 
afterwards,  which  had  not  been  diffintily  mentioned,  fo  he 

ha  e  this  fum  feveial  tirpea,  and  ftill  as  no  more   'ban  20   drachma,  or  10  Jfw- 
iih  fhi.-k.Hs;    end  finer  the  i\  in  ot  th?  taints,  to  he   if.    down  pr-tently,  which 
is  little  above  460,  6-r  ioiiv  what  more  than  100.000  fiaves.  and  is  nearly  the  lanK- 
in    Jole;>hus  and  Arifkus,    does  be  ter  tgree  to  20  thjn    o    ;  20  drachm  - 
finer  ihe  value  of  a  fkve  of  eld    was,    at    the    uunoft.    hut    30    fhekels,    »>r   60 
di  :chni  i-,  toe  Exod.  xx'.  32,  w'ie  in  the  p  etent  circuaattancts  of  theie  Jc\v- 
ilh  (lives  and  th  dc    fo    very    mini  i.  us      PuiL-cieiphus    wotiKi    lather    redccir; 
them  at  a  c  caper  than  at  a  d;a:er  iate,  there  is  ^reat  icaton  to  prefer  hero  A r •!','. 
teus's  copifs  before  jaiephus'3. 


8  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE    JEWS.  [Book  XII, 

added  thefe  claufes  out  of  his  humanity,  and  with  great  gen- 
crofity.     He  alfo  gave  order,  that    the  payment,  which  was 
likely  to  be  done  in  an  hurry,   fhould  be   divided  among  the 
king's  minifters,    and  among  the  officers  oi   his  treafury. — 
When  this  was  over,  what  the  king  had  decreed  was  quickly 
brought   to  a  conclufion  ;  and  this  in  no   more   than    feven 
days  time,  the  number  of  the  talents  paid  for  the  captives  be- 
ing about  four  hundred  and  fixty   and  this,  becaufe  their  maf- 
ters  required   the   [hundred  and  |    twenty  drachmae   for  the 
children  alio,   the  king  having,   in  effect,   commanded,  that 
thcfe  fhould  be  paid   for,  when   he   faid  in  his  decree,   that 
they  fhould  receive  the  forementioned  fum   for  every  flave. 
4.  Now  when    this   had  been  done  after  fo  magnificent  a 
manner,  according  to  the  king's  inclinations,  he  gave  order  to 
Demetrius  to  give  him  in  writing  his  fentiments  concerning 
the  tranfcribing  of  the  Jewifh  books  ;  for  no  part  of  the  ad- 
miniftration  is  done  rafhly  by   thefe   kings,  but  all  things  are 
managed  with   great   circumfpection.     On  which  account  I 
have  fubjoined  a  copy  of   thefe  epiflles,  and   fet  down  the 
multitude  of   the  veflels   fent  as  gifts  fto  JerufalemJ  and  the 
conduction  of  every  one,  that  the  exactnefs  of   the  artificers 
\vorkmanfhip,  as  it  appeared  to  thofe   that  faw   them,    and 
which  workman  made  every  vefTel,  may  be  made  manifeft, 
and  this  on  account  of   the  excellency  of  the  veflels   them- 
felves.     Now   the  copy  of  the  epiftle   was  to  this  purpofe  : 
*'  Demetrius   to  the  great   king.     When  thou,  O  king,  gav- 
eft  me  a  charge  concerning  the  collection  of  books  that  were 
wanting  to  fill  your  library,   and  concerning  the  care  that 
ought  to  be  taken  about  fuch  as  are  imperfect,  I    have  ufed 
the  utmoft  diligence   about  thofe  matters.     And  I   let  you 
know,  that  we  want  the  books  of  the  Jewifh  legiflation,  with 
fome  others ;  for  they  are   written  in  the  Hebrew  characters, 
and  being  in  the  language  of  that  nation,  are  to  us  unknown. 
It  hath  alfo  happened  to  them,  that  they  have  been  tranfcribed 
more  carelefsly    than  they  ought  to  have  been   becaufe  they 
have  not  had  hitherto  royal  care  taken  about  them.     Now  it 
is  neceffaiy  that  thou  fhouldft  have  accurate  copies  of  them. 
And  indeed  this  legiflation  is  full  of  hidden  wifdona,  and  en- 
tirely blamelefs.  as  being  the  legiflation  of  God  :    Fur  which 
caufe  it  is  as   Hecateus  of  Abdera  fays,   that   the  poets  and 
hiftorians  make  no  mention  of  it  nor  of  thofe  men  who  lead 
their  lives  according  to  it,  fince  it  is  an  holy  law,  and  ought 
not  to  be  publilhed  by  profane  mouths.   If  then  it  pleafe  thee, 
O  king,  thou  mayeft  write  to  the  high  prieff,  of  the  Jews,  to 
lend  fix  of  the  elders  out  of  every  tribe,  and  thofe  fuch  as  are 
mo  ft  fkiltul  of  the   laws,  that  by  their   means  we  may  learn 
the  clear  and  agreeing  fenfe  of  thefe  books  ;  and  may  obtain 
an  accurate   interpretation  of  their  contents,  and  fo  may  have 
fuch  a  collection  of  thefe  as  may  be  fuitableto  thydefire," 


Chap.   II.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  9 

4.  When  this  epiftle  was  fent  to  the  king,  he  commanded 
that  an  epiftle  fliould  be  drawn  up  for  Eleazar,  the  Jewilh 
high-prieft,  con-erning  thefe  matters  ;  and  that  they  fhould 
inform  him  of  the  releafe  of  the  Jews  that  had  been  in  flavery 
among  them.  He  alfp  fent  fifty  talents  of  gold  for  the  making 
of  large  bafons,  and  vials  and  cups,  and  an  immenfe  quantity 
of  precious  ftones.  He  alfo  gave  order  to  thofe  who  had  trre 
cuftody  of  the  cherts  that  contained  thofe  ftones,  to  give  the 
artificers  leave  to  choofe  out  what  forts  of  them  they  pleafed. 
He  withal  appointed,  that  an  hundred  talents  in  money  fhould 
be  fent  to  the  temple,  for  facrifices,  and  for  other  ufes.  Now 
I  will  give  a  defcription  of  thefe  vefTels,  and  the  manner  of 
their  conftruftion,  but  not  till  after  I  have  fet  down  a  copy  of 
the  epiftle  which  was  written  to  Eleazer  the  high-prieft,  who 
had  obtained  that  dignity  on  the  occafion  following  :  When 
Onias  the  high-prieft  was  dead,  his  fon  Simon  became  his 
fucceffor.  He  was  called  *  Simon  the  jfujl,  becaufe  of  both 
his  piety  towards  God,  and  his  kind  difpofition  to  thofe  of 
his  own  nation.  When  he  was  dead,  and  had  left  a  young 
fon,  who  was  called  Onias,  Simon's  brother  Eleazar,  of  whom 
we  are  fpeaking,  took  the  high  priefthood  ;  and  he  it  was  to 
whom  Ptolemy  wrote,  and  that  in  the  manner  following  : 
'  King  Ptolemy  to  Eleazar  the  high-prieft,  fend.eth  greeting  : 
There  were  many  Jews  who  now  dwell  in  my  kingdom,  whom 
the  Perfians,  when  they  were  in  power,  earned  captives. 
Thefe  were  honoured  by  my  father  ;  fome  of  them  he  placed 
in  the  army,  and  gave  them  greater  pay  than  ordinary  ;  to 
others  of  them,  when  they  came  with  him  into  Egypt,  he  com- 
mitted his  garrifons,  and  the  guarding  of  them,  that  they  might 
be  a  terror  to  the  Egyptians.  And  when  I  had  taken  the  gov- 
ernment, I  treated  all  men  with  humanity,  and  efpecially  thofe 
that  are  thy  fellow  citizens,  of  whom  I  have  fet  tree  above  an 
hundred  thoufand  that  were  flaves,  and  paid  the  price  ot  their 
redemption  to  their  mafters  out  of  my  own  revenues  ;  and 
thofe  that  are  of  a  fit  age,  I  have  admitted  into  the  number  of 
my  foldiers.  And  tor  fuch  as  are  capable  ot  being  faithful  to 
me,  and  proper  for  my  court,  I  have  put  them  in  fuch  a  poft, 
as  thinking  this  [kindnefs  done  to  them]  to  be  a  very  great  and 
an  acceptable  gitt,  which  I  devote  to  God  for  his  providence 
over  me.  And  as  I  am  defirous  to  do  what  will  be  gratetul  to 
thefe,  and  to  all  the  other  Jews  in  the  habitable  earth,  I  have 
determined  to  procure  an  interpretation  of  your  law,  and  to 
have  it  tranll«ted  out  ot  Hebrew  into  Greek,  and  to  be  repofit- 
ed  in  my  library.  Thou  wilt  therefore  do  well  to  choofe  out 
and  fend  to  me  men  of  a  good  character,  who  are  now  elders 
in  age,  and  fix  in  number  out  of  every  tribe.  Thefe,  by  their 

*  We  have  a  very  great  encomium^of  this  Simon  tht  jfu/1,  the  fon  of  Oaias  I. 
in  the  fiftieth  chapter  of  the  Ecclefiaflicus,  through  the  whole  chapter.  Nor  js  it 
improper  to  conlult  that  chapter  itlelf  upon  this  occafion. 

VOL.  II.  B 


10  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [BookXIL 

age,  muft  be  fkilful  in  the  laws,  and  of  abilities  to  make  an  ac- 
curate interpretation  of  them  :  And  when  this  fhall  be  finifhed 
1  /hall  think  that  I  have  done  a  work  glorious  to  mylelf.  And 
I  have  fent  to  thee  Andreas,  the  captain  of  my  guard,  and 
Arifteus,  men  whom  I  have  in  very  great  efteem  ;  by  whom 
I  have  fentthofe  firft  fruits  which  I  have  dedicated  to  the  tem- 
ple, and  to  the  faerifices,  and  to  other  ufes,  to  the  value  of  an 
hundred  talents.  And  it  thou  wilt  fend  to  us,  to  let  us  know 
what  thou  wouldft  have  farther,  thou  wilt  do  a  thing  accept- 
able to  me." 

5.  When  this  epi (lie  of  the  king's  was  brought  to  Elcazar, 
he  wrote  ananfwerto  it  with  all  the  refpeci  poffible  ;  "  Elea- 
zar  the  high-prieft  to  king  Ptolemy,  fendeth  greeting  :  If  thou 
and  thy  *  queen  Arfinoe,  and  thy  children,  be  well,   we  are 
entirely  fatisfied.     When  we  received  thy  epiftle,  we  greatly 
rejoiced  at  thy  intentions  :    And   when  the  multitude  were 
gathered  together,  we  read  it  to  them,  and  thereby  made  them 
fenfible  of  the  piety  thou  haft  towards  God.     We  alfo  (hewed 
them  the  twenty  vials  of  gold,  and  thirty  of   filver,   and  the 
five  large  bafons,  and  the  table  for   the  fhew-bread  ;    as  alfo 
the  hundred  talents  for  the  Sacrifices,  and  for  the  making  what 
ihall  be  needful  at  the  temple.     Which  things  Andreas  and 
Ariiteus.  thofe  mofl  honoured  friends  of  thine,   have  brought 
us  :  And  truly  they  are  perfons  of  an  excellent  character,  and 
of  great  learning,  and  worthy  of  thy  virtue.     Know  then  that 
we  will  gratify  thee  in  what  is   for  thy  advantage,  though  we 
do  what  we  ufed  not  to  do  before  ;.  ior  we  ought  to  make   a 
return  for  the  numerous  afts  of  kindnefs  which  thou  haft  done 
to  our  countrymen.     We  immediately  therefore  offered   fa- 
erifices for  thee  and  thy  lifter,  with  thy  children  and  friends; 
and  the  multitude  made  prayers,  that  thy  affairs  may  be  to  thy 
mind  ;  and  that  thy  kingdom  may  be  preferved  in  peace,  and 
that  the  tranflation  of  our  law  may   come  to  the   conclufion 
thou  defireft,  and  be  for  thy  advantage.     We  have  alfo  chofen 
fix  elders  out  of  every  tribe,  whom  we  have  fent,  and  the  law 
with  them.     It  will  be  thy  part,  out  of  thy  piety  and  juftice, 
to  fend  back  the  law.  when  it  hath  been  tranflated  ;  and  to  re- 
turn thofe  to  us  that  bring  it  in  fafety.     Farewell." 

6.  This  was  the  reply  which  the  high-prieft  made.     But  it 
does  not  feem  to  me  to  be  neceffary  to  fet  down  the  names  of 
the  feventy  [two]  elders  who  were  fent  by  Eleazar,  and  carri- 
ed the  law,  which  yet  were  fubjoined  at  the  end  of  the  epiftle. 
However,  I  thought  it  not  improper  to  give  an  account  of 
thoie  very  valuable  and  artificially  contrived  vefiels  which  the 

*  \Vlien  we  have  here  and  prefently  mention  made  of  Philadelphia's  Queen,and 
fifler  Arfinoe,  we  are  to  remember,  with  Spanhehn,  that  Arfmoe  was  both  his  iiftrr 
and  his  wife,  according  to  the  old  cuftom  of  Perfia,  and  of  Egypt  at  this  very 
time  ;  nay  of  the  Aflyrians  long  afterward.  See  Antiq.  B.  XX.  ch.  ii.  $  i.  vol.  II. 
Whence  we  have,  upon  th«  coins  of  Philadelphus,  this  known  infcription,  the  di- 
*in<  brother  sndfjler. 


Chap.   II.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  15 

king  fentto  God,  that  all  may  fee  how  great  a  regard  the  king 
had  for  God  ;  ior  the  king  allowed  a  vafl  deal  of  expences  for 
thefe  vefifels  ;  and  came  often  to  the  workmen,  and  viewed 
their  works,  and  iuffered  nothing  ot  careleffhefs  or  negligence 
to  be  any  damage  to  their  operations.  And  I  will  relate  how 
rich  they  were  as  well  as  I  am  able,  although  perhaps  the  na- 
ture of  this  hiftory  may  not  require  fuch  a  defd  iption,  but  I 
imagine  1  ihall  thereby  recommend  the  elegant  taite  and  mag- 
nanimity of  this  king  to  thofe  that  read  this  hiflory. 

y.  And  firit  I  will  defcribe  what  belongs  to  the  table.  It 
was  indeed  in  the  king's  mind  to  make  this  table  vaflly  large 
in  its  dimensions  ;  but  then  he  gave  orders  that  they  mould 
learn  what  was  the  magnitude  of  the  table  which  was  already 
at  Jerufalem,  and  how  large  it  was,  and  whether  there  were  a 
pollibility  of  making  one  larger  than  it.  And  when  he  was 
informed  how  large  that  was  which  was  already  there,  and  that 
nothing  hindered  but  a  larger  might  be  made,  he  faid,  That 
'  he  was  willing  to  have  one  rrade  that  mould  be  five  times 
as  large  as  the  prefent  table,  but  his  fear  was,  that  it  might  be 
then  ulelefs  in  their  facred  miniflrations,by  its  too  great  large- 
nefs ;  for  he  defired  that  the  gifts  he  prefented  them,  mould 
not  only  be  there  for  mow,  but  fhould  be  ufeful  alfo  in  their 
facred  miniftrations."  According  to  which  reafoning,  thatthe 
former  table  was  made  of  fo  moderate  a  fize  for  ufe,  and  not 
for  want  of  gold,  he  refolved  that  he  would  not  exceed  the  for- 
mer table  in  largenefs,  but  would  make  it  exceed  it  in  the 
variety  and  elegancy  ot  its  materials.  And  as  he  was  faga- 
cious  in  obferving  the  nature  of  all  things,  and  in  having  a  j  uft 
notion  ot  what  was  new  and  furprifing  ;  and  where  there  was 
no  fculptures,  he  would  invent  fuch  as  were  proper,  by  his 
own  (kill,  and  would  fhew  them  to  the  workmen,  he  com- 
manded that  fuch  fculptures  mould  now  be  made,  and  that 
thofe  which  were  delineated,  ihould  be  molt  accurately  form- 
ed, by  a  conftant  regard  to  their  delineation. 

8.  When  theretore  the  workmen  had  undertaken  to  make 
the  table,  they  framed  it  in  length  two  cubits  [and  an  half,]  in 
breadth  one  cubit,  and  in  height  one  cubit  and  an  half  ;  andtllfe 
entire  flrufture  of  the  work  was  ot  gold.  They  withal  made  a 
crown  of  an  hand-breadth  round  it,  with  wave  work  wreathed 
about  it,  and  with  an  engraving  imitated  a  cord,  and  was  ad- 
mirably turned  on  its  three  parts  ;  for  as  they  were  of  a  trian- 
gular figure,  every  angle  had  the  fame  difpofition  of  its  fculp- 
tures, that  when  you  turned  them  about,  the  very  fame  form 
of  them  was  turned  about  without  any  variation.  Now  that 
part  ot  the  crown  work  that  was  inclofed  under  the  table  had 
its  fculptures  very  beautitul,  but  that  part  which  went  round 
on  the  outfide  was  more  elaborately  adorned  with  molt  beau- 
tiful ornaments,  becaufe  it  was  expofed  to  fight,  and  to  the 
view  of  the  fpeftators  ;  for  which  reafon  it  was  that  both 
thofe  fides  which  were  extant  above  the  reft  were  acute,  and 


12  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIL 

none  of  the  angles,  which  we  before  told  you  were  three,  ap- 
peared lefs  than  another  when  the  table  was  turned  about. 
.Now  into  the  cord- work  thus  turned  were  precious  Hones  in- 
ferted,  in  rows  parallel  one  to  the  other,  inclofed  in  golden 
buttons,  which  had  ouches  in  them  ;  but  the  parts  which  were 
on  the  fide  of  the  crown,  and  were  expoled  to  the  fight,  were 
adorned  with  a  row  of  oval  figures  obliquely  placed,  ot  the 
raoft  excellent  fort  of  precious  flones,  which  imitated  rods 
laid  dole,  and  encompalfed  the  table  round  about.  But  un- 
der thefe  oval  figures,  thus  engraven,  the  workmen  had  put  a 
crown  all  round  it,  where  the  nature  of  ail  iorts  ot  fruit  was 
reprefented,  infomuch  that  the  bunches  of  grapes  hung  up. 
And  when  they  had  made  the  flones  to  reprelent  all  the  kinds 
of  fruits  before  mentioned,  and  that  each  in  its  proper  colour, 
they  made  them  fait  with  gold  round  the  whole  table.  The 
Jike  difpofition  of  the  oval  figures,  and  of  the  engraved  rods, 
was  framed  under  the  c*  own,  that  the  table  might  on  each  fide 
fhew  the  fame  appearance  of  variety,  and  elegancy  of  its  or- 
naments, fo  that  neither  the  pofition  of  the  wave- work  nor  of 
the  crown  might  be  different,  although  the  table  were  turned 
on  the  other  fide,  but  that  the  proipett  of  the  fame  artificial 
contrivances  might  be  extended  as  far  as  the  ieet  ;  ior  there 
•was  made  a  plate  of  gold  tour  fingers  broad,  through  the  entire 
breadth  ot  the  table,  into  which  they  infertedthe  feet,  and  then, 
iaitened  them  to  the  table  by  buttons,  andbutton-holes,  at  the 
place  where  the  crown  was  fituate,  that  fo  on  what  fide  loevcr 
ot  tlie  table  one  fhould  iland,  it  might  exhibit  the  very  fame 
view  of  the  exquifite  workmanfhip,  arid  ot  the  vaft  expeiuvs 
beftowed  upon  it  :  But  upon  the  table  itfelf  they  engraved  a 
rneander,  inferting  into  it  very  valuable  ftones  in  the  middle 
like  ftars,  ot  various  colours  ;  ihe  carbuncle  and  the  emerald, 
each  of  which  fent  out  agreeablerays  of  light  to  the  fpettators  ; 
vcith  fuch  flones  ot  other  forts  alfo  as  were  moil  curious,  and 
beft  efteemed,  as  being  mofl  precious  in  their  kind.  Hard  by 
this  meander  a  texture  ot  net  work  ran  round  it,  the  middle  of 
which  appeared  like  a  rhombus,  into  which  were  inierted  rock 
cryftal,  and  amber,  which  by  the  great  refemblance  ot  the  ap- 
pearance they  made,  gave  wonderiul  delight  to  thofe  that  faw 
them.  The  chapiters  ot  the  feet  imitated  the  firft  buddings  ot 
lilies,  while  their  leaves  were  bent  and  laid  under  the  table, 
but  fo  that  the  chives  were  feen  flanding  upright  within  them. 
Their  bafes  were  made  of  a  carbuncle ;  and  the  place  at  the 
bottom,  which  refted  on  that  carbuncle,  was  one  palm  deep, 
and  eight  fingers  in  breadth.  Now  they  had  engraven  upon  it 
with  a  very  fine  tool,  and  with  a  great  deal  ot  pains,  a  branch 
ot  ivy,  and  tendrils  of  the  vine,  fending  forth  clufters  of  grapes, 
that  you  would  guefsthey  were  no  wife  different  from  real  ten- 
drils; for  they  were  fo  very  thin,  and  fo  very  tar  extended 
at  their  extremities,  that  they  were  moved  with  the  wind,  and 
one  believe  that  they  were  the  product  of  nature,  aad 


Chap.  II.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  I£ 

not  the  reprefentation  of  art.  They  alfo  made  the  entire  work- 
niaulhip  ot  the  table  appear  to  be  three-fold,  while  the  joints 
ol  the  leveral  parts  were  fo  united  together  as  to  be  invifible, 
and  the  places  where  they  joined  could  not  be  dHtinguilhed. 
Now  the  thicknefs  of  the  table  was  not  lefs  than  halt  a  cubit. 
So  that  this  gift  by  the  king's  great  generofity,  by  the  great 
value  ot  the  materials,  and  the  vaiiety  ot  its  exquifite  ftrutture, 
and  the  artificers  {kill  in  imitating  nature  with  graving  tools, 
was  at  length  brought  to  perfection,  while  the  king  was  very 
deiirous  that  though  in  largenefs  it  were  not  to  be  different 
from  that  which  was  already  dedicated  to  God,  yet  that  inex- 
quifite  workmanfhip,  and  the  novelty  ot  the  contrivances,  and 
in  the  fplendour  of  its  conilruction,  it  Ihould  far  exceed  it,  and 
be  more  illuftrious  than  that  was. 

9.  Now  ot  the  cifterns  ot  gold  there  were  two,  whofe  fculp- 
ture  was  of  kale-work,  from  its  bads  to  its  belt  like  circle,  with 
various  lorts  oi  ftones  inchaled  in  the  fpiral  circles.     Next  to 
vhich  there  was  upon  it  a  meander  ot    a  cubit  in  height  ;    it 
was  competed  ot  denes  ot  all  forts  ot   colours.     And  next  to 
th>is  was  the  rod  work  engraven  ;  and  next  to  that  was  a  rhom- 
bus in  a  texture  ot  net  work,  drawn  out  to  the  brim  of  the  ba- 
fon,  while  imail  Ihiclds  made  of  ftones,  beautiful  in  their  kind, 
and  of  four  fingers  depth,  filled  up  the  middle  parts.     About 
the  top  ot  the  bafon  were  wreathed  the  leaves  ot  lilies,  and  of 
the  convolvulus,  and  the  tendrils  of  vines  in  a  circular  manner. 
And  this  was  the  conftruclion  ot  the  two  filterns  of  gold,  each 
containing  two  firkins.     But  thole  which  were  ot  fiiver  were 
much  more  bright  and  fplendid  than  lookin^-glafTes  ;  and  you 
might  in  them  lee  the  images  that  fell  upon  them  more  plainly 
than  in  the  other.     The  king  alfo  ordered  thirty  vials  ;  thole 
ot  which  the  parts  that  were  of  gold,  and  filled  up   with  pre- 
cious ftones,  were  ihadowed  over  with  the  leaves  of  ivy,  and 
ot  vines,  artificially  engraven.     And  thefe  were  the  veflels 
that  were  after  an  extraordinary  manner  brought  to  this  per- 
ieclion,  partly  by  the  (kill  of  the  workmen,  who  were  admira- 
ble in  fuch  fine  work,  but  much  more  by  the  diligence  and 
generofity  of  the  king,  who  not  only  fupplied  the  artificers 
abundantly,  and  with  great  generofity,   with  what  they  want- 
ed, but  he  torbad  public  audiences  for  the  time,  and  came  and 
itood  by  the  workmen,  and  faw*  the  whole  operation.    And 
this  was  the  caufewhy  the  workmen  were  fo  accurate  in  their 
performance,  becaufe  they  had  regard  to  the  king,   and  to  his 
great  concern  about  the  velfels,  and  fo  the  more  indetatigably 
.kept  clofe  to  the  work. 

10.  And  thefe  were  what  gifts  were  fent  by  Ptolemy  to  Je- 
rufalem,  and  dedicated  to  God  there.     But  when   Eleazar  the 
high  prieft  had  devoted  them  to  God,  and  had  paid  due  refpecl 
to  thole  that  brought  them,  and  had  given  them  prefents  to  be 
carried  to  the  king,  he  difmilTed  them.     And  when  they  were 
come  to  Alexandria,  and  Ptoleajy  heard  that  they  were  come, 


f4  AMTSOUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII. 

and  that  the  feventy  elders  were  come  alfo,  heprefently  fent 
for  Andreas  and  Arifteus,  his  ambaffadors,  who  came  to  him, 
and  delivered  him  the  epiltle  which  they  brought  him  from 
the  high  prieft,  and  made  anfwer  to  all  the  queftions  he  put  to 
them  by  word  of  mouth.  He  then  made  halle  to  meet  the  el- 
ders that  came  from  Jerufalem  for  the  interpretation  of  the 
laws  ;  and  he  gave  command,  that  every  body  who  came  on 
occafions  fhould  be  fent  away,  which  was  a  thing  furprifing, 
and  what  he  did  not  ufeto  do,  for  thofethat  were  drawn  thither 
upon  fuch  occafions  ufed  to  come  to  him  on  the  fifth  day, 
but  ambafladors  at  the  month's  end.  But  when  he  had  fent 
thofe  away,  he  waited  for  thefe  that  were  fent  by  Eleazar  ;  but 
as  the  old  men  came  in  with  the  prefents,  which  the  highprieit 
had  given  them  to  bring  to  the  king,  and  with  the  membranes, 
upon  which  they  had  their  laws  written  in  *  golden  letters, 
he  put  queftions  to  them  concerning  thofe*  books  ;  and  when 
they  had  taken  off  the  covers  wherein  they  were  wrapt  up, 
they  (hewed  him  the  membranes.  So  the  king  flood  admiring 
the  thinnefs  of  thofe  membranes,  and  the  exaftnefs  of  the  junc- 
tures ;  which  could  not  be  perceived,  (fo  exa6tly  were  they 
connecled  one  with  anotherj  ;  and  this  he  did  for  a  confide- 
rable  time.  He  then  faid,  that  he  returned  them  thanks  tor 
coming  to  him,  and  ftill  greater  thanks  to  him  that  fent  them: 
And,  above  all,  to  that  God  whole  laws  they  appeared  to  be. 
Then  did  the  elders,  and  thofe  that  were  prefent  with  them, 
cry  out  with  one  voice,  and  wifhed  all  happinefs  to  the  king. 
Upon  which  he  fell  into  tears  by  the  violence  of  the  pleafure 
he  had,  it  being  natural  to  men  to  afford  the  fame  indications 
in  great  joy,  that  they  do  under  forrows.  And  when  he  had 
bid  them  deliver  the  books  to  thofe  that  were  appointed  to 
receive  them,  he  fainted  the  men  ;  and  faid,  that  it  was  but 
juft  to  difcourfe,  in  the  firft  place,  of  the  errand  they  were  fent 
about,  and  then  to  addrefs  himfelt  tothemfelves.  He  promif- 
ed,  however,  that  he  would  make  this  day  on  which  they 
came  to  him  remarkable  and  eminent  every  year  through  the 
whole  courfe  of  his  life  ;  for  their  coming  to  him  and  the  vic- 
tory which  he  gained  over  Antigonus  by  fea,  proved  to  be  on 
the  very  fame  day.  He  alfo  gave  orders,  that  they  mould  fup 
with  him  ;  and  gave  it  in  charge  that  they  fhould  have  excel- 
lent lodgings  provided  for  them  in  the  upper  part  ot  the  city. 
II.  Now  he  that  was  appointed  to  take  care  of  the  reception 
of  ftrangers.  Nicanor  by  name,  called  for  Dorotheus,  whofe 
duty  it  was  to  make  provih'on  for  them,  and  bid  him  prepare 
lor  every  one  of  them  what  fhould  be  requisite  for  their  diet 
and  way  of  living.  Which  thing  was  ordered  by  the  king 
after  this  manner  :  He  took  care,  that  thofe  that  belonged  to 
to  every  city,  which  did  not  ufe  the  fame  way  of  living,  that 

*  The  Talmudifts  fay,  that  it  is  not  lawful  to  write  the  law  in  letters  of  gold 
contrary  to  this  certain  and  very  ancient  example.  See  Hudion's  and  JLeland'8 
aotes  here. 


Chap.  II.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  *5 

all  things  fhould  be  prepared  for  them  according  to  the  cuftom 
of  thofe  that  came  to  him,  that  being  feafled  according  to  the  u- 
fual  method  of  their  own  way  of  living,  they  might  be  the  better 
pleafed,  and  might  not  be  uneafy  at  any  thing  done  to  them,  from 
which  they  were  naturally  averfe.  And  this  was  now  done  in 
the  ca(e  of  thefe  men  by  Dorotheus,  who  was  p,ut  into  this  office 
becaufe  of  his  great  fkill  in  fuch  matters  belonging  to  common 
life ;  for  he  took  care  of  all  fuch  matters  as  concerned  the  recep- 
tion of  ftrangers,  and  appointed  them  double  feats  for  them  to  fit 
on,  according  as  the  king  had  commanded  him  to  do  ;  for  he  had 
commanded  that  half  pi  their  feats  fhould  be  fet  at  his  hand, 
and  the  other  half  behind  his  table,  and  took  care  that  no  re- 
fpect  fhould  be  omitted  that  could  be  fhewn  them.  And  when 
they  were  thus  fet  down,  he  bid  Dorotheus  to  minifter  to  all 
thofe  that  were  come  to  him  from  Judea,  after  the  manner  they 
ufed  to  be  miniftered  to  :  For  which  caufe  he  fent  away  their 
facred  heralds,  and  thofe  that  flew  the  facrifices,  and  the  reft 
that  ufed  to  fay  grace  :  But  called  to  one  of  thofe  that  were 
come  to  him,  whofe  name  was  Eleazar,  who  was  a  prieft,  and 
defired  him  to  *  fay  grace  ;  who  then  ftood  in  the  midft  of  them,, 
and  prayed,  that  "  all  profperity  might  attend  the  king,  and 
thofe  that  were  his  fubjects."  Upon  which  an  acclamation 
was  made  by  the  whole  company,  with  joy  and  a  great  noife; 
and  when  that  was  over,  they  fell  to  eating  their  fupper,  and 
to  the  enjoyment  of  what  was  fet  before  them.  And  at  a  little 
interval  afterward,  when  the  king  thought  a  fufficient  time  had 
been  interpofed,  he  began  to  talk  philosophically  to  them,  and 
he  afked  every  one  of  them  a  t  philofophical  queftion,and  fuch 
an  one  as  might  give  light  in  thofe  enquiries  ;  and  when  they 
had  explained  all  the  problems  that  had  been  propofed  by  the 
king  about  every  point,  he  was  well  pleafed  with  their  an- 
fwers.  This  took  up  the  twelve  days  in  which  they  were 
treated  :  And  he  that  pleafes  may  learn  the  particular  queftions 
in  that  book  of  Arifteus's,  which  he  wrote  on  this  very  oc- 
«afion. 

12.  And  while  not  the  king  only,  but  the  philofopher  Mene- 
demus  allo  admired  them,  and  faid,  that  "  all  things  were 
governed  by  providence  ;  and  that  it  was  probable  that  thence 
it  was  that  fuch  force  or  beauty  was  difcovered  in  thefe  mens 
\vords,"  they  then  left  off  afking  any  more  fuch  queftions. 
But  the  king  faid,  that  he  had  gained  very  great  advantages 

*  This  is  the  mofl  ancient  example  I  have  met  with,  of  a  grace,  or  fhort  pray- 
er, or  thankfgiving  before  meat  ;  which,  as  it  is  ufed  to  be  faid  by  an  heathen  prieft, 
vras  now  laid  by  Eleazar,  a  Jewifh  prieft  who  was  one  of  thefe  feventy  two  inter- 
preters. The  next  example  I  have  met  with  is  that  of  the  ElTcnes,  Of  the  War, 
B.  II.  ch.  viii.  (j  5.  vol.  III.  both  before  and  after  it ;  thole  of  our  Saviour 
before  it,  Mark  viii.  6.  John  Mi.  11.  23.  and  St.  Paul,  Afts  xxvii.  35,  ar.d 
a  form  of  fuch  a  grace  or  prayer  for  Chriftians,  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  book,  of  the 
Apoftolical  Conftitutions,  -which  ieemsto  have  been  intended  for  both  times,  both 
before  and  after  meat 

t  They  were  rather  political  queftions  and  aHfwcrsj  Uncling,  to  the  good  and 
religious  government  of  mankind. 


16  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XII. 

by  their  coming,  for  that  he  had  received  this  profit  from  them, 
that  he  had  learned  how  lie  ought  to  rule  his  fubjects.      And 
he  gave  order,  that  they  Ihould  have  every  one  three  talents 
given  them  ;  and  that  thofe  that  were  to  conduct  them  to  their 
lodging  mould  do  it.     Accordingly,  when  three  days  were  o- 
ver,  Demetrius  took  them,  and  went  over  the  caiifeway  feven 
furlongs  long  :  It  was  a  bank  in  the  fea  to  .an  ifland.     And 
•when  they  had   gone  over  the  bridge,  he  proceeded  to  the 
northern  parts,  and  (hewed   them  where  they  fhould  meet, 
which  was  in  anhoufe  that  was  built  near  the  more,  and  was 
a  quiet  place,  and  fit  for  their  difcourfing  together  about  their 
work.     When   he  had  brought   them  thither,  he  entreated 
them,  (now  they  had  all  things  about  them  which  they  wanted 
for  the  interpretation  of  their  lawj  that  they  would  fuffer  no- 
thing to   interrupt  them  in   their  work.     Accordingly,  they 
madean  accuratemterpretation,  with  great  zeal,  andgreat  pains ; 
and  this  they  continued  to  do  till  the  ninth  hour  of  the  day  ;  after 
which  time  they  relaxed  and  took  care  of  their  body,  while  their 
food  was  provided  for  them  in  great  plenty ;  befides,  Dorotheus, 
at  the  king's  command,  brought  them  a  great  deal  of  what  was 
provided  for  the  king  himfelt.    But  in  the  morning  they  came 
to  the  court,  and  fainted  Ptolemy,  and  then  went  away  to  their 
former  place,  where,  when  they  had  *  warned  their  hands,  and 
purified  themfelves,  they  betook  themfelves  to  the  interpreta- 
tion of  the  laws.     Now  when  the  law  was  tranlcribed,  and  the 
labour  of  interpretation  was  over,  which  came  to  its  conclu- 
fion  in  feventy-two  days,  Demetrius  gathered  all  the  Jews  to- 
gether to  the  place  where  the  laws  were  tranflated,  and  where 
the  interpreters  were,  and  read  them  over.     The  multitude  did 
alfo  approve  of  thofe  elders  that  were  the  interpreters  of  the 
law.     They  withal  commended  Demetrius  tor  his  pj-opofal,  as 
the  inventor  of.  what  was  greatly  for  their  happinefs  ;  and  they 
defired,  that  he  .would  give  leave  to  their  rulers  alfo  to  read 
the  law.     Moreover,  they  all,  both  the  prieft  and  the  ancient- 
eft  of  the  elders,  and  the  principal  men  of  their  common  weal, 
made  it  their  requeft,  that  fince  the  interpretation  was  happily 
finifhed,  it  might  continue  in  the  ftate  it  now  was,  and  might 
not  be  altered.     And  when  they  all  commended  that  determin- 
ation of  theirs,  they  enjoined,  that  if  any  one  obferved  either 
any  thing  fuperfluous,   or  any  thing   omitted,  that  he  would 
take  a  view  of  it  again,  and  have  it  laid  before  them,  and  cor- 
rected ;  which  was  a  wife  aflion  of  theirs,  that  when  the  thing 
was  judged  to  have  been  well  done,  it  might  continue  forever. 
13.  So  the  king  rejoiced,  when  hefaw  that  his  defign  of  this 

*  This  purification  of  the  interpreters,  by  warning  in  the  fea  before  they  praye* 
to  God,  every  morning,  snd  before  they  let  about  tranflating,  may  he  compared 
with  the  like  praftice  of  Peter  the  apoftls,  in  the  recognitions  of  •Clement,  B.  IV. 
ch.  iii.  and  B.  V.  ch.  xxxvi.  and  with  the  places  of  the  Profeuchoe,  or  of  prcy- 
er,which  were  fometimes  built  near  the  fea  or  rivers  alfo.  Of  which  matter  fceAnticK 
B.  XIV.  ch.  x.  5,  23.  Vol.  II.  and  Aftsxvi.  13.  16. 


Chap.   II.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEV/S.  I? 

nature  was  brought  to  perfection,  to  fo  great  advantage  ;  and 
he  was  chiefly  delighted  with  hearing  the  laws  read  10  him  ; 
and  was  aftonifhed  at  the  deep  meaning  and  wifdotn  of  the 
legiflator.  And  IK;  began  to  clifcourfe  with  Demetrius  "  How 
it  came  to pafs,  that  when  this  legillation  was  fo  wonderful, 
no  one,  either  of  the  poets,  or  of  the  hiitoiians  had  made  men- 
tion of  it."  Demelrius  made  anfwer,  that  "  no  one  duril  be 
fo  bold  as  to  touch  upon  the  defcription  of  thele  laws,  becaufe 
they  were  divine  and  venerable1,  and  becaufe  fome  that  had  at- 
tempted it  were  afflicted  by  God."  He  alfo  told  him,  that. 
"  Theopompous  was  defirous  of  writing  fome  what  about  them, 
but  was  thereupon  diiturbed  in  his  mind  for  above  thirty  days 
time  ;  and  upon  lome  iniermiflion  of  his  diftemper,  he  appeal- 
ed God  [by  prayer,]  as  fufpe£ling  that  his  madnefs  proceeded 
from  that  caufe."  Nay,  indeed  he  further  faw  a  dream,  th:it 
his  diltemper  befelhirn  while  he  indulged  too  great  a  cunofi- 
ty  about  divine  matters,  and  was  defirous  of  publifhing  them 
among  common  men  ;  but  when  he  left  off  that  attempt,  here- 
covered  his  uridei  {landing  again.  Moreover  he  informed  him 
of  Theodecles,  the  tragic  poet,  concerning  whom  it  was  re- 
ported, that  when  in  a  certain  dramatic  reprefentation,  he  was 
defirous  to  make  mention  of  things  that  were  contained  in  the 
lacred  books,  he  was  afflicted  with  a  darknefs  in  his  eyes  ;  and 
that  upon  his  being  confciousof  the  occafion  of  his  diftemper, 
and  appealing  God  [by  prayer,]  he  was  treed  from  that  afflic- 
tion. 

14.  And  when  the  king  had  received  thefe  books  from  De- 
metrius, as  we  have  faid  already,  he  adored  them  ;  and  gave 
order,  that  great  care  fhould  be  taken  of  them,  that  they  might 
remain  unconupted.  He.  alfo  defired  that  the  interpreters 
would  come  often  to  him  out  of  Judea,  and  that  both  on  ac- 
count of  the  refpc6ts  that  he  would  pay  them,  and  on  account 
of  the  prefents  he  would  make  them  :  For  he  faid,  ''  It  was 
now  but  juff.  to  fend  them  away,  although  if,  of  their  own  ac- 
cord, they  would  come  to  him  hereafter,  they  fhould  obtain 
all  that  their  own  wifdom  might  juflly  require,  and  what  his 
generofity  was  able  to  give  them."  So  he  then  fent  them  a- 
way  ;  and  gave-to  every  one  of  them  three  garments  of  the 
bell  fort,  and  two  talents  of  gold,  and  a  cup  of  the  value  of  one 
talent,  and  the  furniture  of  the  room  wherein  they  were  feaft- 
ed.  And  thefe  were  the  things  he  preieuted  to  them.  But 
by  them  he  fent  to  Eleazer  the  high-prieft,  ten  beds,  with  feet 
of  filver,  and  the  furniture  to  them  belonging,  arid  a  cup  of 
the  value  of  thirty  talents  ;  and  befides  thefe,  ten  garments, 
and  purple,  and  a  very  beautiful  crown,  and  an  hundred  pieces 
of  the  fineft  woven  linen  ;  as  alfo  vials  and  dimes,  and  vellels 
for  pouring,  and  two  golden  cifterns,  to  be  dedicated  to  God. 
He  alfo  defired  hiru,  by  an  epiftle,  that  he  would  give  thefe 
interpreters  leave  if  any  of  them  were  defirous,  of  coming  to 
him,  becaufe  he  highly  valued  a  convcrfation  with  men  of  luch 

VOL.  II.  C 


1%  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Bock  XIL 

learning  ;  and  (hould  be  very  \\i\\\ng  to  lay  cut  his  wealth  up- 
on fuch  men.  And  this  was  what  came  to  the  Jews,  and  was 
much  to  their  glory  and  honour,  from  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 

CHAP.    III. 

How  th:  Kin's  of  Afia  honoured  the  nation  of  the  Jews,  and 
made  them  Citizens  oj  thoj'c  Citits  which  they  built. 

§   I.  nTHE  Jews  alfo  obtained  honours  from  the  kings  (  [ 
1   Alia  when  they  became  their  auxiliaries  ;  for  Seleu- 
cus  Nicator  made  t'.ein  citizens  in  thofe  cities  which  he  built 
in  Alia,  and  in  the  lower  Syria,  and  in  the  metropolis   itfell, 
Acitioch  ;  and  gave  them  privileges  equal  to  thofe  ot  the  Ma- 
cedonians and  Gieeks,   who    were  the  inhabitants,  infomuch 
that  these  privileges  continue  to  this  very  day  :  An  argument 
lor  which  you  Irivcm  this,  that  whereas  the  Jews  do  make  ufc 
ot  *  oil  pic  pn<>-d  ly  foreigners,  they  rece-ve  a  certain  fum  of 
money  from  th.;  pioper  olficeis  belonging  to  their  exercifesas 
the  value  would  have  deprived  them  of,  in  the  laft  war,  Mu- 
cianus,  who  was  then  prefident  of  Syria,  preferved  it  to  them. 
And  when  the  people  or'  Alexandria  and  of  Antioch  did  alter 
that,  at  the  time  that.  Vefpafian  and  Titus  his  (on  governed  the 
habitable  earth,  pray  that  thefe  privileges  of  citizens  might  be 
taken  away,  they  did  not  obtain  their  icqm-fh      In  which  be- 
haviour any  one  may  difcern  the  f  equity  and  generality  of  the 
Romans,  especially  of  Vefpafian  and  Titus,  who,  although  they 
had  been  at  a  gre-u  deal  ot  pains  in  the  war  ygainft  the  Jews, 
and  wereexafperated  againft  them,  becaufe  they  did  not  deliv- 
er up  t.itir  weapons  to  them,  but  continued  the  war  to  the  very 
Sail,  yet  did  not  they  take  away  any  of  their  fore-mentioned 
privileges  belonging  to  them  as  citizens,  but  reftrained  their 
^.nger ;  md  overcame  the  prayers  of  the  Alexandrians  and  Anti* 
ochians,  who  were  a  very  powerful  people,  infomuch  that  they 
diel  not  yield  to  them,  neither  out  of  their  favour  to  thefe peo- 
ple, nor  out  of  their  old  grudge  at  thofe  whofe  wicked  oppo- 
lition  they  had  fubdued  in  the  war:  Nor  would  they  alter  any 

*  The  iifeofr.il  was  much  greater,  and  the  donatives  of  it  itiuch  more  valuable 
in  ]urtt3,  and  the  neighbouring  countries,  than  it  is  amongftus.  It  was  alio,  in  the 
cays  i  t  Jotephus;  thought  unlawful  lor  Jews  to  make  u!e  of  any  oil  that  was  pre- 
pared by  hia:hens,  perhaps  os  account  of  fonie  iuperflitions  intermixed  with  its 
(.repau-tion  i  y  thole  1  eathfns.  T»Vhen  therefore  the  heathens  were  to  make  them  a 
donative  of  oil,  thiy  paid  them  money  inftead  of  it.  See,  Of  the  \Var,  K.  II.  ch. 
,\xi.  i,  2.  vol  II.  the  Life  ot  Jofcphus,  ^  13.  Vel.  II.  and  Hudfon's  note  on  the 
place  bt'orc  us. 

t  'Ihis,  and  theliVe  great  and  juR  charaftersof  the  juflice  and  equity,  and  gcn- 
erofiiy  of  the  old  Romans,  both  to  the  Jews  and  other  conquered  nations,  affords 
us  a  very  rood  reaion  why  ahnighty  God,  upon  the  rcivdica  of  the  Jews  for  their 
•wickedness,  chofe  them  for  his  people,  and  firft  eftablifhed  chriftianity  in  that  em- 
pire. Of  which  matter,  fte  foleuhus  here,  §  «,  as  alfo  Autiq.  B.  XIV.  ch,  x.  $  ss», 
t.  R.  XVI.ch.  ii.  ^,u  vol.'ll. 


Chap.   III.]      ANTIQUiTIE&    OF    THE    JLV/S,  1$ 

of  the  ancient  favours  granted  to  the  Jews,  but  faid,  that  thofe 
who  had  borne  arms  agaiuft  tliem,  and  fought  them,  had  fuf- 
L-red  puniiliment  already,  and  that  it  was  not  jult  .to  deprive 
th.,:e  tl-.it  had  not  offended  ot  the  privileges  they  enjoyed. 

2.  We  alio  know  that  Marcu-,  Agnppa  was  ot  the  like,  dif- 
ion  towards  the  Jews  :  For  when  the  people  of  Ionia  were 

very  angry  at  them,  and  befought  Agrippa,  that  they,  and  they 
only  might  have  thofe  privileges  ot  citizens  which  Antiochus, 
the  grandion  ot  Seleucus  (who  by  the  Greeks  was  called  the 
GodJ  had  bellowed  on  them  ;  and  delired,  that  if  the  Je  vs 
were  to  be  joint  partakers  with  them  they  might  be  obhg,\i  to 
worship  the  gods  they  themfelves  worfhipped  :  But  when  thele 
matters  were  uroug.u  to  the  trial,  the  Jews  prevailed,  and  ob- 
tainj.l  leave  to  make  life  o-  their  own  tufloms,  and  this  under 
the  patronage  of  Nicoiausot  Damascus  ;  lor  Agrippa  gave  ien- 
tence,  that  he  could  not  innovate.  And  it  any  one  ha1  h  a  mind 
to  know  this  matter  accurately,  let  him  perufe  the  hundred  and 
twenty-third,  and  hundred  and  twenty-fourth  book  of  thehif- 
tory  ot  this  Nicolaus.  Now,  as  to  this  determination  of  A- 
grippa,  it  is  not  to  much  to  be  admired,  for  at  that  time  our 
nation  had  not  made  .var  again  it  ;he  Romans.  But  one  may 
well  be  aftonilhed  at  the  generality  o*  VefpaGan  and  Titus  that 
alter  fo  great  wars  and  contefts  which  they  had  from  us,  they 
Jnould  ufe  iuch  moderation.  Bat  I  wiil  now  return  to  that 
part  ot  my  hifiory,  whence  I  made  the  piefeut  d  grefiioa. 

3.  Now  it  happened  that  in  the  r.-ign  ot  Antiochus  the  Grea^ 
\vho  ruled  overall  Afia,  that  the  Jews    as  wvll  as  tht  i.ihibi- 
tants  ot  Celefyria    fu  lie  red  greatly,  and  their  land  was  iorcly 
harralled  :  For  while  he  was  at  war  with  Ptolemy  Phil/pafor, 
and  with  his  fon,  who  was   called  Epiphanes,  it  tell  out   tint 
thefe  nations  were  equally  fu/Iercrs   both  when  he  was  beaten, 
and  when  he  beat  the  others  :   ^o  that  they  were  very  hke  to  a 
fnip  in  a  Itorm,  which  is  toiled  by  the  waves  on  both  tides  ;  and 
jult  thus  were  they  in  their  fituation  in  the  middle  between  An- 
tiochus's  prosperity,    and  its  change  to  a-iverfity.        But  at 
length,  when  Antiochus  had  beaten  Ptolemy,  he  lei  zed  upon 
Judea  :  And  when  Philopator  was  dead,  Ins  fon  fent  out  a 
great  army  under  Scopas.  the  general  of  his  forces,  againftthe 
inhabitants  ot  Celefyria,  who  took  many  of  their  cities,  and  in 
particular  our  nation  ;  which,  when  he  fell  upon  them,  went 
over  to  him.     Yet  was  it  not  long  afterward  u  hen  Antiochus 
overcame  Scopas  in  a  battle  fought  at  the  fountains  ol  Jordan, 
and  deftroyed  a  great  part  of  his  army.       But  afterward,  when 
Antiochus  fubdued  thofe  cities  of  Celefyria  which  Scopas  had 
gotten  into  his  poffeflion,   and  Samaria  with  them,  the  Jews, 
ot  their  own  accord,  went  over  to  him,   and  received  him  into 
the  city  fjerufalem,]  and  gave  plentiful   provifion  to  all  his 
army,  and  to  his  elephants,  and  readily  aflilted   him   when   he 
befieged  the  garrifon  which  was  in  the  citadel  of  Jerufalem. 
Wherefore  Antiochus  thought  it  but  juii  to  requite  the  Jews 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    THft   JEWS.      [Book  X1L 

diligence  and  zeal  in  his  fervice  :  So  he  wrote  to  the  generals 
of  bis  armies,  and  to  his  iriends,  and  gave  teftimony  to  the 
good  behaviour  of  the  Jevys  towards  him,  and  informed  them 
what  rewards  he  had  relolved  to  bellow  on  them  tor  that  their 
behaviour.  1  will  fct  down  prefently  the  epiftles  themfelves, 
which  he  wrote  to  the  generals  concerning  them,  but  will  firit 
produce  the  teftimony  ot  Poly  bins  ot  Megalopolis  ;  lor  thus 
does  he  (peak,  in  the  fixteenth  book  ot  his  hiilory  :  "  Now 
Scopas,  the  general  ot  Ptolemy's  army,  went  in  hafte  to  the 
Superior  parts  ot  the  country,  and  in  the  winter  time  oyerthew 
the  nation  ot  the  Jews.  He  alfo  faith,  in  the  fame  book,  that 
when  Scopas  was  conquered  by  Antiochus,  Antiochus  receiv- 
ed Batanea  and  Samaria,  and  Abila  and  Gadara  ;  and  that,  a 
while  afterwards,  there  came  in  to  him  thole  Jews  that  inhabit- 
ed near  that  temple  which  was  called  Jerufatcm  :  Concerning 
which,  although  I  have  more  to  fay,  and  particularly  concern- 
ing the  pre fence  ot  God  about  that  temple,  yet  do  I  put  off 
that  hiflory  till  another  oppoitunity."  This  it  is  which  Poly- 
pins  relates.  But  we  will  return  to  the  i'mes  ot  the  hi  (lory, 
when  we  have  firft  produced  the  epillles  ot  king  Antiochus. 

"    King  Antiochus  to  Ptolemy,  fendcth  greeting  : 

"  Since  the  Jews,  upon  our  firft  entrance  on  their  country  v 
flemonftrated  their  friendship  towards  us  ;  ami  when  we  came 
to  their  city  |  Jerufalem,  |  received  us  in  a  fplendid  manner, 
and  came  to  meet  us  with  their  fenate.  and  gave  abundance  of 
provifions  to  our  foldiers,  and  to  the  elephants,  and  joined 
with  us  in  ejecting  the  garrifon  ot  the  Egyptians  that  Wfie  in 
the  citadel,  we  have  thought  fit  to  reward  them  and  to  retrieve 
the  condition  of  their  city,  which  hath  been  greatly  depopula- 
ted by  fuch  accidents  as  have  befallen  its  inhabitants,  and  to 
bring  thofe  that  have  been  fcattered  abroad  back  to  the  city, 
And,  in  the  firft  place,  we  have  determined,  on  account  ot 
their  piety  towards  God,  to  beftow  on  them  as  a  pen  (ion,  tor 
their  facnfices  oi  animals  that  are  fit  for  facrifice,  tor  wine  and 
oil,  and  frankincenfe,  the  value  of  twenty  thoufand  pieces  ot 
filver,  and  (  fixj  facred  artabrae  of  fine  flour,  with  one  thou- 
fand four  hundred  and  fixty  medimni  of  wheat,  and  three  hun- 
dred and  feventy-five  medimni  of  fait.  And  thefe  payments 
I  would  have  fully  paid  them,  as  1  have  fent  orders  to  you.  1 
would  alfo  have  the  work  about  the  temple  fiuifhed,  and  the 
cloiftcrs,  and  if  there  be  any  thing  elfe  that  ought  to  be  rebuilt. 
And  tor  the  materials  ot  wood,  let  it  be  brought  them  put  of 
Judea  itfelf,  and  out  of  the  other  countries,  and  out  ot  Libanus 
tax  tree  :  And  the  fame  I  would  have  obferved  as  to  thofe  oth- 
er materials  which  will  be  neceffary,  in  order  to  render  the 
temple  more  glorious.  And  let  all  of  that  nation  live  accord- 
ing to  the  laws  of  their  own  country  :  And  let  the  fenate  and 
ike  priefts,  and  the  fcribes  of  the  temple,  and  the  facred  fing- 


Chap.   III.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.  21 

ers,  be  difcharged  from  poll-money  and  the  crown  tax,  and 
othtr  taxes  alio.  And  that  the  city  may  the  fooner  recover 
its  inhabitants,  I  grant  a  difcharge  from  taxes  for  three  years 
to  its  prefent  inhabitants  ;  and  to  fuch  as  ihall  come  to  it,  until 
the  month  Hyperbereteus.  We  alfo  difcharge  them  lor  thef u- 
uire  from  a  third  part  of  their  taxes,  that  the  lofles  they  have 
fuftaincd may  be  repaired.  And  all  thofe  citizens  that  have 
been  carried  away,  and  are  become  flaves,  we  grant  them  and 
their  children  their  freedom  ;  and  give  order  that  their  fub- 
Itance  be  reltored  to  them." 

4.  And  thefe  werfe  the  contents  of  this  epiftle.  He  alfo  pub- 
h'ihed  a  decree,  through  all  his  kingdom,  m  honour  ot  the  tem- 
ple, which  contained  what  follows  :  "  It  Ihall  be  lawful  for  no 
foreigner  to  come  within  the  limits  of  the  temple  round  about ; 
which  thing  is  forbidden  alfo  to  the  Jews,  unlefs  to  thofe  who, 
according  to  their  own  cuftom  have  purified  themfelves.  Nor 
let  any  flefh  of  horfes,  or  of  mules,  or  of  affes,  be  brought  into 
the  city,  whether  they  be  wild  or  tame  ;  nor  that  of  leopards, 
or  foxes,  or  hares  ;  and,  in  general,  that  of  any  animal  which  is 
forbidden  tor  the  jews  to  eat.  Nor  let  their  (kins  be  brought 
into  it  ;  nor  let  any  fuch  animal  be  bred  up  in  the  city.  Let 
them  only  be  permitted  to  ufethe  faerifices  derived  from  their 
fore-fathers,  with  which  they  have  been  obliged  to  make  ac- 
ceptable atonements  to  God.  And  he  that  tianfgrefTeth  any 
ot  thefe  orders,  let  him  pay  to  the  prieffs  three  thoufand 
drachmae  o(  filver  "  Moreover  this  Antipchus  bare  teftimo- 
iiy  if)  our  piety  and  fidelity,  in  an  epiftleof  his,  written  when 
"lie  was  informed  oi  a  fedition  inPnrygiaand  Lydia,  at  which 
nine  he  was  in  the  fuperior  provinces,  wherein  he  command- 
ed Zeuxis,  the  general  ot  his  forces,  and  his  mo  ft  intimate 
iriend.  to  iend  fome  of  our  nation  out  of  Babylon  into  Phry- 
gia.  The  epiltle  was  this  : 

"  King  Antiochus  to  Zeuxis  his  father,  fendeth  greeting. 

"  If  you  are  in  health,  it  is  well.  I  alfo  am  in  health.  Hav- 
ing been  informed  that  a  fedition  is  arifen  in  Lydia  and  Phry- 
gia,  I  thought  that  matter  required  great  care:  And  upon  ad- 
viiingwithmy  friends  what  was  fit  to  be  done,  it  hath  been 
thought  proper  to  remove  two  thoufand  families  of  Jews,  with 
th'.-ir  effects,  out  of  Mefopotamia  and  Babylon,  unto  the  caf- 
tles  and  places  that  lie  moft  convenient ;  tor  I  am  perfuaded 
that  they  will  be  well  difpofcd  guardians  of  our  poffeffions, 
becaufe  of  their  piety  towards  God,  and  becaufe  I  know  that 
uiy  predeceffors  have  born  witnefs  to  them,  that  they  are  faith- 
ful, and,  with  alacrity,  do  what  they  are  defired  to  do.  I  will, 
therefore,  though  it  be  a  laborious  work,  that  thou  remove 
thefe  Jews  ;  under  a  promife,  that  they  (hall  be  permitted  to 
life  their  own  laws.  And  when  thou  lhalt  have  brought  them 
to  the  places  fore-mentioned,  thou  lhalt  give  every  one  of  their 


22  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XU, 

families  a  place  for  building  th?ir  houfes,  and  a  portion  of 
land  tor  their  huftjandry,  and  for  the  plantation  of  their  vines  ; 
and  thou  (halt  difcharge  them  from  paying  taxes  of  the  fruits 
of  the  earth  tor  ten  years  ;  and  let  them  have  a  proper  quan- 
fity  ot  wheat  tor  the  maintenance  of  their  fervants,  until  they 
receive  bread-corn  out  ot  the  earth  :  Alfo  let  a  fufficient  (hare 
be  given  to  fuch  as  minilter  to  them  in  the  neccffaries  ot  life, 
that  by  enjoying  the  effe£ls  ot  our  hum.i:iity,  they  may  (hew 
themfelves  the  more  willing  and  ready  about  o  >r  affairs.  Take 
care  likewifeof  that  nation,  as  far  as  thou  art  able,  that  they 
rnay  not  have  any  diftnrbance  given  them  by  any  one."  Now 
theie  teftimonials  which  I  have  produced,  are  fu'ficient  to  de- 
clare the  trie-adlhip  that  Antiochus  the  Great  bace  to  the  Jews. 

CHAP.     IV. 

How  Antiochus  made  a  league  with  Ptolemy  ;  and  how  Owat 
provoked  Ptolemy  Euergetes  to  anger  ;  and  kow  jfofcph  brou  Jit 
all  things  right  again,  and  entered  into  friend/hip  with  him; 
and  what  other  things  were  done  by  Jofeph,  and  his  f on  Hyr- 
canus. 

§  I.  A  FTER  this  Antiochus  rnadc  a  friendfhip  and  a  league 
•L\.  with  Ptolemy  ;  and  gave  himbis  daughter  Ck-opatra 
to  wiFe,  and  yielded  up  to  him  Celefyria,  and  Samuna  and 
Judea,_and  Phenicia,  by  way  of  dowry.  And  upon  the  divif- 
loa  of  the  taxes  between  the  two  kings,  all  the  principal  men 
framed  the  taxes  ot  their  several  countries,  and  collecting  the 
fum  that  was  fettled  for  them,  paid  the  lame  to  the  [two]  kings. 
Now  at  this  time  the  Samaritans  were  in  a  fiourithing  condi- 
tion, and  mqch  diftrefled  the  Jews,  cutting  off  parts  of  their- 
land,  and  carrying  off  flavcs.  This  happened  when  Onias 
was  high-pried  ;  tor  after  Eleazar's  death,  his  uncle  Manafleh 
took  the  priefthood.and  a'terhehad  e:idedhis  life,  Ouias  re- 
ceived that  dignity.  He  was  the  fon  ot  Simon,  who  was  cal- 
led the  Jujl ;  which  Simon  was  the  brother  of  Eleazer,  as  I 
faid  betore.  This  Onias  was  onrot  a  little  foul,  and  a  great 
lover  ot  money  ;  and  tor  that  reafon,  becaufc  he  did  not  pay 
that  tax  of  twenty  talents  ot  filver,  which  his  forefathers  paid 
to  thefe  kings,  out  ot  their  own  eftates,  he  provoked  king  Ptol- 
emy Euergetes  to  anger,  who  was  the  father  of  Philopater. 
Euergetes  lent  an  ambaffador  to  Jerufalem,  and  complained 
that  Onias  did  not  pay  his  taxes,  and  threatened,  that  it  he  did 
not  receive  them,  he  would  feize  upon  their  land,  and  fend  fol- 
diers  to  live  upon  it.  When  the  Jews  heard  this  meffage  ot 
the  king's,  they  were  confounded  :  But  fo  fordidly  covetous 
was  Onias.  that  nothing  of  this  nature  made  him  afhamed. 

2.  There  was  now  one  Jofeph,  young  in  age,  but  of  great 
reputation  among  the  people  ot  Jerufalem,  for  gravity,  pru- 
dence, and  juftice.  His  father's  name  was  Tobias;  and  his 


Chap.   IV.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  i^ 

mother  was  the  fifterof  Onias  the  high-pried,  who  informed 
him  of  the  coming  of  the  ambaflador ;  for  he  was  then  fojourn- 
ing  at  a  village  named  *  Phicol,  where  he  was  born.  Hereup- 
on he  came  to  the  city  [Jerufa!em,J  and  reproved  Onias  for 
not  taking  care  of  the  prefervation  ot  his  countrymen,  but 
bringing  the  nation  into  dangers,  by  not  paying  this  money. 
For  which  prefervation  of  them,  he  told  him  he  had  received  the 
authority  over  them,  and  had  been  made  high-prieft  :  But  that, 
in  cafe  he  was  io  great  a  lover  ot  money,  as  to  endure  to  fee 
his  country  in  danger  on  that  account,  and  his  countrymen 
naffer  the  greateft  damages,  he  advifed  him  to  goto  the  king, 
and  petition  him  to  remit  either  the  whole,  or  a  part  ot  the 
fum  demanded.  Onias'sanlwer  was  this,  That  he  did  not  care 
for  his  authority,  and  that  he  was  ready,  if  the  thing  were  prac- 
ticable, to  lay  down  his  high  prieilhood ;  and  that  he  would 
not  go  to  the  king,  be-caufe  he  troubled  ru-thimfelf  at  all  about 
fuch  matters.  Jofeph  then  afked  him,  If  he  would  not  give 
him  leave  to  go  ambailador  on  behalf  of  the  nation  ?  He  re- 
plied, That  he  would  give  him  leave.  Upon  which  Jofeph 
went  up  into  the  temple  ;  and  called  the  multitude  together,  to 
a  congregation,  and  exhoited  them  not  to  be  difturbed  nor  af- 
frighted, becaufe  of  his  uncle  Onias's  careleffhefs,  but  defired 
them  tovbe  at  reft,  and  not  terrify  themfelves  with  fear  about 
it  ;  for  he  promised  them  that  he  would  be  their  ambaffador  to 
the  king,  and  perfuade  him  that  they  had  done  him  no  wrong. 
And  when  the  multitude  heard  this,  they  returned  thanks  to 
Jofeph.  So  he  went  down  from  the  temple,  and  treated  Ptol- 
emy's ambafFador  in  an  hofpitable  manner.  He  alfo  prefent- 
ed  him  with  rich  gitts  ;  and  feafied  him  magnificently  for 
many  days,  and  then  fent  him  to  the  king  before  him,  and  told 
him  that  he  would  foon  follow  him  :  For  he  was  now  more 
willing  to  go  to  the  king,  by  the  encouragement  of  the  ambaf- 
fador,  who  earneuMy  perfuaded  him  to  come  into  Egypt ;  and 
promifed  him  that  he  would  take  care  that  he  mould  obtain 
every  thing  that  he  defired  of  Ptolemy,  for  he  was  highly 
pleaied  with  his  frank  and  liberal  temper,  and  with  the  gravity 
ot  his  deportment. 

3.  When  Ptolemy's  am'oalTador  was  come  into  Egypt,  he 
told  ,he  king  otthe  thoughtlefs  temper  ot  Onias  ;  and  inform- 
ed him  ot  the  goodneis  of  the  difpofition  of  Jofeph  ;  and  that 
he  was  coming  to  him,  toexcufe  the  multitude,  as  not  having 
done  him  any  harm,  for  that  he  was  their  patron.  In  mort, 
he  was  fo  very  large  in  his  encomiums  upon  the  young  pan, 
that  he  difpofed  both  the  king  and  his  wife  Cleopatra  to  have  a 
kindnefs  tor  him  before  he  came.  So  Jofeph  fent  to  his  friends 
at  Samaria,  and  borrowed  money  ot  them,  and  got  ready  what 

*  The  name  of  this  place,  Phic>'!t  is  the  very  fsme->vith  irct  cf  ihe  chief  captain 
of  Abirr.cltch's  hoit.  ia  the  days  of  Abraham,   Gen.  xri.   Z2,  nnd  might   poiiibly 
be  the  p'ace  (  f  that  Phicel's  nativity  or  abgdr  ,  fcr  -*  :-'erns  to  bs. 
luuth  pan  of  Pj.lci\ine,  as  that  was. 


>J4  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [BookXII 

was  necedary  for  his  journey,  garments,  and  cups  and  beafLs 
ior  burden, which  amounted  to  about  twenty  thoufand  drachma, 
and  went  to  Alexandria.  Now  it  happened,  that  at  this  time 
ail  the  principal  men  and  rulers  went  up  out  of  the  cities  ct 
Syria  and  Phenicia,  to  bid  for  their  taxes  ;  tor  every  year  the 
king  fold  them  to  the  men  of  the  greeted  power  in  every  city. 
So  thefemen  faw  Joieph  journeying  on  the  way.  and  laughed 
at  him  tor  his  poverty  and  meannelsj  But  when  he  came  to 
Alexandria  and  heard  that  king  Ptolemy  was  at  Memphis,  he 
vent  i'.p  tiiithef  to  meet  with  him  ;  which  happened  as  the 
king  was  fitting  in  his  chariot,  with  his  wife  and  with  his  friend 
Atheiiion,  who  was  the  very  pcrfon  who  had  been  ambaHador 
at  Jerufalem,  and  been  entertained  Ky  Jofeph.  As  foon  there- 
fore as  Athenionfaw  him,  lie  prefentiy  made  him  known  to  the 
king,  how  good  and  generous  a  young  man  he  was.  So  Ptol- 
emy faluted  him  firfl,  and  defired  him  to  come  up  into  l\\^ 
chariot  ;  and  as  Jofeph  fat  there,  he  began  to  complain  of  the 
management  oi  Unias.  To  which  he  anfwered,  Forgive  him 
on.  account  of  his  age,  for  thou  canft  not  certainly  be  unac- 
quainted with  this,  that  old  men  and  intants  have  their  minds 
exatlly  alike;  but  thou  (halt  have  from  us,  who  are  young 
men,  every  thing  thou  deffreft,  and  fhah  have  no  cauie  to 
plain.  With  this  good  humour  and  pleafantry  of  theyoun^ 
man,  the  king  was  fo  delighted,  that  he  began  already,  as  though 
he  had  long  experience  ot  him,  to  have  a  ftill  greater  affefclion 
ior  him,  inibmuch,  that  he  bade  him  take  his  diet  in  the  kings 
palace,  and  be  a  gueft  at  his  own  table  every  day.  But  when 
the  king  was  come  to  Alexandria  the  principal  men  of  Syria, 
faw  him  fitting  with  the  king,  and  were  much  offended  at  it. 

4.  And  when  the  day  came  on  which  the  king  was  to  let  the 
taxes  ot  the  cities  to  farm,  and  thofe  that  were  the  principal 
men  of  dignity  in  their  feveral  countries  were  to  bid  for  them, 
the  fum  of  the  taxes  together,  of  Celefyria  and  Phenicia,  and 
Judea,  with  Samaria  [as  they  were  bidden  tor,J  came  to  eight 
thoufand  talents.  Hereupon  Jofeph  accufed  the  bidders,  as 
having  agreed  together  to  eftimatethe  value  of  the  taxes  at  too 
Iowa  rate  ;  and  hepromifed,  that  he  would  himfelf  give  twice 
as  much  for  them  :  But  for  thofe  who  did  not  pay,  he  would 
fend  the  king  home  their  whole  fubftance  ;  for  this  privilege 
was  fold  together  with  the  taxes  themfelves.  The  king  was 
pleafed  to  hear  that  offer ;  and  becatife  it  augmented  his  reven- 
ues, he  faid,  he  would  confirm  the  fale  ot  the  taxes  to  him. 
But  then  he  afked  him  this  queftion,  Whether  he  had  any 
furetiesthat  would  be  bound  for  the  payment  ot  the  money  ? 
he  anfwered  very  pleafantly,  I  will  give  fuch  lecurity.  and 
thofe  of  perfons  good  and  refponfible,  and  which  you  fhali 
have  no  reafon  to  difti  uih  And  when  he  bid  him  name  them, 
who  they  were,  he  replied,  I  give  thee  no  other  perfons,  O 
king,$formy  fureties  than  thyfelf,  and  this  thy  wife;  and  you 
fhall  be  fecurity  for  both  parties.  So  Ptolemy  laughed  at  the 


Chap.    IV.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  25 

propofal,  and  granted  him  the  farming  of  the  taxes  without  a- 
ny  fureties.  This  procedure  was  a  fore  grief  to  thofe  that 
came  from  the  cities  into  Egypt,  who  were  utterly  difappoin- 
ted  ;  and  they  returned  every  one  to  their  own  country  with 
fhame. 

5.  But  Jofcph  took  with  him  two  thoufand  foot  foldiers  from 
the  king  ;  for  he  deftred  he  might  have  fome  afhftance,  in  or- 
der to  force  fuch  as  were  refractory  in  the  cities  to  pay.     And 
borrowing  of  the  king's  friends  at   Alexandria   five   hundred 
ta'enti,  he  made  hafte  back  into  Syria.     And  when  he  was  at 
Afkelon-  and  demanded  the  taxes  ot    the  people  of    Afkelon, 
they  refufed  to  pay  any  thing  ;  and  affronted  him  alfo  :  Upon 
which  he  ieized  upon  about  twenty  of  the  principal  men,  and 
flew  them,  and  gathered  what  they    had  together,  and  fent  it 
all  to  ihe  king;  and  informed  him  what  he  had  done.     Ptole- 
my admired  at  the  prudent  conducl  oi  the  man,  and  commen- 
ded him  for  what  he  had  done  ;  and  gave  him  leave  to  do  as 
he  pleafed.     When  the  Syrians  heard  of  this,  they  were  afton- 
ilhed  ;  and  having  hetore  them  a  lad  example  in  the   men  of 
Afkelon  that  were  flain,  they  opened  their  gates,  and  willing- 
ly admitted  ,ofepb,  and  paid  their  taxes.     And  when   the   in- 
habitants of  Scythopolis  attempted  to  affront  him,  and  would 
not  pay  him  thofe   taxes   which   they    formerly  ufed  to  pay, 
without  difputing  about  them,  he  flew  alfo  the  principal  men 
ot  that  city,  and  fent  their  effefts  to  the  king.     By  this  means 
he  gathered  great  wealth  together,  arid  made  vail  gains  by  this 
farming  ot  the  taxes  ;    and  he  made  ufe  ot  what  effate  he  had 
thus  gotten,  in  order  to  fupport  his  authority,  as  thinking  it  a. 
piece  ot  prudence  to  keep  what  had   been  the   occafion   and 
foundation  of   his  prefent   good  fortune  ;  and  this  he  did   by 
the  affiftance  of  what  he  was  already  poffefled  of,  for  he  pri- 
vately fent  many  prefents  to  the  king,  and  to  Cleopatra,  and 
to  their  friends,  and  to  all  that  were  powerful  about  the  court, 
and  thereby  purchafed  their  goodwill  to  himfelt, 

6.  This  good  fortune  he  enjoyed  for  twenty -two  years ;  and 
was  become  the  father  oi  feven  ions,  by  one  wife  :  He  had  alfo 
another  fon,  whole  name  was  Hyrcanus,  by  his  brother  Soiy- 
mius's  daughter,  whom  he  married  on  the  following  occafion. 
He  once  came  to  Alexandria  with  his  brother,  wlio  had  along 
with  him  a  daughter  already  marriageable,  in  order  to  give  her 
in  wedlock  to   fome  ot  the  Jews  ot  chief  dignity  there.     He 
then  fupped  with  the  king,  and  tailing  in  love  with  an  a6trefs, 
that  was  of  great  beauty,  and   came  into  the  room  where  they 
feafted,  he  told  his  brother  ot  it,  and  entreated  him,  be-caule  a 
Jew  is  forbidden  by  their  law  to  come  near  to  a  foreigner,  to 
conceal  his  offence,  and   to   be  kind  and  fubfervient  to  him, 
and  to  give  him  an  opportunity  ot  fulfilling  hisdefires.     Upon 
which  his  brother  willingly  enfertained  the  propofal  of  icrving 
him,  and  adorned  his  own  daughter,  and  brought  her  to  him. 
by  night,  and  put  her  into  his  bed.     And  Jofepk  being  difor- 

VOL.  II.  D 


26  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII. 

dered  with  drink,  knew  not  who  fhe  was,  and  fo  lay  with  his 
brother's  daughter  ;  and  this  did  he  many  times  and  loved  her 
exceedingly  ;  and  faid  to  hip  brother,  that  he  loved  this  aftrefs 
fo  well,  that  he  mould  run  the  hazard  of  his  life  [if  he  muft 
part  with  her  I,  and  yet  probably  the  king  would  not  give  hirn 
leave  [to  take  her  with  him  ].  But  his  brother  bid  him  be  in 
no  concern  about  that  matter,  and  told  him,  he  might  enjoy 
her  whom  he  loved  without  any  danger,  and  might  have  her 
for  his  wife  ;  and  opened  the  truth  of  ihe  matter  to  him,  and 
allured  him  that  he  chofe  rather  to  have  his  own  daughter  a- 
bufed,  than  to  overlook  him,  and  fee  him  come  to  [public] 
difgrace.  So  Jofeph  commended  him  for  this  his  brotherly- 
love  ;  and  married  his  daughter  ;  and  I  y  her  begat  a  Ton,  whofe 
name  was  Hyrcanus,  as  we  faid  before.  And  when  this  his 
youngeil  fon  mewed,  at  thirteen  years  old,  a  mind  that  was 
both  courageous  and  wife,  and  was  greatly  envied  by  his 
brethren,  as  being  of  a  genius  much  above  them,  and  fuch  an 
one  as  they  might  well  envy,  Jofeph  had  once  a  mind  to  know 
which  of  his  Tons  had  the  belt  difpofition  to  virtue,  and  when 
ho  fent  them  feverally  tothofe  tha,  had  then  the  belt  reputation 
for  inftrufting  youth,  the  reft  of  his  children,  by  reafon  of 
their  floth.  and  unwillingnels  to  take  pains,  returned  to  him 
foolilh  and  unlearned.  After  them  he Tent  out  the  youngeft, 
Hyrcanus,  and  gave  him  three  hundred  yoke  of  oxen,  and  bid 
him  go  two  days  journey  into  the  wildernefs,  and  fow  the 
land  there,  and  yet  kept  back  privately  the  yokes  of  the  ox- 
en that  coupled  them  together.  When  Hyrcanus  came  to  the 
place,  and  found  he  had  no  yokes  with  him,  he  contemned 
the  drivers  of  the  oxen,  who  advifed  him  to  fend  fome  to  his 
father,  to  bring  them  fome  yokes  ;  but  he  thinking  that  he 
ought  not  to  lofe  his  time,  while  they  mould  be  fent  to  bring 
him  the  yokes,  he  invented  a  kind  of  ftratagem,  and  whatfui- 
ted  an  age  older  than  his  own  ;  for  he  flew  ten  yoke  of  theox- 
en,  and  diftributed  their  flefh  among  the  labourers,  and  cut 
their  hides  into  feveral  pieces,  and  made  him  yokes,  and  yok- 
ed the  oxen  together  with  them  ;  by  which  means  he  fowed 
as  much  land  as  his  father  had  appointed  him  to  fow,  and  re- 
turned to  him.  And  when  he  was  come  back,  his  lather  was 
mightily  pleafed  with  his  fagacity,  and  commended  the  fiiarp- 
nefs  of  his  underflanding,  and  his  boldnefs  in  what  he  did. 
And  he  ftili  loved  him  the  more,  as  if  he  were  his  only  genu- 
ine fon,  while  his  brethren  were  much  troubled  at  it. 

7.  But  when  one  told  him  that  Ptolemy  had  a  fon  juft  born, 
and  that  al!  the  principal  men  of  Syria,  and  the  other  coun- 
tries fubjeft  to  him,  were  to  keep  a  feftival,  on  account  of  the 
child's  birth-day,  and  went  away  in  hafte  with  great  Detinues 
to  Alexandria,  he  was  himfeK  indeed  hindered  from  going  by 
old  age,  but  he  made  trial  of  his  fons,  whether  any  of  them 
would  be  willing  to  go  to  the  king.  And  when  the  elder  fons 
excufed  theinfelves  Irom  going,  and  laid,  they  were  not  cour- 


Cjhap.    IV.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  2? 

tiers  good  enough  for  fuch  conversion,  and  advifed  him  to 
lend  their  brother  Hyrcanus,  he  gladly  hearkened  to  that  ad- 
vice ;  and  called  Hyrcanus  and  alked  niiri,  whether  he  would  • 
go  to  the  king  ;  and  whether  it  was  agreeable  to  him  to  go  or 
not?  And  upon  his  promiie  that  he  would  go,  and  IMS  faying 
that  he  mould  not  want  much  money  ior  his  journey,  becaule 
he  would  live  moderately;  and  that  ten  thoufand  drachmae 
would  be  fufficient,  he  was  p leafed  with  his  fon's  prudence. 
After  a  little  while  the  fon  advi.'ed  his  lather  riot  to  fend  his 
prefents  to  the  king  from  thence,  but  to  give  him  a  letter  to 
his  fteward  at  Alexandria,  that  he  might  turniihhim  with  mon- 
ey, for  purchafing  what  ihould  be  moft  excellent  and  mod  pre- 
cious. So  he  thinking  that  the  expence  often  talents  would 
be  enough  tor  prefents  to  be  made  th~  king  ;  and  commend- 
ing his  fon,  as  giving  him  good  advice,  wrote  to  Arion  his 
fteward  that  managed  all  his  money  matters  at  Alexandria  ; 
which  money  was  not  leis  than  three  thoufand  talents  on  his 
account,  for  Jofeph  fent  the  money  he  received  in  Syria,  to 
Alexandria.  And  when  the  day  appointed  for  the  payment 
of  the  taxes  to  the  king  came,  he  wrote  to  Arion  to  pay  them. 
So  when  the  fon  hadafked  his  father  fora  letter  to  this  fteward, 
and  had  received  it,  he  made  halie  to  Alexandria.  And  when 
he  was  gone,  his  hrethren  wrote  to  all  the  king's  friends,  that 
they  mould  deftroy  him. 

8.  But  when  he  was  come  to  Alexandria,  he  delivered  his 
letter  to  Arion,  who  afked  him  how  many  talents  he  would 
have  ?  (hoping  he  would  afk  for  no  more  than  ten,  or  a  little 
more,)  he  faid  he  wanted  a  thoufand  talents.  At  which  the 
fteward  was  angry,  and  rebuked  him,  as  one  that  intended  to 
live  extravagantly  ;  and  he  let  him  know  how  his  father  had 
gathered  together  his  eftate  by  pains-taking,  and  refilling  his 
inclinations,  and  wilhed  him  to  imitate  the  example  ot  his 
lather  :  He  allured  him  withal,  that  he  would  give  him  but 
ten  talents,  and  that  for  a  prefent  to  the  king  alio.  The  Ion 
was  irritated  at  this,  and  threw  Arion  into  pn'on."  But  when 
Arion's  wife  had  informed  Cleopatra  of  this,  with  her  entreaty, 
that  (he  would  rebuke  the  child  for  what  he  had  done,  (for 
Arion  was  in  great  efteem  with  her)  Cleopatra  informed  the 
king  of  it.  And  Ptolemy  fent  for  Hyrcanus,  and  told  him, 
that  "  he  wondered  when  he  was  fent  to  him  by  his  father, 
that  he  had  not  yet  come  into  his  prefence,  but  had  laid  the 
fteward  in  prifon."  And  he  gave  order,  therefore  that  he 
fhould  come  to  him,  and  give  an  account  of  the  reafon  of  what 
he  had  done.  And  they  report,  that  the  anfwer  he  made  to 
the  king's  meffenger  was  this  :  That  '•'  there  was  a  law  of  his 
that  forbad  a  child  that  was  born,  to  tafte  of  the  facrifice  be- 
fore he  had  been  at  the  temple  and  facrificed  to  God.  Accord- 
ing to  which  way  ot  reafoning  he  did  not  himfeH  come  to  him, 
in  expectation  ot  the  prefent  he  was  to  make  to  him,  as  to  one 
who  had  been  his  father's  benetador;  and  that  he  had  punim- 


J>8  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII, 

ed  the  flave  tor  difobeying  his  commands,  for  that  it  mattered 
not  whether  a  mailer  was  little  or  great  :  So  that  unlefs  we 
punilh  inch  as  thefe,  «hou  thyfelf  mayeft  alfo  expect  to  be 
defpifed  by  thy  fubjects."  Upon  hearing  this  his  anfwer,  he 
fell  a  laughing,  and  wondered  at  the  great  ioul  ol  the  child. 

9.  When  Anon  was  appriied  that  this  was  the  king's  difpo- 
fition,  and  that  he  had  r.o'way  to  help  himfc-U,  he  gave  the 
child  a  thoufand  talents,  and  was  let  out  oi  prifon.  So  after 
three  days  were  over,  Hy  rearms  came  and  fainted  the  king 
and  queen.  They  faw  him  with  pleafure,  and  feaited  him  in 
an  obliging  manner,  out  ot  the  relpecl  they  bare  to  his  tather. 
So  he  came  to  the  merchants  privately,  and  bought  an  hun- 
dred boys,  that  had  learning,  and  were  in  the  flower  o\  their 
ages,  each  at  a  talent  a  piece;  as  alfo  he  bought  an  hundred 
maidens,  each  at  the  fame  price  as  the  other.  And  when  he 
was  invited  to  teaft  with  the  king  among  the  principal  men  of 
the  country,  he  fat  down  the  lo^eft  of  them  all,  becauie  he 
was  little  regarded,  as  a  child  in  age  Itill  ;  and  this  by  thofe 
who  placed  every  one  according  to  their  dignity.  Now  when 
all  thofe  that  fat  with  him  had  laid  the  bones  of  the  feveral 
parts  on  an  heap  before  Hyrcanus,  (tor  they  had  themfelves 
taken  away  the  flylh  belonging  to  them,)  till  the  table  where 
he  fat  was  filled  tull  with  them  ;  Trypho,  who  was  the  king's 
jelter,  and  was  appointed  for  jokes  and  laughter  at  feilivals, 
was  now  afked  by  the  guelts  that  iat  at  the  table  [to  expofe 
him  to  laughter.]  So  he  Uood  by  the  king,  and  laid,  ''  Doft 
thou  not  fee,  my  Lord,  the  bones  that  he  by  Hyrcanus  ?  by 
this  fimihtude  thou  mayelt  conjecture  that  his  tather  inyde  all 
Syria  as  bare  as  he  hath  made  theie  bones."  And  the  king 
laughing  at  what  Trypho  faid,  and  afkingof  Hyrcanus,  '•  How 
he  came  to  have  io  many  bones  before  him  ?"  he  iv 
Very  rightfully,  my  lord  :  For  they  are  dogs  that  eat  the  fle(h 
and  the  bones  together,  as  thefe  thy  guefts  have  d-n^,  (look- 
ing in  the  mean  time  at  thole  gueitsj  for  there  is  nothing  be- 
fore them  ;  but  they  are  men  that  eat  the  fiefh  and  caft  away 
the  bones,  as  i,  who  am  alfo  a  man,  have  now  done."  Upon 
which  the  king  admired  at  his  aniwer,  which  was  fo  wilely 
made  ;  and  bid  them  all  make  an  acclamation,  as  a  mark  ot 
their  approbation  of  his  jeft.  which  was  truly  a  lacetious  one. 
On  the  next  day  Hyrcanus  went  to  every  one  of  the  king's 
friends,  and  of  the  men  powerful  at  court,  and  faiuted  them  ; 
but  ftill  enquired  of  the  fervants  what  prefent  they  would 
make  the  king  on  his  fon's  birth-day  ?  and  when  fome  faid, 
that  they  would  give  twelve  talents,  and  that  others  of  greater 
dignity  would  every  one  give  according  to  the  quantity  of 
their  riches,  he  pretended  to  every  one  to  be  grieved  that  he 
was  not  able  to  bring  fo  large  a  prefent,  for  that  he  had  no 
more  than  five  talents.  And  when  the  fervants  heard  what  he 
faid,  they  told  their  matters  ;  and  they  rejoiced  in  the  proipeft 
that  Jofeph  would  bedifapproved,  and  would  make  the  king 


Chap.   IV.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.  2fjf 

angry,  by  the  fmallnefs  of  his  prefent.  When  the  day  came, 
the  others,  even  thole  that  brought  the  moit,  offered  the  king 
not  above  twenty  talents ;  but  Hyrcanus  gave  to  every  one  ot 
the  hundred  boys,  and  hundred  maidens  that  he  had  bought,  a 
talent  a  piece,  tor  them  to  carry,  and  introduced  them,  the 
beys  to  ihe  king,  and  the  maidens  to  Cleopatra  :  Every  body 
wondered  at  the  unexpected  richneis  ot  the  prefenrs,  even  the 
king  and  queen  themielves.  He  alfo  prelented  thofe  that  at- 
tended about  the  king  with  gitts  to  the  value  of  a  great  num- 
ber ot  talents,  that  he  might  eicape  the  danger  he  was  in  troni 
them  ;  tor  to  thefe  it  was  that  Hyrcanus's  brethren  had  writ- 
ten to  deitroy  him.  Now  Ptolemy  admired  at  the  young 
man's  magnanimity  ;  and  commanded  him  to  afk  what  gift  he 
pleaied.  But  he  defired  nothing  elfe  to  be  done  for  him  by 
the  king,  than  to  write  to  his  tather  and  brethren  about  him. 
So  when  the  king  had  paid  him  very  great  refpefts,  and  had 
given  him  very  large  gitts,  and  had  written  to  his  tather  and 
his  brethren,  and  all  his  commanders,  and  officers  about  him, 
he  fent  him  away.  But  when  his  brethren  heard  that  Hyrca- 
nus had  received  fucli  favours  from  the  king,  and  was  return- 
ing home  with  great  honour,  they  went  out  to  meet  him,  and 
to  dertroy  him,  and  that  with  the  privity  of  their  father  :  For 
he  was  angry  at  him  tor  the  [largej  furn  ot  money  that  lie  be- 
llowed tor  prelents,  and  fo  had  no  concern  tor  his  preierva- 
tion.  However  Joteph  concealed  the  anger  he  had  at  his  Ion, 
out  ot  fear  of  the  king.  And  when  Hyrcanus's  brethren  came 
to  fight  him,  lie  flew  many  others  ot  thole  that  were  with  them  : 
As  alio  two  ot  h;s  brethren  themfelves,  but  the  reft  ot  them 
eic.iped  to  Jerufalem  to  their  lather.  But  when  Hyrcanus 
came  to  the  city  where  no  body  would  receive  him  he  was 
aii«. id  tor  himfelf,  and  retired  beyond  the  river  Jordan,  and 
there  abode,  but  obliging  the  Barbarians  to  pay  their  taxes. 

10  At  this  time  Seleucus,  who  was  called  Soter,  reigned  o- 
ver  Afia,  being  the  ion  of  Antiochus  the  great.  And  [now^J 
Hyr<  anus's  iather  Jofeph  died.  He  was  a  good  man  and  ot 
great  magnanimity  ;  and  brought  the  jews  out  of  a  ftate  ot 
poverty  and  meannefs,  to  one  that  was  more  fplendid.  He  re- 
tained the  farm  ot  the  taxes  of  Syria,  and  Phemcia,  and  Sa- 
maria, twenty -two  years.  His  uncle  allb,  Onias,  died  [about 
this  time  J  and  left  the  high  pnefthood  to  his  ion  Simon.  And 
when  he  was  dead,  Onias  his  ion  (ucceeded  him  in  that  digni- 
ty. To  him  it  was  that  Areus,  king  ot  the  Lacedemonians, 
ient  an  embaflage,  with  an  epiitle  ;  the  copy  whereof  here 
follows  : 

".Areus,  king  ot  the  Lacedemonians,  to  Onias,  fendeth  greeting : 

'  We  have  met  with  a  certain1  writing,  whereby  we  have 

*difcovered,  that  both  the  Jews  and  the  Lacedemonians  are  of 

pne  flock,  and  are  derived  from  the  *  kindred  ot  Abraham  : 

I   *  Whence  it  comes  that  thefe  Lacedemonians  ckclarethemfclves  hereto  be  of  kin 


30  ANTIQUITIES'OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII. 

It  is  butjuft  therefore,  that  you,  "  who  are  our  brethren, 
ihould  fend  to  us  about  any  of  your  concerns  as  you  pleafe. 
We  will  allo  do  the  fame  thing,  and  efteem  your  concerns  as 
our  own  ;  and  will  look  upon  our  concerns  as  in  common  with 
yours.  Demoteles,  who  brings  you  this  letter,  will  bring 
your  anfwer  back  to  us.  This  letter  is  four-fquare  ;  and  the 
Teal  is  an  eagle,  with  a  dragon  in  his  claws." 

II.  And  thefe  were  the  contents  of  the  epiftle  which  was 
fent  from  the  king  of  the  Lacedemonians.  But  upon  the  death 
of  Jofeph,  the  people  grew  {"editions,  on  account  of  his  fons  : 
For  whereas  the  elders  made  war  againft  Hyrcanus,  who  was 
the  youngeftof  Jofeph's  ions,  the  multitude  was  divided,  but 
the  greater  part  joined  with  the  eiders  in  this  war  ;  as  did  Si- 
mon the  high-prieft,  by  reafon  he  was  of  kin  to  them.  How- 
ever, Hyrcanus  determined  not  to  return  to  Jerusalem  any 
more,  but  feated  hiinfelf  beyond  Jordan  ;  and  was  at  perpetual 
war  with  the  Arabians,  and  flew  many  of  them,  and  took  many 
ot  them  captives.  He  alfo  creeled  a  ftrong  caftle,  and  built  it 
entirely  of  white  {lone  to  the  very  roof ;  and  had  animals  of  a 
prodigious  magnitude  engraven  upon  it.  He  alfo  drew  round 
it  a  great  and  deep  canal  of  water.  He  alfo  made  caves  of  ma- 
ny furlongs  in  length  by  hollowing  a  rock  that  was  over  a- 
gainft  him  ;  and  then  he  made  large  rooms  in  it,  fome  for  feaft- 
ing,  and  fome  for  fleeping,  and  living  in.  He  introduced  alfo 
a  vaft  quantity  of  waters  which  ran  along  it,  and  which  were 
very  delightful  and  ornamental  in  the  court.  But  ftili  he  made 
the  entrances  at  the  mouth  of  the  caves  fo  narrow,  that  no 
more  than  one  perfon  could  enter  by  them  at  once  :  And  the 
reafon  why  he  built  them  after  that  manner  was  a  good  one  ;  it 
was  for  his  own  prefervation,  left  he  Ihould  be  beueged  by  his 
brethren,  and  run  the  hazard  of  being  caught  by  them.  More- 
over, he  built  courts  of  greater  magnitude  than  ordinary, 
which  he  adorned  with  vaftly  large  gardens.  And  when  he 
had  brought  the  place  to  this  ftate,  he  named  it  Tyre.  This 
place  is  between  Arabia  and  Judea,  beyond  Jordan,  not  iar 
from  the  country  of  Hefhbon.  And  he  ruled  over  thofe  parts 

to  the  Jews,  as  derived  from  the  fame  anceftor  Abraham,  I  cannot  tell,  unlefs,  as 
Grotius  tuppoies,  they  were  derived  from  the  Dores,  that  came  of  the  Pelaigi. 
ThcJe  are  by  Herodotus,  called  Barbarians  ;  and  perhaps  were  derived  from  the 
Syrians  and  Arabians,  the  poflerity  of  Abraham  by  Keturah  See  Antiq  B  XVI 
ch.  x.  ^  22.  Vol.  II.  aud  Of  the  War,  B.  I.  ch.  x'xvi.  §  i.  Vol.  III.  and  Grot,  on 
1  Maccab.  xu.  7.  We  may  farther  obferve  from  the  retognitUiiis  of  Clement,  that 
Ehezer,  of  Damafcus,  thefervant  of  Abraham,  Gen.  xv.  2.  and  xxiv.  was  of  old  by 
iome  taken  for  n.s/u*  So  that  if  the  Lacedemonians  were  fprung  from  him, 
they  might  think  themfelves  to  be  of  thepoftcrity  of  Abraham,  as  well  as  the  lews 
who  were  fprung  from  Ifaac.  And  perhaps  this  Eliezer  of  Damafcus  is  that  very 
Damafcus,  whom  Trogus  pompeius,  as  abridged  by  Juftm,  makesthe  founder  of  the 
lewifc  nation  itfelf  though  he  afterwards  blunders,  and  makes  Azelus,  Adores, 
Abraham,  and  Ifrael  k.ngsof  Judea,  and  fucceffors  to  this  Damafcus.  It  may 
>e  improper  to  obferve  farther,  that  Mofes  Chorenefis,  in  his  hiftory  of  the 
Armemans  informs  us,  that  the  nation  of  the  Pharthianj  Was  alfo  derived  from 
Abraham,  by  Keturah,  and  her  children. 


Chap.   V.]  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  JI 

for  feven  years  even  all  the  time  that  Seleucus  was  king  of 
Syria.  But  when  he  was  dead,  his  brother  Antiochus,.  who 
was  called  Epiph^nes,  took  the  kingdom.  Ptolemy  allo,  the 
king  of  Egypt,  died,  who  was  befides  called  Epiphanes.  He 
left  two  fons,  and  both  young  in  age  ;  the  elder  of  which  was 
called  Philomel  or,  and  the  younger  Pkyfcon.  As  for  Hyrca- 
mis,  when  he  faw  that  Antiochus  had  a  great  army,  and  feared 
left  he  (hould  be  caught  by  him,  and  brought  to  punifhment 
for  what  he  had  done  to  the  Arabians,  he  ended  his  life,  and 
flew  himfelf  with  his  own  hand  ;  while  antiochus  feized  upon 
all  his  fubftance. 


CHAP.    V. 

How,  upon  the  quarrels  oj  the.  Jeios  one  again/I  another  about 
the  high  prieflkood,  Antiochus  made  an  expesition  again  ft  Je- 
rufalem,  took  the  city,  and  pillaged  the  temple,  and  dijlrefled 
the  Jews  :  As  a/fo,  how  many  of  the  Jews  jorfook  the.  laws 
of  their  country  ;  and  how  the  Samaritans  followed  the  cuf- 
toms  oj  the  Greeks \  and  named  their  temple  at  Mount  Gernz- 
zimt  the  temple  of  Jubiter  Hellenius. 

§  I.  A  BOUT  this  time,  upon  the  death  of  Onias  the  high 
x\  prieft,  they  gave  the  high  priefthood to  Jefus's  bro- 
ther ;  for  that  fon  which  Onias  left  [or  Onias  I V .j  was  yet 
but  infant  :  And,  in  its  proper  place,  we  will  inform  the  rea- 
der of  all  the  circumftances  that  betel  this  child.  But  this  Je- 
fus, who  was  the  brother  of  Onias  was  deprived  of  the  high 
priefthood  by  the  king,  who  was  angry  with  him,  and  gave 
it  to  his  younger  brother,  whofe  name  alfo  was  Onias,  for  Si- 
mon had  thefe  three  fons,  to  each  of  which  the  priefthood 
came,  as  we  have  *  already  informed  the  reader.  This  Jefus 
changed  his  name  to  J-afon  ;  but  Onias  was  called  Menelaus. 
Now  as  the  former  high  prieft  Jefus,  raifed  a  fedition  againfl 
Menelaus,  who  was  ordained  after  him,  the  multitude  were 
divided  between  them  both.  And  the  fons  of  Tobias  took  the 

*  We  have  hitherto  had  but  a  few  of  thofe  many  citations  where  Jofephus  fays, 
that  he  had  ellewhere  formerly  treated  of  many  things,  of  which  yet  his  prefent 
books  have  not  a  lyllable  Our  eommentators  have  hitherto  been  able  to  give  no 
tolerable  account  of  these  citations,  which  are  far  too  numerous,  and  that  ufually 
in  all  his  copies  both  Greek  and  Latin,  to  be  luppoled  later  interpolations,  which 
is  almoft  all  that  has  been  hitherto  faid  upon  this  occafion.  What  I  have  to  fay- 
farther  is  this,  that  we  have  but  very  few  of  thele  references  before,  and  very  many 
in  and  after  the  hiftory  of  AntiochusEpiphar.es;  and  that  Jofephus's  firft  book, 
the  Hebrew  or  Chaldee,  as  well  as  the  G'reek  hif^ry  of  the  Jewish  War,  long  fince 
loft,  began  with  that  very  hiftory,  io  that  the  references  are  moft  probably  made 
to  that  edition  of  tie  feven  books  of  the  War.  See  ieveral  other  examples,  be- 
fides thole  in  the  two  fections  before  us.  in  Antiq.  B  JCIII  ch.  ii.  ^  i.  4.  vol.  II. 
and  ch.  iv.  \  6.  8.  ch.  v.  ()  6.  u.  ch.  viii,  i  4  aud  ch.  xiii  ^  4.  i  and  Antia.  B. 
XVIII,  ch.  ii.  $  5.  vol.  II. 


$3  ANTIQUITIES    OF    Tii£    JEV,';>.      ("Book 

part  of  Menelaus,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  peopleaflifted  Ja- 
fon  ;  and  by  that  means  Menelaus,  and  the  fons  of  Tobias 
were  diltreffed,  and  retired  to  Antiochus,  and  informed  him* 
that  they  were  defirous  to  leave  the  laws  of  their  country,  and 
the  Jcwiih  way  of  living  according  to  them,  ami  to  follow  the 
king's  laws,  and  the  Grecian  way  of  living:  Wherefore  they 
defired  his  permilTion  to  build  them  a*  Gymnafium  at  jeruhi- 
lem.  And  when  he  had  given  th°m  leave,  they  alfo  hid  the 
circnmcifion  of  their  genitals,  that  even  when  they  were  nak- 
ed, thev  might  appear  to  be  Greeks.  Accordingly  they  left 
ofFall  the  cuiloms  that  belonged  to  their  own  country,  and  im- 
itated +he  practices  of  the  other  nations. 

2.  Now  Antiochus,  upon  the  agreeable  fituation  of  the  af- 
fair'of  his  kingdom,  refolved  to  make  an  expedition   againfl 
Egypt,  both  bccaufe  lie  had  a  defire  to  gain  it,  and  hecaufe 
he  contemned  the  fon  of    Ptolemy,  as  now  weak,  and  n: 

of  abilities  to  manage  affairs  of  fuch  confequence  ;  fj  he  came 
with  great  forces  to  Pelufium,  and  circumvented  Ptolemy 
Philometor  by  treachery,  and  fei/.ed  upon  Egypt.  He  then 
came  to  the  places  about  Memphis;  and  when  he  had  taken 
them,  he  made  hade  to  Alexandria,  in  hopes  of  taking  it  by 
fiege,  and  of  fnnduing  Ptolemy,  who  reigned  there.  But  he 
was  driven  not  only  from  Alexandria,  but  out  of  all  Egypt,  by 
the  declaration  of  the  Romans,  who  charged  him  to  let  that 
country  alone  ;  according  as  I  have  elfewhere  formerly  de- 
clared. I  will  now  give  a  particular  account  of  what  concerns 
this  king,  how  he  fubdued  Judea  and  the  temple;  for  in  my 
former  work  I  mentioned  tiofe  things  very  briefly,  and  have 
therfore  no  >v  thought  it  necefTary  to  gu  over  that  hiftory  again, 
and  that  with  great  accura  y. 

3.  t  King  Antiochus  returning  out  of  Egypt   for  fear  of  the 
Romans,  made  an  expedition  againil  the  city  Jerufalem  ;  and 
when  he  was  there,  in  the  hundred  forty  and  third  year  of 
the  kingdom  of  the  Selucidas,  he  took  the  city  without  fight- 
ing,  thofe  of  his  own    party  opening  the  gates  to  him.     And 
when  he  had  gotten  pofleffion   of  Jerufalem,  he  flew  many  of 
the  oppofite  party  ;  and  when  he  plundered  it  of  a  great  deal 
of  money,  he  returned  to  Antioch. 

4.  Now  it  came  to  pafs,  alter  two  years,  in  the  hundred  for- 
ty and  fifth  year,  on  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  that  month,  which 

*  This  word  Gymnajtum,  properly  denotes  a  place  where  the  exercife?  \vere 
performed  naked,  which,  becatfe  it  would  naturally  diftingnish  circumciled  Jews 
from  uncircumciled  GcntiKs,  theie  Jewish  apoftates  endeavoured  to  appear  uncir- 
cumcifed,  by  means  of  chirurgical  operation,  hinted  at  by  St.  Paul,  -2.  Cor.  vii, 
18.  and  described  Sy  Cclfus,  B  VII.  ch,  xxv.  as  Dr  Hudlbnheie  informs  us. 

~r  Hereabout  Jofephtis  begins  to  follow  the  firft  bo*'k  of  the  Maccabe  s,  a  mod 
excellent  and  moft  authentic  hiftory  ;  and  accordingly  it  is  here,  with  great  fidelity 
and  exaftnefs,  abridged  by  him  :  Between  wh->fe  prefent  copies  there  ieem  to  be 
fewer  variations  than  in  any  other  (acred  Hebrew  book  of  the  Old  Teftament  what- 
foever,  (for  this  book  allo  was  originally  written  in  Hebrew  which  ;.s  very  natural, 
becauie  it  was  wiitten  lo  much  nearer  to  the  times  of  jofephus  than  the  reii  were. 


Chap.    V.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  33 

us  cJ.led  Chajleu,  and  by  the  Macedonians  Apelleus  in 
the  hiui-  Ired  and  fifty-third  olympiad,  that  the  king  came  up  to 
Jerusalem,  a<id.  pretending  peace,  he  got  pofleffion  of  the 
chy  by  trea.  heiy  :  At  which  time  lie  fpared  not  fo  much  as 

ih-jt  admitted  him  into  it,  on  account  of  the  riches  that 
lay  in  the  temple  ;  hut  led  hy  his  covetous  inclination  (for  he 

lerfi  A  ;i ;  in  it  a  greit  deal  of  gold,  and  many  ornaments 
thdt  had  heen  dt dicaJed  to  it  of  very  great  value]:  and  in  or- 
der to  plunder  its  wealth,  he  ventured  to  hreak  the  league  he 
ha;i  made  So  he  left  the  temple  bare;  and  took  away  the 
golden  altar  f of  incenfe,  j  and  table  i  of  fhew-bred,]  and  the 
altar  [')\  burnt-offering  ;j  and  did  not  ahfu'.a  from  even  the 
Vails,  which  were  made  of  fine  linen  and  fcarlet.  He  alfo 
emptied  it  of  its  fecret  treafures  and  left  nothing  at  all  remain- 
ing ;  and  !  y  this  means  call  the  Jews  into  great  lamentation, 
for  he  forbad  them  to  offer  thofe  daily  facrifices  which  they  uf- 
ed  to  offer  to  God,  according  to  the  law.  And  when  he  had 
pillaged  the  whole  city,  fome  of  the  inhabitants  he  fle<v,  and 
ibme  he  carried  captive,  together  with  their  wives  and  chil- 
dren, fo  that  the  multitude  oi  thofe  captives  that  were  taken 
alive  amounled  to  about  ten  thoufand.  He  alfo  burnt  down 
the  fineft  buildings  ;  and  \vhen  he  had  overthrown  the  city 
walls,  he  built  *  a  citadel  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city,  for  the 
plac^  was  high,  aad  overlooked  the  temple,  on  which  account 
he  fortified  it  with  high  walls  and  towers,  and  put  into  it  a  gar- 
r i fon  of  Macedonians.  However,  in  that  citadel  the  impious 
and  wicked  part  of  the  [Jewifb]  multitude,  from  whom  it 
proved  that  the  citizens  differed  many  and  fore  calamities. 
And  when  the  king  had  buih  an  idol  altar  upon  God's  altar,  he 
{lew  fwine  upon  it,  and  fo  offered  a  facrifice  neither  according 
to  the  law,  nor  the  Jewifh  religious  worfhip  in  that  count)  y 
He  alfocompelled  them  to  forfake  the  worth  ip  which  they  paid 
their  own  God,  and  to  adore  thofe  whom  he  took  to  be  gods  ; 
and  make  them  build  temples  and  raife  idol  altars  in  every 
city  and  village,  and  offer  fwine  upon  them  every  day.  He 
alfo  commanded  them  not  to  ciicumci'e  their  fons,  and  threat- 
ened to  punifh  any  that  (houlci  be  found  to  have  tran.'greffed 
his  injunction.  He  alfo  appointed  overfeers,  who  Ihould 
compel  them  to  do  what  he  commanded.  And  indeed  many 
Jews  there  were  who  complied  with  the  king's  commands,  ei- 
ther voluntary,  or  out  of  fear  ot  the  penalty  that  was  denounc- 

*  This  Citadel,  of  which  we  have  fuch  frequ-nt  mention  in  the  following  hiftory, 
b <>th  in  the  Maccabees,  and  joiephus,  ieems  to  have  been  a  caiUe  built  on  an  hill, 
lower  thau  mount  /.ion,  though  upon  its  fkirts,  ard  higher  than  mount  Moriah, 
bv:t  between  them  both  ;  which  hill  I  he  enemies  of  the  Jews  now  got  pofleflion  ot, 
and  built  on  it  this  citadel,  and  fortified  it,  till  a  good  while  afterwards  the  Jews 
i  it,  demolimed  it,  and  levelled  the  hill  itielf  with  the  common  ground, 
that  their  enemies  tni^ht  no  more  recover  it.  and  mi^ht  thence  o\erlook  the  temple 
if'eit.  and  do  them  luch  nnlchief'as  they  hdd.  long  undergone  from  it,  Antic;.  JJ. 
Xi  II  ch.  vi.  :.  6. 

VOL.  II.  E 


34  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIL 

ed  :  But  the  belt  men,  and  thofe  o!  the  nobleft  fouls,  did  not 
regard  him,  but  did  pay  a  greater  refpect  to  the  cuitorrs  ot 
their  country,  than  concern  as  to  the  punishment  which  he 
threatened  to  the  difobedic'ir  ;  on  which  account  they  every 
day  underwent  great  miferies,  and  bitter  toiments,  tor  they 
were  whipped  with  rods,  and  their  bodies  were  torn  to  pieces, 
and  were  crucified,  while  they  were  1H11  aiive,  and  breathed  : 
They  alfo  flrangled  thofe  women  and  their  ions  whom  they  had 
circumcifed,  as  the  king  had  appointed,  hanging  their  fons a- 
bout  their  necks  as  they  were  upon  the  croflcs.  And  it  there 
were  any  facred  book  or  the  law  found,  it  was  defhoyed,  and 
thofe  with  whom  they  were  found,  miferably  periihed  alio. 

5.  When  the  Samaritans  faw  the  Jews  under  theie  fufFenngs, 
they  no  longer  conieffed  that  they  were  of  their  kindred,  nor 
thatthe  temple  on  Mount  Gerizzim  belonged  to  Almighty  God. 
This  was  according  to  their  nature,  as  we  have  already 
fhown.  And  they  now  faid,  that  they  were  a  colony  o\  Mecles 
and  PerHans  :  And  indeed  they  were  a  colony  o*  theirs.  So 
they  fent  ambafladors  to  Antiochus,  and  an  epiftle  ;  whofe 
contents  are  thefe  :  '*  To  king  Antiochus  the  god.  Epiphanes, 
a  memorial  from  the  Sidonians,  who  live  at  Sechem.  Our 
ioretathers,  upon  certain  frequer.t  phigues,  and  as  lollowing  a 
certain  ancient  fuperftition,  had  a  cuftom  of  oblerving  that  day 
which  by  the  Jews  is  called  \\ieSab6~dtb*.  And  when  they  had 
erected  a  temple  at  the  mountain  called  Gcnzzim,  though  with- 
out a  name,  they  offered  upon  it  the  proper  facrifices.  Now, 
upon  the  juft  treatment  of  thefe  wicked  Jews,  thofe  that  man- 
ge their  affairs,  fuppofmg  that  we  were  of  kin  to  them,  and 
practifed  as  they  do,  make  us  liable  to  the  fame  accufations, 
although  we  be  originally  Sidonians,  as  is  evident  from  the 
public  records  We  therefore  befeechthee,  our  benefactor 
and  faviour,  to  give  order  to  Apollonius,  the  governor  of  this 
part  of  the  country,  and  to  Nicanor,  the  procurator  of  thy  af- 
fairs, to  give  us  no  difturbance,  nor  to  lay  to  our  charge  what 
the  Jews  are  accufed  for,  fmce  we  are  aliens  from  their  nation, 
and  from  their  cuftoms  ;  but  let  our  temple,  which  at  p  re  fent 
hath  no  name  at  all,  be  named,  The  Temple  of  jfupi- 
ter  Hdlenius.  If  this  were  once  done,  we  fhould  be  no  long- 
er difturbed,  but  mould  be  more  intent  on  our  own  occupation 
with  quietnefs.  and  fo  bring  in  a  greater  revenue  to  thee." 
When  the  Samaritans  had  petitioned  for  this,  the  king  lent 
them  back  the  following  anfwer,  in  an  epiftle  :  "  King  Antio- 
chus to  Nicanor.  The  Sidonians,  who  live  at  Shechem,  have 
fent  me  the  memorial  inclofed.  When  therefore  we  were  ad- 
vifing  with  our  friends  about  it,  the  meflengers  fent  by  them 
reprefented  to  us,  that  they  are  no  way  concerned  with  accufa- 
tions which  belonged  to  the  Jews,  but  choole  to  live  after  the 

*  This  al!c«pition  of  the  Samaritans  is  remarkable,  that  though  they  were  not 
Jews,  yet  did  they,  from  ancient  times,  obferve  tlie  Sabbath-day,  and,  as  they  elfe» 
where  pretend,  the  Sabbatic  year  also.  Antiq.  B,  XII,  ch.  vii.  \  6. 


Chap.   VI.]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  35 

cuftom  of  the  Greeks.  Accordingly  we  declare  them  free 
from  fuch  accufations,  and  order  that,  agreeable  to  their  peti- 
tion, their  temple  be  named,  I  he  Temple  oj  Jupiter  Hdlemus" 
He  alfo  fent  the  like  epiftle  to  Apoilonius,  the  governor  of 
that  part  of  the  country,  in  the  forty -fixth  year,  and  the  eigh- 
teenth day  of  the  month  Hecatombeon. 


CHAP.    VI. 

How,  upon  Antiochus's  prohibition  to  the  Jews  to  make  ufe  of 
the  Laws  of  their  Countiy,  Mattatkias  the  [on  of  A/a/no/teus, 
alone  dcfpijed  the  king  and  over  came  the  eenerqls  of'Anhochus's 
army :  Asolfo  cancermng  the  Death  oj  Mattathias  and  t/is/uc- 
ceffion  of  Judas. 

§  i.  TVJOW  at  this  time  there  was  one  whofe  name  was  Mat- 
i. if  tathias,  who  dwelt  at  Modin,  the  fon  of  John,  the 
fon  of  Simeon,  the  fon  ot  Afamoneus,  a  priefl  ot  the  order  of 
Joarib,  and  a  citizen  ot  Jerufalem,  He  had  five  fons  John, 
who  was  called  Gadlis,  and  Simon,  who  was  called  Matthes, 
and  j  Judas,  who  was  called  Maccabeus,*  and  Eleazar,  who 
was  called  Auran,  and  Jonathan  who  was  called  Apphus.  Now 
this  Mattathias  lamented  to  his  children  the  fad  ftate  of  their 
affairs,  and  the  ravage  made  in  the  city,  and  the  plundering 
of  the  temple  and  the  camities  the  multitude  were  under  ;  and 
he  told  them  that  it  was  better  for  them  to  die  for  the  laws  ot" 
their  country,  than  to  live  fo  inglorioufly  as  they  then  did. 

2.  But  when  thofe  that  were  appointed  by  the  king  were 
come  to  Modin,  that  they  might  compel  the  Jews  to  do  what 
they  were  commanded  ;  and  to  enjoin  thofe  that  were  there  to 
oiler  iacrifice,  as  the  king  had  commanded,  they  de fired  that 
Mattathias,  a  perlon  ot  the  greateU  character  among  them, 
both  on  other  accounts,  and  particularly  on  account  of  fuch 
a  numerous  and  fo  delerving  a  family  of  children,  would  be- 
gin the  facrifice,  becaufe  his  fellow  citizens  would  follow  his 
example,  and  becaufe  (uch  a  procedure  would  make  him  hon- 
oured by  the  king.  But  Mattathias  faid,  "  he  would  not  do 
it  ;  and  that  if  all  the  other  nations  would  obey  the  commands 
of  Antiochus,  either  out  of  fear,  or  to  please  him,  yet  would 
not  he  nor  his  fons  leave  the  religious  wormip  of  their  coun- 
try." But  as  foon  as  he  had  ended  his  fpeech,  there  came  one 
of  the  Jews  into  the  midft  of  them,  and  facrificed,  as  Antio- 

*  That  this  appellation  of  Macca^ee  was  not  firft  of  all  given  to  Judas  Macca- 
l>eiis,  nor  was  derived  from  any  initial  letters  of  the  Hebrew  words  on  his  banner, 
Mi  Kamoka  Le  Elim,  Jehovah  ?  Who  is  like  unto  thte  among  the  Gods,  0  Jehovah  ? 
£xod.  xv.  i  j.  as  the  modern  Rabbins  vainly  pretend,  iee  Authent.  Rec.  part  I.  p. 
205,206.  Only  we  may  note,  by  the  way,  that  the  original  name  of  thefe  Mac- 
cabees, and  theii  poRerity,  was  Ajmonijns  :  which  was  derived  from  Almoncus, 
the  great-gran d-fa^er  of  Maltathias,  as  Jofephtu  here  informs  us. 


36  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [2cok  XII, 

chus  had  commanded.  At  which  Mattathias  had  great  indig- 
nation, and  ran  upon  him  violently,  with  hss  Ions,  who  had 
fwords  with  them,  and  flew  both  the  man  himieit  that  facri- 
ficed,  and  Appelles  the  -ueral,  YV  no  compelled  them 

to  fa  nfice,  with  a  few  of  hisfoidiers.  Ho  alio  ovetthn 
idol  altar,  and  cried  out,  "  It,  (aid  l.e,  any  one  be  zealous  tor 
the  laws  o\  his  country,  and  tor  the  worihip  o!  God,  let  iii;n 
follow  ine."  And  when  he  had  {aid  this,  he  made  hafle  into 
the  defart  with  his  fons.aud  iettall  his  Jubilance  in  the  village, 
Many  others  did  the  fame  al'o,  and  fled  with  their  children 
and  wives  into  the  delan,  and  dwelt  into  caves.  But  when  the 
ting's  generals  heard  this,  they  took  all  the  forces  they  then 
had  in  the  citadel  at  Jerufaleni,  and  pnriued  the  j  \vs  into 
the  defart ;  and  when  they  had  overtaken  them,  they  in  the 
firil  place  endeavoured  to  perlaude  them  to  repent,  and  to 
chufe  \\hat  was  moft  tor  their  advantage,  and  not  put  ti.em  to 
the  neceffify  of  nfiugthem  according  to  tl;e  law  ot  w.;r.  i-ut 
when  they  would  not  con  ply  wi:h  their  pel  iu.t  con- 

tinued to  be  of  a  different  mind,  they    ought  ap.ainii  then)  on 
the  Sabbath  day,  and  they    burnt  them  as    tl.ev    Wfic  :n  !ie 
caves    without    redftance,     and    without    fo    much    as  flop- 
ping up  the  entrances  ot  the  caves.     And  they  avoided  to  de- 
lend  themfelves  on  that  day,  becuufe  they  were  not  willing  to 
break  in  upon  the  honour  they  owed  the  SJ)  ath  even  in  im  h 
d  id  re  lies  ;  tor  our  law  requires  that   we  reft  upon 
There  were  about  a  thou  and,  with  their  Wiv<. •-,  ar.d  clu 
who  were  imothcved  and  died  :n  tliefe  caves ;  i nt  n,ai 
that  efcaped  joined   thenjK-lv<s  ro   Mattathias,  and  aj.p   . 
him  to  be  their  ruler,  who  taught  then.'   to  fight,  even  on  the 
Sabbath-day  ;  and  told  •  at  *    unlcls  they  would  do  fo, 

they  would  become  their  own  enemies,  by  oblervis  g  the.  law 
|  fo  rigoioufly  j  while  their  arlvet  aries  would  ihll  ailauh  their, 
on  this  day,  and  they  would  not  then  defend  themfelves,  and 
that  nothing  could  then  hinder  but  they  rnuft  all  peri  fh  without 
fighting."  1  his  fpeech  perfuade  1  them.  Arid  this  rule  con- 
tinues among  us  to  this  day,  that  it  there  be  a  neceflity.  we 
may  fight  on  Sabhath-days.  So  Mattathiafgot  a  great  army 
about  him,  and  overthrew  their  idol 'altars,  and  flew  thofe 
that  broke  the  laws,  even  ai!  that  he  could  get  under  his  pow- 
er, for  many  ot  them  were  dilpet  ted  a?nong^the  nations  round 
about  them  tor  fear  of  him.  He  alio  corninandeH,  that  rho'p 
hoys  which  were  not  yet  circuircited  fhould  be  circumciled 
now ;  and  he  drove  thoie  away  that  were  appointed  to  hinder 
iuch  their  circumcifion. 

3.  But  when  he  had  ruled  one  year,  and  was  fallen  into  a 
diltemper,  he  called  tor  his  Ions,  and  fet  them  round  about 
him,  and  laid,  "  O  my  fons,  lam  going  the  way  of  all  the 
earth,  and  I  recommend  to  you  my  relolution,  and  befeech 
you  not  to  be  negligent  in  keeping  it,  but  to  be  mindful  of 
the  defires  ot  him  who  begat  you,  and  b. ought  you  up,  and  to 


Chap.   VII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  37 

prcferve  the  cuiloms  of  your  country,  and  to  recover  your  an- 
cient  torm  of  g  .vernment,  which  is  in  danger  ot  being  over- 
turned, and  not  to  be  cariied  away  with  thofe  that,  either  by 
own  inclination,  or  out.  ot  neceffity,  betray  it,  but  to  be- 
come luv  h  Lms  as  are  worthy  ot  me  ;  to  be  above  all  force, 
and  neccfliiy,  and  lo  to  <hf|<oie  y:  in  fouls,  as  to  be  ready,, 
v.'hen  it 'ball  beneceflary,  to  die  tor  your  laws,  as  ienfible  of 
this  by  jufl  reafonmg,  that  i\  God  fee  that  you  are  io  diipofed 
he  will  not  overlook  you,  but  will  h«ve  a  great  value  ioryour 
Virtue,  and  will  rellore  to  you  again,  vxh..t  you  have  loft,  and 
will  retuin  to  you  that  ireedom  in  wind,  you  lhall  live  quietly, 
and  enjoy  your  own  cuftoms.  Your  bodies  are  mortal  and 
fubject  to  tdte,  !  ut  they  receive  a  iort  ot  immortality,  by  the 
remembrance  ot  what  actions  they  have  done  And  I  would 
have  you  To  in  love  with  this  immortality.',  that  you  may  pur- 
fue  alter  .glory,  and  that,  when  you  have  undergone  the  great- 
eii  difficulties,  you  may  not  icruple,  lor  luch  tilings  to  lofe 
your  lives.  1  exhort  you,  especially,  to  agree  one  with  anoth- 
er ;  and  in  w*;at  excellence  any  one  ot  you  exceeds  another, 
to  yield  to  him  fo  tar,  and  by  that  means  to  reap  tne  advantage 
ot  eveiy  one's  own  vinues.  !);>  you  then  efteem  Simon  as  your 
lather,  Became  he  is  a  man  ot  extraordinary  prudence,  and  to 
be  governed  by  him  in  what  coL»n;el«  he  g:ves  you.  Take 
Maccabeus  tor  the  genc;ai  o  your  army,  hecaufe  ot  his  cour- 
age ana  ill  eiigi  h,  tor  he  will  avenge-  your  nation,  and  will  bring 
vengean /e  on  your  enemies.  Admit  among  you  the  righteous 
and  rel  gious,  and  augment  their  power." 

4  Wi  en  Mattatir.ab  had  thus  difcout  led  to  his  fons.and  had 
prayed  to  God  to  be  their  aiiiitant,  and  to  recover  to  the  peo- 
ple then  •  tormer  conftitution,  he  died  a  littie  at  I  er  ward,  and 
was  buried  at  Modm  ;  all  the  people  making  -great  lamenta- 
tion tor  him.  Whereupon  his  (on  Judas  took  upon  him  the 
administration  t>t  put)he  affairs  in  the  hundred  iorty  and  fixth 
;  and  this  by  the  ready  affulance  ot  his  l-rethrcn,  and  ot 
otheis,  Judas  cait  their  enemies  out  ot  the  country,  and  put 
thofe  ot  their  ir.vn  country  to  df-ath  who  had  tranigreffed  its 
laws,  and  punnedthe  land  otall  the  pollutions  that  were  in  it. 


CHAP.    VII. 

Hou>  Judas  overthrew  thf  Forces  of  Apollonius  andSeront  and 
killed  the  Generals  of  tk-nr  Armies  themj elves;  and  how, 
when,  a  tittle  whue  afterward,  Lyjias  andGnrgias  were  beat- 
en, he  went  up  to  JerujaUm,  and  purified  the  'lemplc, 

§  I.  T  X  7  HEN  Appollonius,  the  general  of  the  Samaritan 

V  V     toices  heard  this,  he  took  his  army,  and  madehalte 

to  go  againft  Judas  ;  who  met  him  and  joined  battle  with  him, 

and  beat  him;  and  flew  many   ot  his  men.  and  among  them 


3$  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII. 

Appllonius  himfelf,  their  general  whofe  fword  being  that 
which  he  happ  encd  to  wear,  he  (eized  upon,  and  kept  tor  him- 
felf; but  he  Bounded  more  than  he  flew,  and  took  a  great 
deal  of  prey  from  the  enemies  camp,  and  went  his  way.  But 
when  Seron,  who  was  general  of  the  army  of  Celefyria  heard 
that  many  had  joined  themfelves  to  Judas,  and  that  he  had  a- 
bout  him  an  army  fufficient  for  fighting,  and  tor  making  war, 
he  determined  to  make  an  expedition  againft  him,  as  thinking 
it  became  him  to  endeavour  to  puniih  thofe  that  tranfgrelled 
the  king's  injunctions.  He  then  got  together  an  army,  as 
large  as  he  was  able,  and  joined  to  it  the  runagate  and  wicked 
Jews,  and  came  againft  Judas.  He  came  as  far  as  Bethhorpn, 
a  village  ot  Judea,  and  tuere  pitched  his  camp  :  Upon  which 
Judas  met  him  ;  and  when  he  intended  to  give  him  battle,  he 
law  that  his  foldiers  were  backward  to  fight,  becaufe  their 
number  was  fmall,  and  becauie  they  wanted  food,  for  they 
were  fading,  he  encouraged  them,  and  faid  to  them,  that 
*'  vi£tory  and  conqueil  ot  enemies  is  not  derived  from  the  mul- 
titude in  armies,  but  in  the  exerciie  ot  piety  towards  God  ; 
and  that  they  had  the  plaineft  inftances  in  their  forefathers, 
who  by  their  righteoufnefs,  and  exerting  themfelves  on  behalf 
of  their  own  laws,  and  their  own  children,  had  trequently  con- 
quered many  ten  thoufands,  tor  innocence  is  the  ftrongeft  ar- 
my." By  this  fpeech  he  induced  his  men  to  contemn  the 
multitude  ot  the  enemy,  and  to  fall  upon  Seron.  And  upon 
joining  battle  with  him,  he  beat  the  Syrians  ;  and  when  their 
general  tell  amonpr  the  reft,  they  all  ran  away  with  fpeed,  as 
thinking  that  to  b  'their  heft  way  of  efcaping.  So  he  purfued 
them  unto  the  plain,  and  Hew  about  eight  hundred  ct  the  ene- 
my, but  the  reft  efcapcd  to  the  region  that  lav  near  the  iea. 

2.  When  king  Amiochus  heard  of  thele  things,  he  was  very 
angry  at  what  had  happened  ;  lo  he  got  together  all  his  own 
army  with  many  mercenaries  whom  he  had  hired  from  the  ifl- 
ands,  and  took  them  with  him,  and  prepared  to  break  in'o  Ju- 
dea, about  the  beginning  of  the  ipnng.  But  when  upon  his 
muftenng  his  foldiers,  he  perceived  that  his  treakires  were  de- 
ficient, and  there  was  a  want  of  money  in  them,  for  all  the  tax- 
es were  not  paid,  by  reafon  ot  the  {editions  there  had  been  a- 
rnong  the  nations,  he  having  been ,  fo  magnanimous  and  fo 
liberal,  that  what  he  had  was  not  lufhcient  tor  him,  he  there- 
fore refolved  firft  to  go  into  Perfia  and  collect  the  taxes  ot 
that  country.  Hereupon  he  left  one  whofe  name  was  Lyfias, 
who  was  in  great  repute  with  him,  governor  ot  the  kingdom, 
as  tar  as  the  bounds  of  Egypt,  and  ot  the  lower  Afia, and  reach- 
ing from  the  river  Euphrates,  and  commuted  to  him  a  certain 
part  ot  his  forces,  and  of  his  elephants,  and  charged  him  to 
bring  up  his  fon  Antiochus  with  all  poflible  care,  until  he  came 
back  ;  and  that  he  mould  conquer  Judea,  and  take  its  inhabit- 
ants for  flaves,  and  utterly  deftroy  Jerufalem  and  abolifh  the 
whole  nation.  And  when  king  Antiochus  had  given  thefe 


Chap.   VII.]      ANTIQUITIES    O?    THE   JEWS.  *    39 

things  in  charge  to  Lyfias,  he  went  into  Perfia  ;  and  in  the 
hundred  and  torty-feventh  year  he  parted  over  Euphrates,  and 
went  up  to  the  (uperior  provinces. 

3.  Upon  this  Lyfias  chofe  Ptolemy. the  fon  of  Dorymenes, 
and  Nicanor,  and  Georgias,  very  potent  men  among  the  king's 
friends,  and  delivered  to  them  forty  thoufand  toot  foldiers, 
and  feven  thouland  horfemen,  and  fent  them  againil  Judea, 

vho  came  as  far  as  the  city  Emmau-s,  and  pitched  their  camp 
in  the  plain  country.     There  came  alfo  to  them  auxiliaries  out 
of  Syria,  and  the  country  round  about  ;    as  alfo  many  of   the 
runagate  Jews.     And  befides  thefe  came   fome  merchants   to 
buy  thofe  that  fhould  be  carried  captives,  (having  bonds  with 
them  to  bind  thofe  that  Ihould  be  made  prifonersj  with  that 
fi'.ver  and  gold  which  they  were  to  pay  for  their  price.     And 
when  Judas  faw  their  camp,  and  how  numerous  their  enemies 
were,  he  perfnaded  his  own  foldiers  to  be  of  good   courage  ; 
and  exhorted  them  to  place  their  hopes  of  viftory  in  God,  and 
to  make  fupplication  to  him,  according  to  the  cuftom  of  their 
country  clothed  in  fackcloth  ;  and  to  fhew  what  was  their  ufu- 
al  habit  of  fupplication  in  the  greateft  dangers,  and  thereby  to 
prevail  with  God  to  grant  you  the  victory  overyour  enemies. 
So  he  fet  them  in  their  ancient  order  of  battle  ufed  by  their 
forefathers,  under  their  captains  of  thoufand*,   and  other  offi- 
cers; and  difmiired  fuch  as  were  newly  married,  as  well  as 
thofe  that  had  newly  gained  polfeflions,   that  they  might  not 
fight  in  a  cowardly  manner,  out  of  an  inordinate  love  of  life,  in 
order  to  enjoy  thofe  bleffings.     When  he  had  thus  difpo^ed  his 
foldiers,  he  encouraged  them  to  fight  by  the  following  fpeech, 
which  he  made  to  them  :  "  O  my  fellow  foldiers,  no  other  time 
remains  more  opportune  than  the  prefent  for  courage,  and  con- 
tempt of  dangers  ;  for  if  you  now  fight  manfully  you  may  re- 
cover your  liberty,  which,  as  it  is  a  thing  of  itfelf  agreeable 
to  all  men,  fo  it  proves  to  be  to  us  much  more  deferable,  by  its 
affording  us  the  liberty  of  worshipping  God.     Since  therefore 
you  are  in  fuch  circumitances  at  prefent,  that  you  muft  either 
recover  that  liberty,  and  fo  regain  an  happy  and  blefled  way 
of  living,  which  is  that  according  to  our  laws,  and  thecufloms 
of  our  country,  or  to  fubmit  to  the  moft  opprobrious  fuffer- 
ings  ;  nor  will  any  feed  of  your  nation  remain  it  you  be  beat 
in  this  battle.     Fight  therefore  manfully  ;  and  fuppofe  that  you 
muft  die  though  you  do  not  fight.     But  believe,   that  befides 
fuch  glorious  rewards  as  thofe  ot  the  liberty  of  your  country, 
of  your  laws,  of  your  religion,  you  (hall  then  obtain  everlafting 
glory.     Prepare  yourfelves  therefore,  and  put  yourfelves  into 
fuch  an  agreeable  pofture,    that  you  may  be  ready  to   fight 
With  the  enemy  as  Toon  as  it  is  day  to-morrow  morning." 

4.  And  this  was  the  fpeech  which  Judas  made  to  encourage 
them.  But  w^en  the  enemy  fent  Georgias,  with  five  thoufand 
foot,  and  one  thoufand  horfe,  that  he  might  fall  upon  Judas  by 
night,  and  had  lor  that  purpofe  certain  of  the  runagate  Jews  a* 


4&    "  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIf« 

guides,  the  Ton  of  Mattatluas  perrrived  it,  and  refolved  to  'all 
upon  thofe  enemies  that  weie  in  (heir  ca.-rp,    now  their  fore  es 
'   were  divided.     Wiuvi  they  had  therefore  1'upped  in  good  time, 
and  had  lett  many  Has  in  their  camp    he  m-irchf  d  ail  n:ght  to 
thofe  enemies  that  -.vere  :it  Emm.uis  :  So  that  when   Georgias 
found  no  enemy  in  the<r  camp,  but  f.i  p->tc  ;    that  they    were 
retired,  and  had  Uidden  themfelveS  a-nong  the   mountains,  he 
relolved  to  go  and  'eeic    them    whrrefoever  they    were.     ^3ut 
about  break  of  day.  Ju.i.is  ippear--d  to  tiiofe  enemies  that  were 
at  Entnaus,  with  only  three  t'louland  men,  and  thofe  ill  arm- 
ed, hy  reafon  ot   their  poverty,  and  when  he  law  the   enemy 
v  -.'y  well  and  fkii  fully  Ionised  in  their  camp,  he  encouraged 
the  Jews,  and  toid  them,   ''  that  they  ought  to  fight,    though, 
it  were  with  their  naked  bodies,    for  that   God  had    fometimes 
of  old  given  fuch  men  ftrerigth,  and  that  againft  fuch  as  were 
more  in  number,  and  were  armed  alfo,  out  ot  regard  to   their 
great  courage."     So  he  commanded   the  trumpeters  to  found 
for  the  Battle  :    And  by  thus  'ailing  upon  the  enemies    when 
they  did  nut  expert  it,  and  thereby  aftonifhing  and  diilurbing 
their  minds,  he  Hew  many  of  tho  e  that  refilled  him,  and  went 
on  purfuing  the  reft  as   tar  as  Gadarj,  and  the  plains  ot    Idu- 
mea,  and  AHuiod,  and  Jamnia  ;  and  of  thefe  there  tell    about 
three  thoufand.     Yet  did  Judas  exhort  his  foldiers  not  to  be  too 
defirous  of  the  fpoils,  tor  that  ilill  they  mud  have  a  conteftand 
a  battle  with  Gorgias,  and  the  forces  that  were  with  him  ;  but 
that  when  they  had  once  overcome  them,  then  they  might  fe- 
curely  plunder  the  camp   becauie  they  vvere  the  only  enemies 
remaining,  and  they  expefcled  no  others.     And  juft  as  he  was 
fpeakjng  to  his  foldiers,  Gorgias'smen  looked  down  into  that 
army,  which  they  left  in  their  camp,  and  faw  th»t  it  was  over- 
thrown, and  the  camp  burnt,  for  the  fmoke  that  arofe  from  it 
fhewea  them  even  when  they  were  a  great  way  off,   what  had 
happened.     When  therefore  thofe  that  were  with  Gorgias  un- 
derltood  that  things  were  in  this  pofture    and  perceived  that 
thofe  that  were  with  Judas  were  ready  to  fight  them,  they  al- 
fo were  affrighted  and  put  to  flight ;  but  then  Judas,  as  though 
he  had  already  beaten  Gorgias's    foldiers  without  fighting,  re- 
turned and  feized  on  the  Ipoils.     He  took  a  great  quantity  of 
gold  and  filver  and  purple  aud  blue,  and  then  returned  home 
with  joy    and  finging  hymns  to  God  for  their  good   fuccefs, 
for  this  victory  greatly  contributed  to  the  recovery   of  their 
liberty. 

5.  Hereupon  Lyfias  was  confounded  at  the  defeat  of  the  ar- 
my which  he  had  (ent,  and  the  next  year  he  got  together  fixty 
thoufand  chofen  men.  He  alfo  took  five  thoufand  horfcmen, 
and  fell  upon  Judea  ;  and  he  went  up  to  the  hill  country  of 
Bethfur,  a  village  ot  judea,  and  pitched  his  camp  there,  where 
Judas  met  him  with  ten  thoufand  men  ;  and  when  lie  faw  the 
great  number  ot  his  enemies,  he  prayed  to  God,  that  he  would 
aflifl  him,  and  joined  battle  with  the  firft  ot  the  enemy  that 


Chap.    V.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  41 

appeared,  and  beat  them,  and  flew  about  five  thoufand  of  them, 
and  thereby  became  terrible  to  the  rell  of'  them.  Nay  indeed, 
Ly  fiiis  obferving  the  great  fpirit  of  the  Jews,  how  they  were 
prepared  to  die  rather  than  lofe  their  liberty,  and  being  afraid 
of  their  defperate  way  of  fighting,  as  if  it  were  r  al  ftrength, 
he  took  the  reft  of  the  ar:ny  back  with  him,  and  returned  to 
Antioch,  where  he  hitei  foreigners  into  the  fervice,  and  pre- 
pared to  fall  up .,>n  Mui'.-'a  with  a  greater  army. 

6.  When  therefore  the  generals  of  Antiochus's  armies  had 
been  beaten  fo  ohen,  Judas  afTernMed  the  people  together,  and 
told  them,  That  "  after  thefe  many  victories  which  God  had 
given  them,  they  ought  to  go  up  to  Jerufalem,  and  purify  the 
temple,  and  offer  the  appointed   facnfices."     But   as  foon  as 
he,  with  the  whole  multitude,  was  come  to  Jerufalem,  and 
found  the  temple  deferted,  and  its  gates  burnt  down,  and  plants 
growing  in  the  temple,  ot  their  own  accord,  on  account  of  its 
defertion,  he  and  thole  thai   were  with   him  began  to  lament, 
and  were  quite  confounded  at  the  fight  of  the  temple  ;  fo  he 
chofe  out  iome  of  his  foldiers,  and  gave  them  order  to  fight  a- 
gainft  thofe  guards  that  were  in  the   citadel,  until  he  ihould 
hc.ve  purified  the  temple.     When  therefore  he  had  carefully 
purged  it,  and  had  brought  in  new  veiTels,  the  candleftick,  the 
table  [of  fhev.'-bread.]  and  the  alter  [of  incenfe,]  which  were 
made  of  gold,  he  hung  up   the  vials  at  the  gates,  and  added 
doors  to  them.     He  alfo  took  down  the  altar  [of  burnt-offer- 
ingj  and  built  a  new  one  of  Hones  that  he  gathered  together, 
and  not  of  fuch  as  were  hewn  with  iron  tools.     So  on  the  five 
and  twentieth  day  of  the  month  Cafleu,  which  the  Macedoni- 
ans call   Apelleus,  they  lighted  the  lamps  that  were  on  the  can- 
dleftick, and  offered  incenfe   upon  the  altar  [of  incenfe,]  and 
laid  the   loaves  upon  the  table  [of  fhew-bread,]  and  ottered 
burnt-offerings  upon  the  new  altar  [of  burnt-offering.]     Now 
it  fo  fell  out,  that  thefe  things  were  done  on  the  very  fame  day 
on  which  their  divine  worfhip  had  fallen  off,  and  was  reduced 
to  a  profane  and  common  ule,  after  three  years  time  ;  for  fo 
it  was,  that  the  temple  was  made  defolate  by  Antiochus,  and 
fo  continued  for  three  years.     This  defolation  happened  to 
the  temple  in  the  hundred  forly  and  filth  ye-ir,  on  the  tuenty- 
fiith  day  ot  the  month  Apel'teus,  and  on  the  hundred  fifty  and 
third  olympiad  :  But  it  was  dedicated  a-new,  on  the  fame  day, 
the  twenty-fifth  of  the  month  Apelleus,   on  the  hundred  and 

th  year,  and  on  the  hundred  and  fifty-fourth  olym- 
piad.    An'i  this   defolation  came  to   pals  according  to  the 
prophecy  of  Daniel,  which  was  given  iou;  hundred  and  eight 
before;  tor  he   declared,  tiiat  the  Macedonians  would 
di'F:>ive  that  worlhip  [for  fo;:. 

7.  Now  Judas  celebrated  the    feftival  of  the  raftoration  of 
icnfices  of  the  temple  for  eight  days  ;  and  omitted  no  fort. 

of  pieafures  thereon  :  But  he  feaited  them  upon  very  rich  and 
;;iid  facrifices  ;  and  he  honoured  God,  and  delighted 
VOL.  II.  F 


42  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII. 

them,  by  hymns  and  pfalms.  Nay,  they  were  fo  very  glad  at 
the  revival  ot  their  cuftoms,  when,  after  a  long  time  ot  inter- 
miflion,  they  unexpectedly  had  regained  the  freedom  ot  their 
worfbip,  that  they  made  it  a  law  for  their  pofterity.  that  they 
ihould  keep  a  feftival  on  account  of  the  reftoratiun  ot  their 
temple  worfhip,  for  eight  days.  And  Irom  that  time  to  this 
we  celebrate  this  feflival,  and  call  it  Lights.  I  fuppofe  the 
reafon  was  this,  becaufe  this  liberty  beyond  our  ii'ip^s  appear- 
ed to  us  ;  and  that  thence  was  the  name  given  to  that  feftival. 
Judas  alfo  rebuilt  the  walls  round  about  the  city  ;  and  reared 
towers  of  great  height  againft  the  incur  fions  of  enemies  ;  and 
fet  guards  therein.  He  alfo  fortified  the  city  Bethfma,  that  it 
might  ferve  as  a  citadel  againit  any  diftrefles  that  might  come 
from  our  enemies, 


CHAP.    VIII. 

How  Judas  fubducdthe  Nation  round  about  ;  find  haw  Simon 
beat  the  People  of  Tyre  and  Pl.olc mais  :  And  kou*  Judas  over- 
came Timotheus,  and  forced  him  to  jly  away,  and  did  many 
ether  things,  after  Jofephand  Azanashad  been  beaten. 

\  i.  T  X  7HEN  thefe  things  were  over,  the  nations  round  a- 
V  V  bout  the  Jews  were  very  uneafy  at  the  revival  of 
their  power,  and  rofc  up  together,  and  deftroyed  many  of 
them,  as  gaining  advantage  over  them  by  laying  fnares  for 
them,  and  making  fecret  confpiracies  againft  them.  Judas 
made  perpetual  expeditions  againit  thefe  men,  and  endeavour- 
ed to  reftrain  them  from  thofe  incnrfions,  and  to  prevent  the 
mifchiefs  they  did  to  the  Jews.  So  he  fell  upon  the  Idu- 
means,  the  poflerity  of  Efau,  at  Acrabattene,  and  flew  a  great 
many  of  them,  and  took  their  fpoils.  He  alfo  fhut  up  the  fons 
of  Bran,  that  laid  wait  for  the  Jews  ;  and  he  fat  down  about 
them,  and  befieged  them,  and  burnt  their  towers,  and  deftroy- 
ed the  men  [that  were  in  them.]  After  this  he  went  thence 
in  hafte  againft  the  Ammonites,  who  had  a  great  and  a  numer- 
ous army  ;  of  which  Timotheus  was  the  commander.  And 
•when  he  had  fubdued  them,  he  feized  on  the  city  Jazer,  and 
took  their  wives  and  their  children  captives,  and  burnt  the  ci- 
ty, and  then  returned  into  Judea.  But  when  the  neighbour- 
ing nations  underftood  that"  he  was  returned,  they  got  togeth- 
er in  great  numbers,  in  the  land  of  Gilead,  and  came  againft 
thofe  Jews  that  were  at  their  borders,  who  then  fled  to  the 
weregarrifon  ofDametha  ;  and  fent  tojudasto  inform  him  that 
Timotheus  was  endeavouring  to  take  the  place  whither  they 
fled.  And  as  thefe  epiftles  were  reading,  there  came  other 
sneflengers  out  of  Galilee,  who  informed  him  that  the  inhab- 
itants of  Ptolemais,  and  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  and  ftrangers  of 
Galilee,  were  gotten  together, 


Chap.  VIII.]        AMTIOUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  43 

2.  Accordingly  Judas,  upon  confidering  what  was  fit  to  be 
done,  with  relation  to  the  neceflity  both  thefe  cafes   required, 
gave  onkr  that  Simon    his  brother   (houid   take   three  thou. 
land  chofen  men,  arid  go  to  the  aififtance  of  the  Jews  in  Gali- 
lee, while  he  and  another  of  his  brothers,  Jonathan,  n;adehafte 
into  the  land  of  Gilead,  with  eight  thoufand  foldiers.     And  he 
leh  Jofeph,  the  fon  oi  Zacharias,  and  Azarias,  to  be  over  the 
reft  of  the  forces  ;  and  charged  them  to  keep  judea  very  care- 
fully, and  to  fight  no  battles    with  any  perfons  whomfoever 
until  his  return.     Accordingly  Simon  went  into  Galilee,  and 
fought  the  eneiny,  and  put  them  to  flight,  and  purfued  them 
to  the  very  gates  of  Ptolemais,  and  flew  about  three  thoufand 
of  them  ;  and  took  the  fpoils   of  thofe  that   were   (lain,    and 
thofe  Jews  whom  they  had  made  captives,  with  their  baggage; 
and  then  returned  home. 

3.  Now  as  for  Judas  Maccabeus,  and  his  brother  Jonathan, 
they  parled  over  the  river  Jordan  ;  arid  when  they   had  gone 
three  daysjourney,  they  light  upon  the  Xabateans,  who  came 
to  meet  them  peaceably,  and  who  told  them  how  the  affairs  oi 
thofe  in   the  land  oi  Gilead  flood  ;   and  how  many   of  them 
were  in  diftrefs,  and  driven  into  garriions,  and   into  the  cities 
of  Galilee  :  And  exhorted  him  to  make  hafte  to  goagainlt  the 
foreigners,  and  to  endeavour  to  fave  his  own  countrymen  out 
of  their  hands.     To   this  exhortation  Judas   hearkened,   and 
returned  into  the  wildernefs  ;   and  in  the  nrft  place  fell  upon 
the  inhabitants  of  Bofor,  and  took  the  city,  and  beat  the   in- 
habitants and  deflroyed  all  the  males,  and  all  that  were  able  to 
fight,  and  burnt  the  city.     Nor  did  he  Hop  even  when  night 
came  on,  but  he  journeyed  in  it  to  the  garrifon  where  the  Jews 
happened  to  be  then  (hut  up,  and  where  Timotheus  lay  round 
the  place  with  his  army  :  And  Judas  came  upon  the   city    in 
the  morning  ;  and  when   he  found  that  the  enemy   were  mak- 
ing an  affault  upon  the  walls,  and  that  fome  ol  them  br 
ladders,  on  which  they   might  get  upon  thofe  walls,  and  that 
others  brought  engines  [to  batter  them,)  he  bid  ihe  trumpeter 
to  found  his  trumpet,  and  he  encouraged   his   foldiers  cheer- 
fully to  undergo  dangers  for  the   fake  of  their  brethren  and 
kindred  ;  he  alfo  parted  his  army   into  three  bodies,  and  tell 
upon  the  backs  of  their  enemies.  But  when  Timotheus's  men 
perceived  that  it  was  Maccabeus  that  was  upon  them,  of  both 
•whofe  courage  and  good  fuccefs  in  war  they  had  formerly  had 
fufficient  experience,  they  were  put  to  flight  ;  but  Judas  fol- 
lowed them  with  his  army,  and  flew  about  eight  thoufand  of 
them.     He  then  turned  afide  to  a  city  of  the  foreigners  called 
Malle,  and  took  it,  and  flew  all  the  males,  and  burnt  the  city 
itfelf.     He  then  removed  from  thence,  and  overthrew  Cafpe- 
om  and  Bofor,  and  many  other  cities  ot  the  land  ot  Gilead. 

4.  But  not  long  after  this  Timotheus  prepared  a  great  army, 
and  took  many  others  as  auxiliaries  ;  and  induced  fome  of  the 
Arabians,  by  the  promife  of  rewards,  to  go  with  him  in  this 


44  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII. 

expedition,  and  came  with  his  army  beyond  the  brook,  over 
againft  the  city  Raphon  :  And  he  encouraged   his  foldiers,  if 
it  came  to  a  battle  with  the  Jews,   tc  fight  courageously, 
to  hinder  their  palling  over  the  brook  ;  tor  he  faid  to  them  be- 
fore hand,  That  "  it  they    come  over  it,   we  fnall  be  beaten," 
And  when   Judas  heard  that  Timotheus  prepared 
fight,  lie  took  all  his  own  army,  and  went  in  hafte  againil  Ti- 
motheus his  enemy  ;  and  when  he  had  paffcd  over  the  brook, 
he  fell  upon  his  enemies    and  fome  ot  them  met  him,  whom 
he  flew,  and  others  of  them  he  fo  terrified,   '.hat  he  compelled 
them  to  throw  down  their  amis,  and  fly  ;    and    fome  of  them 
efcaped,  but  fome  of  them  fled  to  what  was  called  the  i 
at  Carnaim,  and  hoped  thereby  to  pr^Iervc  themieives   ;   hut 
Judas  took  the  city,  and  i!ew  them,  and  burnt  the  temple,  and 
lo  ufed  fever;:!  ways  ot  deftroying  his  enemies. 

5.  When  he  had  done  this,  he  gathered  the  Jews  together, 
with  their  children,  and  wives,  and  the  fubflance  that  belong- 
ed to  them,  and  was  going  to    bring   them  back    intojudea: 
But  as  foon  as  he  was   come  to  a  certain  city,  whole  name  was 
Ephron,  that  lay  upon  the  road,  (ami  as  it  was  not]; 

him  to  go  any  other  way,  fo  he  was  not  willing  to  go  back  a- 
gainj,  he  then  fent  to   the   inhabitants,  and    detired    thai 
would  open  their  gates  and  permit  them  to   goon   their  way 
through  the  city,  tor  they  had  flopped  up  the  gates  with  i. 
and  cutoff  their  paffage  through  it.     And  when  the  inhabitants 
of  Ephron  would  not   agree  to  this  propofal,  he   encouraged 
thofe  that  were  with  him,  and  encompafled  the  city   r 
and  befieged  it,  and  lying  round  it  by  day  and  by  night, 
the  city,  and  flew  every  inale  in  it,  and  burnt  it  all  dow. 
io  obtained  a  way  through  it ;  and  the  multitude  of  thai, 
were  flain  was  fo  g>~eat  that  they  went  over  the  dead  bodies.  bi> 
they  came  over  Jordan,  and  arrived  at  the  great  plain,  over, 
againfl  which  is  lituaie  the  city  Bethlhan,  which  is   called  by 
the    Greeks   *  Scythopohs.     And    going    away    halts ly    from 
thence,  they  came  into  Judea,  (ingmg  pfalms  and   hymns  as 
they  went,  and  indulging  fuch  tokens  ot  mirth  as  are  ufual  in 
triumphs  upon   victory.     They    alfo  offered  thank-offerings, 
both  for  their  good  fuccefs,  and  lor  the  preservation  of  their 
army,  for  t  not  one  ot  the  Jews  was  (lain  in  thefe  battles. 

6.  But  as  to   Jofeph,  the    fon   of  Zarharias,  ai;d  Azarias, 
whom  Judas  leit  generals  [of  the  reft  of  the  forces]  at  the 


*  The  reafcn  why  Bethfhan  was  called  S  .veil   known  from   Hero- 

dotus. B.  I.  p.  105.  anri  S]  214.  that  the  S<:\  overran 

Afia,  in  the  days  of  Jofiah,  ieizcu  on  this  city,  and  kipi  it  as  lo:;j  as  tlu  y  continu- 
ed in  Afia,  from  which   time  k  retained  the  name  of  Scj'thojsoUs,  or   the  at: 

iris. 

+  This  moft  providential  prefervation   of  all  the  religious  Jews  in  this  expedi- 
tion, which   was    according  to  the  will  of  God,  is  obfervalle   often  ai 
people  the  jews  ;  and  lornewh;  t  ve»y  like  it  in  the  changes  of  the  four  monarchies, 
v-hich  \vereaifo  prcvidentiai.     6ca  Prideaux  at  tlie  years  331,  333,  and  334. 


£hap.   IX.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS,  45 

fame  time  when  in  Galilee,  fighting  againft  the  people  of 
Ptolemais,  and  Judas  himfeif,  and  his  brother  Jonathan,  were 
in  the  land  of  Gilead,  didtheferaen  alfo  affect  the  glory  of 
being  courageous  generals  in  war  in  order  whereto  they  took 
the  army  that  was  under  their  command,  and  came  to  Jamnia. 
There  Gorgias,  the  geneal  of  the  torces  of  Jamnia,  met  them; 
and  upon  joining  battle  with  him,  they  loft*  two  thoufand  of 
their  army,  and  fled  away,  and  were  purfued  to  the  very  bor- 
ders of  Judea.  And  this  misfortune  be'el  them  by  their  difo- 
bedience  to  what  injunctions  Judas  had  given  them,  "  Not  to 
fight  with  any  one  before  his  return."  For  befides  the  reft  of 
Judas's  fag:icious  counfels,  one  may  well  wonder  at  this  con- 
cerning the  misfortune  that  befel  the  forces  commanded  by 
jofeph  and  Azarias,  which  he  underliood  would  happen,  if 
they  broke  any  of  the  injun6tions  he  had  given  them.  But 
Judas,  and  his  brethren,  did  not  leave  off  fighting  with  the 
Idumeans  but  prefied  upon  them  on  all  fides,  and  took  from 
them  the  city  oi  Hebron,  and  demolished  all  its  fortifications, 
and  {et  all  its  towers  on  fire,  and  burnt  the  country  of  the  for- 
eigners, and  the  city  Manila.  They  came  alfo  to  Aihdod, 
and  took  it,  and  laid  it  wafte,  and  took  away  a  great  deal  of 
the  fpoib  and  prey  that  were  in  it,  and  returned  to  Judea. 


CHAP.     IX. 

Concerning  the  Death  of  Antiochus  Epiphanrs.    How  Antiochus 
Eupatpr  fought  again  ft  jfudus  and  befiegcd  him  in  the  Te, 
ana  afterwards  made  Peace  with  him,  and  departed.    OJ  Al- 

d  0. 


§  I.  A  BOUT  this  time  it  was  that  king  Antiochus,  as  he 
£  JL  was  going  over  the  upper  countries,  heard,  that 
there  was  a  very  rich  city  in  Perfia,  called  Elymais  ;  and 
therein  a  very  rich  temple  of  Diana.and  that  it  was  full  of  all 
forts  of  donations  dedicated  to  it  ;  as  aifo  weapons  and  breaft- 
plates,  which,  upon  inquiry,  he  found  had  been  left  there  by 
Alexander,  the  fon  of  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia.  And  be- 
ing incited  by  thefe  motives,  he  went  in  hafte  to  Elymais,  and 
ailaulted  it,  and  befieged  it.  But  as  thofe  that  were  in  it  were 
not  terrified  at  iiis  afiault,  nor  at  his  fiege,  but  opppfed  him 
very  courageoufly,  he  was  beaten  off  his  hopes  ;  for  they 
drove  him  away  from  the  city,  and  went  out  and  purfued  af- 
ter hum,  infomuch  that  he  fled  away  as  far  as  Babylon,  and 
loft  a  great  many  of  his  army.  And  when  he  was  grieving 

*  Here  is  another  great  inflance  of  providence,  tuat  \vhea,  even  at  the  very  time 
that  Simon  and  Judas,  and  Jonathan,  were  to  iniriiculoufly  preserved,  and  blefled, 
in  the  juft  defence  of  their  laws  and  religion,  theie  other  generals  of  the  Jews  who 
\ve.it  to  fight  for  honour,  in  a  vain-glorious  way,  and  without  any  commission 
from  God,  or  the  family  he  had  railed  up  to  deliver  them,  v  J;.s  miferably  dilap- 
pointed  and  defeated.  See  i  Maccab.  v,  61,  63. 


46  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII. 

for  this  difappointment,  fome  perfons  told  him  of  the  defeat 
of  his  commanders  whom  he  had  lett  behind  him  to  fight  a- 
gainft  Judea,  and  what  ftrength  the  Jews  had  already  gotten  : 
When  this  concern  about  thefe  affairs  was  added  to  the  for- 
mer, he  was  confounded,  and  by  the  anxiety  he  was  in  tell 
into  a  diftemper,  which,  as  it  lafted  a  great  while  and  as  his 
pains  increaf$d  upon  him,  fo  he  at  length  perceived  he  (hould 
die  in  a  little  time;  fo  he  called  his  friends  to  him,  and  told 
them,  that  his  diftemper  was  fevere  upon  him  ;  and  confeiled 
withal,  that  this  calamity  was  fent  upon  him  for  the  miferies 
he  had  brought  upon  the  Jewifh  nation,  while  he  plundered 
their  temple,  and  contemned  their  God;  and  when  he  had 
faid  this,  he  gave  up  the  ghoft.  Whence  one  may  wonder  at 
Polybius  of  Megalopolis,  who, though  otherwife  a  good  man, 
yet  Jaith,  That  "  Antiochus  died  becaufe  he  had  apurpofe  to 
plunder  the  temple  of  Di^na  in  Perfia  ;"  for  the  *  purpofing 
to  do  a  thing,  but  not  aftual'y  doing  it,  is  not  worthy  of  pun- 
ifiiment.  But  if  Polybius  could  think,  that  Antiochus  thus 
loft  his  life  on  that  account  of  his  facrilegious  plundering  of 
the  temple  at  Jerufalem.  But  we  will  not  contend  about  this 
matter  with  thofe  who  may  think,  that  the  caufe  ailigned  by 
this  Poiybius  of  Megalopolis  is  nearer  the  truth  than  that  a{- 
figned  by  us. 

2.  However,  Antiochus,  before  he  died,  called  for  Philip, 
who  was  one  of  his  companions,  and  made  him  the  guardian 
of  his  kingdom  ;  and  gave  him  his   diadem,  and  his  garment, 
and  his  ring,  and  charged  him  to  carry  them,  and  deliver  them 
to  his  fon  Antiochus  ;  and  defired  him  to  take  care  of  his  ed- 
ucation, and  to  preferve  the  kingdom  for  him  t.     This  Anti- 
ochus died  in  the  hundred  forty  and  ninth  year  :   But  it    was 
Lyfias  that  declared  his  death  tot'v  multitude,  and  appointed 
his  fon  Antiochus  to  be  king,  (of  whom  at   prelent   he   had 
the  care,)  and  called  him  Eupator. 

3.  At  this  time  it  was  that  the  garrifon  in  the  citadel  at  Jer- 
ufalem with  the  Jewifh  runagates,  did  a  great  deal  of  harm   to 
the  Jews  :  For  the  foldiers  that  were  in  that  garrifon  rufhed  out 
upon  the  fudden,  and  deftroyed  fuch  as  were  going  up  to  the 
temple  in  order  to  offer  their  facrifices.  for  this  citadel  adjoin- 
ed to,  and  overlooked  the  temple.     When  thefe  misfortunes 
had  otten  happened  to  them  Judas  refolved  to  deftroy   that 

*  Since  St.  Paul,  a  phariree.  confeffes,  that  he  had  not  known  concupi fence  or  de- 
Jires  to  i-e  finful,  had  not  the  tenth  commandment  i  :..i!t  not  covet,  Rom. 

vii.  7.  the  cafe  feems  to  have  been  much  the  fame  with  our  joiephus,  who  was  of 
the  fame  itft,  that  he  had  not  a  deep  Jenfe  of  the  greatnefs  of  any  fins  that  proceed- 
ed no  iartherthan  the  intention  However,  fince  Jofephus  fptaks  here  properly  of 
the  punifhment  of  dfath,  which  is  not  inflicted  by  any  law  either  of  God  or  man 
for  the  bare  intention,  his  words  need  not  be  itrained  to  mean,  that  fins  intended, 
but  not  executed,  were  no  fins  at  all. 

+  No  wonder  that  Jolephus  here  defcribes  Antiochus  Eupator,  as  young,  and 
wanting  tuition,  when  he  came  to  the  crown,  iince  Appian  informs  us,  Syriac.  p. 
177.  that  he  was  them  but  nine  years  old. 


Chap.  IX.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  4? 

\ 

garrifon  ;  whereupon  he  got  all  the  people  together,  and  vig- 
oroufly  befieged  thofe  that  were  in  the  citaclef.  This  was  in  the 
hundred  and  fiftieth  year  of  the  dominion  of  the  Seleucidoe, 
So  he  made  engines  of  war,  and  creeled  bulwarks,  and  very 
zealoufly  prefled  on  to  take  the  citadeld  :  But  there  were  not 
a  fx>w  of  the  runagates  who  were  in  the  place,  that  went  out 
by  night  into  the  country,  and  got  together  forne  other  wick- 
ed men  like  themfelves,  and  went  to  Antiochus  the  king,  and 
deftied  of  him,  That  "  he  would  not  fuffer  them  to  be  neg- 
lecled,  under  tlie  great  hardfhips  that  lay  upon  them  from  thofe 
of  their  own  nation,  and  this  becaufe  their  fufferings  were  oc- 
cafioned  on  his  father's  account,  while  they  left  the  religious 
worfhip  of  their  fathers,  and  preferred  that  which  he  had  com- 
manded them  to  follow  :  That  there  was  danger  left  the  citadel 
and  thofe  appointed  to  garrifon  it  by  the  king,  fhouid  be  ta- 
ken by  Judas-  and  thofe  that  were  with  him,  unlefs  he  would 
fend  them  fuccours."  When  Antiochus,  who  was  but  a  child, 
heard  this,  he  was  angry,  and  lent  for  his  captains,  and  his 
friends,  and  gave  order,  that  they  fhould  get  an  army  of  mer- 
cenaries together,  with  fuch  men  alfoof  his  own  kingdom  as 
were  of  an  age  fit  for  war.  Accordingly  an  army  was  collect- 
ed of  about  an  hundred  thoufand  footmen,  and  twenty  thou- 
fand  horfemen,  and  thirty-two  elephants. 

4.  So  the  king  took  this  army,  and  marched  haftily  out  of 
Antioch,  with  Lyfias,  who  had  the  command  of  the  whole, 
and  came  to  Idumea,  and  thence  went  up  to  the  city  Bethfu- 
ra,  a  city  that  was  ftrong,  and  not  to  be  taken  without  great 
difficulty,  he  fet  about  this  city,  and  befieged  it.  And  while 
the  inhabitants  of  Bethfura  courageoufly  oppofed  him,  and 
fallied  out  upon  him,  and  burnt  his  engines  of  war,  a  great 
deal  of  time  was  fpent  in  the  fiege.  But  when  Judas  heard  of 
the  king's  coming,  he  raifed  the  fiege  of  the  citadel,  and  met 
the  king,  and  pitched  his  camp  in  certain  firajts,  at  a  place  cal- 
led Eethzachaiak,  at  the  diftanceot  feventy  furlongs  from  the 
enemy  ;  but  the  king  foon  drew  his  forces  from  Bethfura,. 
and  brought  them  to  thofe  ffraits.  And  as  loon  as  it  was  day 
he  put  his  men  in  battle  array,  and  made  his  elephants  follow 
one  another  through  the  narrow  paffes,  becaufe  they  could 
not  be  fef  Tideways  by  one  another.  Now  round  about  every 
elephant  there  were  a  thoufand  footmen,  and  five  hundred 
horfemen.  The  elephants  alfo  had  high  towers  (upon  their 
backs],  and  archers  |  in  them].  And  lie  alfo  made  the  reft  of 
his  army  to  go  up  the  mountains,  and  put  his  friends  before 
the  reft  ;  and  gave  orders  for  the  arrry  to  Ihout  aloud,  and  fo 
he  attacked  the  enemy.  He  alfo  expofed  to  fight  their  gold- 
en and  brazen  fhields,  fo  that  a  glorious  fplendor  was  fent  from 
them;  and  when  they  fhouted,  the  mountains  echoed  again, 
When  Judas  law  this,  he  was  not  terrified,  but  received  the 
enemy  with  great  courage,  and  flew  about  fix  hundred  of  the 
£rft  ranks.  But  when  his  brother  Eleazar,  whom  they  called 


48  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book 

Auran,  faw  the  talleft  of  all  the  elephants  armed  with  royal 
breaft-platrs,  and  fuppofed  that  the  king  was  upon  him,  he 
attacked  him  with  great  quicknefs  and  bravery.  He  allo  flew 
many  of  thofe  that  were  about  the  elephant,  and  fcattered  the 
reft,  and  then  went  under  the  belly  ot  the  elephant,  and  fmote 
him,  and  flew  him  ;  fo  the  elephant  fell  upon  Elea?ar,  and  by 
his  weight  cruHied  him  to  death.  And  thus  did  this  man 
come  to  his  end,  M'hen  he  had  firft  courageouily  deftroyed 
many  of  his  enemies. 

5.  But  Judas,  feeing  the  ftrength  of  the  enemy,  retired  to 
Jerufalem,  and  prepared  to  endure  a  fiege.  As  for  Antiochus, 
he  fent  part  of   his  army   to  Bethfura,  to  befiege  it  and  with 
the  reft  of  his  army  he  came  againft  jerufalem  ;   but  the  in- 
habitants of  Bethfura  was  terrified  at  his  ftrength  ;   and  feeing 
that  their  prov i  fions  grew   fcarce,  they   delivered  themlelves 
up  on  thefecurity  of  oaths,   that  they   ihould  fuffer  no  hard 
treatment  from  the  king.     And  when  Antiochus  had  thus  ta- 
ken the  city,  he  did  them  no  other  harm  than  fending  them  out 
naked.     He  alfo  placed  a  garrifon  ot  his  own  in  the  city.  But 
as  for  the  temple  of  Jerufalem,  he  lay  at  its  liege  a  long  time, 
while  they  within  bravely  defended  it,  for  what  engines  foev- 
er  the  king  fet  againft  them,  they  fet  other  engines  again  to  op- 
pofe  them.     But  then  their  provifions  failed  them ;  what  fruits 
of  the  ground  they  had  laid  up  werefpent,  and  the  land  being 
not  plowed  that  year,  continued  unfowed,  becaufe  it  was  the 
feventh  year,  on  which  by  our  laws  we  are  obliged  to  let  it  lie 
uncultivated.     And  withal  fo  many  of  the  befieged  ran  away 
for  want  o I  neceflaries ,  that  but  a  few  only  were  left  in  the 
temple. 

6.  And  thefe  happened  to  be  the  circumftances  of  fuch  as 
were  befieged  in  the  temple.     But  then,  becaufe  Lyfias,  the 
general  of  the  army,  and  Antiochus  the  King,  were  informed, 
that  Philip  was  coming  upon  them  out  ot  Periia  ;  and  was  en- 
deavouring to  get  the  management  of  public  affairs  to  himfelt, 
they  came  into  thefe  fentiments,  to  leave  the  fiege,  and  to  make 
hafte  to  go  againft  Philip  ;  yet  did  they  refolve  not  to  let  this 
be  known  to  the  foldiers,  or  to  the  officers  :  But  the  King 
commanded  Lyfias  to  fpeak  openly  to  the  foldiers,  and  the 
officers,  without  faying  a  word  about  the  bufinefs  ot  Philip  ; 
and  to  intimate  to  them,  that  the  fiege  would  be  very  long  ; 
that  the  place  was  very  ftrong  ;  that  they  were  already  in  wan: 
of  provifions  ;  that  many  affairs  ot  the  kingdom   wanted  regu- 
lation ;  and  that  it  was  much  better  to  make  a  league  with  the 
befieged,  and  to  become  triends  to  their  whole  nation,  by  per- 
mitting them  to  obferve  the  laws  ot  their  fathers,  while  they 
broke  out  into  this  war  only  becaufe  they  were  deprived  of. 
them,  and  fo  to  depart  home.      When  Ly  fias  had  difcourfed 
thus  to  them,  both  the  army  and  the  officers  were  pleafed  with 
ihis  refolution, 

7.  Accordingly  the  king  fent  to  Judas,  and  to  thofe  that  were 


Chap.    X.j  AM  riOlHTIiiS    OV    THE    JEWS.  49 

befieged  with  them,  and  promifed  to  give  them  peace,  and  to 
permit  them  to  make  uie  of,  and  live  according  to  the  laws  ot 
their  tatheis.  And  they 'gladly  received  his  propofals  :  And 
when  they  had  gained  fecurity  upon  oath,  for  their  perlorm- 
ance,  they  went  out  of  the  temple.  But  when  Antiochus 
iM'ne  into  it,  and  faw  how  itrong  the  place  was,  he  broke  his 
oaths,  and  ordered  his  army  that  was  there  to  pluck  down  the 
walls  to  the  ground  ;  and  when  he  had  fo  done,  he  returned  to 
A^tioch  :  He  alfo  carried  with  him  Onias  the  high-prieft, 
who  was  alfo  called  Menelaus  ;  tor  Lyfias  advifed  the  king  to 
Hay  Menelaus,  it  he  would  have  the  Jews  be  quiet,  and  caufe 
him  no  tarther  difturbance,  tor  that  this  man  was  the  origin  ot 
all  the  mifchief  the  Jews  had  done  them,  by  perfuading  his 
father  to  compel  the  jews  to  leave  the  religion  ot  their  lathers: 
So  the  king  lent  Menelaus  to  Berea,  a  city  ot  Syria,  and  there 
had  him  put  to  death,  when  he  had  been  high-prieft  ten  years. 
He  had  been  a  wicked  and  an  impious  man  :  And,  in  order 
to  get  the  government  to  himfelt,  had  compelled  his  nation  to 
tranfgrefs  their  own  laws.  Atterthe  death  ot  Menelaus,  Alci- 
mus,  who  was  alfo  called  jfaamus,  was  made  high-prieft.  But 
when  king  Antiochus  tound  that  Philip  had  already  poflefled 
himfelt'  of  the  government,  he  made  war  againft  him,  and  lub- 
dued  him,  and  took  him,  arid  flew  him.  Now,  as  to  Onias, 
the  fon  of  the  high-prieft,  who,  as  we  before  informed  you, 
was  lelt  a  child  when  his  father  died,  when  he  faw  that  the 
king  had  11am  his  uncle  Menelaus,  and  given  the  high  prieft- 
hood  to  Alcirnus,  who  was  not  of  the  high-prieft  ftock,  but  as 
induced  by  Lyfias  to  tranflate  that  dignity  from  this  family  to 
another  houfe,  he  fled  to  Ptolemy,  king  ot  Egypt,  and  when 
he  found  he  was  in  great  efleem  with  him.  and  with  his  wife 
Cleopatra,  he  defired  and  obtained  a  place  in  the  Nomus  ot 
Heliopolis,  wherein  he  built  a  temple  like  to  that  at  Jerufalem: 
Ot  which  therefore  we  (hall  hereafter  give  an  account,  in  a 
place  more  proper  for  it. 


C  H  A  P.     X. 

How  Bacckides,  the  General  of  Demetrius' s  Army,  made  an  Ex- 
pedition againjl  jfudea,  and  returned  without  Juccejs  ;  and. 
hozu  hicanor  wasjenta  kitic  ajierward  againjl  Judas,  and 
pen/hed,  together  unth  his  Army :  As  alfo  concerning  the 
Death  of  Alcimus,  and  the  Succejfion  oj  Judas. 

§!  I.     A   BOUT  the  fame  time  Demetrius,  the  fon  of  Seleu- 
/JL   cus,  fled  away  from  Rome,  and  took  Tripoli,  a  ci- 
ty of  Syria,  and   fet  the  diadem  on  his  own    head.      He   alfo 
gathered  certain  mercenary  foldiers  together,  and  entered  into 
his  kingdom,  and  was  joyfully  received  by  all  who  delivered 
themfelves  up  to  him.     And  when  they  had  taken  Antiochus 
VOL    II.  '  G 


5<3  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XII, 

the  king,  and  Lyfias,  they  brought  them  to  him  alive  ;  both 
•which  were  immediately  put  to  death  by  the  command  ot  De- 
metrius, when  Antiochus  had  reigned  two  years,  as  we  have 
already  elfewhere  related.  But  there  were  r.o'.v  many  of  the 
wicked  Jewifh  runagates  that  came  together  to  him,  and  with 
them  Alcimus  the  high-prkft,  who  accufed  the  whole  nation, 
and  particularly  Judas  and  his  brethren  ;  and  laid,  I  hat"  they 
had  iiain  all  his  friends  ;  and  that  thofe  in  his  kingdom  that 
were  ot"  his  party,  and  waited  for  his  return,  were  by  them 
put  to  death  ;  that  the  fe  men  had  ejcf.ted  them  out  o'  their  own 
country,  and  cavu'ed  them  to  he  fojourners  in  a  "foreign  land  ; 
and  they  defired  that  he  would  fend  fome  one  ol  hi:  own 
friends,  and  know  horn  him  what  mifchici  Judas 's  party  had 
done." 

2.  At  this  Demetrius  was  very  angry,  and  fcnt  Bacchides,  a 
•  friend  of  Antiochus  Epiphaiies*,  a  good  man,   and  one  that 

had  been  entrufted  with  all  Mesopotamia,  and  gave  him  an 
army,  and  committed  AKimus  the  high-prieft  to  his  care; 
and  gave  him  charge  to  flay  Judas,  and  thofe  that  were  with 
him.  So  Bacchides  made  hafle,  and  went  out  of  Antioch 
with  his  army  ;  and  when  he  was  come  into  Judea,  he  lent  to 
Judas  and  his  brethren,  to  difcourfe  with  him  about  a  league 
of  inendihip  and  peace,  for  he  had  a  mind  to  take  him  t  y 
treachery  :  But  Judas  did  not  give  credit  to  him,  for  he  faw 
that  he  came  with  fo  great  an  army  as  men  do  not  bring  when 
they  come  to  make  peace,  but  to  make  war.  However,  fome 
of  the  people  acquieked  in  \that  Bacchides  caufed  to  be  pro- 
claimed ;  and  fuppofing  they  fhould  undergo  no  conftderable 
harm  from  Alcimus,  who  was  their  countryman,  they  went 
over  to  them  ;  and  when  they  had  received  oaths  from  both 
of  them,  that  neither  they  themfelvcs,  nor  thole  of  the  fame 
fentiments,  fhould  come  to  any  harm  they  entrufted  them- 
felves  with  them  :  But  Bacchides  troubled  not  himfelf  about 
the  oaths  he  had  taken,  and  flew  threeA  ore  of  them,  although 
by  not  keeping  his  faith  with  thofe  that  firft  went  over,  he 
deterred  all  the  reft,  who  had  intentions  to  go  over  to  him, 
from  doing  it.  But  as  he  was  gone  out  of  Jcrufalcm,  and  was 
at  the  village  called  Bethzetlio  he  fent  cut.  and  caught  many 
of  the  deferters,  and  fouie  of  the  people  allo,  and  flew  them 
all  ;  and  enjoined  all  that  lived  in  the  count.y  to  iubmit  to  AJ- 
cimus.  So  he  left  him  there,  with  fome  partot  the  army,  that 
he  might  have  wherewith  to  keep  the  country  in  obedience, 
and  returned  to  Antioch,  to  king  Demetrius. 

3.  But  Alcimus  was  defhous  to  have  the  dominion  more 

*  It  is  no  -way  probable  that  Jofephus  would  call  Bacchides,  that  bitter  and 
bloody  enemy  of  the  Jews,  as  our  present  copies  have  it,  a  man  good,  or  kind  and 

gentle.  What  the  author  of  the  firft  book  ot  Maccabees,  whom  Jofephus  here 
follows,  inftead  of  that  character,  fays  of  him,  is,  that  he  was  a  great  man  in  the 
ii:.°>d<jm,a.ndjaithful  to  his  king;  which  was  very  probably  Joiephus's  meaning 

aito. 


Chap.    X.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF.  THE    JEWS.  ,51 

firmly  allured  to  him  :  And  understanding,  that  if  he  could 
bring  it  about  that  the  multitude  ihould  be  his  friends,  he 
fhould  govern  with  greater  iecurity,  he  fpake  kind  words  to 
them  all,  and  difcourfed  to  each  ot  them  after  an  agreeable  and 
pleafant  manner,  by  which  means  he  quickly  had  a  groat  bo- 
dy or  meiij  and  an  army  about  him,  although  the  greater  part 
of  them  were  ot  the  wicked,  and  the  deferters.  With  thele, 
whom  he  ufed  as  his  lervants  and  foldiers  he  went  all  over  the 
country,  and  flew  all  that  he  could  h'rid  of  Judas's  par;y.  But 
when  Judas  lav/  that  Alcimus  was  already  become  great,  and 
had  dcltroyed  many  of  the  good  and  holy  men  1  the  country, 
he  alfo  went  all  over  the  country,  and  dellroyed  thole  that 
were  of  the  other's  party.  But  when  Alcirnus  faw  that  he  was 
not  able  to  oppofe  Judas,  nor  was  equal  to  him  in  ftrength,  he 
refolved  to  apply  himfelt  to  king  Demetrius  tor  his  afliitance  ; 
fo  he  caine  to  Antioch,  and  irritated  htm  again!!  Judas,  arid 
accufed  him,  alledging  that  he  had  undergone  a  great  many 
mileries  by  his  means,  and  that  he  wouid  .o  more  mifchief 
unlefs  he  were  prevented,  and  brought  to  puuilhtnent,  which 
mull  be  done  by  lending  a  powerful  force  agnail  htm. 

4.  So  Demetrius,  beir.g  already  of  opinion  that  it  would  be 
a  thing  pernicious  to  his  own  affairs  to  overlook  Judas,  now 
he  was  beco  nmg  io  great,  lent  againd  him  Nicanor,  the  in  'it 
kind  and  moil  faithful  of  all  his  friends  ;  tor  he  it  was  who 
fled  away  with  him  from  the  city  of  Rome.  He  alfo  gave  him. 
as  many  forces  as  he  thought  furticient  tor  him  to  conquer  Ju- 
das withal,  and  bid  him  not  to  {pare  the  nation  at  all.  When 
Nicanor  was  come  to  Jerufalem  he  did  not  resolve  to  fight 
Judas  immediately,  but  judged  it  better  to  get  him  into  his 
power  by  treachery  ;  io  he  lent  him  a  meifage  of  peace,  and 
faid,  "  there  was  no  manner  of  neceflity  for  them  to  fight  and 
hazard  themselves  ;  and  I  hat  he  would  give  him  his  oath  that 
he  would  do  him  no  harm,  tor  that  he  only  came  with  lome 
iriends,  in  order  to  let  him  know  what  king  Demetnus's  in- 
tentions were,  and  what  opinion  he  had  of  their  nation." 
When  Nicanor  had  delivered  this  meilage,  Jndas  and  his 
brethren  complied  with  him,  and  iufpecting  no  deceit,  they 
gave  him  allurances  of  fgiendihip,  and  received  Nicanor,  and 
his  army  ;  but  while  he  was  faluting  Judas,  and  they  were 
talking  together,  he  gave  a  certain  lignal  to  his  own  loldiers, 
upon  which  they  were  to  feize  upon  Judas  ;  but  he  perceived 
the  treachery,  and  ran  back  to  his  own  foldiers,  and  fled  away 
with  them.  So  upon  this  dilcovery  of  his  purpofe,  and  of  the 
fnares  laid  for  Judas,  Nicanor  determined  to  make  open  war 
with  him,  and  gathered  his  army  together,  and  prepared  for 
fighting  him  ;  and  upon  joining  battle  wlhnimata  certain 
village  called  Capharfalama,  he  *  bea1  Judas,  and  forced  him 
to  fly  to  that  citadel  which  was  at  Jerufalem. 

*  Jolephus's  copies  muft  have  been  corrupted  when  th:y  hers  give  viftory  to 
Kicanor,  contrary  ty  tbe  woids  following,  which  imply,  that  lie  who  was  beatea 


£2  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      ("Book  XII, 

5.  And  when  Nicanorcame  down  from  the  citadel  unto  the 
temple,  lomc  oi  the  priefts  and  elders  met  him,  and   faluted 
him  ;  and  fhewed  him  the  facrifices  vhich  they   faid  they    of- 
fered  to  God  tor  the  king  :    Upon  which  he  blafphemed,  and 
threatened  them,  that  unlcls  the  people  would  deliver  up  Ju- 
rias  to  him5  upon  his  return  he  would  pull  down  their  temple, 
And  when  he  had  thus  threatened  them,  he  departed  from  Je- 
rufalem  :  But.  the  prieils  tell  into  tears  outot  grief  o*  what  he 
had  laid,  and  befouglit  God  to  deliver   them  from  their   ene- 
mies.    But  now  lor  Nicanor,  when  he  was  gone  out  ot  Jeru- 
ialem,  and  was  at  a  certain  village  called  Bethoron,   he   there 
pitched  his  camp,  another  army  out  of   Syria  having  joined 
him.     And  Judas  pitched  his  camp  at  Adala,   another  v: 
which  was  thirty    furlongs  diflant  from  Bethoron,    having  no 
moie  than  one  thoufand  ioldiers.     And  when  he  had  encour- 
aged them  not  to  be  difmayed  at  the  multitude  ol  their  enemies,' 
not  to  regard  how   many  they  were  againll  whom   they    we  in- 
going to  right,  but  to  confider  who  they  thcmlelves  were,  and 
lor  what  great  rewards  they  ha/aided  themlclves,  and  to  attack 
the  enemy  courageoully,  he  led  them  out  to  light,  am!  joining 
battle   with   Nicanor,  which   pioved  to  he  a   ievere   one,    he 
overcame  the  enemy  and  (lew  many  o\  them  ;  and  at  laff  Ni- 
canor  himfelf,    as   he  -vas  fighting    glorionlly,  fell.      I'pon 
•whofe  iall  the  army  did  not  Hay,  but  when  they  had  loft  their 
general  they  were  put  to  flight,    and  threw  down  their   arms  ; 
Judas  alfo  purfued  them  and  flew  them  ;  and   gave  notice  by 
the  found  of  the  trumpets  to    the   neighbouring  villages,  that 
he  had  conquered  the   enemy  ;  which,   when   the  inhabitants 
heard,  they  put  on  their  armour  hattily,   and  met  their  enemies 
in  the  face  as  they  were  running  away,  and   flew   them,    inio- 
rnuch  that  riot  one  ot  them  elcaped  out  ot  this  battle, and  were 
in  number  nine  thoufand.     This  victory    happened  to  fall   on 
the  thirteenth  day  of  that  month  which  by  the   Jews  is  called 
Adar,  and  by  the  Macedonians  Dyflrus  ;  and  the  Jews  thereon 
celebrate  tins  victory  every  year,    and  efteem  it  as  a   feftival 
rlay.     After  which  the    Jewilh  nation  were,    for  a  while,  tree 
jrom  wars,  and  enjoyed  peace  ;   but.   afterward  they    returned 
jnto  their  former  ilate  ot  wais  andhazfrds. 

6.  But  now  as  the  high  pncit  Alcirnus  was  refolvingto  pull 
down  the  wall  of  the  lanctuary,  which  had  been  there  of  old 
lime,  and  had  been  built  by  the  holy  prophets,  *  he  was  fmit- 

flfd  into  tbc  cit.ai-l,  which  for  certain  belonged  to  the  city  of  David,  or  to  mount 
.Zion.  and  was  io  the  poifeision  of  \icr.rv>v's  gamion.  and  not  ot  J'idas's  :  Asal- 
•fo  it  is  contrary  to  the  ex pr*f*  word*  of  jofephus's  original  author,  i  Maccab.  vii. 
32,  who  lays  that  Nicanor  loft  about  5000  men,  and  fled  to  the  city  of  David. 

*  This  account  of  themiferable  death  of  Alcimns  or  Jacimus,  the  wicked  high 
prieft,  (the  frlVthat  was  not  of  the  family  of  the  high  prieils.  and  made  by  a  vile 
henthen,  Lyfias,)  btfore  the  death  of  Judas,  and  ot  (udas's  iuccefiion  to  him  as  high 
priefl,  both  here,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  this  book,  direclly  contradicts  i  Mac- 
cab,  ix.  54 — 57,  which  places  his  death  after  the  death  ot  Judas,  and  lays  not  ^ 
Jyllable  ot  the  high  priefthood  of  Judas. 


Chap.    X.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  5J 

tcnfuddenly  by  God,  and  fell  down.  This  ftroke  made  him 
fall  down  fpeechlefs  upon  the  ground  :  And  undergoing  tor- 
meats  tor  many  days,  he  at  length  died,  when  he  had  been 
high  prie(t  four  years.  And  when  he  was  dead,  the  people 
bellowed  the  high  priefthood  on  Judas  ;  who  hearing  ol  the 
power  *  of  the  Romans,  and  that  they  had  conquered  in  war 
Galatia,  and  Iberia,  and  Carthage,  and  Lybia  ;  and  that,  be- 
fides  thefe.  they  had  fubdued  Greece,  and  their  kings,  Perfeus, 
and  Philip,  and  Antiochus  the  Great  alfo.he  reJolvedto  enter 
inro  a  league  of  iriendfhip  with  them.  He  therefore  fent  to 
Rome  fome  of  his  friends,  Eupolemus  the  fon  of  John,  and 
Jafon  the  (on  of  Eleazer,  and  by  them  defued  the  Romans 
that  they  would  aflift  them,  and  he  their  friends  and  would 
vnte  to  Demetrius  that  he  would  not  fight  againft  the  Jews. 
So  the  fenate  received  the  ambaffadors  that  came  from  Rome 
to  Judas,  and  difcourfed  with  them  about  the  errand  on  which 
they  came,  and  then  granted  them  a  league  of  affiifance.  They 
all')  made  a  decree  concerning  it,  and  lent  a  copy  of  it  into 
Judea.  It  was  alfo  laid  up  in  the  capitol,  and  engraven  in 
brafs.  The  decree  itfelf  was  this  :  '  The  decree  of  the  fen- 
att-  concerning  a  league  of  allillance  and  friendship  with  the 
nation  of  the  Jews.  It  lhal!  not  be  lawful  for  any  that  are  fub- 
je.;  t')  the  Romans  to  make  wai  with  the  nation  ot  the  Jews, 
nor  to  aflill  ihole  that  do  fo,  either  by  fending  them  corn,  or 
ihij>s,  or  money  :  And  if  any  attack  be  made  upon  the  Jews, 
th«j  Romans  (fiall  afliit  them,  as  tar  as  they  are  able  ;  and  a- 
gam,  it  any  attacK  be  made  upon  the  Romans,  the  Jews  fhall 
aflift  them.  And  if  the  Jews  have  a  mind  10  add  to,  or  to 
take  away  any  thing  irom  this  league  of  aflifhnce,  that  lhall 
be  done  with  the  common  ronfenL  of  the  Romans.  And  what- 
loever  addition  ihall  thus  be  made,  it  fhall  be  ot  force."  This 
decree  was  written  by  Eupolemus  the  fon  of  John,  and  by  Ja- 
fon the  fon  ot  Eleazer  when  Judaht  was  high  prieft  ot  the 
nation,  and  Simon  his  brother  was  general  of  the  army.  And 
this  was  the  fir  ft  league  that  the  Romans  made  with  the  Jews, 
and  was  managed  after  this  manner. 

*  How  veil  the  Roman  hiftories  a^ree  to  this  account  of  theconquefts  and  pow- 
erful condition  of  the  Romans  at  this  time,  lee  the  not-.-s  in  H?.vercatnp's  edition  ; 
only,  that  the  number  of  the  fcnaton.  of  Rome  was  then  juil  320,  is,  I  think,  only 
known  from  i  Miccab.  viii  15. 

•f  This  fubfcription  is  wanting,  i  Maccab.  viii.  17,  29.  and  muft  be  the  words 
of  Joiephus,  who,  by  miftako,  thought,  as  we  have  juft  now  ie«n,  that  Judas  was 
rt  this  time  high  prieft,  and  accordingly  then  reckoned  his  brother  Jonathan  to  be 
then  general  ot  the  army,  \v'nich  yet  he  fetms  not  to  have  been  till  after  th«  death  of 
Judas. 


54  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE  JEWS.      [Book  XIL 


CHAP.    XL 

That  Racchides  was  again  ftnt  out  again/I  Judas  ;  and  how 
Judas  jell  as  he  was  courageoujty  fighting. 

§  I.  T)  UT  when  Demetrius  was  informed  ot  the  death  of 
JDNicanor,  andot  the  deftrurtion  ot  the  army  that  was 
with  him,  he  fent  Baochides  again  with  an  army  in  Judea,  who 
inarched  out  ot  Antioch,  and  came  into  udea,  arid  pitched 
his  camp  at  Arbela,  a  city  of  Galilee  ;  and  having  befu-ged 
and  taken  thofe  tiiat  were  there  in  caves,  (ior  m-my  ot  tiie  peo- 
ple fled  into  fuch  places,)  he  removed,  arid  made  all  the  baits 
lie  could  to  Jerufaletn.  And  when  he  had  learned  that  Judas 
pitched  his  camp  at  a  certain  village  whofe  name  was  Bcthze- 
tho,  he  led  his  army  againlt  him  :  They  were  twenty  tboufoad 
iootmen,  and  two  thoufand  horfemen.  Now  Judas  had  no 
more  foldiers  than*  one  thoufjnd.  When  thefe  l.iw  the  mul- 
titude ot  ^accliides's  men  they  were -afraid,  and  left  their  camp, 
and  fled  all  away,  excepting  eight  hundred.  Now  when  Ju  ijs 
was  deferted  by  his  own  foldiers,  and  the  enemy  preiied  upon 
him,  and  gave  him  no  time  to  gather  his  array  together,  he 
wasdifpoied  to  fight  with  Bacchides's  army,  though  he  had  but 
eight  hundred  men  w  i  th  hi  m;fo  lie  exhorted  thefe  men  to  undergo 
the  danger  courageoufly,  and  encour  iged  them  to  attack  the 
enemy.  And  when  they  faid  they  were  not  a  body  (uificientto 
fight  fogreat  an  army,  and  ad  vifed  that  they  mould  ret  ire  now,  a.  d 
fave  theinfelves,  and  that  when  he  had  gathered  his  own  men 
together,  then  he  liiould  tall  upon  the  enemy  afterwards,  his 
aniwer  was  this  :  ''  Let  not  the  lun  ever  lee  fuch  a  thing  that 
I  mould  Ihew  my  back  to  the  enemy  ;  and  although  this  be 
the  time  that  will  bring  me  to  my  end,  and  I  mult  die  in  this 
battle,  I  will  rather  Hand  to  it  courageoufly,  and  bear  whatl'o- 
ever-comes  upon  me,  than  by  now  running  away  bring  re- 
proach upon  my  former  great  actions,  or  tarnilh  their  glory." 
This  was  the  fpeech  he  made  to  thofe  that  remained  with  him, 
whereby  he  encouraged  them  to  attack  the  enemy. 

2.  But  Bacchides  drew  his  army  outot  their  camp,  and  put 
them  in  array  tor  the  battle.  He  let  the  horfemen  on  both  the 
wings,  and  the  light  foldiers  and  the  archers  he  placed  before 
the  whole  army,  but  he  vvashimleit  on  the  right  wing.  And 
when  he  had  thus  put  his  army  in  order  ot  battle,  and  was  go- 
ing to  join  battle  with  the  enemy,  he  commanded  the  trum- 
peter to  give  a  fignal  ot  battle,  and  the  army  to  make  a  Jhout, 

*  That  this  copy  of  Joieuhus,  as  he  wrote  it,  had  here  not  lOOObut  3000,  '^ith 
i  Mace,  ix  5  is  very  plain,  becauie  though  ihe  main  pait  ran  away  at  firil,  e\eu 
in  Jolephus,  as  well  as  in  i  Mace.  ix.  6.  yet,  as  there,  io  here  800  are  laid  to  have 
remained  with  Judas,  which  would  be  abhud,  if  the  whole  number  had  boeu  no 
ruojre  thau  1000. 


Chap.   XI.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  5$ 

and  to  fall  on  the  enemy.  And  when  Judas  had  done  the  fame, 
he  joined  battle  with  them  ;  and  as  both  fides  fought  valiant- 
ly, and  the  battle  continued  till  fun-fet,  Judas  faw  that  Bac- 
chides,  and  the  ftrong<:ft  part  of  the  army  was  in  the  right 
wing,  and  thereupon  took  the  moft  courageous  men  with  him, 
and  ran  upon  that  part  ot  the  army,  and  iell  upon  thofe  that 
were  there,,  and  broke  their  ranks  and  drove  them  into  the 
middle,  and  forced  them  to  run  away,  and  purfued  them  as 
tar  as  to  a  mountain  called  Aza  :  But  when  thofe  of  the  lett 
wing  fa\v  that  the  right  wing  was  put  to  flight,  they  encom- 
paflfd  Judas,  and  purfued  him,  and  came  behind  him  and 
took  him  into  the  middle  of  their  army  ;  fo  being  not  able  to> 
fly,  but  encompaffed  round  about  with  enemies,  he  flood  ftill, 
and  he  and  thofe  that  were  withthim  fought ;  and  when  he  had 
flam  a  great  many  of  thofe  that  came  againft  him,  he  at  lafl  was 
himfelt  wounded,  and  fell,  and  gave  up  the  ghoft,  and  died 
in  a  way  like  to  his  former  famous  aftions.  When  Judas  was 
dead,  thofe  that  were  with  him  had  no  one  whom  they  could 
regard  [as  their  commander]  but  when  they  faw  themfelves 
deprived  ot  fuch  a  general  they  fled.  But  Simon  and  Jona- 
than,  Judas's  brethren,  received  his  dead  body  by  a  treaty  from 
the  enemy,  and  carried  it  to  the  village  Modin,  where  their 
father  had  been  buried,  and  there  buried  him  ;  while  the  mul- 
titude lamented  him  many  days,  and  performed  the  ufual  fol- 
emn  rites  of  a  funeral  to  him.  And  this  was  the  end  that  Ju- 
das came  to.  He  had  been  a  man  of  valour  and  a  great  war- 
rior, and  mindtul  of  the  commands  of  their  father  Mattathias  ; 
and  had  undergone  all  difficulties,  both  in  doing  and  differing, 
tor  the  liberty  of  his  countrymen.  And  when  his  character 
was  fo  excellent  fw'nile  he  was  alive,J  he  left  behind  him  a 
glorious  reputation  arid  memorial,  by  gaining  freedom  tor  his 
nation,  and  delivering  them  from  flavery  under  the  Macedo- 
nians. And  when  he  had  retained  the  high  prtefthood  three 
years,  he  died. 


$6  AN'TiyurriES  OF  TH/.  JEWS.     [Book  XIII, 

BOOK    XIII. 
Containing  the  interval  of  eighty- two  years, 

[From  the.  death  oj  JUDAS  MACCABE-ES  to  the  death  ofQuew 
ALEXANDRA.] 

C  H  A  P.    I. 

flow  Jonathan  took  the  Government  after  his  brother  Judas  ; 
and  how  he,  together  with  his  brother  Simon,  waged  Wu,r  again jt 
Bacc  hides. 

§  r.  13  Y  what  means  the  nation  of  the  Jews  recovered  their 
-LJ  freedom  when  they  had  been  brought  into  flavery  by 
the  Macedonians,  and  what  Itruggles,  and  how  great  battles 
Judas  the  general  ot  their  army  ran  through,  till  he  was  (lain 
as  he  was  fighting  tor  them,  hath  been  related  in  the  foregoing 
book  :  but  aher  he  was  dead,  all  the  wicked,  and  thofe  that 
tranlgreffed  the  laws  of  their  forefathers,  fprang  up  again  in  Ju- 
dea,  and  grew  upon  them,  and  diltreffed  them  upon  every  fide. 
A  faminealfoafTiiledtheir  wickednefs,  and  afflicted  the  country, 
till  not  a  tew,  who  by  reafon  of  their  want  ot  necelFarics,  and  be- 
caufe  they  were  not  able  to  bear  up  the  miferies  that  both  the 
famine  and  their  enemies  brought  upon  them  deferted  their 
country,  and  went  to  the  Macedonians.  And  now  Bacchides 
gathered  thole  Jews  together  who  had  apoftatized  from  the  ac- 
cuitomed  way  of  living  ot  their  toretathers  and  chofe  to  live 
like  their  neighbours,  and  committed  the  care  ot  the  country 
to  them;  whoalfo  caught  the  friends  of  Judas,  and  thole  of 
his  party,  and  delivered  them  up  to  Bacchides,  who,  when  he 
had,  in  the  firft  place,  tortured  and  tormented  them  at  his  pieaf- 
ure,  he,  by  that  means,  at  length  killed  them.  And  when  this 
calamity  of  the  Jews  was  become  fo  great,  as  they  had  never  had 
experience  ot  the  like  fince  their  return  out  of  Babylon,  thofe 
that  remained  ot  the  companions  ot  ludas,  feeing  that  the  na- 
tion was  ready  to  be  deftroyed  aher  a  mifei able  manner,  came 
to  his  brother  Jonathan,  and  defired  him  that  he  would  imitate 
his  brother,  and  that  care  which  he  took  of  his  countrymen, 
tor  whofe  liberty  in  general  he  died  alfo  ;  and  that  he  would 
not  permit  the  nation  to  be  without  a  governor,  efpecially  in 
thofe  deitrucHve  circumftances  wherein  it  now  was.  And 
when  Jonathan  faid,  that  he  was  ready  to  die  for  them,  and  was 
indeed  efteemed  no  way  inferior  to  his  brother,  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  be  the  general  ot  the  Jewifli  army. 
2.  When  Bacchides  heard  this,  he  was  afraid  that  Jonathan 


Chap.   I.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  57 

might  be  very  troublefome  to  the  kings  and  the  Macedonians, 
as  Judas  had  been  before  him,  he  fought  how  he  might  flay 
him  by  treachery  :  But  this  invention  of  his  was  not  un- 
known to  Jonathan,  nor  to  his  brother  Simon  ;  but  when  thefe 
two  were  apprized  of  it,  they  took  all  their  companions,  and 
prefently  fled  into  that  wildernefs  which  was  neareft  to  the  ci- 
ty ;  and  whert  they  came  to  a  lake  called  Afphaft  they  abode 
there.  But  when  Bacchides  was  fenfible  that  they  were  in  a 
low  itate,  and  were  in  that  place,  he  halted  to  fall  upon  them 
with  all  his  forces,  and  pitching  his  camp  beyond  Jordan,  he 
recruited  his  army  :  But  when  Jonathan  knew  that  Bacchides 
was  coming  upon  him,  he  fent  his  brother  John,  who  was  al- 
fo  called  Gaddis,  to  the  Nabatean  Arabs,  that  he  might  lodge 
his  baggage  with  them  until  the  battle  with  Bacchides  mould 
be  over,  tor  they  were  the  Jews  friends.  And  the  fons  ot 
Arnbri  laid  an  ambulh  for  John,  from  the  city  Medaba,  and 
feized  upon  him,  and  upon  thofe  that  were  with  him,  and 
plundered  all  that  they  had  with  them  :  They  alfo  flew  John, 
and  all  his  companions.  However,  they  were  fufficiently 
punifhed  for  what  they  now  did  by  John's  brethren,  as  we 
lhall  relate  prefently. 

3.  But  when  Bacchides  knew  that  Jonathan  had  pitched 
his  camp  among  the  lakes  of  Jordan,  he  obferved   when  their 
Sabbath-day  came,  and  then  affaulted  him,  as   fuppofmg  that 
he  would  not  fight  becaufe   ot  the  law  [for   relting  on  that 
day  :]  But  he  exhorted  his  companions  [to  fight  ;J  and  told 
them,  that  their  lives  were  at  ftake,   fince  they   were  encom- 
palled  by  the  river,  and  by  their  enemies  and  had  no  way  to 
efcape,  for  that  their  enemies  prefled  upon  them  before,  and 
the  river  was  behind  them.     So  after  he  had  prayed  to  God  to 
give  them  the  viclory,   he  joined  battle  with  the  enemy,  of 
whom  he  overthrew  many  :  And  as  he.faw  Bacchides  com- 
ing up  boldly  to  him,  he  ftretched  out  his  right-hand  to  fmite 
him,  but  the  other  torefeeing  and  avoiding  the  ftroke,  Jona- 
than with  his  companions  leaped   into  the  river,  and  fwam  o- 
ver  it,  and  by  that  means  efcaped  beyond  Jordan,  while  the 
enemy  did  not  pafs  over  that  river  ;  but  Bacchides   returned 
prefently  to  the  citadel  at  Jerufalem,   having   lofl  about  two 
thoufand  of  his  army.     He  alfo  fortified  many  cities  ot  Judea, 
•whofe  walls  had  been  demolifhed,  Jericho,  and  Emmaus,  and 
Bethoron,  and  Bethel,  and  Timna,  and  Pharatho,   and  Tecoa, 
and  Gazara,  and  built  towers  in  every  one  of  thefe  cities,  and 
encompaffed  them  with  ftrong  walls,  that  were  very   large  ai- 
fo,  and  put  garrifons  into  them,  that  they   might  ilfue  out  ot 
them,  and  do  mifchief  to  the  Jews.     He  alfo  tortified  the  cita- 
del at  Jerufalem  more  than  all  the  reft.     Moreover,  he  took 
the  ions  ot  the  principal  Jews  as  pledges,  and  fhut  them  up  in 
the  citadel,  and  in  that  manner  guarded  it. 

4,  About  the  fame  time,  one  came  to  Jonathan,  and  to  his 
brother  Simon,  and  told  them,  that  the  ions  ot  Ambri  were 

VOL.  II.  H 


5§  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [BookXIIL 

celebrating  a  marriage,  and  bringing  die  bride  from  the  city 
Gabatha,  who  was  the  daughter  01  one  of  the  illuftrious  men 
among  the  Arabians,  and  that  the  damfel  was  to  be  conducted 
with  pomp  and  fplendor,  and  much  riches  :  So  Jonathan  and 
Simon  thinking  this  appeared  to  be  the  fitted  time  for  them  to 
avenge  the  death  ot  their  brother,  and  that  they  had  forces  fut- 
ficieut  for  receiving  fatistafction  trom  them  for  his  death,  they 
m-de  hafle  to  Medaba,  and  lay  in  wait  among  the  mountains 
for  the  coming  of  their  enemies ;  and  as  foon  as  they  law  them 
conducting  the  virgin,  and  her  bridegroom,  and  luch  a  great 
company  of  their  friends  with  them,  as  was  to  be  expetted  at 
this  wedding,  they  Tallied  out  ot  their  ambulh,  and  ilew  them 
all  ;  and  took  their  ornaments,  and  all  the  prey  that  then  fol- 
lowed them,  and  fo  returned,and  received  this  fati&taBion  tor 
their  brother  John  from  the  fons  of  Ambri  ;  For  as  well  thofe 
fons  themfelves,  as  their  friends,  and  wives,  and  children,  that 
followed  them,  perilhed,  being  in  number  about  tour  hun- 
dred. 

5.  However,  Simon  and  Jonathan  returned  to  the  lakes  of 
the  river,  and  abode  there  :  But  Bacchides,  when  he  had  fe- 
cured  all  Judea  with  his  garrifons,  returned  to  the  king  ;  and 
then  it  was  that  the  affairs  of  Judea  were  quiet  for  two  years. 
But  when  the  deferters  and  the  wicked  (aw  that  Jonathan  and 
thofe  that  were  with  him  lived  in  the  country  very  quietly, 
by  reaion  ot  the  peace,  they  lent  to  king  Demetrius,  and  ex- 
cited him  to  fend  Bacchides  to  ieize  upon  Jonathan,  which 
they  faid  was  to  be  done  without  any  trouble,  and  in  one 
night's  time  ;  and  that  it  they  fell  upon  them  before  they  were 
aware,  they  might  flay  them  all.  So  the  king  fent  Bacchides, 
who,  when  he  was  come  into  Judea,  wrote  to  all  his 
iriends,  both  Jews  and  auxiliaries,  that  they  mould  feize  upon 
Jonathan,  and  bring  him  to  him  ;  and  when,  upon  all  their 
endeavours,  they  were  not  able  to  feize  upon  Jonathan,  for  he 
was  fenfible  ot  the  fnares  they  laid  for  him,  and  very  careful- 
ly guarded  again  ft  them,  Bacchides  was  angry  at  thefe  defert- 
ers, as  having  impofed  upon  him  and  upon  the  king,  and  flew 
fifty  of  their  leaders  :  Whereupon  Jonathan,  with  his  brother,, 
and  thofe  that  were  with  him,  retired  to  Bethagla,  a  village 
that  lay  in  the  wilderneis,  out  ot  his  fear  of  Bacchides.  He 
alfo  built  towers  in  it  and  encompafled  it  with  walls, and  took 
care  that  it  fhould  be  fately  guarded.  Upon  the  hearing  of 
which,  Bacchides  led  his  own  army  along  with  him,  and  be- 
fides  took  his  JewHh  auxiliaries,  and  came  againft  Jonathan* 
and  made  an  aiiault  upon  his  fortifications,  and  befieged  him 
many  days ;  but  Jonathan  did  not  abate  of  his  courage  at  the 
zeal  Bacchides  uTed  in  the  fiege.  but  courageoufly  oppofed 
him  :  And  while  he  left  his  brother  Simon  in  the  city,  to  fight 
with  Bacchides,  he  went  privately  out  himlelt  into  the  coun- 
try, and  got  a  great  body  of  men  together  of  his  own  party  f 
and  ieli  upon  Bacchides's  camp  in  the  night  time,  ai;d  dcitroy- 


Chap.   II.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  59 

ed  a  great  many  of  them.  His  brother  Simon  knew  alfo  of 
this  his  tailing  upon  them,  becaufe  he  perceived  that  the  ene- 
mies were  {lain  by  him.  fo  he  Allied  out  upon  them,  and  burnt 
the  engines  which  the  Macedonians  u'ed,  and  made  a  great 
daughter  of  them.  And  when  Bacchides  fawhimfelf  encom- 
palTed  with  enemies,  and  (ome  ot  them  before,  and  fome  be- 
hind him,  he  tell  into  defpair  and  trouble  of  inind,  as  con- 
founded at  the  unexpected  ill  fuccefs  of  this  fiege.  Howev- 
er, he  vented  his  difpleafure  at  thefe  misfortunes  upon  thofe 
deferters  who  tent  tor  him  trom  the  king,  as  having  deluded 
him.  So  he  had  a  mind  to  finifli  this  fiege  after  a  decent  n 
ner,  if  it  were  poflible  for  him  fo  to  do,  and  then  to  return 
home. 

6.  When  Jonathan  underflood  thefe  his  intentions,  he  fent 
embaffadors  to  him,  about  a  league  of  friendlhip  and  mutual 
affiftance,  and  that  they  might  reftore  thofe  they  had  taken 
captive  on  both  fides.  So  Bacchides  thought  this  a  pretty  de- 
cent way  of  retiring  home,  and  made  a  league  of  triendfhip 
with  Jonathan,  when  they  fware  that  they  would  not  any 
more  make  war  one  againlt  another.  Accordingly  he  reflor- 
ed  the  captives,  and  took,  his  own  men  with  him,  and  return- 
ed to  the  king  of  Antioch  ;  and  after  this  his  departure,  he 
never  came  info  Judea  again.  Then  did  Jonathan  take  the 
opportunity  ot  this  quiet  itate  of  things,  and  went  and  lived 
in  the  city  Michsnafh  ;  and  there  governed  the  multitude,  and 
punifhed  the  wicked  and  ungodly,  and  by  that  means  purged 
the  nation  of  them. 


CHAP.    II. 

How  Alexander  [Bala]  in  his  War  with  Demetrius,  granted 
Jonathan  many  Advantages,  and  appointed  htm  to  be  Ihvji- 
pne/l,  and  perfuaded  him  to  ajffijl  him,  although  Demetrius 
pronvfed  him  greater  Advantages  en  the  other  Jide.  Concern- 
ing the  Death  oj  Demetrius. 


§  I.  T^TOW  in  the  hundred  and  fixtieth  year  it  fell  out 
-L^l  that  Alexander,  the  *  fon  ot  Antiochus  Epiphanes, 
came  up  into  Syria,  and  took  Ptolemais,  the  foldiers  within 
having  betrayed  it  to  him,  for  they  were  at  enmity  with  De- 
metrius, on  account  of  his  infolence  and  difficulty  ot  acceis; 


*  This  Aexander  Ba!a.  who  certainly  pretended  ti  be  the  fon  of  Antiochus  E- 
piphancs,  and  was  owned  forsuch  by  the  Jews  aroRomans,  and  many  others,  and 
yet  is  by  feveral  hiftorians  deemed  to  be  n  counterfeit,  aifd  of  no  family  at  all,  is, 
however,  by  Jofephus  believed  to  have  been  the  real  ion  of  th*t  Antiochus,  and  by 
him  always  fpokcn  of  accordingly.  And  truly  fmce  the  ori  ;inal  contemporary  and 
authentic  author  of  the  firft  book,  of  Maccabees,  x.  i  calls  him  by  his  father's  name 
Epiphanes.  and  fays  he  was  the  Von  of  Antiochus.  I  fuppoie  the  other  writers,  -.vho 
are  all  much  later,  are  not  to  be  followed  agamft  luch  evidence,  though  perhap; 
Epiphanes  might  have  him  by  a  woman  of  no  family.  The  king 


£<?  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.     [Book  XIII. 

for  he  fiiut  himfelt  up  in  a  palace  of  his  that  had  four  towers, 
which  he  had  built  himfelf,  not  far  from  Antioch,  and  ad- 
mitted nobody.  He  was  withal  flothtul  and  negligent  about 
the  public  affairs,  whereby  the  hatred  of  his  fubjei:ts  was  the 
more  kindled  againft  him,  as  we  have  elfewhere  already  rela- 
ted. When  therefore  Demetrius  heard  that  Alexander  was  in 
Ptolemais,  he  took  his  whole  army,  and  led  it  againft  him  : 
fte  alfo  lent  embalfadors  to  Jonathan,  about  a  league  of  mu- 
tual afljftance  and  triendfhip,  for  he  relolved  to  be  before 
hand  with  Alexander,  left  the  other  mould  treat  with  him  firft, 
and  gain  affiftance  from  him  :  And  this  he  did  out  of  the  fear 
he  had,  left  Jonathan  fhould  remember  how  ill  Demetrius  had 
formerly  treated  him,  and  ihould  join  with  him  in  this  war  a- 
gainft  him.  He  therefore  gave  orders  that  Jonathan  Ihould 
be  allowed  to  raife  an  army,  and  mould  get  armour  made,  and 
fhould  receive  back  thofe  hoftages  of  the  Jewifh  nation  whom 
Bacchides  had  fhut  up  in  the  citadel  of  Jerufalem.  When 
this  good  fortune  had  befallen  Jonathan,  by  the  conceffion  of 
Demetrius,  he  came  to  Jerufalem,  and  read  the  king's  letter, 
in  the  audience  of  the  people,  and  of  thofe  that  kept  the  cita- 
del. When  thele  were  read,  thefe  wicked  men  and  deferters, 
\vho  were  in  the  citadel,  were  greatly  afraid,  upon  the  king's 
permiffion  to  Jonathan  to  raife  an  army,  and  to  receive  back 
the  hoftages  :  So  he  delivered  every  one  ot  them  to  his  own 
parents.  And  thus  did  Jonathan  make  his  abode,  at  Jerufa- 
lem, renewing  the  city  to  a  better  ftate,  and  reforming  the 
buildings  as  he  p leafed  ;  for  he  gave  orders  that  the  walls  of 
the  city  ihould  be  rebuilt  with  fquare  ftones  that  it  might  be 
more  fecure  from  their  enemies.  And  when  thofe  that  kept 
the  garrifons  that  were  in  )udea  law  this,  they  all  left  them, 
and  fled  to  Antioch,  excepting  thofe  that  were  in  tke  city  Beth- 
fura,  and  thofe  that  were  in  the  citadel  ot  Jerufalem,  for  the 
greater  part  of  theie  was  of  the  wicked  ijews  and  deferters,  and 
on  that  account  thefe  did  not  deliver  up  their  garrifons. 

2.  When  Alexander  knew  what  promifes  Demetrius  had 
made  Jonathan,  and  withal  knew  his  courage,  and  what  great 
things  he  had  done  when  he  fought  the  Macedonians,  and  be- 
fides  what  hardships  he  had  undergone  by  the  means  of  De- 
metrius, and  of  Bacchides,  the  general  of  Demetrius's  army, 
he  told  his  friends,  That  '  he  could  not  at  prefent  find  any 
one  elfe  that  might  afford  him  better  affiftance  than  Jonathan, 
who  was  both  courageous  againft  his  enemies,  and  had  a  par- 
ticular hatred  againft  Demetrius,  as  having  both  fuffered  ma- 
ny hard  things  from  him,  and  afted  many  hard  things  againft 
him.  It  therefore  they  were  of  opinion  that  they  ihould  make 
him  their  triend  againft  Demetrius,  it  was  more  for  their  ad- 

Phiiometor,  foon  gave  him  his  daughter  in  marriage,  which  he  would  hardly  have 
done,  had  he  believed  him  to  be  a  counterfeit,  and  ot  fo  very  mean  a  birth,  as  the 
Jater  hiilorians  pretend. 


Chap.    II.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  6* 

vantage  to  invite  him  to  affift  them  now  than  at  another  time." 
It  being  therefore  determined  by  him  and  his  friends  to  fend 
to  Jonathan,  he  wrote  to  him  this  epiftle  :  "King  Abxjinier 
to  his  brother  Jonathan,  fendeth  greeting  :  We  have  lor 
heard  of  thy  courage,  and  thy  fidelity,  and  foi  that  red  ion 
have  lent  to  thee,  to  make  with  thee  a  league  of  iriepdlhip 
and  mutual  afliftance.  We  therefore  do  ordain  thee  tlv.-s  day 
the  high-prieit  of  the  Jews,  and  that  thou  beeft  called  my 
friend.  I  have  alfo  lent  thee,  as  prefents,  a  purple  robe  and 
a  golden  crown,  and  defire,  that  now  thou  art  by  us  honour- 
ed, thou  wilt  in  like  manner  refpecl  us  alfo." 

3.  When  Jonathan  had  received  this  letter,  he  *put  on  the 
pontifical  robe  at  the  time  o'  the  feaft  of  tabernacles,  tour 
years  after  the  death  of  his  brother  Judas,  for  at  that  time  no 
high-prieft  had  been  made.  So  he  raifed  great  forces,  and  had 
abundance  of  armour  got  ready.  This  greatly  grieved  De- 
metrius, when  he  heard  of  it,  and  made  him  blame  himfe'f 
for  his  flownefs,  that  he  had  not  prevented  Alexander,  and 
got  the  goodwill  of  Jonathan,  but  had  given  him  time  fo  to 
do.  However,  he  alfo  himself  wrote  a  letter  to  Jonathan,  and 
to  the  people  ;  the  contents  whereof  are  thefe  :  "  King  De- 
metrius to  Jonathan,  and  to  the  natjon  of  the  Jews,  fendeth 
greeting  :  Since  you  have  preferved  your  iriendlhip  for  us  ; 
and  when  you  have  been  tempted  by  our  enemies,  you  have 
not  joined  yourfelves  to  them  ;  1  both  commend  you  tor  this 
your  fidelity,  and  exhort  you  to  continue  in  the  fame  difpofi- 
tion,  for  winch  you  mall  be  repaid,  and  receive  rewards  from 
us  :  For  I  will  free  you  from  the  greateft  part  ot  the  tributes 
and  taxes  which  you  formerly  paid  to  the  kings  my  predecef- 
fors,  and  to  my  felt  ;  and  I  do  now  fet  you  free  from  thole  tri- 
butes which  you  have  ever  paid  ;  and  beudes,  i  forgive  you 
the  tax  upon  fait  and  t  the  value  of  the  crowns  which  you 
ufed  to  offer  to  me  :  And  inftead  ot  the  third  part  of  the  fruits 
[of  the  field],  and  the  half  of  the  fruits  of  trees,  I  reiinquifh 
iny  part  of  them  from  this  day  :  And  as  to  the  poll-money, 
which  ought  to  be  given  me  for  every  head  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Judea,  and  of  the  three  to  parchiesthat  adjoin  to  Judea,  Sa- 
maria, and  Galilee,  and  Perea,  that  I  relinquith  to  you  for 
this  time,  and  for  all  time  to  come.  I  will  alfo,  that  the  city 

*  Since  Jonathan  plainly  did  not  put  on  the  pontifical  robes  till  feven  or  eight 
years  after  ihe  death  ot  his  brother  Judas,  or  not  till  the  feaft  of  tabernacles  in  the 
i6othofthe  Seleucide,  i  Maccab.  x.  21.  Petitus's  emendation  feems  here  to  de- 
ferve  coafideration,  who  inftead  of  after  four  years  fince  the  death  of  his  brother  Ju- 
das, would  have  us  read  and  therefore  after  eight  years  fince  the  death  of  his  brother 
Judas.  This  would  tolerably  well  agree  with  the  date  of  the  Maccabees,  and  with 
Jofephus's  own  exaft  chronology  at  the  end  of  the  twentieth  book  of  thefe  Anti- 
quities, which  the  prefent  text  cannot  be  made  to  do. 

t  Take  Grotius's  note  here.  "  The  Jews,  fays  he,  were  wont  to  prefent  crowns 
«'  to  the  kings  [of  Syria  ;]  afterwards  that  gold,  which  was  paid  inftead  of  thofe 
"  crowns,  or  which  was  expended  in  making  them,  was  called  the  crown  fold  and 
*'  frown  tax.''  Oo  i  Meccab.  x.  29. 


64  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.     [Book  XIIL 

of  Jerufalem  be  holy  and  inviolable,  and  free  from  the  tythe, 
and  from  the  taxes,  unto  its  utmoft  bounds  :  And  I  fo  far  re- 
cede from  my  title  to  the  citadel,  as  to  permit  Jonathan  your 
high-prieft  to  poffefs  it,  that  he  may  place  fuch  a  garrifon  in 
it  as  he  approves  of  for  fidelity  and  good-will  to  himfelt,  that 
they  may  keep  it  for  us.     I  alfo  make  free  all  thofe  Jews  who 
have  been  made  captives  and  flaves  in  my   kingdom.     I  alfo 
give  order,  that  the  beafts  of  the  Jews  be  not  preffed  for  our 
iervice  :  And  let  their  Sabbaths,  and  all   their  feftivals,  and 
three  days  before  each  ot  them,  be   free  from  any  impofition. 
In  the  fame  manner,  I  (et  tree  the  Jews  that  are  inhabitants  in 
my  kingdom,  and  order  that  no  injury  be  done  them.     I  alfo 
give  leave  to  fuch  of  them  as  are  willing  to  lift  themfelves  in 
my  army,  that  they  may  do  it,  and  thofe  as  far  as  thirty  thou- 
fand  ;  which  Jewilh  foldiers,  -whereioever  they  go,  (hall  have 
the  fame '  pay  that  my  own  army  hath  :  And  fome  of  them  I 
will  place  in  my  garrifons,  and   fome  as  guards  about  mine 
own  body,  and  as  rulers  over  thofe  that  are  in  my  court.     I 
give  them  leave  alfo  to  ufe  the  laws  of  their  forefathers,  and 
to  obferve  them  ;  and  I  will,  that  they  have  power   over  the 
three  toparchies  that  are  added  to  Judea  ;  and  it  fhall  be  in  the 
power  of  the  high-prieft, «to  take  care  that  no  one  Jew  fhall 
have  any  other  temple  for  worfhip  but  only  that  at  Jerufa!em. 
I  bequeath  alfo,  out  of  my  own  revenues,  yearly,  tor  the  ex- 
pences  about  the  facrifices,  one  hundred  and  fifty  thoufand 
[drachmae j  ;  and  what  money  is  to  fpare,  I   will  that  it  (hall 
be  your  own.     I  alfo  releafe  to  you  thcfe  ten  thoufand  drach- 
mas which  the  kings  received  from  the  temple,  becaufe  they 
appertain  to  the  pnefts  that  minifter  in  that  temple.     "  And 
whofoever  (hall  fly  to  the  temple  at  Jerufalem,  or  to  the  places 
thereto   belonging,  or  who  owe  the  king  money,  or  are  there 
on  any  other  account,  let  them  be  fet  free,  and  let  their  goods 
be  in  fafety.     1  alfo  give  you  leave  to  repair  and  rebuild  your 
temple,  and  that  all  be  done  at  my  expences.  lalfo  allow  you 
to  build   the   walls   of   your   city,  and  to  ereft  high  towers, 
and  that  they  be  erefted  at  my  charge.     And  if  there  be  any 
fortified  town  that  would  be  convenient  for  the  Jewifh  country 
to  have  very  ftrong,  let  it  be  fo  built  at  my  expences." 

4.  This  was  what  Demetrius  promifed,  and  granted  to  the 
Jews,  by  this  letter.  But  king  Alexander  raifed  a  great  army 
oi  mercenary  ioldiers,  and  of  thofe  that  deferted  to  him  out  of 
Syria,  and  made  an  expedition  againft  Demetrius.  And  when 
it  was  come  to  a  battle,  the  left  wing  of  Demetrius  put  thofe 
•who  oppofed  them  to  flight,  and  purfued  them  a  great  way, 
and  flew  many  of  them,  and  fpoiled  their  camp  ;  but  the  right 
wing,  where  Demetrius  happened  to  be,  was  beaten  ;  and  as 
for  all  the  reft,  they  ran  away  :  But  Demetrius  fought  coura- 
geoufly,  and  flew  a  great  many  ot  the  enemy  ;  but  as  he  was 
in  the  purfuit  ot  the  reft,  his  horfe  carried  him  into  a  deep  hog, 
where  it  was  hard  to  get  out,  and  there  it  happened,  that  upon 


Chap.   III.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  6j 

his  horfe's  falling  down,  he  could  not  efcape  being  killed  ;  for 
when  his  enemies  law  what  had  betallen  him,  they  returned 
back,  andencompafled  Demetrius  round,  and  they  all  threw 
their  darts  at  him  •  but  he  being  now  on  foot,  fought  bravely, 
but  at  length  he  received  fo  many  wounds,  that  he  was  not  able 
to  bear  up  any  longer,  but  fell.  And  this  is  the  end  that  De- 
metrius came  to,  when  he  had  reigned  *  eleven  years,  as  we 
have  elfewhere  related. 


CHAP.    III. 

The  Friendjliip  that  zvas  between  Onias  and  Ptolemy  Pkilometor  • 
and  how  Onias  built  a  iemple  in  Egypt  like  to  that  at  Jerufa- 
lem. 

§  i.  ID  UT  then  the  Ton  of  Onias  the  high-prieft,  who  was 
JLJ  of  the  fame  name  with  his  father,  and  who  fled  to 
king  Ptolemy,  who  was  called  Philometor,  lived  now  at  Al- 
exandria, as  we  have  faid  already.  When  this  Onias  faw  that 
Judea  was  oppreffed  by  the  Macedonians  and  their  kings, 
outot  a  defire  to  purchafe  to  himfelf  a  memorial  and  eternal 
fame,  he  reiojved  to  fend  to  king  Ptolemy  and  queen  Cleopa- 
tra, to  afk  leave  of  them  that  he  might  build  a  temple  in  Egypt 
like  to  that  at  Jerufalem,  and  might  ordain  Levites  and  pnelts 
out  of  their  own  Hock.  The  chief  reafon  why  he  was  defir- 
ous  fo  to  do,  was,  that  he  relied  upon  theprophet  Ifaiah,  who 
lived  ahove  fix  hundred  years  before,  and  foretold,  that  there 
certainly  was  to  be  a  temple  built  to  Almighty  God  in  Egypt 
by  a  man  that  was  a  Jew.  Onias  wss  elevated  with  this  pre- 
diclion  ;  and  wrote  the  following  epiftle  to  Ptolemy  and  Cle- 
opatra :  "  Having  done  many  and  great  things  for  you  in  the 
affairs  of  the  war,  by  the  alliltance  ot  God,  and  that  in  Cele- 
fyria  and  Phenicia,  I  came  at  length  with  the  Jews  to  Leon- 
topolis,  and  to  other  places  of  your  nation,  where  1  found 
that  the  greateit  part  of  your  people  had  temples  in  an  improp- 
er manner,  and  that  on  this  account  they  bare  ill-will  one  a- 
gainft  another, which  happens  to  theEgyptians  by  reafon  of  the 
multitude  of  their  temples,  and  the  difference  of  opinions  a- 
bout  divine  worihip.  Now  I  found  a  very  fit  place  in  a  caf- 
tle  that  hath  its  name  from  the  country  Diana;  this  place  is 
full  of  materials  of  feveral  forts,  and  replenifhed  with  facrcd 
animals  :  1  defire  therefore  that  you  will  grant  me  leave  to 
purge  this  holy  place,  which  belongs  to  no  mailer,  and  is  fal- 
len down,  and  to  build  there  a  temple  to  Almghty  God,  af- 
ter the  pattern  of  that  in  Jerufalem,  and  of  the  fame  dimen- 

*  Since  the  reft  of  the  hiftorians  now  extant  gave  this  Demetrius  13  years,  and 
Jofephusouly  11  years,  Dcau  Pridcaux  does  uci  amils  iu  a'.ci^ing.  i»  him  the 
rueau  number  is. 


64  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XIIl. 

fions,  that  may  be  for  the  benefit  of  thyfelf,  and  thy  wife  and 
children,  that  thofe  Jews  which  dwell  in  Egypt  may  have  a 
place  whither  they  may  come  and  meet  together  in  mutual 
harmony  one  with  another,  and  be  fubiervient  to  thy  advan- 
tages ;  tor  the  prophet  Ifaiah  foretold,  that*  there  JJiould  be 
an  altar  in  E.^ypt  to  the  Lord  God:  And  many  other  fuch 
things  did  he  prophecy  relating  to  that  place." 

2.  And  this  was  what  Onias  wrote  to  king  Ptolemy.  Now 
any  one  may  obferve  his  piety,  and  that  of  his  filter  and  wite 
Cleopatra's,  by  that  epiftle  which  they  wrote  in  anfwer  to  it ; 
for  they  laid  the  blame  and  the  tranfgreffion  ot  the  law  upon 
the  head  of  Omas.  And  this  was  their  reply  :  "  King  Ptole- 
my and  quee'n  Cleopatra  to  Onias,  fend  greeting  :  We  have 
read  thy  petition,  wherein  thou  defireft  leave  to  be  given  thee 
to  purge  that  temple  which  is  fallen  down  at  Leontopolis,  in 
the  Nomus  of  Heliopolis,  and  which  is  named  from  the  coun- 
try Buhaftis  ;  on  which  account  we  cannot  but  wonder  that  it 
fhould  be  pleating  to  God  to  have  a  temple  ere£led  in  a  place 
fo  unclean,  and  fo  full  of  lacred  animals  :  But  fmce  thou  fay- 
eft  that  liaiah  the  prophet  foretold  this  long  ago,  we  give  thee 
leave  to  do  it,  if  it  may  be  done  according  to  your  law,  and  jb 
that  we  may  not  appear  to  have  at  all  offended  God  herein." 

*  It  feems  tome,  contrary  to  theopinion  of  Jofephus,  and  of  the  moderns,  both 
Jews  and  Chriilians,  that  this  prophecy  of  Ifaiah,  xix  19,  ££c.  In  that  day  there 
jha'i  be  an  altar  to  the  Lord  in  the  midjl  of  the  land  of  Egypt,  &c.  direftly  foretold 
the  building  of  this  temple  of  'Oaias  m'  Egypt,  and  was  a  fufficient  warrant  to  the 
Jews  for  building  it,  and  for  worlhipping  the  true  God,  the  God  of  Ilrael,  therein. 
See  Authent.  Rec.  II.  p.  755.  That  God  feems  to  have  icon  better  accepted  of 
the  Sacrifices  and  prayers  here  offered  him  than  of  tbofe  at  Jerufalem,  teethe  note  on 
chap.  x.  *)  7.  And  truly  the  marks  of  Jewifh  corruption  or  interpolation  in  this 
text,  in  order  to  difcourage  their  people  from  approving  of  the  worlhip  of  God 
here,  are  very  ftrong,  and  highly  deierve  our  confideration  and  correction  The 
foregoing  verfe  in  Ifaiah  runs  thus  in  our  common  copies,  In  that  day Jhall five  cities 
in  the  land  of  Egypt  f peak  the  language  of  Canaan,  [the  Hebrew  language  ;  fhall  be 
full  of  Jews,  whole  facred  books  were  in  Hebrew]  andjwear  to  the  Lord  ofhojis, 
0«[or  the  firftjy&a//  be  tailed  the  city  of  dejlrufiion,  I  la.  xx  18-  A  ftrange  name, 
cit\  ifdejlrudion  !  upon  fo  joyful  an  occafion,  and  a  name  never  heard  of  in  the 
land  of  Egypt,  or  perhaps  in  any  other  nation.  The  old  reading  was  evidently  the 
city  of  the  fun,  or  Heliopolii  ;  and  Onkelos  in  effeft,  and  Symmachus,  with  the  Ara- 
bick  verfion,  entirely  confefs  that  to  be  tha  true  reading.  The  Septuagiiit  alfo,  tho* 
they  have  the  text  ditguifed  in  the  common  copies,  and  call  it  Af<. dek,  the  city  of 
rishteoufnefs  ;  yet  in  two  or  three  other  copies  the  Hebrew  word  itfelf  for  the  fun, 
Acheres  or  Thares,  is  preserved.  And  fmce  Onias  infifts  with  the  King  and  Queen, 
that  Ifaiah's  prophecy  contained  many  other  prediftions  relating  to  this  place  befides 
the  words  by  him  recited,  it  is  highly  probable  thatthefe  weie  efpecially  meant  by 
him  ;and  that  one  main  reafon  why  he  applied  this  prediction  to  himfelf,  and  to 
his  prefefture  of  Heliopolis,  which  Dean  Prideaux  well  proves  was  in  that  part  of 
Egypt,  and  why  he  chofeto  build  in  that  prefecture  of  Heliopolis,  though  other- 
wife  an  improper  place,  was  this,  that  the  fame  authority  that  ke  had  for  building 
this  temple  in  Egypt,  the  very  fame  he  had  for  building  it  in  his  own  prefecture  ot 
Heliopolis  alfo,  which  he  defired  to  do,  and  which  he  did  accordingly.  Dean 
Prideaux  has  much  ado  to  avoid  leeing  this  corruption  of  the  Hebrew,  but  it  being 
in  fi>pport  of  his  own  opinion  about  this  temple  he  durft  not  lee  it ;  and  indeed  he 
reaious  here  in  the  mod  weak  and  moft  injudicious  manner  possible.  See  him  at 
the  year  149. 


Chap.   III.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS,  &$ 

3.  So  Onia?  took  the  place,  and  built  a  temple,  and  an  altar 
to  God,  like  indeed  to  that  in  ferufalem,  but  (mailer  and  poor- 
er.    I  do  not  think  it  proper  tor  nut  now  to  defcribe  its  dimen- 
fi'Kis,  or  its  velfeU,  which  have  .been  already  defcribed  in  my 
ffvcnth  book,  or  the  wars  ot the  Jews.     However,  Onias  found 
'vit'icr  Jews  like  to  himfelfj  together  "<vith  priefts  and  Levites, 
tint  there  per'ormed  divine  ferviie.     But  we  have  faid  enough 
about  this  teirple. 

4.  j\row  it  came  to  pafs  that  the  Alexandrian  Jews,  andthofe 
Samaritans  who  paid  their  woi  (hip  td  the  temple  that  was  built 

i.;ys  ot  Alexander  at  mount  Gerizzun,  did  new  make  a 
e  :ig,i;  lit  ano'her,  and  difputed  about  their  temples 
v  himlelf,  the  Jews  faying,  that,  according  to 
the  laws  oi  Mofes,  the  temple  was  to  be  built  at  Jerufalcm  ; 
and  ihe  Samaritans  faying,  that  it  was  to  be  built  at  Gerizzim. 
I'i.vy  defired  therefore  the  ting  to  fit  withl  is  iiiends,  and  hear 
the  debates  about  thefe  matters,  and  pumlh  thofe  with  deatii 
who  were  buttled.  Now  Sabbeus  and  Theodofius  managed  the 
argument  tor  the  Samaritans,  and  Andronicus,  the  fon  ot  Mef- 
faiamus,  tor  the  people  ot  Jerufalem  ;  and  they  took  an  oath  by 
God  and  the  king,  to  make  their  demonftrations  according  to 
the  law  ;  and  they  defired  ot  Pt<-lemy,  that  whomfoever  he 
Blouid  find  that  tranfgreflfed  what  they  had  i  worn  to,  he  won  Id 
put  him  t;;  death.  Accordingly  the  king  took  feveral  of  his 
friends  into  the  council,  and  fat  down,  in  order  to  hear  what 
the  pleaders  'aid.  Now  the  jews  that  were  at  Alexandria  were 
in  great  concern  lor  thofe  men,  whole  lot  it  was  to  contend  for 
tl.e  temple  at  Jerufdlem  ;  tor  they  took  it  very  ill  that  any 
ihould  takeaway  the  reputation  ot  that  temple,  which  was  fo 
ancienfj  and  fo  celebrated  all  over  the  habitable  earth..  Now 
when  Sabbeusand  Theodofius  had  given  leave  to  A.,  dromcus 
to  fpeak  firit,  he  began  to  demonstrate  out  of  the  law,  and  out 
ot  the  fuccelTions  ot  the  high-priefts,  how  they  every  one  in 
fuccellion  from  his  father  had  received  that  dignity,  and  ruled 
over  the  temple  ;  and  how  a)}  the  kings  ot  Afia  had  honoured 
that  temple  with  their  donations,  and  with  the  mod  fplendid 
gifts  dedicated  thereto  :  But  as  tor  that  at  Gerizzim  he  made 
no  account  of  it,  nor  regarded  it  as  if  it  had  never  had  a  being. 
By  this  fpeech,  and  other  arguments,  Andronicus  perfuaded 
tiu  king  to  *  determine  that  the  temple  at  Jerufalem  was  built 
according  to  the  laws  or  Mofes,  and  to  put  Sabbeus  and  The- 
odofius to  death.  And  thefe  were  the  events  that  befel  the  Jews 
jxanuiia  in  the  da}  s  oi  Ptolemy  Fhiloiuetor. 

*   A  veiy  ui.fair  difputation  this  !   while  ihejewifh   di 'putr.nt,  knowing  that  he 

jcrly  ]>:<A<  out  of  the  Pentateuch,  thst  the  j'lace  u/iic/i  th;   Lard  their 

-  c  ti.-t  nave  iherc,  I'o  often  reti-ried  to  in  ti.e  book  of  Deuteron- 

'ui\,  i  any  more  t!:,m   Ger'7./.im,   thjt  bci -g  noi  determined  till  the 

<ia\  N  ot    David,  Ant;q  B.  VII.  ch.  xiii.  ^  4.  vol    I    pn  vtscniy,    «  h;  t  the  SaniarU 

d  not  I'.cr.y,  th.^t  tbc  t  :np'e  ;it  !e:utalcm  was  much  nir>ix' ancient,  and  tnuch 

i  u:i,l  h(  n  .1  red  than  that  at   Gerigzirn,  wiiirh    wss   nothing  to  the 

PIXM  •  t  purjj-.-'e.     The  who!i:  evidence,  bv  tuc   vsrv   o;>thi  of  both  parties, 

VOL.  II.  I 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XIIL 


C  H  A  P.    IV. 

HOK>  Alexander1  honoured  Jonathan  after  an  exfraordmary- 
manner,  and  how  Demetrius,  the  Son  oj  Demetrius  overcame 
Alexander,  und  made  a  league  oj  Fnendjhip  ztit/i  Jonathan. 


§  I.   Y"*  EMETR1US  being  thus  (lain  in  battle,  as  we  have 

]LJ  annve  related,  Alexander  took  the  kir:g<iorri  of  Syria; 
and  wrote  to  Ptolemy  Phiiometor,  and  defired  his  daughter  in 
marriage  ;  and  laid,  it  was  but  ji  ihould  be  joned  in 

affinity  Jo  one  hat  had  now  received  the  pr  in  "\  his  fore- 

rs,  and  had  heen  promoted  to  k  by  God's  r  v,  and 

:  Demetnus  and  that  was  on  other  accounts  not 

.;(!iy  of,berng  related  tO'hifn.  Ptolem)  received  this  pro- 
poial  of  man  age  gi.  :<•;!}'  ;  arui  wrote  him  an  anhver,  fainting 
him  (ii  account  of  his  having  received  the  principality  o;  his 
forefathers  ;  and  j.romiftrg  him,  that  he  would  give  him  his- 
daughter  in  marriage  ;  and  ailured  him  that  he  was  ermh'g  to 

him  at  P'<  and  defired  that  he  would  there  meet 

thai  he  would  aeegmpany  her  from  Egypt  fo  far,  and 

would  there  marry  his  child  to  him.  When  Ptolemy  had  writ- 

ten thus,  became  hidden  ly  to  PtoU  n;a:s,  and  brought  his  co;if.r< 

;  along  with  him  :  And  as  he  found  Alexander  • 
before  him  as  he  defired  him  to  come,  he  gave  him  his  child  in 
marriage,  and  for  her  portion  gave  her  as  much  filver  and  gold 
as  I'ccame  fuch  a  king  to  give. 

2.  When  the  wedding  was  over,  Alexander  wiot^  to  Jona- 
than the  high-prieit,  ^lul  defired  isirn  to  come  to  Ptolemais. 
So  when  he  came  to  thefe  kings,  and  had  made  tium  magnifi- 
cent prefents,  he  wras  honoure  .  hcjth.  Alexander 

••oiled  him  a!  fo  to  put  off  his  own  garment,  and  to  take 
a  puipie  garment,  and  made  him  fit  with  him  in  his  throne; 
and  commanded  his  captains  that  they  Ihould  go  with  him  in- 
to the  middle  of  the  city,  and  proclaim,  that  it  was  not  per- 
mitted to  any  one  to  fpeak  again  It  him,  or  to  give  himanydifiurb- 
ance.  And  when  the  captains  had  thus  done,  thofe  that  tvere 
prepared  to  accule  Jonathan,  and  who  bore  him  ill-will,  when 
they  law  the  honour  tiiat  was  done  lum  by  proclamation,  and 

.\1  to  be  confined  to  the  I.TW   of  Mofes,  or  to  the  Pentateuch  alone. 

<  r.  w(  duly  j«>  icy    and  ititereft,  and    the  rau!titiu!e  ]:•;  be   court 

gave  ici^tence.  as  uiuai,  GJI  the  ftronger  tide,  and  poor  Sabbeus  and  Theodofius,  ths 

it  n  difputants,  were  martyred,  and  this,  1o    far  as  appears,  without  any  di- 

re£l  hearing  at  all,  which  is  like  the  ufual  praftice  of  fuch   political    c<jurts  ai-out 

matters  of  rt-'i^ion.     Our  copies  lay,  thr.t  the   body  of  the  Je\vs    were  in   a  great 

:;itn,  in  the  plural,  who  were  to  dilpute  for  their  temple   at  Je- 

ruialem,  whereas  it  leems  here  they  bad  hut  ope  dilputant,    Androniens  byname  : 

Perhaps  nnrc  were    prepared  to    Ipeak    on  the  lews    fide;  but  the  firft  having  an- 

Iwered  to    his  name,  and    overcame  the   Samaritans,  there  was  no  necedity  for  any 

alher  defender  of  the  Jerufalem  temple. 


Chap.   IV.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  6? 

that  by  the  king's  order,  ran  away,  and  were  afraid  leil 
fume  inifdiief  fhould  beial  them.  Nay  king  Alexander  was 
fovery  kind  to  Jonathan,  that  lie  let  him  down  as  the  principal 
oi  P.IS  iriends. 

3.  Butt:ien,  upon  the  hundred  and  fixty-fifth  year,  Deme- 
trius, the  fon  of  Demetrius,    came  from   Crete   with  a  great 

•jr  ot  mercenary  foldiers,  which  La'thenes  the  Cretiari 
brought  him,  and  tailed  to  Ceiicia.  This  thing  cafl  Alexan- 
der nit  great  concern  and  diforder  when  he  heard  it  :  So  he 
rrui.ie  halh.1  immediately  out  of  Phenicia  and  came  to  Antioch, 
that  tie  might  put  matters  in  a  fate  poilure  there  before  Deme- 
trius !houid  come.  He  alfo  left  *  Apollonius  Daus  governor 
ot  Celefyria,  who  coming  to  Jamma  with  a  great  army,  Cent  to 
g'l-puelt.and  told  him,  That  "  it  was  not  right 
that  lie  alone  mould  live  at  reif,  and  with  authority,  and  not 
be  fubject  to  the  king  ;  mat  this  thing  had  made  him  a  re- 
proach among  all  men,  that  he  had  not  yet  made  him  fubjefil 
to  the  king.  Do  not  thou  therefore  deceive  thy  felt,  and  fit 
.  nongihe  mountains,  and  pretend  to  have  forces  with 
.  but  if  thou  hail  any  dependence  on  thy  itrength,  come 
do  \  n  into  the  plain,  and  let  our  armies  be  compared  tog- 
2nd  the  event  ot  the  battle  will  demonstrate  which  of  us  is  the 
moit  courteous.  However,  take  notice,  that  the  moil  va- 
liant men  ot  every  city  are  in  my  army,  and  that  thefe  are  the 
Very  men  who  have  always  beaten  thy  progenitors  ;  but  let  us 
tne  battle  in  inch  a  place  ot  the  country  where  we  may 
iigiir  '-vita  vvtv.pons,  and  not  with  itones,  and  where  there  may 
be  no  place  whither  thoie  that  are  beaten  may  fly." 

4,  \Vitn  t.iis  Jonathan  was  irritated  ;  and  choofing  himfelr' 
out  ten  thoufand  oi  his  foldiers,  he  went  out  of  Jerufalem  in 

.  ivi  li  ms  brother  Simon,  and  came  to  Joppa,  and  pitch- 

p  <  >n  the  cutfide  oi  the  city,   becaufe  the  people  ot 

Jopp  their  gates  ag  ,  for  they  had  a  garrifovi 

•  city  pu*  mere  by  Apollonius  ;  but  when  Jonathan  was 
preparing  to  beiiege  them,  they  were  afraid  he  would  take 
.  and  io  they  opened  the  gates  to  him.  But  Ap;?!- 
kuiius,  when  lie  heard  that  joppa  was  taken  by  Jonathan,  took 
t'iree  tiioa. ;  HI  horfemen,  and  eight  thoufand  footmen,  and 
carne  to  Aihdod,  and  removing  thence,  he  made  his  journey 
filently  and  llowly,  and  going  up  to  Joppa,  he  made  as  if  he 
was  retiring  from  the  place,  and  fo  drew  Jonathan  into  the 
plain,  as  valuing  himielt  highly  upon  his  horfemen,  and  hav- 
ing his  hopes  ot  victory  principally  in  them.  However, 
Jonathan  fallied  out,  and  purfued  Apollonius  to  APndod  ;  but 

*  Of  the  feveral  Apollonii  about  thefc  ages,  fee  Dean  Prideaux  at  the  year  148. 
T'ais  Apollonius  Daus  was,  by  his  aci.  na.t,  the  ton  of  that  Apollonius  who  kid 
been  made  governor  of  Celefym  and  Phenicia  by  Seleucus  Pholopaor,  and  was 
himfeif  a  confident  ot  his  fon  Demetrius  the  father,  and  reftored  to  his  farher's  go- 
vernment by  him,  but  afterwards  revolted  from  him  to  A'uxaudef,  but  not  to  De- 
aartrius  the  fon,  as  he  fur 


$$  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIII. 

as  foon  as  Apollonius  perceived   that  his  enemy  was  in  tie 
plain,  he  came  back  and    gave    him   battle  ;     but    Apoii 
bad  laid  a  thoufand  horfemen  inambufh  in  a  vaiiev.   tl  a;  they 
rnight  be  feen  by  their  enemies  as  behind  th.-rn  :  Yv~ 
Jonathan  perceived,   he  wo?  under  no  confirmation,    but  or- 
iacring  his  army  to  ifand  in  a  Iquare  battle  array,  iieg-iv 
a  charge  to   fall  on  the  enemy  on  both  luies,    and  let  them  to 
face  thofe  that  attacked  them  both  before  and   behind  : 
•while  the  fight  lalt  d  till  the  evening,  he  gave  part  ot   his  ior- 
ces  to  his  brother  Simon,   arid  ordered  him  to  attack  the  ene- 
mies, but  for  himfelf,  he  charged   thpfe  that  were  with  him  :o 
cover  thernlelves  \vith  then  armour,  and  receive   the  darts  of 
the  horfemen,  who.  did  as  they  \vere  commanded  ;  fo  that  the 
enemies  horfemen,    while  they  threw   their  da-Ms  till  they  had 
no  more  left,  did  them  no  harm,  for  the  darts  that  w 
did  not  enter  into  their  bodies   being  thrown  upon  t. 
that  were  united  and  conjoined  togethej  the  d.^enefs  o!  which 
eafily  overcame   the  force  of  the  darts,   and  they    flew   about 
without  any  effett.     But    when    the  enemy    grew   remifs    in 
throwing   their  darts  from  morning   till   hue  at   night,  > 
perceived  their  wearineis,  and  fell  upon  the  body  o 
lore  him  ;  and  became  hr  (oidiers  Ihewed  great  alacrity,  he 
put  the  enemy  to  flight  :  And  when  the  horle;.  .',,t  the 

Jootmen  ran  away,  neither  did  they  Ji 
being  very  weaiy,by  the  duration  QJ  the  fight  * 
and  their  hope  from  the  footmen  being  quite  gone,  t 
ran  away,  and  in  great  coirufion  a!fo,  till  they  were  fep 
one   from  another,    and  (catterod  over  all    the   plain.      , 
which   Jonathan  puriued  them  as  far  as  A  rhdod,  and;' 
great  many  of  them,  and  compelled  the  reit  in  deipair   of  ef- 

•S,  to  fly  to  the  temple  oi  Dagon,  which  \ 
but  Jonathan  took  the  cuy  on  the  rirll  oinfet,  and  burnt  it, 
the  villages  about   it  ;  nor  did  he  abUain   from    the  temple  of 
Dagon  itielf,  but  burnt  it  alfo.  and    de{tro\  ed  thofe  that   had 
iled  to  it.  ^  Now  the  entire  multitude  of  the  enemies    that  tell 
in  the  battle,  and  were  confumed   in  the  temple,    were   . 
thoufand      When  Jonathan  therefore  had  overcome  fo  great 
an  arm/,  he  removed  from    Afhdod,    and   came  to   Afkelon  : 
And  when -he  had  pitched  his  camp  without  the  city,  the 
pie  of  Afkelon  carae  out  and  met  him,  [ringing   him   hofpita- 
ble  pvefents,  and  honouring   him  ;    fo  he   accepted    of    their 
Kind  intentions,  and  returned   thence   to    Jerufalem   with   a 
great,  deal  of  prey,  which  he  brought  thence  when  he  conquer- 
ed his  enemies ;  but  when  Alexander  heard,  that  Apollonins 
the  general  ot  his  army  was  beaten,  he  pretended  to  beglad  of 
Jt,  becaufe  he  had  fought  with   Jonathan  his  friend  and  ally 
agamfthisdireaions.     Accordingly  he  fen  t  to  Jonathan,  and 
$ave  tefhmcny  to  his  worth  ;  and   gave   him  honourary   re. 


Chap.    IV.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  6f 

wards,  as  a  *  golden  button,  which  it  is  the  cuflnm  to  give  the 
king's  kinlmen  ;  and  allowed  him  Ekron,  and  its  toparchy, 
i'or  his  own  inheritance. 

5.  About  this  time  it  was  that  king  Ptolemy,  who  was  cal- 
led Philomerer,  led  an  army,  part  by  the  fea,  and  part  by  land, 
and  came  to  Syria,  to  the  afljltance  ot  Alexander,  who  was 
his  fon-in-law  ;  and  accordingly  all  the  cities  received  him 
Willingly,  as  Alexander  had  commanded  them  to  do,  and 
conducted  him  as  far  as  Aihdod  ;  where  they  all  made  loud 
complaints  about  the  temple  ot  Dagon,  which  was  burnt,  and 
arcuicd  Jonathan  ot  having  laid  it  watle,  and  deflroyed  the 
country  ddjoirung  with  fire,  and  ilam  a  preat  number  ot  them. 
Ptolemy  heard  thcie  accufations,  but  {aid  nothing.  Jonathan 
alfo  went  to  meet  Ptoltmy  as  tar  as  Joppa  and  obtained  from 
him  hoip.tcible  piefents,  and  tho't-  gk.rious  in  their  kinds. 
wi'li  all  the  marks  ot  honour.  And  when  he  had  conduced 
him  as  tar  <;s  she  river  called  ILleutherus,  lie  returned  again  to 
Jeruialem. 

6  But  as  Ptolemy  was  at  Ptolemais  he  was  very  near  to  a 
molt  unexpected  dellruction  ;  for  a  treacherous  defi-gn  was 
|aid  for  his  life  by  Alexander,  by  the  means  of  Ammonius, 
win;  was  his  friend  :  Ant!  as  the  treachery  was  very  plain, 
Ptolemy  wrote  to  Alexander,  and  required  of  him  that  he 
iliould  bring  Ammonius  to  condign  punifhment  informing 
him  what  i  d  for  him  by  Ammonias,  andde- 

.  thai  he  n,ight  be  acc<  punifhed  for  it.  Fut 

when  Alexander  did  not  comply  v.  rh  hi.' .demands,  he  per- 
ceived that  it  was  he  hunlelf  who  laid  the  delign,  and  was  ve- 
ry angry  at  him.  Alexander  had  a! u>  formerly  l-een  in  very 
ill  terms  with  the  people  of  Antioch,  ior  they  had  fuffered 
very  much  by  his  means  ;  yet  did  Ammonius  a',  length  under- 
go the  punishment  his  iniolent  crime  ;>rrved,  tor  he 
was  killed  in  an  opprobrious  manner,  1  ke  a  woman,  while 
he  endeavoured  to  conceal  him  tel  fin  a  feminine  habit,  a&  we 
have  el  lew  here  related. 

7.  Hereupon  Ptolemy  blamed  him  fell  tor  having  givert  his 
daughter  in  marriage  to  Alexander,  and  for  the  league  he  had 
rnade  with  him  to  affift  him  againit  Demetrius  ;  fohe  diffolved 
his  relation  to  him,  and  took  his  daughter  away  from  him,  and 
immediately  lent  to  Demetrius,  and  offered  to  make  a  league 
ot  mutual  affiftance  and  friendlhip  with  him,  and  agreed  with 
him  to  give  him  his  daughter  in  marriage,  and  to  reftore  him 
to  the  principality  o>  his  fathers.  Demetrius  was  well  pleafed 
with  this  ambaflage,  and  accepted  of  his  affiftance,  and  of  the 
marriage  ot  his  daughter.  But  Ptolemy  had  Hill  one  more 
hard  tafk  to  do,  and  that  was  to  perfuade  the  people  of  Anti- 

*  Dr.  Hud fon  here  obfcrves,  that  the  Phenicians  and    Romans  ufed  to   reward 
•    had  defervcd  well  of  them,  by  prelenting  to  them  a  ^Wi/e"  button.     See.ch. 

V     (,   4. 


.  ITIE3    OF     THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIIr, 


och  to  receive  Demetrius,  becaufe  they  were  greatly  di  f;> 
.at  him  on  account  of  the  injuries  his  father  Dernetriuj 
done  them  ;  yet  did  he  bring  this  about.  '  people  of 

Antioch  hated  Alexander  o»  Amrnonius's  account,  as  we  have 
fhewed  already,  they  were  eafijy  prevailed  with  to  rail  him  cut 
of  Antioch;  who  thus  expelled  out  or  A:^>>ch,  came  into 
Cilicia.  Ptolemy  carne  then  to  Antioch.  and  w<;s  made  king 
by  its  inhabitants,  and  by  tiie  a:.  forced  to 

put  on  two  diadems,  the  one  of  Alia,  the  other  of  Egypt  :  But 
being  naturally  a  good  and  a  rig1  M.  and  nut  defirous 

of  what  belonged  to  others,  and  befui  lifpo  lit  ions,  be- 

ing alf'o  a  wife  man  in  reafoning  about  futurities,  he  determin- 
ed to  avoid  the  envy  of  the  Romans,  fo  he  called  the  people 
of  Antioch  together  to  a  iv,  and  p,  i,ein  to  re- 

ceive Demetrius  ;  and  allured  them,  1  mild  not  be 

mindful  of  what  they  did  to  his  father  in  cafe  he  ihould  f:-en-w 
obliged  by  them  ;  and  he  undertook  that  he  would  himfelt  be 
a  good  monitor  and  governor  to  him  ;  and  pro  mi  fed  that  he 
would  not  permit  him  to  attempt  any  bad  actions;  bur  that  for 
Jiis  own  part,  he  was  contented  -with  the  kingdom  ot  i^ypt." 
By  which  difcourfe  he  perfuaded  the  people  of  Antioch  to 
receive  Derneirius. 

8.  But  now   Alexancle  lialte   with  a  numerous  and 
great  army,  and  came  out  oi'  Cilicia  into  Syria  and  burnt  the 
country  belonging  to  Antioch    and  pillaged  it;    whereupon 
Ptolemy,  and  his   fon-in-law   Demetrius,  i  heir  army 
again  (I  him,  (for  he  had  already  given  him  his  daughter  in  mnr- 
riagej  and  Oeat  Alexander,  and  put  him  to  flight  ;  and  accord- 
ingly he  fled  into  Arabia.      Nuvv-  it  happened  in  the   time  of 
battle,  that  Ptolemy's  horfe,   upon  hearing   the  noife   of  an 
elephant,  call  him  off  his  back,  and  threw  him  on  the  ground  ; 
upon  the  fight  ot   wincn  ar.eident,  his  enemies  fell  upon   him] 
and  gave  him  many  wounds  upon  his  head,  and  brought  him 
into  danger  ot  death   for  wii-n  his  guards  caught  him  up,   he 
•was  fo  very  ill,  that  for  four  days  time  he  was  not  able  either 
to  underiland  or  to  fpeak.     However,  Zabdiel,  a  prince  among 
the  Arabians,  cut  off  Alexander's  head  and  lent  it  to  Ptolemy, 
who  recovering  of  his  wounds,  and  returning  to   his  under- 
ftandmg,  on  the  fifth  day,  heard  at  once  a  moft  agreeable  hearing 
and  faw  a   saoft   agreeabe  fight,  which  were  the  death  and  the 
head  ot  Alexander  ;  yet  a  little  alter  this  his  ioy  tor  the  death 
of  Alexander,   wuh  which  he  was  fo  greatly  fatisfied,  he  alio 
departed  this  lite.      Now  Alexander,   who  was  called  Balas, 
reigned  over  Afia  five  years  ;  as  we  have  el  few  here  related. 

9.  But  when  Demetrius,  who  was  Ityled  *  A'ica/or,  had  tak- 
en the  kingdom,  he  was  fo  wicked  as  to  treat   Ptolemy's  lol- 

*  This  name  Demetrius  Xicntor,  or  Demetrius  the  conqueror,  is  fo  written  on  hit 
coins  fhll  extant,  as  Hudfoh  and  Spanheim  informs  us;  the  Liter  »f  whom  giv«s 
««here  the  entire  infcript;  ^trius  the  Gtd  Philadelphia  Mentor. 


Chap.    IV.]      ANTIQUITIES    0?    THE    JEWS,  7$ 

tliers  very  harcl'y,  neither  remembering  the  league  of  mutual 

iiice  that  was  between  them,  nor  that  he  was  his  fon-in- 

li.v  and  kinfman.  by  Cleopatra's  marriage  to  him,   fo  the  fol- 

d;ers  fled  rrom  his   wu  keel  treatment  to  Alexandria,  but  De- 

meti  uis  kept  his  elephants.     But  Jonathan  the  high  prieft,  lev- 

i  arn.y  out  of  all  Juciea,  and  attacked  the  citadel  at  Jeru- 

,  and  befifged  if ;  it  \\-as  held  by  a  gariifon  ot  Macedo- 

.ofe  wicked  men  who  had  deferted  the 

cuiioms  of  their  forefathers.  Thefe  :nen  at  firft  defpifed  the 
•pts  ot  Jonathan  for  taking  the  place  as  depending  on  its 
an  ;  but  feme  ol  thofe  wirkcd  men  went  out  by  night, 
and  came  to  Demetrius,  and  informed  him,  that  the  citadel  was 
.;•  d  ;  who  \vas  irritated  with  what  he  heard,  and  took  his 
army,  and  came  from  Antioch,  againft  Jonathan.  And  when 
is  at  Antioch,  he  wrote  to  him,  and  commanded  him  to 
conic  to  him  quickly  to  Ptolemais  :  Upon  which  Jonathan  did 
nut  intermit  the  fiege  of  the  citadel,  but  took  with  him  the  ei- 
ders ot  the  people,  and  the  priofts,  and  carried' with  him  gold, 
and  filver,  and  garments,  and  a  great  number  of  preients  of 
fnendfhip,  and  came  to  Demetrius,  and  prefented  him  with; 
.  thereby  pacified  the  king's  a.-^er.  So  he  was  hon- 
:nm.  and  received  from  him  the  confirmation  of  his 
hign  pfiefthood,  as  he  had  poifelled  it  by  the  grants  of  the  kings 
his  predeceflors.  And  when  the  Jewiih  dcfertersaccufedhim, 
Demetrius  was  Jo  far  from  giving  credit  to  them,  that  when  he 
petitioned  him  that  he  wouid  demand  no  more  than  three  hun- 
dred talents  for  the  mbute  of  all  Judca,  and  the  three  topar- 
chies  of  Samaria  and  Perea,  and  Galilee,  he  complied  with 
jpofal,  ami  gave  him  a  letter  confirming  all  thofe  grants  ; 
v:hoie  contents  were  as  follows  :  "  King  Demetrius  to  Jona- 
than his  brother,  and  to  the  nation  of  the  Jews,  fendeth  greet- 
ing :  We  have  lent  you  a  copy  of  that  epiftle  which  we  have 
v.'jr  en  to  Lafthenes  our  kiniman,  that  you  may  know  its  con- 
teiKS.  King  Demetrius  to  Lafthenes  our  fa  her,  fendeth  greet- 
ing :  I  have  determined  to  return  thanks,  and  to  (hew  favour 
:  nation  of  the  Jews,  which  hath  obfcrved  the  rules  of 
jultice  in  our  concerns.  Accordingly  I  remit  it  to  them  the 
three  pre'ertures,  Apherima.and  Lydda  and  Ramatha,  which 
bave  been  added  to  Juclea  out  of  Samaria,  with  their  appurte- 
nances :  As  alfu  what  the  kings  my  predecelibrs  received  from 
thole  that  offered  facriflces  in  Jerusalem  -r  and  what  are  due 
from  the  truits  of  the  earth,  and  of  the  trees,  and  what  elfe 
belongs  to  us  ;  with  the  fait  pits,  and  the  crowns  that  ufed  to- 
be  prefented  to  us  I  Nor  (hall  they  be  compelled  to  pay  any 
ot  thefe  taxes  from  this  time  to  all  futurity.  Fake  care  there- 
fore that  a  copy  of  this  epiflle  be  taken,  and  given  to  Jona- 
than, and  be  fet  up  in  an  eminent  place  oi  their  holy  temple." 
And  'he)e  were  the  con'ents  of  this  writing.  And  now  when 
Demetrius  faw  that  there  was  peace  every  where,  and  that  there 
i  no  danger,  nor  fear  ©t  war,  he  dilbaaded  the  greateft  part 


f12  AMTIOUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book 

of  his  army,  and  diminifhed  their  pay,  and  even  retained  in 
pay  no  others  than  f'uch  s  as  came  up  with  him  from 

Crete,  and  frofntheptfe  .      However,  this  procured 

•:l-will  arid  h,:tred  from  the  fui.iicis  ;  G;I  wl  .•{{  .w- 

e.i  nothing  horn  this  tini._,  while  the  kn^  before  him  ufed  to 
pay  them  in  time  ot  peace,  as  they  did  before,  that  they  might 
h,iveiheirg  >.;d-  ..  ill,  and  that  they  might  he  very  rea-iy  to  un- 
dergo the  ciiifcculaes  ui  war,  ii  any  o<;  ....  .!:  _>n  Ihoald  require  it, 


C  H  A  ?.    V. 


Bow  Trypko,  after  he  had   beaten    Dfnidrius,    delivered  the 
Kingdom  to  Amiochus,  the  Son  c  until  Jon- 

athan j  or  kis  ftjfillant  :  And  concerning  the  Actions  and  Am- 
bajfics  oj  Jonathan. 

\  l-  JVTOW  there  was  a  certain  commander  of  Alexander's 
JLM  forces,  an  Apanemian  by  birth,  whofe  name  was 
Diodotou,  a;u!  was  alfo  called  Trypfo,  took  notice  of  the  ill- 
wiil  i  lie  ioldicrs  bare  to  Demetrius,  and  went  to  Malchus  the 
Arabian,  who  brou^iit  up  Antiochus,  the  fon  of  Alexander, 
and  told  him  what  ill-  will  the  ar;:;y  bare  Demetrius,  and  per- 
(uad^d  him  to  give  him  Aatiochus,  becaufe  he  would  make 
him  king  ;  and  recover  to  him  the  kingdom  of  his  father. 
Malchus  «t  t'.i'j  ii,  il  oppofed  him  in  this  attempt,  becaufe  he 
could  n«jt  Iciicve  him,  but  when  Trypho  lay  hard  at  him  for  a 
long  time,  he  over-perfuaded  him,  to  comply  with  Trypho's 
intentions  and  entreaties.  And  this  was  the  Hate  Trypho  was 
now  in. 

2.  But  Jonathan  the  high  prieft,  being  defirous  to  get  clear 
of   tho'e  taat  were    in  the   citadel  of  Jerufalem,  and  ot  the 
Jewifh  deicrters,  and  wicked  men,  as  well  as  ot  thofe  in  all  the 
garrifons  in  ihc  country,  lent  prelents  and  ambaffadon  to  De- 
raetriu*,  and  entrea;ed  him  to  take  away  his  f<>ldiers  out  of  the 
ftroog  holds  or  Judea.     Demetrius   made  anfwer.    Thar  alter 
the  war,   winch  nc  was  now  deeply   engaged  in,   was  over,   lie 
would  not  only  gram  him  that,    but  greater  things   than   that 
a!fo  ;    and  he  defined  he  would   fend   him  fome   afnitance  j 
and  informed  hiiii  that  his  army  had  d^  ferted  him.     So  Jona- 
than chofe  out  three  thoufand  of  his  foMiexs,  and  fent  them  to 
Demetrius. 

3.  No-viac  people  of  Antioch   hated   Demetrius,    both     n 
accountor  whatmifchief  he  had  himfelt  done  them,   and  be- 
caulethey  were  his  enemies  alfo  on  accountor  his  father  Deme- 
trius, who  had  greatly  abued  them,  fo  they  watched  fome  op- 
portunity which  they    might  lay  hold  on.    to  fall  upon   him. 
And  when  they  were  informed  of  the  aiTiilance  that  was  com- 
ing to  Demetrius  horn  Jonathan,  and  confidered  at  the  fame' 
time  ;hat  he  would  raiiea  numerous  army,  unkfs  they  prevent- 


Chap.   V.J        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS,  ^ 

eJ  him,  and  felled  upon  him,  they  took  their  weapons  imme- 
diately, and  encompaffed  his  palace  in  the  way  ot  a  fiege,  anil 
feizing  upon  ail  the  ways  of  getting  out,  they  fought  to  fub- 
due  their  king.  And  when  he  faw  that  the  people  of  Anti- 
och  were  become  !m  hitter  enemies,  and  that  they  were  thus 
in  arms,  he  too'-;  the  mercenary  foldiers  which  he  had  with 
him,  and  thofe  Jews  who  were  fent  by  Jonathan,  andaflault* 
ed  the  Antiochians  ;  hut  he  was  overpowered  by  them,  lor 
they  were  many  ten  thoufands,  and  was  beaten.  But  when 
the  .Jews  faw  that  the  Antiochians  were  fuperior,  they  went 
up  to  the  top  ot  the  palace,  and  (hot  at  them  from  thence  ; 
and  becaufe  they  were  lo  i emote  from  them  by  their  height, 
that  they  fullered  nothing  on  (heir  fide,  but  did  great  execu- 
tion on  the  others,  t*  fighting  from  fuch  an  elevation,  they 
drove  them  out  of  the  adjoining  houfes,  and  immediately  ftt 
them  on  fire,  whereupon  the  Hamc  fpread  it  felt  over  the  whole 
city,  and  burnt  it  all  down.  This  happened  by  reafon  of  the 
clofenefs  ot  the  houfes,  and  becaufe  they  were  geneially  built 
ot  wood  :  So  the  Antiochians,  when  they  were  m.t  able  to 
help  themfelves,  nor  to  Hop  the  fire,  were  put  to  flight.  And 
as  the  Jews  leaped  from  the  top  ot  one  houle  to  the  top  ot  a- 
nother,  and  purfncd  them  after  that  manner,  it  thence  happen- 
ed that  the  purfuit  was  fo  very  furprifing.  But  when  the  king 
faw  that  the  Antiochians  were  very  buiy  in  faving  their  chil- 
dren and  their  wives,  and  fo  did  not  fight  any  longer,  he  fell 
upon  them  in  the  narrow  paffagcs,  and  fought  them,  and  flew 
a  great  many  of  them,  till  at  laft  they  were  forced  to  throw 
down  their  arms,  and  to  deliver  themfelves  up  to  Demetrius. 
So  he  forgave  them  this  their  infolent  behaviour,  and  put  an 
end  to  the  (edition  :  And  when  he  had  given  rewarus  to  the 
Jews  out  of  the  rich  fpoils  he  had  gotten,  and  had  returned 
i  hanks,  as  the  caufe  ot  his  victory,  he  fcnt  them  away 
to  Jerufalem,  to  Jonathan,  with  an  ample  teftimony  ot  tin.* 
aflillance  they  had  afforded  him.  Yet  did  he  prove  an  ill  man. 
to  Jonathan  afterward,  and  broke  the  promifes  he  had  made  : 
And  he  threatened  that  he  would  make  war  upon  him,  unleft 
he  would  pay  all  that  tribute  which  the  Jewiih  nation  owed 
to  the  firft  kings  [of  Syriaj.  And  this  he  had  done,  it  Try- 
pho  had  not  hindered  him  and  diverted  his  preparations  a- 
g.iinft  Jonathan,  to  a  concern  for  his  own  prefervation  :  For 
he  now  returned  out  of  Arabia  into  Syria,  with  the  child  An- 
tiochus,  for  he  was  yet  in  age  but  a  youth,  and  put  the  dia- 
dem on  his  head  :  And  as  the  whole  forces  that  had  left  De- 
metrius, becaufe  they  had  no  pay,  came  to  his  affillance,  he 
made  war  upon  Demetrius,  and  joining  battle  with  kirn,  over- 
came him  in  the  fight,  and  took  from  him  both  his  elephants 
and  the  city  Antioch. 

4.  Demetrius,  upon  this  defeat,  retired  into  Cilicia  :  But 
the  child  Antiochus  lent  ambafTadors,  and  an  epiltle  to  Jona- 
than, and  made  him  his  triend  and  confederate,  an,d  cenihra- 

Vou  II.  K 


74  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [BookXIIT. 

ed  to  him  the  high  priefthood,  and  yielded  up  fo  him  the  four 
prefeHures  which  had  been  added  to  Judea.  Moreover,  he 
fent  him  veffelsand  cups  of  gold,  and  a  purple  g'inrent.  and 
gave  him  leave  to  ufe  them.  He  alfo  preiented  him  with  a 
golden  button,  and  !!y led  him  one  ot  his  principal  friends; 
arid  appointed  his  brother  Simon  to  be  trie  gc-iii-sal  over  the 
forces,  from  the  ladder  of  Tyre  unto  Esypt.  So  Jonathan 
was  fo  pleafed  '  •  grams  made  him  by  Antiochus,  that 

he  fent  ambaflado  i  'iiypho,  and  profefled 

him.felf  to  be  their  friend  a-id  confederate,  and  laid  he  would 
join  with  him  in  a  war  againft  Demetrius,  informing  him  that 
he  had  made  no  props-;  re? urns  for  the  kindnefTes  he  had  done 
him  ,  for  that  w!yn  he  had  received  many  marks  of  kindnefs 
from  him,  when  he  IK  od  in  great  need  of  them,  he  for  fuch 
good  turns,  bar!  iYq'iit'jd  h-rn  with  farther  injuries. 

£.  So  A'ftiochus  gave  [»:.athan  leave  to  raife  himfelf  a  nu- 
merous army  out  o'  Syria  vmd  Phemcia,  and  to  mike  war  a- 
gainft  Demetnus's  Ttnei.ils  ;  whereupon  he  went  in  hafte to 
the  feveral  cities,  which  received  him  fplendidly  indeed,  but 
put  no  force?  into  1  is  hands.  And  when  he  was  come  from 
thence  toAfkelon,the  inhabitants  of  Afkclon  came  and  brought 
him  prefents.  and  met  him  in  a  fplendid  manner.  Heexhort- 
ed  them,  and  every  one  o*  the  cities  of  Celefyria.  to  forfakc 
Demetrius,  and  to  join  with  Antiochus  ;  and  in  aflifling  him, 
to  endeavour  to  pun ifh  De^-etrius  tor  what  offences  he  had 
been  guilty  of  againft  themrelves  ;  and  told  them  th 
many  reafons  For  that  their  procedure,  if  they  had  a  mind  fo 
to  do.  And  when  he  had  perfuaded  thofe  cities  to  promife 
their  afliftance  to  Antiochus,  he  came  to  Ga^a,  in  order  to 
induce  them  alfo  to  be  friends  to  Antiochus  ;  but  he  found 
the  inhabitants  of  Gaza  much  more  alienated  from  him  than 
he  expeSed.  for  they  had  (hut  their  gates  againft  him,  and  altho' 
they  had  deferted  Demetrius,  they  had  notreiolved  to  join  them- 
felves  to  Antiochus.  This  provoked  Jonathan  to  befiege  them, 
and  to  harrafs  their  country  ;  for  as  he  ret  a  part  ot  his  army  round 
Gaza  itfelf,  fo  with  the  reft  he  over  ran  their  land,  and 
fpoiled  it,  and  burnt  what  was  in  it.  When  the  inhabitants 
of  Gaza  faw  themfelves  in  this  ftate  of  affliclion,  and  that  no 
aiLftance  came  to  them  from  Demetrius,  that  what  diflreffed 
them  was  at  hand,  but  what  Ihould  profit  them  was  ftill  at  a 
great  chftance,  and  it  was  uncertain  whether  it  would  come  at 
ail  or  not,  they  thought  it  would  be  prudent  conduct  to  leave 
off  any  longer  continuance  with  him,  and  to  cultivate  friend- 
fiiip  with  the  other,  fo  they  fent  to  Jonathan,  and  profefled 
they  would  be  his  friends,  and  afford  him  afliflance  ;  tor  fuch 
is  the  temper  ot  men,  that  before  they  have  had  the  trial  of 
great  afflictions,  they  do  not  underftand  what  is  for  their  ad- 
vantage, but  when  they  find  themfelves  under  fuch  afflictions, 
they  then  change  their  minds,  and  what  it  had  been  better  for 
them  to  have  dgne  before  they  had  been  at  all  damaged,  they 


Chap.  V.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  75 

choofe  to  do,  but  not  till  after  they  have  fuffered  fuch  dama- 
ges. However,  he  made  a  league  of  triendihip  with  them, 
and  took  from  them  hoifages  tor  their  performance  of  it,  and 
fent  thefe  hoftages  to  Jeru  alem,  while  he  went  himielt  over 
all  the  country,  as  far  as  D.iiuaicus. 

6.  But  when  he  neard  tiiat  the  generals  of  Demetrius's  for- 
ces were  come  to  the  city,  Cadelh  with  a  numerous  army  (the 
place  lies  between  the  land  ot    the  Tynans  and   Galilee),   for 
they  fuppoied  they  iixmid  hereby  dtaw  him  out  of  Syria,  in 
order  to  prekrve  Galilee,  and  that  he  would  not  overlook  the 
Galileans,  who  were  his  own  people,  when  war  was  madeup- 
on  them,  he  went  to  meet  them,  having  ieit  Sirnon  in  Judea, 
who  railed  as  great  an  army  as  he  w=is  able  out  ot  the  country, 
and  then  fat  down  before  Bethfura,  and   nefk'ged   it,  that  be- 
ing the  iirongeil  place  in  all  Judea  ;  ari<i  a  g  union  ot  Deme- 
trius's kept  it,  as  we  have  aheady  iciated.     But  as  Simon  was 
railing  banks,  and  bringing  his  engines  ut  xvar   againft  Beth- 
iura,  and  was  very  earn  eft  about  tue  liege  o;    it,  the  garnfon. 
was  afraid  left  the  place  Should  be  taken   ot    Simon    by   force, 
and  they  put  to  the  iword,  io  they  leiu  to  Simon,  and  defired 
the  fecunty  ot  his  oath,  that  uid   c< me  to   no   harm 
from  him,  and  that  they  would  leave  the  place,  and  go  away 
to  Demetrius.     Accordingly  he   gave  them    h;s  oath,  and  e- 
jefcied.  them  out  ot  the  city,  and  ho  pui  taereiu  a    garriton  of 
his  own. 

7.  But  Jonathan  removed  out  o'  Galilee,  and  from  the  wa- 
teis  which  are  called   Gcnne  ar    tor  uiere  ne  was   before   en- 
camped, and  came  into  the  plain  tnat  is  called   A  for,  without 
knowing  that  the  enemy  was  there.     Wnrn  therefore  Deme- 
trms's  men  knew  a  day  before  hand,  that  Jonathan  was  com- 
ing agamit  them,  they  laid  an  ambulh   in  the  mountain,  who 
•were  LO  af fault  him  on  the  iud';en,  while  they  themfelves  met 
him  vith  an  army  in  the  plain  :    Which  army  when    Jonathan 
faw  ready  to  engage  him,  he  alfo  got  ready  his   own  loldiers 
for  the  battle   as  vvell  as  he  was  able  ;  but  thofe  that  were  laid 
in  ambufh  by  Demetrius's  general  being  behind  them,  the  Jews 
•were  afraid  Ieit  they  fhould  be  caught  in  the  midit  between  two 
bodies,  and  perifh,  fo  they  ran  away  in  hafle,  and  indeed  all 
the  reft  left  Jonathan,  but  a  tew  there  were,  in  number  about 
fifty,  who  itaid  with  him,  and  with  them  Mattathias,  the  fon 
ot  Abfalom,  and  Judas,  the  fon  ot  Cnapfeus,   who  were  com- 
manders ot  the  whole  army.     Thefe  inarched  boldly,  and  like 
men  delperate,  againft  the  enemy,  and  fo  pufhed  them,  that 
by  their  courage  they  daunted  them,  and  with  their  weapons 
in  their  hands,  they  put  them  to  flight.     And  when  thofe  fol- 
diers  ot  Jonathan,  that  had  retired,  law  the  enemy  giving  way, 
they  got  together  after  their  flight,  and  purfued  them   with 
great  violence  ;  and  this  did  they  as  far  as  Cadefh,  where  the 
camp  ot  the  enemy  lay. 

8.  Jonathan  having  thus  gotten  a  glorious  victory,  and  flain 


*?6  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.     [Book  XIII. 

two  thoufand  of  the  enemy,  returned  to  Jerufalem.  So  when 
he  fawthat  all  his  affairs  profpered,  according  to  his  mind,  by 
the  providence  of  God,  lie  fent  amballadors  to  the  Romans, 
being  defirous  of  renewing  that  1'riendlhip  which  their  nation 
had  with  them  formerly.  He  enjoined  the  fame  ambalTadors. 
that,  as  they  came  back  they  ihould  go  to  the  Sparuns,  and 
put  them  in  mind  of  their  hiendihip  and  kindred.  So  when 
the  ambaffadors  came  to  Rome,  they  went  into  their  fenate, 
and  laid  what  they  were  corrmanded  by  Jonathan  the  high- 
prieit  to  fay,  how  he  had  lent  them  to  confirm  their  friend- 
ihip.  The  fenate  then  confirmed  what  had  been  formerly  de- 
creed concerning  their  tneivl'.hip  with  the  lews  ;  and  gave 
them  letters  to  cany  to  all  the  kings  of  Afia  and  Europe,  and 
to  the  governors  ot  the  ciues.  tlut  they  might  fafely  conduct 
them  to  their  own  country.  Accordingly  as  they  returned, 
they  came  to  Sparta,  and  delivered  the  ep;ille  which  they  liad 
received  of  Jonathan  to  them  ;  a  copy  of  which  here  follows  : 
*'  Jonathan  the  high-pried:  ot  the  Jewilh  nation,  and  the  fen- 
ate, and  body  of  the  people  of  the  Jews,  to  the  fp/ioriznd  fen- 
ate, anci  people  ot  the  Lacedemonians,  lend  greeting  :  If }  ou 
be  well,  and  both  your  public  and  private  affairs  be  agreeable 
to  your  mind,  it  is  according  to  our  wilhes.  We  are  well  al- 
to. When  in  former  times  an  epiltle  was  brought  to  Onias, 
who  was  then  our  high-prieft,  from  Areus,  who  at  that  time 
was  your  king,  by  Demoteles,  concerning  the  kindred  that 
•was  between  us  and  you,  a  copy  of  which  is  here  fubjoineci, 
•we  both  joy  fully  received  the  epiftle,  and  were  well  pleafed 
with  Demotele*  and  Areus.  although  we  did  not  need  fuch  a 
demonllration,  becaufe  *  we  were  iatisfied  about  it  from  the 
facred  writings,  yet  did  not  we  think  fit  nril  to  begin  the  claim 
of  this  relation  to  you,  left  we  mould  fccrn  too  early  in  taking 
to  ourfelves  the  glory  which  is  now  given  us  by  you.  Jt  is  a 
long  time  fince  this  relation  of  ours  to  you  hath  been  renew- 
ed ;  and  when  we  upon  holy  and  ieftival  days,  offer  facrifices 
to  God,  we  pray  to  him  ior  your  prefervation  and  victory. 
As  to  ourl  ives,  although  we  have  had  many  wars  that  have 
compaffed  us  around,  by  reafon  of  the  covetoulnefs  of  our 
neighbours,  yet  did  not  we  determine  to  be  troublefome  either 
to  you,  or  to  others  that  were  related  to  us  ;  but  fince  we  have 
now  overcome  our  enemies,  and  have  occafion  to  fend  Nutne- 
nius,  the  fon  of  Amiochus,  and  Antipater,  the  fon  ot  Jafon, 
who  are  both  honourable  men  belonging  to  our  fenate,  to  the 
Romans,  we  gave  them  this  epillle  tojyou  alfo,  that  they  might 
renew  that  fnencilhip  which  is  between  us.  You  will  there - 

*  This  claafc  is  otherwife  rendered  in  the  firft  book,  of  Maccabees,  xii.  g.  Far 
that  ztit  have  the  holy  becks  of  fcriptine  in  our  hands  to  comfort  us.  The  He!  rew  o- 
rigiiial  being  loft,  we  cannot  certainly  judge  which  was  the  trueft  verfion,  only  the 
coherence  favours  Jotephus  :  But  if  this  were  the  Jews  me;.:i;ng,  that  they  were 
fatisfied  out  of  their  Bible  that  the  Jews  and  .Lacedemonians  were  of  kin.  that  paft 
of  their  Bible  is  ncnv  loft,  ior  we  find  no  iuch  affertioa  in  our  p  re  lent  copi;,i 


Chap.   V.]  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  77 

fore  do  well  yourfelves  to  write  to  us,  and  fend  us  an  account 
of  what  you  Itand  in  need  of  from  us,  fince  we  are  in  all  thing* 
difpofed  to  art  according  to  your  defires."  So  the  Lacede- 
monians received  the  ambaifadors  kindly,  and  made  a  decree 
ior  friendihip  and  mutual  afliftance,  and  lent  it  to  them. 

9.  At  this  time  there  were  three  fetts  among  the  Jews,  who 
had  different  opinions  concerning  human  actions  ;  the  one  was 
called  the  feel  of  the  Pliarife.es,  another  the  feel  of  the  Saddu- 
cees,  and  the  other  the  fed  ot  the  EJJens.    Now  for  the  *  Phar- 
ifees,  they  fav  that  fome  actions,  but  not  all,  are  the  work  ot 
fate  and  fome  ot  therh  are  in  our  own  power,   and  that  they 
are  liable  to  fate,  but  are  not  caufed  by  late.     But  the  feel  of 
the  Eifens  affirm,  that  fate  governs  all  things,  and  that  nothing 
befals  men  but  what  is  according  to  its  determination.     And 
ior  the  Sadducees,  they  take  away    tate,   and  fay    there  is  no 
iuch  thing,  and  that  the  events  ot  human  affairs  are  not  at  its 
diipofal.  but  they  fuppole  that  all  our  aclions  are  in  our  own 
power,  fo  that   we  are  purfelves  the  cauies  of  what  is  good, 
and  receive  what  is  evi!   from  our  own  folly.     However,  I 
have  given  a  more  exaft  account  ot  theie  opinions  in  the  fe- 
conii  book  of  the  Jewiih  War. 

10.  But  now  the  generals  oi  Demetrius  being  willing  to  re- 
cover the  defeat  they  had  had,  gathered  a  greater  army  togeth- 
er than  they  had  before,  and  came  againit  Jonathan  ;  hut  as 
jfoon  as  he  v.?as  informed  ol  their  coming,  he  went  iuddenly 
to  meet  them,  to  the  country  ot  Hamoih,  tor  he  refolved  to 
give  them  no  opportunity  ot  coming  into  Judea,   lo  he  pitch- 
ed his  caiDp  at  fiity  iurlongs  diitance  Irom  the  enemy,  and 
fent  out  fpies  to  take  a  view   ot   their  camp,  and  after  what 
manner  they  were  encamped.     When  his  ipics  had  given  him 
full  information,  and  had  icized  upon  fome  ot  them  by  night, 
who  told  him  the  enemy  would  foon  attack  him,  he,   thus  ap- 
priled   betore-hand,   provided   for  his  iecurity,   and  placed 

*  Thofe  that  (uppnfe  Jofephus  to  contradift.  himfelf  in  his  three  leveral  account* 
of  the  i!')tioiis  of  the  Phariices.  this  here,  ai.d  that  earlier  one,  which  is  the  largeft, 
Oi  the  War,  B  II.  ch.  viii  ^  14  vol.  II  arid  that  later,  Antiq.  B.  XV.JII.  ch.  i. 
^  3,  vol.  II.  as  if  he  ioniecimes  laid  they  istroduced  an  abiolute  fatality,  and  deni- 
ed all  freedom  of  human  aftions,  is  ahnoft  wholly  groundlets  ;  lie  ever,  as  the  very 
learned  Cafaubon  here  truly  obierves,  afferting,  that  the  Pharilres  were  between  the 
EilVns  and  Sadducees,  and  did  fo  far  afcribe  all  to  fate  or  divine  providence  as  was 
confiilent  with  the  freedom  of  human  aftions.  However,  their  perplexed  way  of 
talking  about  late  or  providence  as  over-ruling  all  things,  made  it  commonly  tho't 
th?  y  were  willing  to  excuie  their  ftus  by  afcribuig  them  to  fate,  as  inthe  Apoftolic- 
al  Conltitution,  B  Vi  ch  vi.  Perhapi  under  the  tame  general  name  fome  differ- 
ence of  opinions  in  this  point  might  be  propagated,  as  is  very  common  i;i  ail  par- 
ties, efpecially  in  points  ot  metaphyucal  fubtility  :  However,  our  JokphuJ,  who 
in  his  heart  was  a  great  admirer  oi  the  piety  of  the  EiTens,  was  yet  in  praftice  a 
Pharifee,  as  he  hi mielf  informs  us,  ia  his  own  Life,  ^  2.  vol.  II.  And  his  ac- 
count of  this  doftiine  ot  the  Pharii^es,  is  ior  certain  agreeable  to  his  own  opinion, 
who  ever  both  fuily  allowed  the  freedom  of  human  aftions,  and  yet  flrongly  be- 
Jieved  the  powerful  interpofition  of  divine  providence.  See  concerning  this  mat* 
ttra  remarkable  clank,  .Antiq.  B.  XVI:  ch.  xi.  ^  7.  vol.  I. 


<?£  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.     [Book  XIII. 

•watchmen  beyond  his  camp,  and  kept  all  his  forces  armed  all 
night  ;  and  he  gave  them  a  chaig"  ;  >  be  •.>'  good  ourage,  and 
to  have  their  minds  prepared  to  light  in  the  night  time  it  they 
Jfhould  be  obliged  fo  to  do,  left  their  enemies  defigns  Ihould 
feem  concealed  from  them.  But  when  Demetnus's  command- 
ers were  informed,  that  Jonathan  knew  what  they  intended, 
their  counfels  were  disordered,  and  it  alarmed  them  to  find, 
that  the  enemy  had  discovered  thofe  their  intentions  ;  nor  did 
they  expeft  to  overcome  them  any  other  way,  now  they  had 
failed  in  the  fnares  they  had  Jani  tor  them,  for  fhould  they 
hazard  an  open  battle,  they  did  not  think  they  mould  be  a 
match  tor  Jonathan's  army,  fo  they  refolved  to  fly  :  And  hav- 
ing lighted  many  fires,  that  when  the  enemy  faw  them  they 
might  luppote  they  were  there  Hill,  they  retired.  But  when 
Jonathan  came  to  give  them  battle  in  the  morning  in  their 
camp,  and  found  it  deierted,  and  understood  they  were  tied, 
he  purfued  them,  yet  he  could  not  overtake  them,  lor  they 
had  already  pafled  over  the  river  Elutherus,  ?nd  were  out  of 
danger.  So  when  Jonathan  was  returned  thence,  he  went  in- 
to  Arabia,  and  fought  againft  the  Nabateans,  arid  drove  away 
a  great  deal  of  their  prey,  and  took  |  many  j  captives,  and  came 
to  Damaicus,  and  there  iold  oit  that  he  had  taken.  About  the 
fame  time  it  was,  that  Simon  his  brother,  went  over  all  Judea 
and  PaleiMne,  as  far  as  Afkelon,  and  fortified  the  lliong  holds  : 
And  when  he  had  made  them  veiy  ftrong,  both  in  the  edifices 
erefled,  and  in  the  garrifons  placed  in  them,  he  came  to  j  p- 
pa  and  when  he  had  taken  it.  he  brought  a  great  garrifon  in- 
to it,  for  he  heard  that  the  people  of  joppa,  were  dilpofed  to 
deliver  up  the  city  to  Demetnus's  gerierais. 

ll.  When  Simon  and  J  jni-tiian  had  finidied  thefe  affairs, 
they  returned  to  Jerufalem,  where  Jonathan  gathered  all  the 
people  together,  and  took  counfel  to  re/lore  the  walls  ot  Jeru- 
falem, and  to  rebuild  the  wall  that  encompaifed  the  temple, 
which  had  been  thrown  down,  and  to  make  the  places  adjoin- 
ing llronger  by  very  high  towers  ;  and  befides  that,  to  build 
another  wall  in  the  midit  ot  the  city,  in  order  to  exclude  the 
market-place  from  the  garrifon  which  was  in  the  citadel,  and 
by  that  means  to  hinder  them  from  any  plenty  ot  provifions  ; 
and  moreover,  to  make  the  fortrefles  that  were  in  the  country 
much  ftronger,  and  more  defenfibie,  than  they  were  before. 
And  when  thefe  things  were  approved  of  by  the  multitude,  as 
rightly  propofed,  Jonathan  himielf  took  care  of  the  building 
that  belonged  to  the  city,  and  fent  Simon  away  to  make  the 
iortreffes  in  the  country  more  fecure  than  formerly.  But  De- 
metrius paffed  over  [Euphrates,]  and  came  into  Mefopotamia, 
as  defirous  to  retain  that  country  {till,  as  well  as  Babylon  ; 
and  when  he  Ihould  have  obtained  the  dominion  ot  the  upper 
provinces,  to  lay  a  foundation  for  recovering  his  entire  king- 
dom ;  tor  thofe  Greeks  and  Macedonians  who  dwelt  there  fre- 
quently fent  ambaffadors  to  him,  and  proraifed,  that  if  he 


Chap.    VI.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  79 

would  come  to  them  they  would  deliver  them felves  up  to  him, 
and  aflift  him  in  fighting  againft  *  Arfaces,  the  king  of  the. 
Parthians.  So  he  was  elevated  with  thefe  hopes,  and  came 
haftily  to  them,  as  having  refolved  that,  if  he  had  once  over- 
thrown the  Parthians,  and  gotten  an  army  of  his  own  he  would 
make  war  againft  Trypho,  and  ejefi  him  out  o'  Syria  ;  and  the 
people  of  that  country,  received  him  with  great  alacrity.  So 
he  raifed  forces,  with  which  he  fought  agiinft  Arfaces,  and 
loft  all  his  army,  and  was  himleli  taken  alive,  as  we  have  elfa- 
where  related. 


CHAP.    VI. 

How  Jonathan  was  Jlain  by  treachery  ;  and  how  thereupon  the 
Jews  made.  Simon  their  General  and  High -pnejl  :  What  cour- 
ageous actions  aljo  he  per  jormed,  efpeaally  agamjl  Trypho. 

\  I.  "JVfOW  when  Trypho  knew  what  had  befallen  Deme- 
i.^1  trius,  he  w<is  no  longer  firm  <o  Antiochus,  but  con- 
trived by  fubtilty  to  kiii  him,  and  then  take  poffeffion  of  his 
kingdom  ;  but  the  fear  that  he  was  in  o(  Jonathan  was  an  ob- 
ftacle  to  this  his  defign,  for  Jonathan  was  a  Iriend  to  Antioch- 
us, for  which  caufe  he  refolved  firft  to  take  Jonathan  out  c<£ 
the  way,  and  then  to  fet  about  his  defign  relating  to  Antioch- 
us ;  but  he  judging  it  beft  to  take  him  off  by  deceit  and  treach- 
ery, came  from  Antioch  to  Bethlhan,  which  by  the  Greeks 
is  called  Scythopohs,  at  which  place  Jonathan  met  him  with 
forty  thoufand  chofen  men,  for  he  thought  that  he  came  to 
fight  him  ;  but  when  he  perceived  that  Jonathan  was  ready  to 
fight,  he  attempted  to  gain  him  by  preients,  and  kind  treat- 
ment, and  gave  order  to  his  captains  to  obey  him,  and  by  thefe 
means  was  defirous  to  give  aflurance  of  his  good-will,  and  to 
take  away  all  fufpicions  out  of  his  mind,  that  fo  he  might 
make  him  carelefs  and  inconfiderate,  and  might  take  him  when 
he  was  unguarded.  He  alfo  advifed  him  to  difmifs  his  army, 
becaufe  there  was  no  occafion  for  bringing  it  with  him  when 
there  was  no  war,  bat  all  was  in  peace.  However,  he  defired 
him  to  retain  a  few  about  him,  and  go  with  him  to  Ptolemais, 
for  that  he  would  deliver  the  city  up  to  him,  and  would  bring 
all  the  fortreffes  that  were  in  the  country  under  his  dominion ; 
and  he  told  him,  that  he  came  with  thofe  very  defigns. 

2.  Yet  did  not  Jonathan  fufpect  any  thing  at  all  by  this  his 
management,  but  believed  that  Trypho  gave  him  th.vs  advice 

*  This  king,  who  was  of  the  famous  race  of  Arfaces,  is  both  here,  and  i.  Mac. 
xiv.  2.  called  by  the  family  name  Arfaces,  but  Appian  lays,  his   proper  name  was 
.thraales.     lie  is   here  alfo   called    by  Jofephus   t:  ihe  Parthians,  as  the 

Greeks  ufed  to  call  them,  but  by  the  elder  author  of  the    firft   Maccabees,  the 
tl;{  Per /urn ;  un.i '  A'r.!es,  according  ta   the  language  ef  the  wucru  uafeww.     S«e  At}^- 
>b«ot.  Rcc.  pan.  II.  p.  n»S. 


&>  ANTI£t/iTIE3    O  fr    Til  2    J  I-  V/S.      [Book  Xilt. 

out  of  kindnefs  and  with  a  fin cere  defign.  Accordingly  hd 
difrnifled  his  army,  and  retained  no  mure  tlum  ':nee  thuu  and 
of  thfetti  With  him,  and  left  two  thousand  in  Galiioe,  and  lie 
himtelf,  wit;;  one  thoii;  in'ri,  caine  with  T;ypho  to  Prole::,  lis  : 
But  when  the  people  oF  Ptoleuuis  had  ilm;  th.v.  g-i;  vs,  as  it 
had  been  commanded  ;;y  Trypho  to  do,  he  took  Jon  .than  a- 
live,  and  lie  >  ail  rn.:t  weie  with  him.  He  .:!;.>  lc;n  old.er.;  a- 
gainft  thole  two  thoufandthat  were  le't  in  Gahk-e,  in  onier  to 
deftfoy  them  :  But  tiu.c  men  having  heard  tne  repvit  ot  what 
had  happened  to  Jonathan,  they  prevented  the  execution,  and1 
before  thofe  that  were  .'ent  by  T .  y  pho  C..M.;  t  ;>cy  covered  them- 
feives  with  their  armour,  and  went  away  out  of  tiie  country. 
Now  when  thofe  that  were  fent  ag,  in  it  them  law  that  tu'.:y  were 
ready  to  fight  for  their  lives,  they  gave  them  no  diiturbance, 
but  returned  back  to  Tiy 

3.  But  when  the  people  oi  Jerufalcm  heard  that  Jonathan 
was  taken,  and  that  the  ioldiefs  who  were  with  him  weie  def- 
troyed,  they  deplored  his  fad  fate,  and  there  was  earned  inqui- 
ry made  about  him  by  every  body,  and  a  great  and  juit  fear 
fell  upon  them,  and  made  them  fad,  left  now  they  were  depriv- 
ed of  the  courage  and  conduct  of  Jonathan,  the  nations  about 
them  (hould  bear  them  ill  will  ;  and  as  they  were  before  quiet 
on  account  of  Jonathan,  they  Ihouldnow  nfe  up  agairilt  them, 
and  by  making  war  with  them  Ihould  force  them  into  the  ut- 
moft  dangers.  And  indeed  what  they  fufpefted  really  befell 
them  ;  for  when  thofe  nations  heard  of  the  death  ot  Jonathan, 
they  began  to  make  war  with  the  Jews,  as  now  deftitute  of  n 
governor  ;  and  Trypho  himfelf  got  an  army  together,  and  had 
an  intention  to  go  up  to  Judea,  and  make  war  againlt  its  in- 
habitants. But  when  Simon  faw  that  the  people  of  Jerufalem 
were  terrified  at  the  circumftances  they  were  in,  he  defired  to 
make  a  fpeech  to  them,  and  thereby  to  render  (hem  more  relo- 
lute  in  oppofing  Trypho  when  he  fhould  come  againil  them. 
He  then  called  the  people  together  into  the  temple,  and  thence 
began  thus  to  encourage  them  :  "  O  my  countrymen,  you  are 
not  ignorant  that  our  father,  myfelf  and  my  brethren,  have 
ventured  to  hazard  our  lives  and  that  willingly  for  the  recov- 
ery of  your  liberty  ;  fince  I  have  therefore  luch  plenty  of,  ex- 
amples before  n;e,  and  we  of  our  family  have  determined  with 
ourfelves  to  die  for  our  laws,  and  our  divine  worihip,  there 
(hail  no  terror  be  fo  great  as  to  banifh  this  refolution  from  our 
fouls, nor  to  introduce  in  its  place  a  love  of  life, and  a  contempt 
of  glory.  Do  you  therefore  follow  me  with  alacrity  whither- 
foever  I  (hall  lead  you,  as  not  deftitute  of  fuch  a  captain  as  is 
willing  to  fuffer,  and  to  do  the  greateft  things  for  you  ;  for  nei- 
ther am  1  better  than  my  brethren  that  I  fhould  be  Iparii'g  of 
my  own  life,  nor  fo  far  v/orfe  than  they  as  to  avoid  andretufe 
•whatthf  y  thought  the  molt  honourable  of  all  things.  I  mean,  to 
undergo  death  tor  your  laws,  and  tor  that  worihip  of  God  which 
is  peculiar  to  you  ;  1  will  therefore  give  fuch  proper  demon- 


Chap.  VI,]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  $1 

^rations  as  will  fhewthat  I  am  their  own  brother  ;  and  I  am 
fo  bold  £3  to  expert  that  I  (hall  avenge  their  blood  upon  our 
enemies,  and  deliver  you  all  with  your  wives  and  children, 
from  the  injuries  they  intend  again  ft  you,  and,  with  God's 

ice,  to  preferve  your  temple  from  deflruclion  by  them, 
iW  I  :ee  th.t  theie  nations  have  you  in  contempt,  as  being 
WHuout  a  governor,  and  that  they  thence  are  encouraged  to 

war  againft  you." 

4.  By  ihis  ipeech  of  Simon's,  he  infpiredthe  multitude  with 
courage,  and  as  they  had  been  before  difpirited  through  fear, 

•vere  now  railed  to  a  good  hope  of  better  things,  info- 
,  that  the  whole  multitude  of  the  people  cried  out  all  at 
o  A.-.C,  that  Simon  ihould  be  their  leader  ;  arid  that  inilead  of 
J-idas  and  Jonathan  his  brethren,  he  fhould  have  the  govern- 
nu'tu  over  them  ;  and  they  promifed  that  they  would  readily 
0;  ey  him  in  whatfoever  he  fhould  command  him.  So  he  goi 
together  immediately  all  his  ov.rn  foldiefs  that  were  fit  for  war, 
ami  made  hafte  in  rebuilding  the  walls' of  the  city,  and  ttrength- 
fcning  t lie ni  by  very  high  and  Itrong  towers  ;  and  lent  a  friend 
of  his,  une  Jonathan  the  fon  of  Abfalom  to  Joppa,  and  gave 
him  order  to  eject  the  inhabitants  out  of  the  city,  for  he  was 
airaid  left  they  ihould  deliver  up  the  city  to  Trypho,  but  he 
himfelf  Itayed  to  fecure  Jerufaiem. 

5.  But  Trypho  removed  from  Ptolemais  with  a  great  army, 
and  came  into  judea,  and  Drought  Jonathan  with  him  in  bonds. 
Simon  alio  met  him  with  his  army  at  ihe  city  Adida,  which  is 
upon  an   hill,  and  beneath   it   lie  the  plains  ot   Judea.     And 
when  Trypho  knew  that  Simon  was  by  the  Jews   made  their 
governor,  he  fent  to  him,  and   would   have  impofed   upon 
him  by  deceit  and  treachery,  and  defired,  if  he  would  have  his 
brother  Jonathan  releafed,  that  he  would  lend  him  an  hundred 
talents  ot  iiiver  and  two  of  Jonathan's   fonS  as   hoitages,  that 
when  he  (hall  be  relealed  he  may  riot  make  Judea  revolt  froiu 
the  king,  tor  that  at  prefent  he  was  kept  in  bonds  on  account 
of  the  money  he  had  borrowed  ot  the  king,  and  now  owed  it 
to  him.     But  Simon  was  aware  of  the  craft  of   Trypho,  and 
although  he  knew  that  if  he  gave  him  the  money  he   fhould 
lofe  it,  and  that  Trypho  would  not   fet  his  brother  free,    and 
withal,  ihould  deliver  the  ions  ot  Jonathan  to  the  enemy,  yet 
beoaufe  he  was  afraid  that  he  ihould  have  a'  calumny    railed 
againil  him  among  the  multitude  as  the  caufe  of  his  brother's 
deatn,  it  he  neither  gave  the  money,  nor  fent  Jonathan's  fons, 
he  gathered  his  army  together,  and  told  them  what  offers  Try, 
pho  had  made,  and  added  this,  that   the  offers  were  etifnaring 
and  treacherous,  and  yet  that  it  was  more  eligible  to  fend  the 
money  and  Jonathan's  ions  than  to  be  liable  to  the  imputation 
ot  not  complying  with  Trypho's  offers,  and  thereby  refuting^ 
to  lave  his  brother.      Accordingly   Simon   fent  the  fons   of 
Jonathan  and  the  money  ;  but   when  Trypho   had  received 
mem,  he  did  not  keep  his  promife,  nor  fet  Jonathan  free,  but 

VOL.  II:  L 


&2  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIII 

took  his  army,  and  went  about  all  the  country,  and  refolved  to 
go  afterward  to  Jerufolern  by  the  way  of  Idumea,  while  Si- 
mon went  over  again!!  him  with  his  army,  and  all  along  pitch- 
ed his  own  camp  over  againft  his. 

6.  But  when  thofe  that  were  in  the  citadel  had  fent  to  Try- 
pho,  and  befought  him  to  make  hafte  and  come  to  them,  and 
to  fend  them  provifions,  he  prepared  his  cavalry  as  though  he 
would  be  at  Jerufalem  that  very  night,  but  fo  great  a  quantity 
of  fnow  fell  in  the  night  that  it  covered  the  reads,  and  made 
them  fodeep,  that  there  was  no  pafling,  especially  for  the  cav- 
alry. This  hindered  him  from  coming  to  Jerufalem  ;  where- 
upon Trypho  removed  thence,  and  came  into  Celeiyria,  and 
falling  vehemently  upon  the  land  of  Gilead,  he  Hew  Jonathan 
there,  and  when  he  had  given  order  tor  his  burial,  he  returned 
himfeii  to  Antipch.  However,  Simon  fent  fome  to  the  city 
Balca  to  bring  away  his  brother's  bones,  and  buried  them  in 
their  own  city  Modin  ;  and  all  the  people  made  great  lamen- 
tation over  him.  Simon  alfo  erdfted  a  very  large  monument 
for  his  father  and  his  brethren,  of  white  and  poiilhed  Hone, 
and  raifed  it  a  great  height,  and  fo  as  to  be  fecn  a  long  way 
off,  and  made  cloifters  about  it,  and  fet  up  pillars,  which  were 
of  one  llonea-piece ;  a  work  it  was  wonderful  to  fee.  More- 
over, he  buiit  feven  pyramids  alfo  tor  his  parents  and  his  breth- 
ren, one  for  each  of  them,  which  were  made  very  furpnfing, 
both  for  their  largenefs  and  beauty,  and  which  have  been  pie- 
ftTved  to  this  day  ;  and  we  know  that  it  was  Simon  who  be- 
{lowed  fo  much  zeal  about  the  burial  of  Jonathan,  and  tne 
building  of  thefe  monuments  for  his  relations.  Now  Jona- 
than died  when  he  had  been  high  prieft  *  tour  years  and  had 
been  alfo  the  governor  of  his  nation.  And  thefe  were  the 
cijcumftances  that  concerned  his  death. 

6.  But  Simon,  who  was  made  high  prieft  by  the  multitude, 
on  the  very  firlt  year  ot  his  high  prieflhood  fet  his  people  free 
from  their  flavcry  under  the  Macedonians,  and  permitted 
them  to  pay  tribute  to  them  no  longer  ;  which  liberty  and 
freedom  from  tribute  they  obtained  after  an  i  hundred  and 

*  There  is  Tome  error  in  the  copies  here,  when  no  more  than  four  years  are  af- 

cribed  to  the  high  pricithoud  of  Jonathan.     We  know   by  Jo'ephus's  laft   jewifh 

Aiitiq.  8.  XA'.  ch.  x.  vol.  II.  that  there  was  an  interval  of  feven  years 

the  death  of  Alcimus  or  Jaciaius,  the  laft  high   prieft,    and    the  re. 

prieflhood  of  Jonathan,  to  whom  yet  thofe  feven  years  fetm   lure  to   !>e  akribert, 

as  a  part  of  tiKm  were  to  Judas  before,  Antiq.  B.  A'll.    ch.  x.  §  o.   vol.  II.     Now 

fince,  bedcies  thele  levcn  Years  interregnum   in  the  pontificate,   we  are  told,   Antiq. 

li.  XX.  ch   x.  that  Jonathan's  real   high  priefthood  tailed    ieven  years  more  ;  thele 

tv,-o  feven  years  will  mak<;  up  fourteen  years,  which  I  (uppoie  w^s  Joiephus's  o\vn 

number  in  this  place,  inftead  of  the:  four  in  our  preterit  copies. 

t  Thefe  i  70  years  of  th,-  AlFyrians  mean  no  more,  as  jofephus  explains  himfelf 
here,  thsu  trom  the  xre  ot  Scleucus,  which,  as  it  is  knov.'n  to  have  btgaii  on  the 
31  2th  year  before  the  Chriftian  acre,  from  its  fpring  in  tie  fir  ft  book  of  M.icca- 
bet-s,  aud  from  its  at  tumu  in  the  iccond  book  of  Maccabees,  fo  did  it  not  begin  at 
Babylon  till  the  next  Ipring,  on  the  31  ith  year.  Sec  Prid.  at  the  year^i  2.  And  it 


Chap.   VII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  83 

feventy  years  of  the  kingdom  of  the  ATyrians,  which  was  af- 
ter Seleucus,  who  was  called  Nicator,  got  the  dominion  over 
Syria.  Now  the  affeflion  of  the  multitude  towards  Simon 
was  fo  great,  that  ia  their  contracts  one  with  another,  and  in 
their  public  records,  they  wrote,  "  In  the  firftyear  of  Simon, 
the  berietattor  and  ethnarch  ot  the  Jews  ;"  tor  under  him 
they  were  very  happy,  and  overcame  the  enemies  that  were 
round  about  them,  'or  Simon  overthrew  the  city  Gazara,  and 
Joppa,  and  Jarnina.  He  allo  took  the  citadel  of  Jerufalem 
by  fiege,  and  cafl  it  down  to  the  ground,  that  it  might  not  he 
any  more  a  place  ot  refuge  to  their  enemies  when  they  took 
it,  to  do  them  a  mifchiet,  as  it  had  been  till  now.  And  when 
he  had  done  this,  he  thought  it  their  beft  way,  and  moft  for 
their  advantage,  to  level  the  very  mountain  itfell  upon  which 
the  citadei  happened  to  itand,  that  fo  the  temple  might  be 
higher  than  it.  And  indeed,  when  he  had  called  the  multi- 
tude to  an  affembly,  he  perluaded  them  to  have  it  fo  demoU 
iihed,  and  this  by  putting  them  in  mind  what  miferies  they 
had  fuffered  by  its  garnfon,  and  the  Jewiih  deferters,  and 
what  miferies  they  might  hereafter  hitter  in  cafe  any  foreigner 
Ihould  obtain  the  Kingdom,  and  put  a  garrifon  into  that  cita- 
del. This  fpeech  induced  the  multitude  to  a  compliance,  be- 
caufehe  exhorted  them  todo  nothing  but  wh.it  was  tor  their  own 
good  :  So  they  all  fet  themfelves  to  the  work,  and  levelled  the 
mountain,  and  in  that  work  ipent  both  day  and  night  without 
any  intermiffion,  which  coil  them  three  whole  years  before  it 
was  removed,  and  brought  to  an  entire  level  with  the  plain  of 
the  reil  of  the  city.  After  which  the  temple  was  the  higheftot 
all  the  buildings,  now  the  citadel,  as  well  as  the  mountain 
whereon  it  ftood,  were  demolUhed.  And  thefe  atiions  were 
thus  performed  under  Simon. 


CHAP.    VII. 

How  Simon  confederated  himfctf  with  Antiockus  Pius,  and 
made  War  againjl  irypho  ;  and  a  little  afterward  againjl 
Cendebeus,  the  General  of  Antiockus' s  Army  :  Asalfo  how  6z- 
mon  was  Murdered  by  his  jo;i-Mi-law  Ptolemy,  and  that  by 
treachery. 

S  I.  *  TVTOW  a  little  while  after  Demetrius  had  been  car- 
•1>!    ried  into  captivity,  Try  pho  his  governor,  deftroy- 

is  tmly  oblervcd  by  Dr.  Hudion  on  this  place,  that  the  Syrians  and  Aflyrians  are 
fometimes  confounded  in  ancient  authors,  according  to  the  words  ot  Juit  ia  the  epi- 
totnizer  of  Trogas  Po:npeius,  who  bys.  That  "  the  AfTyriaus  were  afterward 
called  Syrians."  B  I.  ch.  xi.  See  Of  the  War,  B.  V.  ch.  ix,  §  4.  vol.  HI.  wh.-re 
the  Philillines  themfeives,  at  the  very  fouth  limit  of  Syria,  in  hs  utmofl  extent,  are 
called  Adrians  by  jolcphas,  as  Spanheim  oblervcs. 

*  It  muft  here  be  diligently  noted,  that  jo  lephus's  copy  of  the  firft  book  of  Ma- 
cabeus,  \yhich  he  had  fo  carefully  followed,  sud'faHhfuDy  abrid  ged  as  far  as  the  $oth 


8^  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIII. 

ed  Antiochus,  *  the  fon  of  Alexander,  who  was  alfo  called 

i  the  God,  and  this  when  he  had  reigned  fotu  years,  though 

he  gave  it  cut  that  he  died  under  the  hands  ot  the  iui[; 

lie  then  fent  his  friends,  and  thofe  that  were  molt  intimate  \\  ;th 

him  to  the  foldiers  ;  and  prom  i  fed  that  he  v\ould  give  them  a 

great  deal  of  money  if  they  would  m:i!;e  him  king.      I- 

mated  to  them  that  Demetrius  was  made  a  captive  by  the  Par- 

ihians  ;   and  that  Demetnus's  hrother  Anticchu.s,  if  he 

to  be  king,  would  do  them  a  great  deal  ot  mifchief,  in  \ 

revenge  for  their  revolting  from  his  brother.      So  tl 

in  expectation  ofthewealtn  they  mould  get  by  bellow;. 

kingdom  on  Trypho,  made  him  their  ruler,     ppwf 

Trypho  had  gained  the  management  ot  affairs,  he  de: 

his  difpofitiori  to  be  wicked  ;  for  while  he  was  a  pnv, 

he  cultivated  a  familiarity  with  the  multitude,  and 

to  great  model ation,  and  lo  drsw  them  on  artiuiiy  to  wtw 

er  he  pleafed,  but  when  he  had  once  taken  tii 

laid  aude  any  farther  diHimu!ation«  sricl  w.is  tnu- 

behaviour  made  his  enemies  luperior  to  him,  tor  the   ioldiery 

hated  him,  and  revolted  from  him  to  Cleopatia,  ij 

Demetrius,  who  was  then  ihut  up  in  Seleucia  witii  h<-i 

dren.     But  as  Antiochus,  the  brother  ot  Demetrius,  who  was 

verfe  of  the  twelfth  chapter,  feems  thereto   have  ended.        What  few  thi:: 

are  attcrwgrd  common  to  both,  rm^ht  probably  be  learr.ed  by  aiir;  i;-om  !•» 

more  i:r-p;?rfeel  records.       However  we  muff  exaflly  oblerve   here. 

rnaining  pm  of  that   book  of  the   Maccabees   informs  us  ot,  aiid  what   j 

•would  never  have  omitted,    h;;d  his  Copy  contained   lo  r-uch. 

Great,  the  Maccabee,  made  a  league  with  Antiochus  Sotcr,  the  f-.n  of  P 

and   brother  of  the  other  Denutriu.s  who  was  now  a  captive  in  Pai' 

his  coming  to  the  crcnvn,  about  the  J4Oth  ye;;r  befoic  the   Chriftian   xvr*.    ; 

ed  gnat  privileges  to  the    Jewifh    nation,  and  to  .Simon  their  high   j 

narch,   wHi.h  privileges  Simon  ieems  to   have  taken  of  ! 

years  beiore.      In  particular,  lie  gave  him  leave   to  cm. 

with  his  own  ftamp;   and  as  cone,  rning    jerulalem,  and   the  tanduary,  t':. 

Ihould  be  free,  or  as  the  vulgar  Latin  ha$h   it,  holy  and  Jrtt.:  : 

•which  I  take  to  be  the  truer    reading,  as  being  the  very  words  of  his 

ccffi  on  offered  to  Jonathan  feveral  y«rs  before,  ch.  x.  31. and  Antiq.  K.  .XIII. ch. 

li.  ^  3.  vol.  II.      Now  v.  hat  makes  this  date,  and  thefe  grants,  great:' 

is  the  ftaU  of  the  remaining  genuine  fhekels  of  the  Jews    with 

ters,  which  ieem  to  have  been  (mod  of  them  at  ieaft)  coined  in  the   four  ii. 

of  this  S'liron  the  Alamonean.  and  having  upon  them  thete  words  on 

riifalem  the  holy,  and  on  the  reverie,  In  the  yeat  nfjrecdcim,  i .  or  2.  or  3  or  4 

fhekels  therefore  are  original   monuments  of  thele  times,  and  undeniable  m; 

the  truth  of  the  hiftory  in  thefe  chapters,  though  it  be  in  great  me.ifuie  omiu-.-d  ;/y 

Jofephus.     SeeEffayon  the  Old  Teit.  p   ir.-j.  158      The  r  a!(,n  why  I  rail 

poiethat    his  copy  of  the  Maccpbees  wanted   tlicii  chrpter?,   than  th.it  !i>  own  rop- 

irs  are  here  imperfeft,   is  this,  that  all  their  contents  are  not  here  oiniited,    : 

nv.ich  the  grcareft  part  be. 

*  How  Trypho  killed  this  Antiochus,  the  epitome  of  Livy  informs  vs,  chap. 
55.  viz.  that  he  corn) pcd  his  phyfirians  or  furgeons,  who  lafely  pr. : 
people  that  he  was  perifhing  v/ith  the  ftone,  as  they  cut  him  tor  it,  killed  him,  which 
exaftlv  agrees  with  Jofephus. 

+  That  this  Antiochus,  the  fon  of  Alexander  Babs,  was  called  t!;e  Gcd.  is  evident 
from  his  coins,  which  Spanheirn  affurcs  us  bear  this  inlcription,  kir>^ 
€#4,  Ipithanes  t!>:  Vittsricus, 


Chap.  VII']        ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  8| 

called  Soter,  was  not  admitted  by  any  of  the  cities  on  account 
pf  Trypho,  C;eopatra  fent  to  him,  and  invited  him  to  marry 
her  and  to  take  the  kingdom.  The  reafons  why  fhemade  thijf 
invitation  were  thefe  :  That  her  friends  perfuaded  her  to  it, 
and  that  ihe  was  afraid  for  herfelt,  in  cafe  iome  of  the  people 
pf  Scleucia  Ihouid  deliver  up  the  city  to  Trypho. 

2.  As  Antiochus  was  now  come  to  Seleucia,  and  his  forces 
increaied  every  day,  he  marched  to  fight  Trypho  ;  and  having 
beaten  him  in  the  battle,  he  ejected  him  out  ot  the  upper  Syria 
into  Phenicia,   and   purfued  him  thither,   and  befieged  him  in 
Dora,  which  was  a  tortre's  hard  to  he  taken,  whether  he  had 
fled.    He  alfo  fent  ambaiiadors  to  Simon  the  iewifh  high-prieft, 
about  a  Jeague  o!  friendlhipand  mutual  afiiilance  :  Who  readily 
accepted  of  the  invitation,  and  fent  to  Antiochus  great  lums  ot 
money,  and  provi lions,  tor  thqfe  that  befieged  Dora,  and  there-t 
by  fupplied  them  very  plentiiully.  fo  that  for  a  little  while  he 
was  looked  upon  as  one  of  his  moft  intimate  friends  ;  but  flill 
Try  pho  iled  trotn  Dora  to.  Apamia,  where  he  was  taken  during 
the  inpxf  and  put    to  death,  when  he  had  reigned  three  years. 

3.  li.  ••••.•••  AC".  Antiochus  torgot  the  kind  affiltance  that  Simon 
had  Afforded  him  in  his  neceffity  ;  by  rcafon  of  his  covetous  and 

.1  dilpofition,  and  committed  an  army  oi  i'oldiers  to  his 
friend  Ceniiebeu.s.  ana  fent  him  at  once  to  ravage  Judea,  and 
to  fei/.e  Siriion.  When  Simon  heard  of  Antiochus's  breaking 
his  league  •.«.  ith  him,  although  he  were  now  in  years,  yet,  pro- 
yoked  with  the  unjuft  treatment  he  had  met  with  from  Antio- 
chu$,  and  taking  a  reiclution  brifker  than  his  age  could  well 
bc,;r.  he  w-.-nt  like  a  young  man  to  a£t  as  general  of  his  army. 
He  ah'o  ient  uis  fons  before  among  the  moft  hardy  of  his  icl- 
(hers  and  he  hirnfclf  marched  on  with  his  army  another  way, 
and  laid  mt.ny  oi  his  men  in  ambufhes  inthenarrovy  vallies  be- 
tween the  mountains  ;  nor  did  he  fail  of  fuccels  in  any  one  ot 
jus  attempts,  but  was  too  hard  for  his  enemies  in  every  one  ot 
them.  So  he  led  the  reft  ot  his  life  in  peace,  and  aid  alfo  hiuir 
felt  make  a  league  with  the  Romans. 

4.  Now  he  was  the  ruler  ot  the  Jews  in  all  eight  years  ;  but 
at  a  feaft  came  to  his  end.      it  was  caufed  by  the  treachery  of 
his  fon-in-law  Ptolemy  ;  who  caught  alfo  his  wife,  and  put 
two  of  his  ions,  and  kept  them  in  bonds.      He  alfo  fent  fome 
to  kill  John  the  third  fon.  whole  name  was  Hyrcanus  ;  but  the 
young  man  perceiving  them  coming,  he  *  avoided  the  danger 
he  was  in  !rom  them,  and  made  hafte  into  the  city  [JerufalemJ 
as  relying  on  the  good  will  of  the  multitude,  becauie  of  the 

*  Here  Jofephus  begins  to  follow,  and  to  abridge  the  next  facred  Hebrew  book, 
ftyled  in  the  end  of  the  full  book,  of  Maccabeus,  The  Chronicle  of  John  [Hyrcanm's] 
•.•/theoJ,  but  in  iome  of  the  Greek  copies,  t\K fourth  bfflk  of  Macca&evs.  A 
Greek  verfion  of  this  chronicle  was  extant  not  very  long  ago  in  the  days  ot  Santts 
Pagnimis,  and  Sixtus  Scnenfis,  at  Lyons,  though  it  {eems  to  have  been  there  burnt 
and  to  be  utterly  loft.  See  Sixtus  Scnenfis's  account  of  it,  of  its  many  Hebraifrr.s, 
and  its  great  agreement  with  Jofephus's  abridgement,  in  the  Authent.  Rec.  part.  I. 
P.  206,  207,  208, 


S6  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIII. 

benefits  they  had  received  from  his  father,  and  becaufe  of  the 
hatred  the  lame  multitude  bear  to  Ptolemy,  fo  that  when  Ptol- 
emy was  endeavouring  to  enter  the  city  by  another  gute,  they 
drove  him  away,  as  having  already  admitted  of  Hyrcanus. 


CHAP.    VIII. 

Hyrcanus  receives  the  High  Pneflkood,  and  ejefls  Ptolemy  out 
of  the  Country.  Antiochus  makes  War  againji  Hyrcanus  t. 
and  afterward  makes  a  League  with  him. 

§  I.  CO  Ptolemy  retired  to  one  of  the  fortrefles  that  was  a- 
O  bove  Jericho,  which  was  called  Dagon  :  But  Hyr- 
canus having  taken  the  priellhood  that  had  been  his  tatiier's 
before,  and  in  the  firit  place  propitiated  God  by  facnfices,  he 
then  made  an  expedition  againft  Ptolemy  ;  and  when  he  made 
his  attacks  upon  the  place,  in  other  points  he  was  too  hai 
him,  but  was  rendered  weaker  than  he,  by  the  commiierat'ion 
he  had  for  his  mother  and  brethren,  and  by  that  only 
Ptolemy  brought  them  upon  the  wall,  and  tormented  them  in 
the  fight 'of  all,  and  threatened  that  he  would  throw  them  down 
headlong,  unlefs  Hyrcanus  would  leave  off  the  ficge.  And  as 
he  thought  thatfo  Jar  he  relaxed  as  to  the  fiege  and  taking  of 
the  place,  fo  much  favour  did  he  Shew  to  thole  that  were  dear- 
eft  to  him  by  preventing  their  mifery,  his  zeal  about  it  was 
cooled.  However,  his  mother  fpread  out  her  hands  and  beg- 
ged of  him  that  he  would  not  grow  remifs  on  her  account,  but 
indulge  his  indignation  fo  much  the  more,  and  that  he  would 
do  his  utmoft  to  take  the  phce  quickly,  in  order  to  get  their 
enemy  under  his  power,  and  then  to  avenge  upon  him  what 
he  had  done  to  thofe  that  were  deareft  to  himfelt  ;  for  that 
death  would  be  to  her  fweet,  though  with  torment,  it  that  ene- 
my of  theirs  might  but  be  brought  to  punHhment  for  his 
wicked  deafings  to  them.  Now  when  his  mother  laid  to,  he 
refolved  to  take  the  fortrefs  immediately  ;  but  when  he  faw 
her  beaten,  and  torn  to  pieces,  his  courage  Jailed  him,  and  he 
could  not  but  fympalhize  with  what  his  mother  fuffered,  and 
\vas  thereby  overcome.  And  as  the  fiege  was  drawn  out  in'o 
length  by  this  means,  that  year  on  which  the  jews  ufe  to  re  11 
came  on,  for  the  Jews  oblerve  this  reft  every  feventh  year,  as 
they  do  every  feventh  day  ;  fo  that  Ptolemy  being  *  lor  tnis 

*  Hence  we  learn,  that  in  the  days  of  this   excellent  high  pried  John    Hy 
the  observation  ot  t:  ir,   as   joiephns   fuppofed,    required  a    rell    tn.m 

zi'flr,  as  did  that  of  the  weekly  Sabbath  from  wot  k  :  I  mean  this,  unlels  in  the  cale 
of  necessity,  when  the  jews  were  att  irked  by  their  enemies,  in  which  cafe  indeed, 
and  in  which  alone,  they  then  allowed  defenfive  fighting  to  be  lawful  even  on  th« 
£abbath-day,  as  we  fee  in  i'everal  places  of  jofephus,  Antiq.  B.  xll.  ch.  vi.  \  2. 
B.  XIII.  ch.  i.  t)  3,  vol.  II.  Of  the  War,  B.  I,  ch  vii.  •  3.  vol.  III.  But  then 
k  rauft  be  noted,  that  this  reft  from  war  no  way  appears  in  the  firft  booA  of  Mac* 


Chap.   VI  II.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  87 

caufe  releafed  from  the  war,  he  flew  the  brethren  of  Hyrcanus, 
and  his  mother  :  And  when  he  had  fo  done,  he  fled  to  Zeno, 
who  was  called  Cotylas,  who  was  then  the  tyrant  of  the  city 
Philadelphia. 

2.  But  Antiochus  being  very  uneafy  at  the  miferies  that 
Simon  had  brought  upon  him,  he  invaded  Judea  in  the  fourth 
year  of  his  reign,  and  the  fir  {I  year  ot  the  principality  of  Hyr- 
canus,  in  the  *  hundred  and  fixty  fecond  olympiad.  And 
when  he  had  burnt  the  country,  he  fhut  up  Hyrcanus  in  the 
city,  which  he  encompafled  round  with  feven  encampments, 
but  did  ju(t  nothing  at  the  firft,  becaule  ot  the  ftrength  ot  the 
walls,  and  becaufe  ot  the  valour  of  thebefieged,  although  they 
were  once  in  want  of  water,  which  yet  they  were  delivered 
from  by  a  large  (hower  of  rain,  which  fell  at  the  t  fetting  of 
the  Pleiades.  However,  about  the  north  partot  the  wall,  where 
it  happened,  the  city  was  upon  a  level  withthe  outward  ground. 
the  King  raifed  a  hundred  towers  of  three  ftories  high  and 
placed  bodie*  of  foldiers  upon  them,  and  as  he  made  his  attacks 
every  day,  he  cut  a  double  ditch,  deep  and  broad,  and  confin- 
ed the  inhabitant*  within  it  as  within  a  wall  ;  but  the  befieged 
contrived  to  make  frequent  fallies  out,  and  if  the  enemy  were 
not  any  where  upon  their  guard,  they  fell  upon  them,  and  did 
them  a  great  deal  of  mifchief,  and  if  they  perceived  they 
then  retired  into  the  city  with  eafe.  But  becaufe  Hyrcanus 
difcerned  the  inconvenience  ot  fo  great  a  number  of  men  in 
the  city,  while  the  provifions  were  the  fooner  fpent  by  them, 
and  yet,  as  natural  to  fuppofe,  thofe  great  numbers  did  noth- 
ing, he  feparated  the  ufelefs  part,  and  excluded  them  out  of 
the  city,  and  retained  that  part  only  which  were  in  the  flower 
of  their  age,  and  fit  tor  war.  However,  Antiochus  would  not 
Jet  thofe  that  were  excluded  go  away,  who  theretore  wander- 
ing about  between  the  walls,  and  confurning  away  by  famine, 
died  miferably  ;  but  when  the  feaftof  tabernacles  was  at  handa 
thofe  that  were  within  commiferated  their  condition,  and  re- 
ceived them  in  again.  And  when  Hyrcanus  fent  to  Antio- 
and defired  there  might  be  a  truce  for  feven  days,  be- 


•abees,  ch.  xvi  .but  the  a  ire£l  contrary  ;  though  indeed  the  jews,  in  the  days  o£ 
Antiochus  Epiphanes,  did  iv.t  venture  upon  fighting  on  the  Sabbath  days,  even  iri 
the  defence  at"  their  own  lives,  till  the  Afamoneans  or  Maccabees  decreed  fo  to  dot 
i  Mac.  ii.  32—41.  Antiq.  B.  .YII  ch.  vii.  ^  2. 

*  Jofephus's  copies,  both  Gree*  and  Latin,  have  htre  a  grofs  miftake,  when 
they  fa  y,  that  this  firft  year  of  John  Hyrcanus.  which  we  have  jufl  now  feen  to 
Viave  been  a  ^abbnilc  yw~,  was  in  the  i&2d  olympaid,  whereas  it  was  for  certain  the 
fecond  year  of  the  16  ill.  See  the  Me  before,  .",.  A'll.  ch.  vii.  ^6. 

t  This  heliacal  feeing  of  the  Pie  aciei,  or  leven  liars,  was,  in  the  days  of  Hvrca- 
nus  and  Jolephus,  early  in  the  ipvirg,  akout  February,  the  time  of  i!':e  latter  rain 
in  judeo  :  and  this,  fo  far  as  I  rci!iem'~er,  is  the  o:ily  adronomical  character  of 
time,  be  fides  or.e  eclipfs  of  the  moon  in  the  rei_;n  of  Herad,  that  we  meet  with  in 
all  fofephus,  the  Jews  being  little  accuftomed  to  ailnmoinical  oblervations,  any 
farther  than  tor  the  ufcs  of  their  /bllendar,  and  utterly  ior'jiudea  diofc  a&cologiot 
ui«s  whick  the  heathens  commonly  made  of  tlietn. 


IS  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XlHe 

caufe  of  the  feflival,  he  gave  way  to  this  piety  towards  God, 
and  made  that  truce  accordingly  :  And  befides  that,  he  fent  in 
a  mdgnificent  (acrifice,  bidis  with  their  *  horns  gilded,  with 
all  forts  of  fweet  fpices,  and  with  cups  ol  gold  and  lilver.  Sd 
thofe  that  were  at  the  gates  received  the  iacrifices  trom  thofe 
that  brought  them,  arid  led  them  to  the  temple,  Ahfiochus  the 
mean  while  ieafting  his  army  ;  which  was  a  quite  different 
conduct  from  Antiochns  Epiphanes,  who,  when  he  had  taken 
the  city,  he  offered  fwine  upon  the  altar,  and  fprinkled  the 
temple  With  the  broth  of  their  flelh,  in  order  to  violate  the 
laws  of  the  Jews,  and  the  religion  they  derived  from  their 
forefathers  ;  For  which  reafon  our  nation  made  war  with  him, 
and  would  never  be  reconciled  to  him  :  But  for  this  Antiochui, 
all  men  called  him  Antio chits  the.  Pious,  lor  the  greatzeal  he 
had  about  religion. 

3.  Accordingly  Hyrcanus  took  this  moderation  of  his  kind- 
ly ;  and    when  he  underwood  how  religious  he  was  towards 
the  Deity,  he  fent  an  arnbaffage  to  him,  and  defired  that  he 
would  reitore  the  fettlements  they  received  from  their  forefa- 
thers.    So  he  rejected  the  counlel  of  thofe  that  t  would  have 
him  utterly    deftroy  the  nation  by  reafon  of  their  way  of  liv- 
ing, which  was  to  others  unfociable,  and  did  not  regard  what 
they  faid.     But  being  perfuaded  that  all  they  did  was  out  of  a 
religious  mind,  he  anfwered  the  ambafladors,  That  ifthebe- 
fieged  would  deliver  up  their  arms,  and  pay  tribute  for  Joppa, 
and  the  other  cities  which  bordered  upon  Judea,  and  admit  a 
garrifon  of  his,  on  thefe  terms,  he  would  make  war  againfl 
them  no  longer.     But  the  lews,  although  they  were  content 
with  the  other  conditions,  did  not  agree  to  admit  the  gairifon, 
becaufe  they  could  not  affociate  with   other  people,  nor  con- 
verfe  with  them  ;  yet  were  they  willing,  inftead  of  the  admif- 
fion  of  the  garrifon,  to  give  him' hoftages,  and  five  hundred 
talents  ot  filver ;  of  which  they  paid  down  three  hundred,  and 
fent  the  hoftages  immediately,  which  king  Antiochus  accept- 
ed.    One  of  thofe  hoftages  was  Hyrcanus's  brother  :  But  ftill 
he  broke  down  the  fortifications  that  encompaffed  the   city  : 
And  upon  thefe  conditions  Antiochus  broke  up  the  fiege,  and 
departed. 

4.  But  Hyrcanus  opened  the  fepulchre  of  David,  who  ex- 
celled all  other  kings  in  riches,  and  took  out  of  it  three  thou- 
fand  talents.     He  was  alfo  the  firft  of  the  Jews  that,   relying 
on  this  wealth,  maintained  foreign  troops.     There  was  alfo  a' 
league  of  triendfhip  and  mutual  affi fiance  made  between  them  : 
Upon  which  Hyrcanus  admitted  him  into  the  city,  and  fur- 
nilhed  him  with  whatfoever  his  army  wanted  hi  great  plenty,/ 

*  Dr  Hudfcm  tells  us  here,  that  this  cuftom  of  gilding  the  horns  of  thofe  oxen 
tliat  were  to  be  Sacrificed,  is  a  known  thing  bath  in  the  poets  and  orators. 

+  This  account  in  Jofephu^,  that  the  prct  nt  Antiochus,  was  ;>er(uaded,  though 
in  vain,  not  to  make  peace  with  thii  jews,  but  to  cut  them  off  utterly,  is  fully  con- 
Armed  by  Diodorus  iicuius;  uv  Paotius'i  extra&i  out  of  his  3^1!:  Book. 


Chap.   VIII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JE\VS.  89 

and  with  great  generofity,  and  marched  along  with  him  when 
he  made  an  expedition  againft  the  Parthians  ;  ot  which  Ni- 
colausof  Damafcus  is  a  witnefs  for  us  ;  who  in  his  hiftory 
writes  thus  :  "  When  Antiochus  had  erefted  a  trophy  at  the 
river  Lycus,  upon  his  conqueft  ot  nidates,  the  general  ot  the 
Parthians,  he  iiayed  there  two-  driys.  It  was  at  the  defire  of 
Hyrcanus  the  Jew,  hecaufe  it  was  fuch  a  feftival  derived  to 
th.:m  from  their  forefathers,  whereon  the  iaw  of  the  l°ws  did 
not  allow  them  to  travel."  And  truly  he  did  not  fpeaic  falfey 
in  laying  fo  ;  for  that  teftival,  which  we  call  Pentecoft,  did 
then  tall  out  to  be  the  next  day  to  the  Sabbath  :  Nor  is  it  * 
lawful  for  us  to  journey,  either  on  the  Sabbath  day,  or  on  a 
feftival  day.  But  when  Antiochus  joined  battle  with  Arfaces, 
the  king  of  Parthia,  he  loft  a  great  part  ot  his  army,  and  was 
himfelt  (lain  ;  and  his  brother  Demetrius  fucceeded  in  the 
kingdom  ot  Syria,  by  the  permifiion  of  Arfaces,  who  freed 
him  from  his  captivity,  at  the  fame  time  that  Antiochus  at- 
tacked Parthia,  as  we  have  formerly  related  ellewhere. 


CHAP.    IX. 

How,  after  the  Death  of  Antiochus,  Hyrcanus  made  an  Expedi- 
tion againft  Syria,  and  made  a  league  with  the  Romans.  Con~ 
ce.rn.ing  the.  Death  oj  King  Demetrius  and  Alexander. 

^  I.  TJ  UT  when  Hyrcanus  heard  of  the  death  of  Antiochus, 
X3  he  prefently  made  an  expedition  againft  the  cities  of 
Syria,  hoping  to  find  them  deftitute  of  fighting  men,  and  of 
fuch  as  were  able  to  defend  them.  However,  it  was  not  till 
the  fixth  month  that  he  took  Medaba,  and  that  not  without  the 
great  diftrefs  of  his  army.  After  this  he  took  Samega,  and 
the  neighbouring  places  ;  and  befides  thefe,  Shechem  and 
Gerizzim,  and  the  nation  of  the  Cutheans  who  dwelt  at  the 
temple  which  Alexander  permitted  Sanballat,  the  general  of 
his  army,  to  build  for  the  fake  of  Manalfeh,  who  was  fon-in- 
law  to  jaddua  the  high-prieft,  as  we  have  formerly  related  ; 
which  temple  was  now  deferted  two  hundred  years  aiter  it 
">\-as  built.  Hyrcanus  took  alfo  Dora  and  Manila,  cities  of 
Idumea,  and  fubdued  all  the  Idumeans  ;  and  permitted  them 
to  ftay  in  that  country,  it  they  would  circumcife  their  geni- 
tals, and  make  ufe  ot  the  laws  of  the  Jews  ;  and  they  were  fo 
defirous  of  living  in  the  country  ot  their  forefathers,  that  they  t 
iubmitted  to  the  ule  ot  circumcifion,  and  ot  the  reft  ot  the 

*  The-  Jews  -were  not   to  march,  or  journey  on  the  Sabbath,    or  on  fuch  a  great 
-  equivalent  to  the  Sabbath,    any  farther   than   a   Sabbath-day's  journey, 
*>r  2COO  cubits,  Ire  the  note  on  Antiq    B.  X\.  c,h.  viii.  fee.  6.  Vol.  III. 

ictount  of  the  Idumeans  admitting ;  circumcifion,  and  the  entire  Jewish 
rn  this  time,  or  from  the  days  of  Hyrcanus,  is  confirmed  bv  their  entire  hit- 
rward.  Sse  Antiq.  B.  xiv  ch.  viii.  fee.  i.  B,  xv.  ch  vii.  l«c.  9.  vol.  II. 

VOL.  II.  M 


9®  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  Xtlti 

Jewifh  ways  ot  living,  at  which  time  therefore  this  befel  them, 
that  they  were  hereafter  no  other  than  Jews. 

2.  But  Hyrcanus  the  high-prieft  was  defirous  to  renew  that 
league  of  triendihip  they  had  with  the  Romans  :  Accordingly 
he  fent  an  ambaffage  to  them  :  And  when  the  fcnate  had  re- 
ceived their  epiltle,  they  made  a  league  of  friendfhip  with 
them,  after  the  rranner  following  :  "  Fanius,  the  fon  ot  Mar- 
cus the  pretor,  gathered  the  fenate  together  on  the  eighth  day 
before^  the  ides  of  February,  in  the  fenate-houfe  when  Lu- 
cius Manlius,  the  fon  of  Lucius,  of  the  Mentine  tribe,  and 
Caius  Sempronius,  the  fon  of  Caius,  of  the  Falernian  tribe, 
were  prefent.  The  occafion  was,  that  the  ambadadois  fent  by 
the  *  people  of  the  Jews.  Simon  the  fon  of  Dofitheus,  and 
ApoUonius,  the  fon  of  Alexander,  and  Diodorus,  the  fon  of 
Jafon,  who  were  good  and  virtuous  men,  had  fomewhat  to 
propofe  about  that  league  ot  friendfhip  and  mutual  affiftance 
which  fubfifted  between  them  and  the  Romans,  and  about  o- 
ther  public  affairs,  who  Hefiredthat  Joppa,  and  the  havens,  and 
Gazara,  and  the  fprings  [of  Jordan,]  and  the  feveral  other  ci- 
ties and  countries  of  theirs,  which  Antiochus  had  taken  from 
them  in  the  war,  contrary  to  the  decree  of  the  fenate,  might  be 
reftored  to  them  ;  and  that  it  might  not  be  lawful  tor  the  king's 
troops  to  pafs  through  their  country,  and  the  countries  ot" 
thofethat  are  fubjefct  to  them  :  And  that  what  attempts  Anti- 
cchus  had  made  during  that  war,  without  the  decree  of  the 
fenate  might  be  made  void  :  And  that  they  would  fend  am- 
bafladors.  who  ihould  take  care  that  reftitution  be  made  them 
of  what  Antiochus  had  taken  from  them,  and  that  they  fhould 
make  an  eftirnate  of  the  country  that  had  been  laid  wafte  in  the 

Of  the  war,  B.  II.  ch.  iii.  ^  ».  B.  IV.  ch.  iv.  §  5.  vol.  III.  This,  in  the  opinion 
of  Joiephus,  made  them  profelytes  of  juftice,  or  entire  Jews,  as  here  and  elfewhere, 
Antiq.  B.  .YIV.  ch.  viii.  ^  i.  However,  Antigonus,  the  enemy  of  Herod,  though 
IJ.-rod  were  derived  from  fuch  a  profelyte  of  juftice  for  ftveral  generations,  will 
allow  him  to  be  no  more  than  an  half  Jew,  B.  XV.  ch.  xv.  $  z.  But  ftill  take  out; 
of  Dean  Pvideaux,  at  the  year  129  the  words  0f  Ammoni  us  a  grammarian,  which 
fully  confirm  this  account  ot  the  Idumeans  in  Jofephns  :  "  The  Jews,  fays  he,  are 
Inch  by  nature,  and  from  the  begin:  ii--;r,  whi'ft  the  Idumeans  were  not  Jews  from. 
the  beginning  hut  Phenicians  and  Syrians  ;  but  being  afterward  iubdued  by  rh<: 
Jews,  and  compelled  to  be  circumciied,  and  to  unite  into  one  nation,  ar.d  be  fub- 
ject  to  the  laaie  laws,  they  \vcre  called  Jews"  Dio  alfo  fays,  as  the  Dean  there 
quotes  him,  from  hook  XXXV L  p.  37.  "  That  country  is  called  Judea,an&  the  peo- 
ple Jfzvs  ;  and  this  name  is  given  alfo  to  as  many  others  as  embrace  their  religion,  tho' 
ofo  ther  nations."  But  then  upon  what  foundation  fo  good  a  governor  as  Hyrcau- 
us  took  upon  him  to  compel  thefe  Idun  eans  either  to  become  Jews,  or  to  Itcve  the 
country,  dderves  great  confederation.  I  fuppofe  it  was  becault  they  had  long  ago 
been  driven  out  of  the  land  of  Edom,  and  had  fei,red  on  and  ppfllfTed  the  tribe  off 
Simeon,  and  nil  the  fouthern  parts  of  the  tribe  of  Jndea,  which  was  the  peculiar  in- 
heritance of  the  worfhippers  of  the  true  God  without  idolatry,  as  the  reader  may- 
learn  from  Reland,  Paleftine,  part  I.  p.  154,  305.  and  from  Prideaux,  at  the  years 
140  and  165. 

*  In  this  decree  of  the  Roman  Senate,  it  feems,  that  thefe  ambaffadors  were  fent 
from  the  pt'.fk  nj  ihr  Jews,  as  well  as  from  their  prince  tr  higk-priejl  John 
*r. 


Chap.   X,]  ANTIQUITIES   QF    THE   JEWS.  91 

war  ;  and  that  they  would  grant  them  letters  of  protection  to 
the  kings,  and  free  people,  in  order  to  their  quiet  return 
home.  It  was  therefore  decreed,  as  to  thefe  points,  to  renew 
their  league  of  friendfhip  and  mutual  affiftance  with  thefe 
good  men,  and  who  were  fent  by  a  good  and  a  friendly  peo- 
ple." But  that  as  to  the  letters  defired,  their  anfwer  was,  that 
the  fenate  would  confult  about  that  matter,  when  their  own  af- 
fairs would  give  them  leave  and  that  they  would  endeavour 
for  the  time  to  come,  that  no  like  injury  mould  be  done  them  : 
And  that  their  pretor  Fanius,  ihould  give  them  money  out  of 
the  public  treafury  to  bear  their  expenses  home.  And  thus 
did  Fanius  difmifs  the  Jewifh  ambafladors,  and  gave  them 
money  out  of  the  public  treafury  ;  and  gave  the  decree  ot  the 
fenate  to  thofe  that  were  to  conduft  them,  and  to  take  care 
that  they  fhould  return  home  in  fafety. 

3.  And  thus  flood  the  affairs  of  Hyrcanus  the  high  prieft. 
But  as  tor  king  Demetrius,  who  had  a  mind  to  make  war  a- 
gainft  Hyrcanus,  there  was  no  opportunity  nor  room  for  it, 
while  both  the  Syrians  and  the  foldiers  bare  ill-will  to  him, 
becaufe  he  was  an  ill  man.  But  when  they  had  fent  ambaffar 
dors  to  Ptolemy,  who  was  called  Phyicon,  that  he  wouid  lend 
them  one  of  the  family  ot  Seleucus,  in  order  to  take  the  king- 
dom, and  he  had  lent  them  Alexander,  who  was  called  Zebi- 
na,  with  an  army,  and  there  had  been  a  battle  between  them, 
Demetrius  was  beaten  in  the  fight,  and  fled  to  Cleopatra  his 
wife  to  Ptolemais,  but  his  wife  would  not  receive  him.  He 
went  thence  to  Tyre,  and  was  there  caught,  and  when  he  had 
fullered  much  from  his  enemies  before  his  death,  he  was  flain 
by  them.  So  Alexander  took  the  kingdom,  and  made  a  league 
with  Hyrcanus,  who  yet,  when  he  afterward  fought  with  An- 
tiochus  the  fon  of  Demetrius,  who  was  called  Grypus,  was  al- 
fo  beaten  in  the  fight,  and  flain. 


CHAP.    X. 

How  upon  the  quarrel  between  Antiochus  Grypus  and  Antioc.hu s 
Cvzicenus,  about  the  Kingdom,  Hyrcanus  look  Samaria,  and 
utterly  demolijlied  it;  and  how  Hyrcanus  joined  himjdj  to- 
the  (eft  of  the  Sadduce.es,  and  lejt  that  oj  the  Pharifees. 

$  i.  "\^7HEN  Antiochus  ha.d  taken  the  kingdom,  he  was 
V  V  afraid  to  make  war  againft  Judea,  becaufe  he 
heard  that  his  brother  by  the  fame  mother,  who  was  alfo  called 
Antiochus,  was  raifmg  an  army  againfl  him  out  of  Cyzicurn, 
fo  he  ftaidin  his  own  land,  and  relblved  to  prepare  himfelt  for 
the  attack  he  expected  from  his  brother,  who  was  called  Cy- 
zicenus,  becaufe  he  had  been  brought  up  in  that  city.  He 
was  the  fon  of  Antiochus  that  was  called  Soter,  who  died  in 
PartUia.  He  was  the  brother  of  Demetrius,  the  father  of 


92  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.     [Book  XIII. 

Grypus,  for  it  had  (o  happened,  iliat  one  and  the  fame  Cleo- 
patra was  married  to  two,  who  were  brethren,  as  we  have  re- 
lated elfewhere.  But  Amiochus  Cyzicenus  coming  into 
Syria,  continued  many  years  at  war  with  his  brother.  Now 
Hyrcanus  lived  all  this  while  in  peace  ;  i'or  after  the  death  of 
Antiochus,  he  *  revoked  trom  the  Macedonians,  nor  did  he 
any  longer  pay  them  the  leaft  regard,  either  as  their  tubjecl  or 
their  friend,  but  his  affairs  are  in  a  very  improving  and  flour- 
ifhing  condition  in  the  times  ot  Alexander  Zebina,  and  efpe- 
cially  under  thefe  brethren,  tor  the  war  which  they  had  with 
one  another  gave  Hyrcanus  the  opportunity  of  enjoying  him- 
felf  in  Judea  quietly,  irrYomuch  that  he  got  an  immenfe quan- 
tity of  money.  However,  when  Antiochus  Cyzicenus  dif- 
treffed  his  land,  he  then  openly  (hewed  w:  ant.  And 

when  he  faw  that  Antiochus  was  deihtute  ot  Egyptian  auxil- 
iaries, and  that  both  he  and  his  brother  were  in  an   ill  c 
tion  in   the  ilruggles  they  had  one  with   another,  he  defpifed 
them  both. 

2.  So  he  made  an  expedition  againft  Samaria,  which  was  a 
very  ftrong  city  ;  of  whole  prelent  name  Sebafte,  and  its  re- 
building by  Herod,  we  (hail  fpeak  at  a  proper  tune  :  But  he 
made  his  attack  againit  it,  and  befieged  it  with  a  great  deal  ot 
pains  ;  for  he  was  greatly  ditpleafed  with  the  Samaritans  tor 
the  injuries  they  had  done  to  the  people  of  Merifla,  a  colony 
of  the  Jews,  and  confederate  with  them,  and  this  in  compli- 
ance to  the  kings  ot  Syria.  When  he  had  therefore  clr 
ditch,  anei  built  a  double  wall  round  the  city,  which  were 
fourfcore  furlongs  long,  he  fet  his  fons  Antigonus  and  Arif- 
tobulus  over  the  fiege,  which  brought  the  Samaritans  to  that 
great  diftrefs  by  famine  that  they  were  forced  to.  eat  what  ufed 
not  to  be  eaien,  and  to  call  for  Antiochus  Cyzicenus  to  help 
them,  who  came  readily  to  their  ailHbnce,  but  was  beaten  by 
Ariftobulus,  and  when  he  was  purfued  as  far  as  Scythopolis 
by  the  two  brethren,  he  got  away  :  So  they  returned  to  Sama- 
ria, and  (hut  them  again  within  the  wall,  till  they  were  forced 
to  fend  lor  the  fame  Ami 'chus  a  fecond  time  to  help  them, 
who  procured  about  fix  thoufand  men  from  Ptolemy  Lathy- 
rns,  which  were  fent  them  without  his  mother's  conient,  who 
had  then  in  a  manner  turned  him  out  ot  his  government. 
With  thefe  Egyptians  Antiochus  did  at  firii  over-run  and  rav- 
age the  country  ot  Hyrcanus  after  the  manner  oi  a  robber,  tor 
he  durft  not  meet  him  in  the  tace  to  fight  with  him,  as  not 
having  an  army  fufficient  tor  that  purpofe,  but  only  trom  this 
fuppofal  that  by  thus  harraffing  his  land  he  mould  torce  Hyr- 
canus to  raife  the  fiege  of  Samaria  ;  but  becaufe  he  tell  into 
fnares,  and  loil  many  ot  his  foldiers  therein,  he  went  away  to 

*  Dean  Prideaux  takes  notice  at  the  year  130,  that  Juftin,  in  agreement  wi:h 
Jofephus,  fays,  "  The  power  of  the  Jews  was  now  grown  fo  great,  that  after  iliis 
"  Antiochus  they  would  not  bear  any  Macedonian  king  over  them,  and  that  they 
Jet  up  a  government  of  their  own,  and  infefted  Syria  with  great  wars." 


Chap.  X.]  ANTIQUITIES   OJF    THE   JEWS.  93 

Tripoli,  and  committed  the  profecution  of  the  war  againil  the 
Jews  to  Callimander  and  Epicrates. 

3.  But  as  to  Callimander,  he  attacked  the  enemy  too  ra 
and  was  put  to  flight,  and  deftroyed  immediately  ;   ami 
Epicrates,  he  was  fuch  a  lover  of  money,  that  he  c 

frayed  Scythopolis,  and  other  places  near  L,  to  the  Jews,  t 
was  not  able  to  make  them  raife  the  fiege  ot  Samaria, 
when  Hyrcanus  had  taken  that  city,  which  was  not  done  till 
after  a  year's  fiege,  he  was  not  contented  with  doing  that  only, 
but  he  demolished  it  entirely,  and  brought  rivulets  to  it  to 
i  it,  for  he  dug  fuch  hollows  as  might  let  the  water  run 
it  ;  nay,  he  took  away  the  very  mark*  that  there  had 
ever  been  fuch  a  city  there.  Now  a  very  Curprifing  thing  is 
related  of  this  high  priefl  Hyrcanus,  how  God  o>"ie  to  dif- 
courfe  with  him  :  for  they  fay,  that  on  the  very  lame  day  on 
which  his  fons  tought  with  Antiochus  Cyzicenus,  he  was  a- 
lone  in  the  temple,  as  high  prieft  incenfe,  and  heard 

a  voice,  that  ''  hrs  fons  had  juil  then  overcome  Antiochus." 
And  this  he  openly  declared  before  all  the  multitude  upon 
his  coming  out  of  the  temple  ;  and  it  accordingly  proved 
true  :  And  in  this  pofture  were  the  affairs  ot  Hyrcanus. 

4.  Now  it  happened  at  this  time,  that  not  only    thole  Jews 
who  were  at  Jerufalem  aad  in  Judea  were  in   profpenty,  but 

lofe  oi  them  that  were  at  Alexandria,  and  in  Egypt   and 

.is,  for  Cleopatra  the  queen  was  at  variance  with  her  fon 
Ptoiemy,  who  was  called  Lathyrus,  and  appointed  tor  her 
generals  Chelcias,  and  Ananias,  the  fons  ot  that  Onias  who 
i)!ii!t  the  temple  in  the  prefecture  ot  Heliopolis,  like  to  that  at 

iiein,  as  we  have  elfewhere  related.  Cleopatra  intruft- 
cd  thefe  men  with  her  army  ;  and  did  nothing  without  their 

e,  as  Strabo  ot  Cappadocia  attefts,  when  he  faith  thus, 
"  Now  the  greater  part,  both  thofe  that  came  to  Cyprus  with 
iis,  and  tboiethat  were  fent  afterward  thither,  revolted  to  Ptol- 

:nmediately  ;  only  thofe  that  were  called  Onias's  party, 
hf  ing  Jews,  continued  taithtul,  becaufe  their  countrymen 
Chelcias  and  Ananias  were  in  chief  tavour  with  the  queen." 
Thcfc  are  the  words  of  Strabo. 

5.  However,  this  profperous  ftate  of  affairs  moved  the  Jews 
to  envy  Hyrcanus;  but  they  that  were  the  word  difpofed  to 
mm  were  the  *  Pharifees,  who  are  one  of  the  fefts  ot  the  Jews, 

j  have  intormed  you  already.     Thefe  have  fo  great  a 

*  The  original   of  the  Sadducees,  as  a  confiderable  party  among  the  Jews,  heing 

:  "d  the  two  following  feftions,  take  Dean  Prideaux's  note  upon 

r   firil  public   apo.-arance,    which    I    fuppot'e     to      be  true  :   "  Hyrcanus, 

;iartyofthe   Sadducees,  that  is,  by    embracing  their  doc- 

iinflihe  traditions  of  the  eiders,  added  to  the  written  law,  and  made  ot  e- 

qual  authority  with  it,  but  not  their  do&rine  againil   the  refurre&ion  and  a  future 

ftate,  for  this  cannot  be  fuppofed  of  fo  good  and  righteous  a  man  as  John  Hyrcanus 

:o  be.      It  is  moft  probable,  that  at  this  time  the  Sadducees   had   gon  no  far- 

;lie  doctrines  of  that  f;6l  than  to  deny  all  their  unwritten  traditions,  which 

rlfees  were  fo  fond  of  ;  for  Joiephus  mentions  qo  other   difference   at  this 


94  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE   JEWS.  [Book  XIII. 

power  over  the  multitude,  that  when  they  fay  any  thing  againft 
the  king,  or  againft  the  highprieft,  they  are  prefently  believed. 
Now  Hyrcanus  was  a  dilcipie  of  theirs,  and  greatly  beloved 
by  them.  And  when  he  once  invited  them  to  a  teaft,  and  en- 
tertained them  very  kindly,  when  he  faw  them  in  a  good  hu- 
mour, he  began  to  fay  to  them,  that  "  they  knew  he  was  de- 
firous  to  be  a  righteous  man,  and  to  do  all  things  whereby  he 
might  pleafe  God  which  was  the  profeffton  of  the  Pharifees 
aifo.  However,  he  defired,  that  if  they  ob'erved  him  offend- 
ing in  any  point,  and  going  out  of  the  right  way,  they  would 
call  him  back  and  correct  him."  On  which  occafion  they  at- 
tefted  to  his  being  entirely  virtuous  ;  with  which  commenda- 
tion he  was  well  pleafed.  But  ftill  there  vras  one  of  his  guefts 
there,  whofe  name  was  *  Eleazar,  a  man  of  an  ill  temper,  and 
delighting  in  feditious  praHices.  This  man  faid,  fmce  thoti 
defireft  to  know  the  truth  it  thou  wilt  be  righteous  in  earneft, 
lay  down  the  high  prieft-hood,  and  content  thy  felt  with  the 
civil  government  ot  the  people."  And  when  he  defired  to 
know  tor  what  caufe  he  ought  to  lay  down  the  high  prieft- 
hood  ?  the  other  replied,  "  We  have  heard  it  from  old  men, 
that  thy  mother  had  been  a  captive  under  the  reign  ot  Antio- 
chus  Epiphanes."  This  {lory  was  falfe,  and  Hyrcanus  was 
provoked  againft  him  ;  and  all  the  Pharifees  had  a  very  great 
indignation  againft  him, 

6.  Now  there  was  one  Jonathan,  a  very  great  friend  ot  Hyr- 
canus's.  but  of  the  feel  of  the  Sadducees,  whofe  notions  are  quite 
contrary  to  thofe  of  the  Pharifees,  He  told  Hyrcanus,  that 
"  Eleazar  had  caft  fuch  a  reproach  upon  him  according  to  the 
common  fentiments  of  all  the  PharHces,  and  that  this  would 
be  made  manifeft  if  he  would  but  afk  them  the  queftion,  what 
punilhment  they  thought  this  man  deferved?  for  that  he  might 
depend  upon  it,  that  the  reproach  was  not  laid  on  him  with 
their  approbation,  it  they  were  for  punifhing  him  as  his  crime 
deferved."  So  the  Pharifees  made  anfwer,  that"  he  deferved 
ilripes  and  bonds,  but  that  it  did  not  leem  right  to  punilh  re- 
proaches with  death."  And  indeed  the  Pharifees,  even  upon 
other  occafions,  are  not  apt  to  be  fevere  in  punifhments.  At 
this  gentle  fentence,  Hyrcanus  was  very  angry,  and  thought 
that  this  man  reproached  him  by  their  approbation.  It  was 
this  Jonathan  who  chiefly  irritated  him,  and  influenced  him 
fo  far,  that  he  made  him  leave  the  party  of  the  Pharifees,  and 
abolifh  the  decrees  they  had  impofed  on  the  people,  and  to 
punifh  thofe  that  obferved  them.  From  this  fource  arofe  that 

time  between  them  :  Neither  doth  he  fav  that  Hyrcanus  vent  over  to  the  Sadducees 
in  any  other  particular  than  in  the  a,  olishing  of  all  the  traditionary  confutations  of 
the  Pharifees.  which  our  Saviour  condemned  as  well  as  they."  [At  the  year  108.] 
*  This  {lander,  thataroie  from  a  Phari'e  ,  has  been  preferved  by  their  fucceffors 
the  Rabbins  to  thefe  later  ages,  for  Dr.  Hudfon  allures  us,  that  David  Gantz,  in 
his  chronology  S.  Pr  p.  77.  in  Vorftius's  verfion,  relates  that  Hyrcanus's  mother 
•was  taken  captive  in  mount  Modiith.  See  chap  xiii.  feel.  5. 


Chap.   X.]        ANTIQUITIES   6?    THE   JEWS.  g<* 

hatred  which  he  and  his  fons  met  with  from  the  multitude  ; 
but  of  thefe  matters  we  fhall  fpeak  hereafter.  What  I  would 
now  explain  is  this,  that  the  Pharifees  have  delivered  to  the 
people  a  great  many  observances  by  fucceffion  from  their 
fathers,  which  are  not  written  in  the  laws  of  Mofes  ;  and  for 
that  reafon  it  is  that  the  Sadducees  rejecl  them,  and  fay,  that 
we  are  to  efleem  tho{e  obfervances  to  be  obligatory  which  are 
in  the  written  word,  but  are  not  to  obferve  what  are  derived 
from  the  tradition  of  our  forefathers.  And  concerning  thefe 
things  it  is  that  great  difputes  and  differences  have  arilen  a- 
mong  them,  while  the  Sadducees  are  able  to  perfuacle  none 
but  the  rich,  and  have  not  the  populace  obfequious  to  them, 
but  the  Pharifees  have  the  multitude  of  their  fide.  But  about 
thefe  two  fe£h,  and  that  of  the  Ellens,  I  have  treated  accurate- 
ly in  the  fecond  book  of  Jewifh  affairs. 

7.  But  when  Hyrcanus  had  put  an  end  to  this  fedition,  he 
after  that  lived  happily,  and  adminiftered  the  government  in 
the  beil  manner  tor  thirty-one  years,  and  then  *died  ;  leaving 
behind  him  five  fons.  He  was  efleemed  by  God  worthy  ot 
the  three  greater!:  privileges,  the  government  of  his  nation,  the 
dignity  ot  the  high-priefthood,  and  prophecy  ;  for  God  was 
with  him,  and  enabled  him  to  know  futurities  ;  and  to  foretel 
this  in  particular,  that  as  to  his  two  eldeft  fons.  he  foretold 
that  they  would  not  long  continue  in  the  government  of  pub- 
lic affairs  ;  whofe  unhappy  cataftrophe  will  be  worth  our  def- 
cription,  that  we  may  thence  learn  how  very  much  they  were 
interior  to  their  father's  happinefs. 

*  Here  ends  the  high  priefthood,  and  the  life  of  this  excellent  perfon  John  Hyr- 
canus ;  and  together  with  him  the  holy  theocracy,  or  divine  government  o  f  the  Jew- 
ish  nation,  and  its  concomitant  oracle  by  Urim.  Now  follows  the  profane  and  ty- 
rannical Jewish  monanky,  firft  of  the  Affamoneans  or  Maccabees,  and  then  of  Herod 
the  Great,  the  Idumean,  till  the  coming  of  the  Messiah.  Ste  the  note  on  Antiq. 
B.  III.  ch.  viii.  §9  Hear  Strabo's  teftimony  on  this  occafion,  B.  XVI.  page 
761,  762.  "  Thofe,  fays  he,  that  fucceeded  Mofes  continued  for  feme  time  in 
earneft,  both  in  righteous  aftions,  and  in  piety  ;  but  after  a  while,  there  were  oth- 
ers that  took  upon  them  the  high  priefthood  ;  at  firft  luperftitious  and  afterward 
tyrannical  perfons.  Such  a  prophet  was  Mofes,  and  thofe  that  fucceeded  him,  be- 
ginning in  a  way  not  to  be  blamed,  but  changing  for  the  worfe.  And  when  it  o- 
penly  appeared  that  the  government  was  become  tyrannical.  Alexander  was  the  lirft 
that  frt  up  himfelf  tor  a  king  inftead  of  a  prieft  ;  and  his  fons  were  Hyrcanus  and. 
Ariftobulus."  All  in  agreement  with  Joiephus,  excepting  this,  that  Strabo  omits 
the  firft  king  Ariftobulus,  who  reigned  but  a  fingle  year,  leems  hardly  to  have  come 
to  his  knowledge.  Nor  indeed  does  Ariftobulus,  the  ion  of  Alexander,  pretend 
that  the  name  of  king  was  taken  before  his  father  Alexander  took  it  hitnfelt,  Antiq. 
B.  XIV.  ch  iii.  ^  2.  Seealfo  chap.  xii.  fee.  i.  which  favour  Strabo  alfo.  And  in- 
deed, if  we  may  judge  from  the  very  different  characters  of  the  Egyptian  Jews  ui  - 
der  high  priefts,  and  of  the  Palrftine  fews  under  kings,  in  the  two  next  centuries 
we  may  well  fuppofe,  that  the  divine  Shechinah  was  removed  into  Egypt,  and  that> 
ihe  worihippcn  at  the  temple  ef  Onias  wers  lett-r  men  than  thofc  at  the  temple  «£ 
jerufalem. 


95  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  A 


CHAP.    XI. 

How  Ariflobvl;'  \t  had  taken  the  Government,  frjt  oj  all 

put.  a  diadem  on  h;s  kcad,  and  teas  mo  ft  barbaroiijly  cntel  to 
/?..>•  mother  and  his  brethren  ;  u,nd  how,  ajter  hehadjlain  An- 
tigonus,  he  kirrifelf  died. 


^  l'  "NT^^  when  their  father  Hyrcanus  was  dead,  the  eldeft 
IN  fon  Ariffobulus,  intending  to  change  the  govern- 
ment into  a  kingdom,  for  fo  he  refolved  to  do,  firft  of  ail  put  a 
diadem  on  his  head,  four  hundred  eighty  and  one  years  and 
three  months  after  the  people  had  been  delivered  from  the 
BabylonHh  flaverv,  and  were  returned  to  their  own  coun- 
try again.  This  Ariftobulus  loved  his  next  brother  Antigon- 
us,  and  treated  him  as  his  equal,  but  the  others  he  held  in 
bonds.  He  alfo  caft  his  mother  into  prifon,  becaufe  ilie  dif- 
puted  the  government  with  him,  for  Hyrcanns  had  left  her  to 
be  miftrels  of  all.  He  alfo  proceeded  to  that  degree  o(  barbar- 
ity, as  to  kill  her  in  prifon  with  hunger  ;  nay,  he  was  alienat- 
ed from  his  brother  Antigonns  by  calumnies,  and  added  him 
to  the  reft  whom  he  flew,  yet  hefeemed  to  have  and  affeclion 
for  him,  and  made  him  above  the  reft  a  partner  with  him  in 
the  kingdom.  Thofe  calumnies  he  at  firft  did  not  give  credit 
to,  partly  bocaufe  he  loved  him,  and  fo  did  not  give  heed  to 
what  was  fa  id  againft  him,  and  partly  becaufe  he  thought  the 
reproaches  were  derived  from  the  envy  of  the  relaters.  But 
when  Antigonus  was  once  returned  from  the  army,  and  that 
feaft  was  then  at  hand  when  they  make  tabernacles  to  [the 
honour  of  j  God,  it  happened  that  Ariftobulus  was  fallen  Tick, 
and  that  Antigonus  went  up  moft  fplendidly  adorned,  and 
with  his  foldiers  about  him  in  their  armour,  to  the  temple,  to 
celebrate  the  feaft,  and  to  put  up  many  prayers  for  the  recov- 
ery of  his  brother,  when  fome  wicked  perlons,  who  had  a 
great  mind  to  raife  a  difference  between  the  brethren,  made 
ufe  ot  this  opportunity  of  the  pompous  appearance  of  Antigo- 
nus,  and  of  the  great  actions  which  he  had  done,  and  went  to 
the  king,  and  Ipitefully  aggravated  the  pompous  fliew  of  his 
at  the  feaft,  and  pretended  that  all  thefe  circumftances  were 
not  like  thole  of  a  private  perfon  ;  that  thefe  a£lions  were  in- 
dications of  an  affetticn  of  royal  authority  ;  and  that  his  com- 
ing with  a  ftrong  body  of  men  muft  be  with  an  intention  to 
kill  him  ;  and  that  his  way  of  reafoning  was  this,  that  it  was  a 
filly  thing  in  him  ;  while  it  was  in  his  power  to  reign  him  (elf, 
to  look  upon  it  as  a  great  favour  that  he  was  honoured  with  a 
lower  dignity  by  his  brother. 

2.  Ariftobulus  yielded  to  thefe  imputations,  but  took  care 
both  that  his  brother  fhould  not  fufpefthim,  and  that  he  him- 
felt  might  not  run  the  hazard  of  his  own  lafety  ;  fohe  ordered 


.p.    XL]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  97 

his  guards  to  lie  in  a  certain  place  that  was  under  ground, 
and  dark  (he  himfe-lf  then  lying  fick  in  the  tower  which  was 
Called  Antoni a),  and  he  commanded  them,  that  in  cale  Anti- 
genus  came  in  to  him  unarmed,  they  ihould  not  touch  any 
body,  but  if  armed,  they  (houid  kill  him  ;  yet  did  he  fend  to 
Antigonus,  and  defired  that  he  would  come  unarmed  :  But 
the  queen,  and  tliofe  that  joined  with  her  in  the  plotagainft  Anti- 
gonus,  penuaded  the  meffenger  to  tell  him  the  direct:  contrary  ; 
,;is  brother  had  hear  i  that  he  had  made  himfelf  a  fine  fuit 
of  armour  lor  war,  and  delired  him  to  come  to  him  in  that  ar- 
jnour,  that  he  might  fee  how  fine  it  was.  So  Arftigonus  fuf- 
perting  no  treachery,  but  depending  on  the  good-will  of  his 
brother)  came  to  Aiiflobulus  armed,  as  he  ufed  to  be,  with 
his  entire  armour,  in  order  to  (hew  it  to  him  ;  but  when  he 
was  come  at  a  place  which  was  called  Strato's  Tower,  where 
the  paifage  happened,  to  be  exceeding  dark,  the  guards  fle\y 
him  ;  which  death  of  his  demonlirates  that  nothing  is  ftrong- 
er  than  envy  and  calumny,  and  that  nothing  does  more  cer- 
tainly divide  the  good-will  and  natural  affe6Hons  ot  men  than 
thofe  paflions.  But  here  one  may  take  occafion  to  wonder  at 
one  Judas,  who  was  ot  the  leek  ot  the  Eflens,  and  who  never 
miffed  the  truth  in  his  predictions  ;  for  this  man,  when  he  faw 
Antigonus  palling  by  the  temple,  cried  out  to  his  companions 
and  triends,  who  abode  with  him  as  his  *  fchollars,  in  order 
to  learn  the  art  of  foretelling  things  to  come,  ''  That  it  was 
good  for  him  to  die  now,  Once  he  had  fpokert  falfely  about 
Antigonus,  who  is  ftill  alive,  and  I  fee  him  paffing  by,  al- 
though he  had  foretold  he  Ihonld  die  at  the  place  called  Stra- 
to's Tower,  that  very  day,  "vhile  yet  the  place  is  fix  hundred 
furlongs  off,  where  he  had  Foretold  he  mould  be  flain  ;  and 
flill  this  day  is  a  great  p  trt  of  it  already  pad,  fo  that  he  was  ia 
danger  ot  proving  a  talfe  prophet."  As  he  was  laying  this, 
and  that  in  a  melancholy  mood,  the  news  came  that  Antigo- 
nus was  flain  in  a  place  under  ground,  which  itfelf  was  call- 
ed alfo  Strato's  Tower,  or  of  the  fame  name  with  that  Cefarea 
which  is  feated  at  the  fea.  This  event  put  the  prophet  into  a 
great  diforder. 

3.  But  Ariftobulus  repeated  immediately  of  this  (laughter 
ol  his  brother  ;  on  which  account  his  difeafe  increafed  upon 
him,  and  he  was  difturhed  in  his  mind,  upon  the  guilt  of  iuch 
wickednefs,  infomuch  that  his  entrails  Were  corrupted  by  his 
intolerable  pain,  and  he  vomited  blood  :  At  which  time  one 
of  the  fervants  that  attended  upon  him,  and  was  carrying  his 
blood  away,  did,  by  divine  providence,  as  I  cannot  but  fup- 

*  Hence  we  learn,  that  tlie  Efcs  pretended  to  have  rules  whereby  nrn  might 
foretel  things  to  come,  and  that  this  Judas  the  Ii!!>.n,  flight  thofe  rules  to  hii  fchol- 
lars :  but  whether  their  pretences  were  of  an  aflrolbgicjl  or  magical  nature,  which 
yet  in  iuch  reli^i:>'is  Jews,  who  we  re  utterly  forbidden  fuch  arts,  is  no  way  proba- 
ble, or  to  any  Bath  Go!,  fpokeuof  by  the  latter  Rabbins,  or  otherwise,  1  cannot 
tell.  See  of  the  War,  B,  Il.ch  viii.  ;,  u.  vol  III. 

VOL.  II.  N 


98  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIII. 

pofe,  flip  down,  and  fhed  part  of  his  blood  at  the  very  place 
•where  there  were  fpots  ot  Antig onus's  blood  there  flam,  ftill 
remaining  ;  and  when  there  was  a  cry  made  by  the  fpeclators, 
as  if  the  fervant  had  on  purpofe  (hed  the  blood  on  that  place, 
Arillobulus  heard  it,  and  enquired  what  the  matter  was  ?  And 
as  they  did  not  anfwer  him  he  was  the  more  earnefl  to  know 
what  it  was,  it  being  natural  to  men  to  fufpefi  that  what  is 
thus  concealed,  is  very  bad  :  So  upon  his  threatening,  and 
iorcing  them  by  terrors  to  (peak,  they  at  length  told  him  the 
truth  ;  whereupon  he  fiied  many  tears,  in  that  diforder  ot  mind 
which  arofe  from  his  confcioufnefs  ot  what  he  had  done,  and 
guve  a  deep  groan,  and  faid,  "  I  am  not  therefore,  I  perceive, 
to  be  concealed  Irom  God,  in  the  impious  and  horrid  crimes 
I  have  been  guilty  of,  but  a  fudden  puniihment  is  coming 
upon  me  for  the  Ihedding  the  blood  of  my  relations.  And 
now,  O  thou  mod  impudent  body  ot  mine,  how  long  wht 
tlum  retain  a  foul  that  ought  to  die,  in  order  to  appeafe  the 
ghotls  of  my  brother  and  my  mother  ?  Why  doll  thou  not 
give  it  all  up  at  once  ?  And  why  do  I  deliver  up  my  blood 
drop  by  drop  to  thofe  whom  1  have  fo  wickedly  murdered  ?" 
In  faying  which  laft  words,  he  died,  having  reigned  a  year. 
He  was  called  a  lover  ot  the  Grecians  ;  and  had  conferred 
many  benefits  on  his  own  country,  and  made  war  againft  Itu- 
rea,  ana  added  a  great  part  of  it  to  Judea,  and  compelled  the 
inhabitants,  it  they  would  continue  in  that  country,  to  be  cir- 
cumcifed,  and  to  live  according  to  the  Jewilh  laws.  He  was 
naturally  a  man  ot  candour,  and  ot  great  modeity,  as  Strabo 
bears  witnefs,  in  the  name  ot  Timagenes  ;  who  fays  thus  : 
"  This  man  was  a  perfon  ot  candour,  and  very  ferviceable  to 
the  Jews,  for  he  added  a  country,  to  them,  and  obtained  a  part 
of  the  nation  of  the  Itureans  for  them,  and  bound  them  to  them 
by  the  bond  ot  the  circumcifion  of  their  genitals." 


CHAP.    XII. 

How  Alexander,  when  he  had  taken  the  Government,  made  an 
Expedition  a^auijt  Ptolemars,  and  then  raifed  the  Siege  out  of 
fear  of  Ptolemy  Lathyrus  ;  and  how  Ptolemy  made  War  a- 
gainjl  Inm,  bt-caufe  he.  hadfent  to  Cleopatra  to  pcrfuade  her  to 
•make  War  againjl  Ptolemy,  and  yet  pretended  to  bein  Fnend- 
Jhip  with  him,  when  he  beat  the  Jews  in  the  Battle. 

$  I.  XX  7  HEN  Ariftobulus  was  dead,  his  wife  Salome,  who, 
V  V  by  the  Greeks,  was  called  Alexandra,  let  his  bre- 
thren out  ot  prifon  (Tor  Ariftobulus  had  kept  them  in  bonds,  as 
vve  have  faid  already,]  and  made  Alexander  Janneus  king,  who 
was  the  iuperior  in  age,  and  in  moderation.  This  child  hap- 
pened to  be  hated  by  his  father  as  foon  as  he  was  born,  and 
could  never  be  permitted  to  come  into  his  father's  fight  till  he 


Chap.   XII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  $9 

died.  The  occafion  of  which  hatred  is  thus  reported  ;  When 
Hyrcanus  chiefly  loved  the  two  eldeft  of  his  fons,  Antigonus 
and  Aritto'.mius,  God  appeared  to  him  in  his  deep,  ot  whom  he 
enquired,  which  ot  his  fons  (hould  he  his  luccellor  ?  Upon 
God's  reprefenting  to  him  the  countenance  of  Alexander,  he 
was  grieved  that  he  was  to  be  the  heir  of  all  his  goods,  and  fur- 
f'ered  him  to  be  brought  up  in  *  Galilee.  However,  God  did 
not  decieve  Hyrcanus,  for  after  the  death  of  Ariftobulus,  he 
certainly  took 'the  kingdom  ;  and  one  ot  his  brethren,  whoaf- 
iecled  the  kingdom,  he  How,  and  the  other,  who  chofe  to  live 
a  private  and  quiet  li!e,  he  had  in  efteem. 

2.  When  Alexander  Janneus  had  fettled  the  government  in 
the  manner  that  he  judged  heft,  he  made  an  expedition  againft 
Ptolemais  ;  and  having  overcame  the  men  in  battle,  he  fhut 
t  vip  in  the  city,  and  fat  round  about  it,  and  befieged  it ; 
1  the  maritime  cities  there  remained  only  Ptolemais  and 

<  to  be  conquered.befides  Strato's  Tower,  and  Dora,  which 
>.eld  by  the  tyrant  Zoilus.  Now  while  Antiochus  Philo- 
metor  and  Antiochus,  who  was  called  Cyzicenus,  were  making 
war  one  agnnll  another,  and  deitroyiug  one  another's  armies, 
the  people  of  Ptolemais  could  have  no  affi  Ranee  from  them  ;  but 
wnen  they  were  dirlreifed  with  this  (iege,  Zoilus,  who  poffelled 
Strato's  lower  and  Dora,  and  maintained  a  legion  of  foldiers, 
and  on  occation  ot  the  conteft  between  the  kings,  affected  tyr- 
anny him  felt",  came  and  brought  fome  fmall  affi fiance  to  the 
people  of  Ptolemais;  nor  indeed  had  the  kings  fuch  atriendlhip 
for  them,  as  that  they  Ihould  hope  for  any  advantage  trom  them. 
Both  thofe  kings  were  in  the  cafe  of  wreftlers,  who  finding 
themfelves  deficient  in  Ihength,  and  yet  being  aiharned  to  yield, 
put  offthe  fight  by  lazinefs,  and  by  lying  Itill  as  long  as  they 
can.  The  only  hope  they  had  remaining  was  from  the  kings 
of  Egypt,  and  from  Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  who  now  held  Cyprus, 
and  who  came  to  Cyprus  when  he  was  driven  trom  the  govern- 
merit  of  Egypt  by  Cleopatra  his  mother :  So  tiie  people  ot  Ptol- 
emais fent  to  this  Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  and  defired  him  to  come 
as  a  confederate,  to  deliver  them,  now  they  were  in  inch  dan- 
ger,  out  of  the  hands  of  Alexander.  And  as  the  ambafladors 
gave  him  hopes,  that  it  he  would  pafs  over  into  Syria,  he  would 
have  the  people  of  Gaza  on  the  due  ot  thofe  of  Ptolemais  ;  as 
alio  they  faid,  that  Zoilus,  and  betides  theie  the  Sidonians,  and 
many  others,  would  a  In  ft  them,  io  he  was  elevated  at  this,  and 
got  his  fleet  ready  as  foon  as  pofhble. 

3  But  in  this  interval  Demenetus,  one  that  was  of  abilities 
to  perfuade  men  to  do  as  he  would  have  them,  and  a  leader  of 

*  The  realbn  why  Hyrcanus  differed  not  this  Ion  of  his  whom  he  did  not  love 
to  come  into  Judea,  but  ordered  him  to  be  brought  up  in  Galilee,  is  iuggefted  by 
Dr.  Hudton,  that  Galilee  was  not  elteemed  fo  happy  and  well  cultivated  a  country 
as  Judea,  Matt  xxvi.  73.  Joh.  vii.  52  Aft.  ii.  7.  although  another  obvious  reaton 
occurs  alio,  that  h«  was  farther  out  ot  his  light  ia  Galilee  than  he  would  have  bees 
.  in  Judea. 


I0»  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XH't. 

the  populace,  made  thofe  of  Ptolemais  change  their  opinions  ; 
and  laid  to  them,  That  "  it  was  better  to  run  the  hazard  of  be- 
ing fubjetl  to  the  Jews,  than  to  ad;nit  of  evident  flavery  by 
delivering  themferves  up  to  a  matter  ;  and  belides  that  to 
liave  not  only  a  war  at  prefent,  but  to  ex  peel  a  much  greater 
•war  from  Egypt,  tor  that  Cleopatra  would  i;  t  overlook  an 
army  railed  by  Ptolemy  for  himiell'out  of  the  neighbourhood, 
but  would  come  againii  them  with  a  great  army  of  her  own, 
and  this  becauie  Ihe  was  labouring  to  ejecl  her  fon  out  of  Cy- 
prus alfo  ;  that  as  for  Ptolemy,  if  he  fail  of  his  hopes,  he  can 
itill  retire  to  Cyprus,  but  that  they  will  be  left  in  the  greateft' 
Hanger  pofiible."  Now  Ptolemy,  although  he  had  heard  of 
the  change  that  was  made  in  the  people  o'  Piolcnuis  yet  did  he 
flill  go  on  with  his  voyage,  and  came  to  the  country  called  Sy. 
camme,  and  there  fet  his  army  on  ihore.  This  army  of  his  in 
the  whole,  horfeand  foot  together,  were  about  thirty  thonf ..nd. 
•with  which  he  marched  near  to  Ptolemais,  and  there  pitcher? 
his  camp  :  But  when  the  people  o!  Ptolemais  neuher  received 
his  ambafladors,  nor  would  hear  what  they  had  to  fay,  ru:  VMS 
under  a  very  great  concern. 

4.  But  when  Zoiltis  and  the  people  of  Gaza  came  fo 
and  defired  hisaffiftance,  becauie  their  count' y  was  laid  w^iie 
by  the  Jews,  and  by  Alexander,  Alexander  raifed  the  liege  (or 
icar  of  Ptolemy  :  And  when  he  had  drawn  off  his  army  into  his 
own  country,  he  ufed  a  ftratagem  afterwaicts,  by  privately  in- 
viting Cleopatra  to  come  ag-urul.  Ptolemy,  but  publicly  pie- 
tending  to  defire  a  league  of  friendftiip  and  mutual  afU'lUice 
•with  him  ;  and  prorniiing  to  give  him  four  hundred  mien's  of 
filver,  he  defired  that,  by  way  of  requital,  he  would  take  off 
Zoilus  the  tyrant,  and  give  his  country  to  the  Jews.  And  then 
indeed  Ptolemywith  pTeafure^made  iuch  a  league  of  friendship 
with  Alexander,  and  lubdued  Zotius  :  But  when  he  at'tri  ware? 
heard^that  he  had  privily  tent  to  Cleopatra  his  mother,  he  broke 
the  league  with  him,  which  yet  he  had  confirmed  with  an  oath, 
and  fell  upon  him,  and  befk-ged  Ptolemais,  becaufe  it  would 
not  receive  him.  However,  leaving  his  generals  wit.h  ;on:e 
part  of  his  forces,  to  go  on  with  the  fiege,  he  went  himfel!  im- 
mediately with  the  reit  to  lay  Judea  wade;  and  when  Alcx-,n- 
cler  underload  this  to  be  Ptolemy's  intention,  lie  alfo  gt;t  to: 
gether  about  fifty  thoufand  fnldiers  out  of  his  own  countrv  ; 
nay,  *  as  fome  writers  have  faid,  eighty  thoufand.  He  then 
took  his  army,  and  went  to  meet  Ptolemy  ;  but  Ptolemy  feli 
upon  Afochis,  a  city  of  Galilee,  and  took  it  by  force  on  the 

*  From  thefe,  and  other  occafional  expressions,  dropped  by  Jofrphns.  ye  may 
Jearn,  that  where  the  (acred  books  of  the  Jews  were  deficient,  he  "had  i'evera!  other 
hiflories  then  extant,  hut  now  moft  of  them  lott,  which  he  faithfully  followed  in 
his  own  hiflory  :  Nor  indeed  h.ive  we  any  other  records  of  thofe  times,  relating  to 
Judea,  thst  can  be  compared  to  thefe  accounts  of  Jolephus,  though  when  we  do 
»neet  with  authentic  fragments  of  iuch  oiiglnal  records,  they  almoft  always  confirr* 
feis  hiftory. 


£hap.    XII.]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  I8kl 

Sabbath-day,  and  there  he  took  about  ten  thoufand  flaves,  and 
a  great  deal  of  other  prey. 

5.  He  then  tried  to  take  Sepphoris,  which  was   a   city   not 
far  from  that  which  was  deltroyed,  but  loft  many  of  his  men ; 
yet  did  he  then  go  to  fight  with  Alexander,  which  Alexander 
met  him  at  the  river  Jordan,  near  a  certain  place  called  Sap- 
hoth,  [not    far  from  the  river  Jordan ,J    and  pitched  his  camp 
near  to  the  enemy.     He  had  however  eight  thoufand  in   the 
firlt  rank    which  he  ftiled  Hecatantomachi,   having  fhields   of 
brais.     Thofe  in  the  fir  ft  rank  of  Ptolemy's  foldiers,   alfo  had 
fhidds  covered  with  brais  :    But  Ptolemy's  foldiers,   in  other 
refpetU  were  inferior  to  thofe  of  Alexander,   and   therefore 
were  more  leartul  of   running  hazards  ;  but   Philoftephanus, 
the  camp-mafter,  put  great  courage  into  them,  and  ordered 
them  to  pafs  the  river,  which  was  between  their  camps  :  Nor 
did  Alexander  think  fit  to  hinder  their  paflage  over  it    for  he 
thought,  that  if  the  enemy  had  once  gotten  the  river  on  their 
hack,  that  he  Ihould  the  eafier  take  them  prifoners,  when  they 
could  not  flee  out  of  the  battle  :  In  the  beginning  of  which, 
the  acts  on  both  fides  with  their  hand*,    and  with  their  alacri- 
ty, were  alike,  and  a  great  (laughter  was  made  by  both  the  ar- 
mies, but  Alexander  wasiuperior,  till  Philoftephanus  oppor- 
tunely brought  up  the  auxiliaries  to  help  thofe  that  were  giv- 
ing way  ;  but  as  there  were  no  auxiliaries  to  afford  help  tothat 
part  ot  the  Jews  that  gave  way,    it  tell  out  that  they  fled,  and 
thofe  near  them  did  not  affifl  them,    but  fled  along  with  them. 
However,  Ptolemy's  foldiers  af.ted  quite  otherwife  ;  lor  they 
iollowed  the  Jews,   and  killed  them,   till  at  length  thofe   that 
ikw  them  piufued  after  them,  when  they  had  made  them  all 
run  away,  and  flew  them  fo  long,  that  their  weapons  ot   iron 
were  blunted,  and  their  hands   quite  tired  with  the  (laughter  ; 
for  the  report  was,  that  thirty  thoufand  men  were  then  (lain.  Ti- 
magenes  fays  they  were  fifty  thoufand.     As  for  the  reft,  they 
were  part  ot  them  taken  captives,  and  the  other  part  ran  away 
to  their  own  country. 

6.  After  this   vifctory,  Ptolerny  over-ran   all  the   country  ; 
and  when  night  came  on  he  abode  in  certain  villages  of  Judea, 
which  when  he  found  full  of  women  and  children,   he   com- 
manded his  fuldiers  to  ftrangle  them,  and  to  cut  them  in  pie- 
ces, and  then  to  caft  them  into  boiling  caldrons,   and  then  to. 
devour  their  limbs  as  facrifices.     This  commandment   was 
given,  that  fuch  as   fled  from  the  battle,   and  came  to  them, 
might  luppote  their  enemies  were  cannibals,  and   eat  men's 
ileih,  and  might  on  that  account  be  ftill  more  terrified  at  them 
upon  fuch  a  fight.     And  both  Strabo  and  Nicholaus  [of  Da~ 
mafcusj  affirm,  that  they   uied  thefe  people  after  this  manner, 
as  I  have  already  related.     Ptolemy   alfo  took  Ptolemais  by 
.ftrce,  as  we  have  declared  elfewhere. 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  [Book  XIII. 


CHAP.    XIII. 

How  Alexander ;  up  on  the  league  of  mutual  defence  which  Cleo- 
patra had  agreed  with  fn?n,  made  an  Expedition  again/I  Cele- 
fyria,  and  utterly  overthrew  the  City  of  Gaza  ;  and  how  he 
Jlew  many  ten  thoujatids  of  Jews  that  rebelled  againjl  him  : 
Alfo  concerning  Antiochus  Grypus,  Sdeucus,  Antiochus  Cyzi- 
cenus,  and  Antiochus  Pius,  and  others. 

§  I.  TTTHEN  Cleopatra  faw  that  her  fon  was  grown  great, 
VV  and  laid  Judea  wafte,  without  diflurbance,  and 
had  gotten  the  city  ot  Gaza  under  his  power,  Ihe  refolved  no 
longer  to  overlook  what  he  did,  when  he  was  almoft  at  her 
gates  ;  and  (he  concluded,  that  now  he  was  fo  much  flronger 
than  before,  he  would  be  very  defirous  of  the  dominion  over 
the  Egyptians,  but  i'he  immediately  marched  againft  him  with 
a  fleet  at  fea,  and  an  army  of  foot  on  land,  and  made  Chelcias 
and  Ananias  the  Jews,  generals  ot  her  whole  army  while  (he 
fent  the  greateilpart  of  her  riches,  her  grand-children,  and  her 
teftament,  to  the  people  of  *  Cos,  Cleopatra  al'o  ordered  her 
fon  Alexander  to  fail  with  a  great  fleet  to  Phenicia  ;  and  when 
that  country  had  revolted,  fhe  came  to  Ptolemais  ;  arid  bccaiife 
the  people  of  Ptolemaii  did  not  receive  her,  Hie  befieged  the 
city  ;  but  Ptolemy  went  out  of  Syria,  ar.d  made  hafte  unto 
Egypt*  fuppofing  that  he  fhould  find  it  cieftitute  of  an  army, 
and  foon  take  it,  though  he  tailed  of  his  hopes.  At  this  time 
Chelcias,  one  ot  Cleopatra's  generals,  happened  to  die  in  Ce- 
lefyria.  as  he  was  in  purfuit  of  Ptolemy. 

2.  When  Cleopatia  heard  ot  her  fon's  attempt,  and  that  his 
Egyptian  expedition  did  not  fucceed  according  to  his  expett- 
ations,  (he  lent  thither  part  of  her  army,  and  drove  him  out  of 
that  country  ;  fo  when  he  was  returned  out  of  Egypt  again, 
he  abode  during  the  winter  at  Gaza,  in  which  tune  Cleopatra 
took  the  garrifon  that  was  in  Ptolemais  by  fiege,  as  well  as  the 
city  :  And  when  Alexander  came  to  her,  he  gave  her  prelents, 
and  fuch  marks  of  refpeft  as  were  but  proper,  fince  under  the 
miferies  he  endured  by  Ptolemy,  he  had  no  other  refuge  but 
her.  Now  there  were  fome  o!  her  triends  who  perfuaded  her 
to  feize  Alexander,  and  to  overrun  and  take  pofleflion  ot  the 
country,  and  not  to  fit  ftill  and  fee  fuch  a  multitude  of  brave 
Jews  fubjecl  to  one  man.  But  Ananias's  counfel  was  contra- 
ry to  theirs  who  faid,  that  "  fhe  would  do  an  unjuft  a&ion  if 
flie  deprived  a  man  that  was  her  ally  ot  that  autnority  which 

*  This  city  or  ifland  Cos,  is  not  that  remote  ifland  in  the  Egean  fea,  famous  for 
the  birth  of  the  great  Hypoocraies,  but  a  city  or  ifland  of  the  lame  name  adjoining 
to  Egypt,  mentioned  both  by  Stephanusand  Ptolemy,  as  Dr.  Hudion  informs  us. 
Of  which  Cos,  and  the  treasures  there  laid  up  by  Cleopatra  and  the  Jews,  fee 
Antq.  B.  XIV.  ch.  vii.  §2. 


Chap.  XllL]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  10$ 

belonged  to  him,  and  this  a  man  who  is  related  to  us  ;  for, 
faid  he,  I  would  not  have  thee  ignorant  ot  this,  that  what  in- 
juftu  e  thou  dnft  to  him  will  make  all  us  that  are  Jews  to  be  thy 
enemies."  This  defire  of  Ananias's  Cleopatra  complied  with, 
and  did  no  injury  to  Alexander,  but  made  a  league  of  mutual 
aiTittance  with  him  at  Scy  tbopolis,  a  city  of  Celefyria. 

3.  So  when  Alexander  was  delivered  from  the  fear  he  was 
in  ot  Ptolemy,  he  pre'ently  made  an  expedition  againft  Cele- 
fyria. He  alfo  took  Gadara  after  a  fiege  of  ten  months.  He 
took  alfo  Amaihus,  a  very  ftrong  fortrefs  belonging  to  the  in- 
habitants above  Jordan,  where  Theodorus  the  fon  of  Zeno, 
hid  his  chief  treafure,  and  what  he  efteemed  moft  precious. 
This  Zeno  fell  unexpectedly  upon  the  Jews,  and  flew  ten 
thoufand  of  them,  and  feized  upon  Alexander's  baggage  :  Yet 
did  not  this  misfortune  terrify  Alexander,  but  he  made  an  ex- 
pedition upon  the  maritime  parts  of  the  country,  Raphia  and 
Anthedon,  (the  name  of  which  king  Herod  afterwards  chang- 
ed to  AgrippiasJ  and  took  even  that  by  force  ;  but  when 
Alexander  faw  that  Ptolemy  was  retired  fromGazato  Cyprus, 
and  his  mother  Cleopatra  was  returned  to  Egypt,  he  grew  an- 
gry at  the  people  of  Gaza,  becaufe  they  had  invited  Ptolemy 
to  affift  them,  and  befieged  their  city,  and  ravaged  their  coun- 
try. But  as  Apollodotus,  the  general  ot  the  army  of  Gaza, 
fell  upon  the  camp  of  the  Jews  by  night,  with  two  thoufand 
foreign,  and  ten  thoufand  of  his  own  forces,  while  the  night 
lafted,  thofe  of  Gaza  prevailed,  becauie  the  enemy  was  made 
to  believe  that  it  was  Ptolemy  who  attacked  them  ;  but  when 
day  was  come  on,  and  that  miftake  was  correcled,  and  the  Jews 
knew  the  truth  of  the  matter,  they  came  back  again  and  fell 
upon  thofe  of  Gaza,  and  flew  of  them  about  a  thoufand  :  But 
as  thofe  of  Gaza  ftoutly  refilled  them,  and  would  not  yield 
for  either  their  want  of  any  thing,  nor  for  the  great  multitude 
that  were  flain,  for  they  would  rather  fufFer  any  hardfhip  what- 
ever, than  come  under  the  power  of  their  enemies,  Aretas, 
king  of  the  Arabians,  a  perfan  then  very  illuftrious,  encour- 
aged them  to  go  on  with  alacrity,  and  promifed  them  that  he 
would  come  to  their  affiftance  ;  but  it  happened,  that  before  he 
came,  Apollodotus  was  flain,  for  his  brother  Lyfimachus  en- 
vying him  for  the  great  reputation  he  had  gained  among  the 
citizens,  (lew  him,  and  got  the  army  together,  and  delivered 
up  the  city  to  Alexander,  who,  when  he  came  in  at  firft,  lay 
quiet,  but  afterward  let  his  army  upon  the  inhabitants  of  Gaza, 
and  gave  them  leave  to  punifh  them  ;  io  fome  went  one  way, 
and  lome  went  another,  and  flew  the  inhabitants  of  Gaza  ;  yet 
were  not  they  of  cowardly  hearts  ;  but  oppofed  thofethatcame 
to  flay  them,  and  flew  as  many  of  the  Jews ;  and  fome  of  them, 
when  they  faw  themfelves  deferted,  burnt  their  own  houfes, 
that  the  enemy  might  get  none  of  their  fpoils  ;  nay  fome  of 
them  with  their  own  hands  flew  their  children  and  their 
wives,  having  no  other  way  but  this  ot  avoiding  flavery  lor 


1C4  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book 

them  ;  but  the  fenators,  who  were  in  all  five  hundred,  fled  td 
Apollo's  temple  (for  this  attack  happened  to  be  made  as  they 
\vere  fitting  J  whom  Alexander  flew  ;  and  when  he  had  utter- 
ly overthrown  tiieir  city,  he  returned  to  Jerufalem,  having 
1'pent  a  year  in  that  fiege. 

4.  About  this  very  time  *  Antiochus,  who  was  called  Gry- 
pus  died.     His  death  Was  caufed   by    Heracleon's   treachery, 
when  he  had  lived  forty. rive  years,  and  had  reigned  t  twenty- 
nine.     His  fon  Seleucus  (acceded  him  in  the    kingdom  ;  and 
made  War  with  Antiochus,  his   father's  brother,   who  was  cal- 
led Antiochus  Cyzicenus,    and  beat  him  and  took    him    prif- 
oner,  and  (lew  him.     But  after  a  while  |  Antiochus,  the   fon 
ot  Cyzicenus,  who  was  called  Piiis,  came  to.Aradus,  and  put 
the  diadem  on  his  own  head  ;  and    made  war   with   Seleucus, 
and  beat  him  and  drove  him  out  of  all  Syria.     But  when   he 
fled  out  ot  Syria,  he  came  to  Mopfueftia   again,  and   levied 
money  upon  them  ;  but  the  poeple  of  Mopfueftia  had   indig- 
nation at  what  he  did,  and  burnt  down  his   palace,  and  flew 
him,  together  with  his  friends.;     But  when  Antiochus   the  fon 
of  Cyzicenus,  was  king  of  Syria,  jj  Antiochus  the   brother  o£ 
Seleucus,  made  war  upon  him  and  was  overcome,  and  deftroy- 
ed,  he.  and  his  army.     After  him,  his  brother   Philip   put  ou 
the  diadem,  and  reigned  over  fome  part  of  Syria  ;  but   Ptole- 
my Lathyrus  fent  for  his  fourth  brother  Demetrius,    who  was 
called  Eucerus,  from  Cnidus,   and  made  him  king  ot  Damaf- 
cus.     Both  thefe  brothers  did  Antiochus  vehemently  oppofe,> 
but  prefently  died  ;  for  when  he  was  come  as  an  auxiliary  to 
Laodice  5  queen  of  the  Gileadites  when  fhe  was  making  war 
againfl  the  Parthians,  and  he  was  fighting  courageoufly  he  fell, 
while  Demetrius  and  Philip   governed   Syria,    as  hath  been 
elfewhere  related. 

5.  As  to  Alexander,  his  own  people  were  feditious  againft 
him;  for  at  a  feilival  which  was   then   celebrated,    when  he 
flood  upon  the  altar,  and  was  going  to  facrifice,   the  nation 

*  This  arcrunt  of  the  death  of  Antiochus  Grypus  ts  confirmed  by  App:an,  Syr-. 
iac.  p.  13-.  here  cited  by  Spanheim. 

f  Porphyry  lay*,  that  this  Aniiochus  Grypus  reigned  but  26  wars,  as  Dr.  Hud- 
fon  obferves. 

J  The  copies  of  Jofephus,  both  Greek,  and  Latin,  have  here  fo  grofs'y  falle  it 
rejding,  AntioJi.^  ami  .h:t .minus,  or  Antoniits  Pius,  for  Aniiochus  Pia>,  that  the  ed- 
itors are  forced  to  correct  the  text  from  the  other  hiflorians,  who  all  a^iee  that  this 
King's  name  '.vas  nothing  mure  than  An'ui/itis  Pius. 

:  crs,  Auti.-ichus  and  Philippus,  are  called  twins  by  Porphyry  ; 
the  fourtk  brother  was  Kinj  of  Damascus:  Both  which  arc  the  obfcrvatiom  u: 
Sp^nheim. 

5  This  Lacclirea  was  a  city  of  GUead  beyond  Jordan.  However,  Porphyry 
fay:.,  that  this  Antiochus  Pius  did  not  die  in  this  battl.%  but  running  away  was 
drowned  in  the  river  Orontes.  Appian  fays,  that  he  was  deprived  of  the  kingdom 
of  Syria  by  Tigraaes  ;  but  Porphyry  makes  this  Laodice  Queen  of  the  Calainans  : 
All  which  is  r.o-.ed  by  Spanheim.  In  fuch  confnho.i  of  the  later  hiftorians,  we 
have  no  rcafoa  to  prefer  any  of  them  before  joiephus,  who  bad  original  ones  b(^ 
iV/.-e  him. 


Chap.    XII]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  105 

rofe  upon  him,  and  pelted  him  with  citrons,  [which  they  then 
had  in  their  Ivmds,  becaufe,  the  law  of  the  Jews  required,  that 
at  the  feaft  of  tabernacles  every  one  (hould  have  branches  ot 
the  palm-tree  and  citron-tree  ;  which  thing  we  have  elfewhere 
related.  They  a!fo  reviled  him,  as  *  derived  from  a  captive, 
and  fo  unworthy  of  his  dignity,  and  of  faciificing.  At  this  he 
was  in  a  rage,  and  Hew  of  them  about  fix  thoafand.  He  alfo 
built  a  partition  wall  of  wood  round  the  altar,  and  the  temple, 
as  far  as  that  partition  within  which  it  was  only  lawful  for  the 
priefts  to  enter,  and  by  this  means  he  obftrufcied  the  multitude 
from  coining  at  him.  He  alfo  maintained  foreigners  ot  Pifi- 
dise  and  Cilicia,  for  as  to  the  Syrians,  he  was  at  war  with 
them,  and  fo  made  no  ufe  of  them.  He  alfo  overcame  the  A- 
rabians,  fuch  as  the  Moabites,  and  Gilead  and  made  them 
bring  tribute.  Moreover,  he  demolished  Amathus,  while  t 
Theodorus  diirft  not  fight  with  him  ;  but  as  he  had  joined  bat- 
tle with  Obedas,  king  of  the  Arabians,  and  fell  into  anambufh 
in  the  places  that  were  rugged  and  difficult  to  be  travelled  o- 
ver,  he  was  thrown  down  into  a  deep  valley,  by  the  multitude 
df  the  camels  at  Gadara,  a  village  of  Gilead,  and  hardly  efcap- 
ed  with  his  life.  From  thence  he  fled  to  Jerufalem,  where, 
befides  his  other  ill  fuccefs,  the  nation  infulted  him,  and  he 
fought  againft  them  for  fix  years,  and  flew  no  fewer  than  filty 
thoufaiid  of  them.  And  when  he  defired  that  they  would  de- 
fill  from  their  ill  will  to  him,  they  hated  him  fo  much  the 
more,  on  account  of  what  had  already  happened  ;  and  when 
he  had  afked  them  what  he  ought  to  do  ?  they  all  cried  out, 
that  "  he  ought  to  kill  himfelt."  They  alfo  lent  to  Demetrius 
Eucerus,  and  defired  him  to  make  a  league  of  mutual  defence 
with  them. 


CHAP.    XIV. 

How  Demetrius  Eucerus  overcame  Alexander.,  and  vet  in  a  lit- 
tle time  retired  out  of  the  Country  Jor  jear  oj  the  Jeuos  :  At 
alfo  how  Alexander  Jlew  many  oj  the  jews,  and  thereby  got 
dear  of  his  troubles.  Concerning  the  Death  oj  Demetrius. 

<•}  i.  OO  Demetrius  came  with  an  army,  and  took  thofe  that 
O  invited  him,  and  pitched  his  camp  near  the  city  She- 
cbem  ;  upon  which  Alexander,  with  his  fix  thoufand  two  hun- 
dred mercenaries,  and  about  twenty  thoufand  Jews,  who  were 
of  his  party,  went  againft  Demetrius  who  had  three  thoufand 
horfemen,  and  forty  thoufand  footmen.  Now  there  were  great 

*  This  reproach  upon  Alexander,  that  he  was  fprung  from  a  captive,  feems  only 
the  repetition  of  the  old  Phariiaical  calumny  upon  his  father,  chap.  x.  §  5. 

+  This  Theodoras  wss  the  fon  of  Zeno,  and  was  in  pofiessioa  oTAmathus,  as 
•we  learn  from  \  i.  foregoing. 

VOL,  II.'  O 


106  ANTIQUITIES   O?    THE    JEWS,      [Book  XIIL 

endeavours  ufecl  on  both  fides,  Demetrius  trying  to  bring  off 
the  mercenaries  that  were  with  Alexander,  becaufe  they  were 
Greeks,  and  Alexander  trying  to  bring  off  the  Jews  that  were 
with  Demetrius.  Hoxvever,  when  neither  of  them  could  per- 
fiiade  them  fo  to  do,  they  came  to  a  battle,  and  Demetrius  was 
the  conqueror  in  which  all  Alexander's  mercenaries  were  kill- 
ed, when  they  had  given  demonstration  ot  their  fidelity  and 
courage.  A  great  number  of  Demetrius's  foldiers  were  (lain 
alfo. 

2.  Now  as  Alexander  fled  to  the  mountains  fix  thoufand  of 
the  Jews  hereupon  came  together,  [from  Demetrius]  to  him, 
out  of  pity  at  the  change  of  his  fortune  :  Upon   which  Dem- 
etrius was  afraid,  and  retired  out  of  the  country  ;  aher  which 
the  Jews  fought  againft  Alexander    and  being  beaten,    were 
(lain  in  great  numbers  in  the  feveral  battles  which  they  had  : 
And  when  he  had  (hut  up  the  moft   powerful  of  them  in  the 
city  Bethome,  he  befieged  them  therein  ;   and  when  he  had 
taken  the  city,  and  gotten  the  men  into  his  power,  he  brought 
them  to  Jerufalem,  and  did  one  of  the  moft  barbarous  a£lions 
in  the  world  to  them  ;  for  as  he  was  feafhi;g  with  his  concu- 
bines, in  the  fight  of  all  the  city,  he  ordered  about  eight  hun- 
dred of  them  to  b°  crucified,  and  while  they  were  living,  he 
ordered  the  throats  of  their  children  and  wives  to  be  cut  before 
their  eyes.     This  was  indeed  by  way  of  revenge  for  the  inju- 
ries they  had  done  him  ;  which  punifhment  yet  was  of  an  in- 
human nature,  though  we  fuppofe  that  he  had  been  never  fo 
much  diftreffed,  as  indeed  he  had  been,  by  his  wars  with  them, 
for  he  had  by  their  meatis  come  to   the  laft  degree  of  hazard, 
both  of  his  life  and  of  his  kingdom,  while  they  were  not  fatis- 
Jjed  by   themfelyes  only  to  fight  againft  him,   but  introduced 
foreigners  alfo  for  the  fame  purpofe  ;  nay,  at  length  they  re- 
duced him  to  that  degree  of  neceflity,  that  he  was  forced  to 
deliver  back  to  the  king  of  Arabia  the  land  of  Moab  and  Gil. 
ead,  which  he  had  fubdued,  and  the  places  that  were  in  them, 
that  they  might  not  join  with  them  in  ihe  war  againft  him  as 
they  had  done  ten  thoufand  other  things  that  tended  to  affront 
and  reproach  him.     However,  this   barbarity   feems  to  have 
been  without  any  neceflity,  on  which  account  he  bare  the  name 
of  a  *  Thracian  among  the  Jews  ;  whereupon  the  foldiers  that 
had  fought  againft  him  being  about  eight  thoufand  in  number, 
ran  away  by  night,  and  continued  fugitives  all  the  time  that 
Alexander  lived  ;  who  being  now  freed  from  any  further  dif- 
turbance  from  them,  reigned  the  reft  of  his  time  in  the  utmofi 
tranquility. 

3.  But  when  Demetrius  was  departed  out  of  Judea,  he  went 
to  Berea,  and  befieged  his  brother  Philip,  having  with  him  ten 

*  This  name  Thradda,  which  the  Jews  gave  Alexander,  muft,  by  the  coherence, 
denote  as  barbarous  as  a  Thracian,  or  lomewhat  like  it ;  but  what  it  properly  fig- 
aiSes  is  not  knewm. 


Chap.  XIII.]      ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  JEWS.  io? 

thoufand  footmen,  and  a  thoufand  horfemen.  However,  Stra- 
to  the  tyrant  of  Berea,  the  confederate  of  Philip,  called  in  Zi- 
2on,  the  ruler  of  the  Arabian  tribes,  and  Mithridates  Sinax, 
the  ruler  oi  the  Parthians,  who  coming  with  a  great  number 
of  forces,  and  befieging  Demetrius  in  his  encampment,  into 
which  they  had  driven  him  with  their  arrows,  they  compelled 
thofe  that  were  with  him  by  thirft  to  deliver  up  them!  elves. 
So  they  took  a  great  many  fpoils  out  of  that  country,  and  De- 
metrius himfelt,  whom  they  fent  to  Mithridates,  who  was  then 
king  of  Parthia,  but  as  to  thofe  whom  they  took  captives  of 
the  people  of  Antioch,  they  reftored  them  to  the  Antiochians 
without  any  reward.  Now  Mithridates,  the  king  of  Parthia, 
had  Demetrius  in  great  honour,  till  Demetrius  ended  his  life 
by  (icknefs.  So  Philip,  preferitly  after  the  fight  was  over, 
came  to  Antioch,  and  took  it,  and  reigned  over  Syria, 


CHAP.     XV. 

How  Antiochus,  who  was  called  Dionyfus,  and  after  him  Are- 
tas,  made  Expeditions  into  Judea;  as  alfo  how  Alexander  took. 
many  cities,  and  then  returned  to  Jerufalem,  and  after  afick- 
nefs  oj  three  years  died  ;  and  what  counfel  he  gave  to  Alex- 
andra. 

{j,  i.  A  FTER  this,  Antiochus,  who  was  called  *  Dionyfus, 
L\.  and  was  Philip's  brother,  afpired  to  the  dominion, 
and  came  to  Damafcus,  and  got  the  power  into  his  hands,  and 
there  he  reigned  :  But  as  he  was  making  war  againll  the  Ara- 
bians, his  brother  Philip  heard  of  it,  and  came  to  Damafcus. 
where  Milefius,  who  had  been  left  governor  of  the  citadel,  and 
the  Damafcens  themfelves,  delivered  up  the  city  to  him  ;  yet 
becaufe  Philip  was  become  ungrateful  to  him,  and  had  be- 
ftowed  upon  him  nothing  of  that  in  hopes  whereof  he  had  re- 
ceived him  into  the  city,  but  had  a  mind  to  have  it  believed 
that  it  was  rather  delivered  up  out  of  fear  than  by  the  kind- 
nefs  of  Milefius,  and  becaufe  he  had  not  rewarded  him  as  he, 
ought  to  have  done,  he  became  fufpecled  by  him,  and  fo  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  Damafcus  again  ;  for  Milefius  caught 
him  marching  out  into  the  Hippodrome,  and  Ihut  him  up  in 
it,  and  kept  Damafcus  for  Antiochus  [Eucerus,]  who  hearing 
how  Philip's  affairs  ilood,  came  back  out  of  Arabia.  He  alfo 
came  immediately,  and  made  an  expedition  againft  Judea, 
with  eight  thoufand  armed  iootmen,  and  eight  hundred  horfe- 
men. So  Alexander,  out  of  fear  of  his  coming,  dug  a  deep 
ditch,  beginning  at  Chabarzaba,  which  is  now  called  Antipa- 

*  Spanheim  takes  notice,  that  this  Antiochus  Dionyfus  [the  brother  of  Philip, 
and  of  Dem.  trius  Eucertis,  and  of  two  othersj  was  the  fifth  fon  of  Antiochus  Gry- 
pus  ;  and  that  he  is  ftykd  on  the  coins.  Antiotku;  Epii-lian^s  Dipnyfu 


IOS  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.   [Book  XIII. 

tris,  to  the  fea  ot  Jcppa,  on  which  part  only  his  army  could 
be  brought  againlt  him.  He  al'o  railed  a  wall,  and  erected 
wooden  towers,  and  intermediate  redoubts,  tor  one  hundred 
and  fifty  furlongs  in  length,  and  there  expected  the  coming  of 
Antiochus,  but  he  foon  burnt  them  all,  and  made  his  army  pafs 
by  that  way  into  Arabia.  The  Arabian  king  [Aretas]  at  firft 
retreated,  but  afterward  appeared  on  the  fudden  with  ten  thuu- 
jand  horfeinen.  Antiochus  gave  them  the  xieeting,  and  fought 
dcfperately  ; and  indeed  wheniie  had  gotten  the  victory,  and  was 
bringing  fome  auxiliaries  to  that  part  ot  his  army  that  was  in 
diftrefs,  he  was  flam.  When  Antiochus  was  fallen,  his  army 
fled  to  the  village  Cana,  where  the  greateil  part  ot  them  per- 
ifhed  by  tamine. 

2.  Atrer  him  *  Aretas  reigned  over  Celefyrja,  being  called 
to  the  government  by  thofe  that  held  Damascus,  by  reafon  of 
the  hatred  they    bare  to   Ptolemy  Menneus.     He  alfo   made 
thence  an  expedition  dgainft   Jndea,  and  beat   Alexander  in 
battle,  near  a   place   called  Adida.  yet  did  he,  upon  certain 
conditions  agreed  on  between  them,  retire  out  of  Judea. 

3.  But  Alexander  marched  again  to  the  city  Dios.  and  took. 
it  ;  and  then  made  an  expedition  againft  Efla,  where  was  the 
bell  part  of  Zcno's    trcafures,  and  there  he  encompaffed  the 
place  with  three  walls  ;  and  when    he  had  taken  the    city    by 
fighting,  he  marched  to  Golan   and  Seleucia  :  And  when  he 
had  taken  thele  cities,  he,  befides  them,  took  that  valley  which 
is  called  the  valley  ot  Antiochus.  as  ally  the  tortrels  ot  Gama- 
la.     He  alfo  acculed    Demetrius,  who  was  governor  ot  thole- 
places,   of  many  crimes,  and  turned  him  out :  And  after  he 
had  fpent  three  years  in  this  war  he  returned  to  his  own  coun- 
try, when  the  Jews  joyiully  received  him  upon  :his  his 
iuccefs. 

4.  Now  at  this  time  the  Jews  were  in  podeflion  of  the  fol- 
lowing cities  that  had  belonged  to  the  Syrians,  and  Iduir 

and  Phenicians  :  At  the  lea  fide,  Strato's  tower,  Apolionia, 
Joppa,  Jarnnia,  Afbdod,  Gaza,  Anthedon,  Raphia,  and  Rlu- 
nocolura  ;  in  the  middle  of  the  country,  near  to  friumea,  A- 
dora,  and  ManfTa  ;  near  the  country  ot  Samaria,  mount  Gar- 
mel,  and  mount  Taber,  Scythopolis,  and  Gadara  ;  ot  the 
country  of  Gaulonites,  Seleucia,  and  Gabala  ;  in  the  coun- 
try ot  Moab,  Hefhbon  arid  Medaba,  Leinba,  and  Oronas, 
Gelithon,  Zara,  the  valley  of  the  Cilices,  and  Pclla  ;  which 
laft  they  utterly  detlroyed,  becaufe  its  t  inhabitants  would 
not  bear  to  change  their  reb'gious  rites  (or  thofe  pt-culiar  tq 

*  This  Aretas  was  the  full  kin^  of  the  Arabians  who  took  Dainafcus.  and 
ed  there  :  Which    name  became  afterwards  common  to    luch  Arabian  kings,  bo;h 
at  Petra  and  at  Damalcus.  as  we  lenr:i  irom   [oteplius  in  many  places,  and  from  St. 
Paul,  2  Cor.  xi    32.     See  the  note  on  Antiq.  B.  AVI  ch.  ix.  '',  4. 

i  \\re  may  here,  and  eilewhere,  take  notice,  t'n.it  whatever  countries  or  cities  trK 
Aiamoncans  conquered  fronj  any  of  the  neighbouring  nation1;,  or  whatever  co  . 
01  titles  they  gained  from  them,  that  had  not  belonged  to  them  before,  thcv. 


.Chap.   XI!.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE  JEWS,  IO<) 

the  Jews.    The  Jews  alfo  poflefled  others  of  the  principal 
cities  of  Syria,  which  had  been  deftroyed. 

5.  After  this,  king  Alexander,  although  he  fell  into  a  dif- 
temper  by  hard  drinking,  and  had  a  quartan  ague,  which  held 
him  three  years,  yet  would  not  leave  offgoing  out  with  his  ar- 
my, till  he  was  quite  (pent  with  the  labours  he  had  undergone, 
and  died  in  the  bounds  of  Ragaba,  a  fortrefs  beyond  Jordan, 
$ut  when  his  Queen  faw  that  he  was  ready  to  die,  and  had  no 
longer  any  hopes  of  furviving  {he  came  to  him  weeping,  and 
lamenting,  and  bewailing  herfelr,  and  her  Tons,  on  the  defo- 
Ute  condition  they  fhould  be  left  in  :  And  laid  to  him,  "  To 
whom  doft  thou  thus  leave  me,  and  my  children,  who  are 
deilitute  of"  all  other  fupports,  and  this  when  thou  knowefthow 
much  ill-will  thy  nation  bears  thee  ?"  But  he  gave  her  the  fol- 
lowing advice,  "  That  me  need  but  follow  what  he  would  fug- 
geft  to  her,  in  order  to  retain  the  kingdom  fecurely,  with  her 
children,  that  Ihe  (hould  conceal  his  death  from  the  foldiers 
till  (he  mould  have  taken  that  place  ;  after  this,  (he  mould  go 
in  triumph,  25  upon  a  victory,  to  Jerufalem,  and  put  fome 
of  her  authority  into  the  hands  of  the  Pharilees,  for  that  they 
would  commend  her  for  the  honour  (he  had  done  them,  and 
would  reconcile  the  nation  to  her;  for  he  told  her,  they  had 
authority  among  the  Jews,  both  to  do  hurt  to  fuel}  as  they  ha- 
ted, and  to  bring  advantages  to  thofe  to  whom  they  were  friend- 
ly diTpofed,  for  that  they  are  then  believed  belt  of  all  by  the 
multitude  when  they  fpeak.  any  fevere  thing  againfl  others, 
though  it  be  only  out  of  envy  at  them.  And  he  faid,  that  it 
Was  by  their  means  that  he  had  incurred  the  difpleafure  of  the 
nation,  whom  indeed  he  had  injured.  Do  thou,  therelore, 
faid  he,  when  thou  art  come  to  Jerufalem,  fend  for  the  leading 
men  among  them,  and  (hew  them  my  body,  and  with  great  ap- 
pearance of  fincerity,  give  them  leave  to  ufe  it  as  they  them- 
ielves  pleafe,  whether  they  will  difhonour  the  dead  body  by 
refilling  it  burial,  as  having  feverely  fufferedby  my  means,  or 
whether  in  their  anger  they  will  offer  any  other  injury  to  that 
body.  Promife  them  alfo,  that  thou  wilt  do  nothing  without 
them  in  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom.  If  thou  doft  but  fay  this 
to  them,  I  mall  have  the  honour  of  a  more  glorious  funeral 
from  them  than  thou  couldft  have  made  for  me  :  And  when  it 
is  in  their  power  to  abufe  my  dead  body,  they  will  do  it  no  in- 
jury at  all,  and  thou  wilt  rule  in  fafety  *."  So  when  he  had 

the  days  of  Hyrcanus,  compelled  the  inhabitants  to  leave  their  idolatry,  and  intirely 
to  receive  the  law  of  Mofes,  as  proielytes  of  juflice,  or  elfe  banifhed  them  into  o- 
ther  lands.  Th?t  excellent  prince,  John  Hyrcanus,  did  it  to  the  Idumeans,  as  I 
Jiave  noted  on  ch.  ix.  ^  i  already,  who  lived  then  in  the  promifed  land,  and  this  I 
fuppole  jufUy  ;  but  by  what  right  tl)e  reft  did  it,  even  to  the  countries  or  cities  that 
were  no  part  of  that  land,  I  do  not  at  all  know.  This  looks  too  like  unjuft  perfe- 
cution  for  religion. 

*  It  ieerns  by  thh  dying  advice  of  Alexander  Janneus  to  his  wife,  that  he  had 


II»  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XIII. 

given  his  xvife  this  advice,  he  died,  after  he  had  reigned  twen- 
ty-feven  years,  and  lived  filty  years  within  one. 


G  H  A  P.     XVI. 

How  Alexandra.,  by  gaining  the  good-will  of  the  P/iarifecs,  re- 
tained the  Kingdom  nine  years,  and  then  having  done  many 
Glorious  adions  died. 

$  I.  QO  Alexandra,  when  fhe  had  taken  the  fortrefs,  acled  as 
C5  her  hufhand  had  fuggefted  to  her,  and  (pake  to  the 
Pharifees,  and  put  all  things  into  their  power,  both  as  to  the 
dead  body,  and  as  to  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom,  and  thereby 
pacified  their  anger  againft  Alexander,  and  made  them  bear 
good-will  and  friendfliip  to  him  •  who  then  came  among  the 
multitude,  and  marie  fpeeches  to  them,  and  laid  before  them 
the  a£Hon.s  of  Alexander,  and  told  them,  that  they  had  loft  a 
yighteous  king  ;  and  by  the  commendation  they  gave  him, 
they  brought  them  to  grieve,  and  to  be  in  heavinefs  for  him, 
fo  that  he  had  a  funeral  more  (plendid  than  had  any  of  the 
kings  before  him.  Alexander  lett  behind  him  two  fons,  Hyr- 
canus,  and  AriftobuSus,  but  committed  the  kingdom  to  Alex- 
andra. Now,  as  to  thefe  two  fons,  Hyrcanqs  was  indeed  una- 
ble to  manage  public  affairs,  and  delighted  rather  in  a  quiet 
life  ;  but  the  younger,  Ariltobulus,  was  an  aftive  and  a  bold 
man  ;  and  for  this  woman  herfelf,  Alexandra,  fhe  was  loved 
bythe  multitude,  becaufe  (he  feemed  difpleafed  at  the  offen- 
ces her  hufbandhad  been  guilty  of. 

2.  So  (he  made  Hy  rcanus  highprieft,  becaufe  he  was  the  elder, 
but  much  more  becaufe  he  cared  not  to  meddle  with  politics, 

himfelf  purfued  the  meafuers  of  his  father  Hyrcanus,  and  taken  part  with  the  Sad- 
ducees,  who  kept  clofe  to  the  written  law,  againft  the  Pharifees,  who  had  intro- 
duced their  own  traditions,  ch.  xvi.  f>  %.  and  that  he  now  faw  a  political  necessity 
of  fubmitting  to  the  Pharifees,  and  their  traditions  hereafter,  if  his  widow  and  fam- 
ily minded  to  retain  their  monarchical  government  or  tyranny  over  the  Jewifh  na- 
tion :  Which  feft  yet,  thus  iupported,  were  at  laft  in  great  meafure  the  ruin  of  the 
religion,  government,  and  nation  of  the  Jews,  and  brought  them  into  fo  wicked  a 
ftate,  that  the  vengeance  of  God  c.imeupon  them  to  their  utter  excifion.  Juft  thus 
did  Caiaphas  politically  advilV  tb»  Jewifh  fanhedrim,  John  xi.  50  That  it  was 
expedient  for  them,  that  one  manjkauld  die  for  the  people,  and  that  the  whole  nation  per* 
i/h  not ;  and  this  in  con'equ-ence  of  their  own  political  luppolal,  ver  48.  that  If  they 
let  jfefus  alone,  with  his  miracles,  all  men  wontd  believe  on  him,  and  the  Romans  would 
come  and  take  away  both  their  place  and  nation.  Which  political  crucifixion  of  Je- 
fus of  Nazareth  brought  down  the  vengeance  of  God  upon  them,  and  occafioned 
thofe  very  Romans,  of  whom  they  leemed  fo  much  afraid,  that  to  prevent  it  they 
put  him  to  de^th.  actually  to  come  and  take  awa\  both  their  place  and  natien,  within 
38  years  afterwards.  I  heartily  wifh  the  politicians  of  Chriftendom  would  con- 
fider  thefe  and  the  like  examples,  and  no  longer  lacrifice  all  virtue  a»d  religion  to 
their  pernicious  fchemes  of  government,  to  the  bringing  down  the  judgments  ot 
God  upon  thernfelves,  and  the  ieveral  nations  intruded  t»  their  care.  But 
this  is  a  digression  :  I  wifh  it  w>  n-  an  unfeatonable  one  alfo.  Jofephus 
himfelf  feveral  times  ma'<es  luch  digressions,  znd  I  here  venture  to  follow  him- 
See  one  of  them  at  the  conclufiou  of  the  very  next  chapter. 


Chap,   XL]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS,  Hi 

and  permitted  the  Pharifees  to  do  every  thing  ;  to  whom  alfa 
{he  ordered  the  multitude  to  be  obedient.     She  alfo  reftored 
again  thofe  practices  which  the  Phanfees  had  introduced,  ac- 
cording to  the  traditions  of  their  forefathers,  and  which  her  fa. 
ther-in-law,  Hyrcanus,  had  abrogated.     So  flie  had  indeed  the 
name  of  the  Regent,  but  the  Phanfees  had   the  authority  ;  tor 
it  was  they  who  reftored  fuch  as  had  been   banifhed,   and   fet 
fuch  as  were  prifoners  at  liberty,  and,    to   fay  all   at  once, 
they   differed  in  nothing  from  lords.     However,  the  queen 
alfo   took   care   of  the   affairs   ot  the  kingdom,  and  got  to- 
gether a  great   body    of  mercenary    ioldiers,    and  increaf- 
ed  her  own  army  to   fuch  a   degree,   that   fhe   became  ter- 
rible to  the  neighbouring  tyrants,  and  took  hoftagesot  them: 
And  the  country  was  entirely  at  peace,    excepting   the  Phari- 
fees ;  for  they  diflurbed  the  queen,  and  dedred  that  fhe  would 
kill  thofe  who  perfuaded  Alexander  to  flay  the  eight  hundred 
men  ;  atter  which   they  cut  the  throat  of  one  of  them,   Dio- 
genes :   And  after  him  they  did  the  fame  to  feveral,  one  after 
another,  till  the  men  that  were  the  moil  potent  came  into  the 
palace,  and  Ariitobulus  with  them,  for  he   fecmed  to  be  dif- 
pleafed  at  what  was  done,   and  it  appeared  openly,   that  if  he 
had  an  opportunity,  he  would  not  peimit  his  mother  to  go  on 
fo.     '"  Thefe  put  the  queen  in  mind  what  great  dangers  they 
had  gone  through,   and   great  things  they  had  done,  whereby 
they   had  demonftrated  the  firmnefs  of  their   fidelity    to  their 
mailer,  infomuch  that  they  had  received  the  greateil  marks  of 
favour  from  him  :  And  they   begged  of  her,   that  fhe  would 
not  utterly  blaft  their  hopes,  as  it  now  happened,  that  when 
they  had  efcaped  the  hazards  that  arofe  from  their  [open]  ene- 
mies, they  were  to  be  cut  off  at  home  by  their  [privatejene- 
mies,  like  brute  beafts,   without  any  help  whatfoever.    They 
faid  alfo,  that  it  their  adverfaries  would  be  fatisfied  with  thofe 
that  had  been  (lain  already,  they  would  take  what  had  been 
done  patiently,  on  account  of  their  natural  love  to  their  gov- 
ernors ;  but  if  they  muff,  expecl  the  fame   for  the  future  allo, 
they  implored  of  her  a  difmiffion  from  her  fervice  ;  lor  they 
could  not  bear  to  think  of  attempting  any  method   for  their 
deliverance  without  her,  but  would   rather  die  willingly   be- 
fore the  palace-gate,  in  cafe  fhe  would  not  forgive  them.  And 
that  it  was  agreat  fhame  both  for  themfelves,  and  tor  the  queen, 
that  when  they  were  negle£led  by  her,  they  (hould  come  under 
the  lafh  of  her  hufband's  enemies  ;  for  that  Aretas,  the  Arabian 
king,  and  the  monarchs,  would  give  any  reward,  if  they  could 
get  fuch  men  as  foreign  auxiliaries,  to  whom  their  very  names, 
before  their  voices  be  heard,   may  perhaps  be  terrible  :     But 
if  they  could  not  obtain  this  their  fecond  requeft,  and  if  Ihe 
had  determined  to  prefer  the  Pharifees  before  them,  they  flill 
infifted  that  me  would  place  them  every  one  in  her  fortreffes  ; 
lor  it  forre  fatal  demon   hath  a  conftant  fpite  againft  Alexan- 
der's houfe,  they  would  be  willing  to  bear  their  part,  and  t» 
live  in  a  private  ftation  there." 


*12  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS. 

3.  As  thefe  men  faid  thus,  and    called   upon   Alexander'? 
ghoft  for  commiferation  of  thofe  already    (lain,  and  thofe  irt 
danger  of  it,  'ail  the  byftanders  brake  out  into  tears  :    But  Ar- 
iftobulus  chiefly  made  manifeft  what  were  his  ;entimerus,  ami 
ufed  many  repraochful  expreffions  to  his   mother  flaying], 

'  Nay  indeed,  the  cafe  is  this,  that  they  have  been  themfelves 
the  authors  ottheir  own  calamities,  who  have  permitted  a  wo- 
man who,  againft  reafon,  was  mad  with  ambition,  to  reign  o- 
ver  them,  when  there  werefons  in  the  flower  ot  their  age  fitter 
forit."  So  Alexandra,  not  knowing  what  to  do  with  any  de- 
cency, committed  the  fortrefles  to  them  all  but  Hyrcania  and 
Alexaridrium,  and  Macherus,  where  her  principal  treafures 
were.  After  a  little  while  alfo,  (he  fent  her  fon  Ariflobulus 
with  an  army  to  Damafcus  againft  Ptolemy  who  was  call  d 
Menneus,  who  was  fuch  a  had  neighbour  to  the  city  ;  but  he 
did  nothing  confiderable  theie,  and  fo  returned  home. 

4.  About  this  time  news  was  brought  that  Tigranes,  the 
king  of  Armenia,  had  made  an  irruption  into  Syria  with*  five 
hundred  thoufand    foldiers,  and  was   coming  againit    judea. 
This  news,  as  may  wellbe  (uppofed,  terrified  the  queen  and  the 
nation.     Accordingly  they  lent  him  many  and  very  valuable 
prefents,  as  alfo  ambalTadors,  and  that  as  he  was   befieging 
Ptolemais  ;  for  Selene  the  queen,  the  fame  that  was  alfo  cal- 
led Cleopatra,  ruled  then  over  Syria,  who  had  perfuaded  the 
inhabitants  to  exclude  Tigranes.     So  the  Jewiih  ambalfadors 
interceded  with  him,  and  entreated  him  that  he  would  deter- 
mine nothing  that  was  fevere  about  their  queen  or  nation.    He 
c  -mmended  them  for  the  refpefcls  they  paid  him  at  fo  great  a 
diflance  :  And  gave  them  good  hopes  ot  his  favour.     But  as 
foon  as   Ptolemais   was  taken,  news  came  to  Tigranes,  that 
Lucullus,  in  his  purfuit  ot  Mithridates,  could  not  light  upon 
him,   who  was  fled  into  Iberia,  but  was  laying  wafle  Armenia, 
and  befieging  its  cities.     Now,  when  Tigranes  knew  this,  he 
returned  home. 

c  After  this,  when  the  queen  was  fallen  into  a  dangerous 
diflemper,  Ariflobulus  refolved  to  attempt  the  feizing  of  the 
government ;  fo  he  dole  away  fecretly  by  night,  with  only 
one  of  his  lervants,  and  went  to  the  fortreffes,  wherein  his 
friends,  that  were  fuch  from  the  days  ot  his  father,  were  fet- 
tled :  For  as  he  had  been  a  great  while  difp  leafed  at  his  moth- 
er's conducl,  fo  he  was  now  much  more  afraid,  left,  upon  her 
death,  their  whole  family  fhould  be  under  the  power  of  the 
Pharifees,  for  he  faw  the  inability  of  his  brother,  who  was  to 
fucceedin  the  government:  Nor  was  any  one  confcious  of 
what  he  was  doing  but  only  his  wife,  whom  he  left  at  Jerufa- 

*  The  number  of  500,000  or  even  300,000,  as  one  Greek  copy,  with  the  Latin 
copies,  have  it, for  Tigrai  es'sanv  :  pot  of  Armenia  iii  1  Judes, 

feerns  much  too  large.  We  have  had  already  feveral  U'ch  extrav,. :;,•!.".  numbers  in 
Jofephus's  prcfent  copies,  which  arc  not  to  beat  a'l  a'cribe-.l  '-.>  him.  According. 
fy  I  incline  to  Dr.  ILidfon's  emendation  here,  which  fi:;  j  .  -t  40,000.  • 


Chap.   XVI.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  1IJ 

Jem  with  their  children.  He  firftof  all  came  to  Agaba,  where 
was  Galeftes,  one  of  the  potent  men  before  mentioned,  and 
was  received  by  him.  When  it  was  day  the  queen  perceived 
th.it  Ariftobulus  was  fled  ;  and  for  fome  time  fhefuppofedthat 
his  departure  was  not  in  order  to  make  any  innovation,  but 
when  meffengers  came  one  after  another,  with  the  news  that 
he  had  fecured  the  firft  place,  the  fecond  place,  and  all  the 
places,  for  as  foon  as  one  had  begun,  they  all  fubmitted  to 
hia  difpofal,  then  it  was  that  the  queen  and  the  nation  were  in 
the  greateft  diforder,  tor  they  were  aware  that  it  would  not  be 
long  ere  Ariftobulus  would  be  able  to  fettle  himfelf  firmly  in 
the  government.  What  they  were  principally  afraid  of  waa 
this,  that  he  would  inflicl  punifhmeat  upon  them  for  the  mad 
treatment  his  houfe  had  had  from  them  :  So  they  refolvcd  to 
take  his  wife  and  children  into  cullody,  and  keep  them  in  the 
*  tortreis  that  was  over  the  temple.  Now  there  was  a  mighty 
conflux  ot  people  that  came  to  Ariftobulus  from  all  parts,  in- 
fomuch  that  he  had  a  kind  of  royal  attendants  about  him  ;  for 
in  a  little  more  than  fifteen  days,  he  got  twenty-two  ftrong 
places,  which  gave  him  the  opportunity  of  raifing  an  army 
from  Libanus  and  Trachonitis,  and  the  monarchs  ;  {or  men 
areeafily  led  by  the  greater  number,  and  eafily  fubmit  to  them. 
And  befidesthis,  that  by  affording  him  their  affiftance,  when 
he  could  not  expect  it,  they,  as  well  as  he,  fhould  have  the 
advantages  that  would  come  by  his  being  king,  becaufe  they 
had  been  the  occafion  of  his  gaining  the  kingdom.  Now  the 
elders  of  the  Jews,  and  Hyrcanus  with  them,  went  in  unto 
the  queen,  and  defired,  ''  That  fhe  would  give  them  her  fen- 
timents  about  the  prefent  pofture  of  affairs,  for  that  Ariftobu- 
lus was  ineffecl  lord  of  almoft  all  the  kingdom,  by  poffeffing 
ot  fo  many  ftrong  holds,  and  that  it  was  ablurd  for  them  to 

ttake  any  counfel  by  themfelves,  how  ill  foever  the  were,  while 
{he  was  alive,  and  that  the  danger  would  be  upon  them  in  no 

'  long  time."  But  (he  "  bid  them  do  what  they  thought  prop- 
er to  be  done  :  That  they  had  many  circumftances  in  their 
favour  ftill  remaining,  a  nation  in  good  heart,  an  army,  and 
money  in  their  feveral  treafuries,  tor  that  fhe  had  fmall  con- 
cern about  public  affairs  now,  when  the  ftrength  ot  her  body 
already  tailed  her." 

6.  Now  a  little  while  after  file  had  faid  this  to  them,  fhe  died, 
when  fhe  had  reigned  nine  years,  and  had  in  all  lived  feventy- 
three.  A  woman  fhe  was  who  fhewed  no  figns  of  the  weak- 
nefs  ot  her  fex,  for  fhe  was  fagacious  to  the  greateft  degree  in 
her  ambition  of  governing  ;  and  demonftrated  by  her  doings 
at  once,  that  her  mind  was  fit  for  aBion,  and  that  fornetimes 
men  themfelves  fliew  the  little  underftanding  they  have  by  the 

*  This  fortrefs,  cafUe,  citadel,  or  tower,  whither  the  wife  and  children  of  Arif« 
tobulus  were  now  lent,  and  which  overlooked  the  temple,  could  be  no  other  than 
what  Hyrcanus  I.  built,  Antiq.  B.  XVIII.  ch.  iv.  (j  3..  voi.  II.  and  Herod  the 
Great  rebuilt,  and  called  the  Twer  nf  Antoni*t  Autiq.  U.  XV ,  cb.  si,  §  5. 

VOL.  II.  P 


114  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THB    JEWS.      [Book  XIlI, 

frequent  miflakes  they  make  in  point  of  government ;  for  fhe 
always  preferred  the  prefent  to  futurity,  and  preferred  the 
power  of  an  imperious  dominion  above  all  things,  and  in  com- 
panion of  that  had  no  regard  to  what  was  good,  or  what  was 
right.  However,  (he  brought  the  affairs  of  her  houfe  to  luch 
an  unfortunate  condition,  that  (he  was  the  occafion  of  the 
taking  away  that  authority  from  it,  and  that  in  no  long  time 
afterward,  which  (he  had  obtained  by  a  vaft  number  of  hazards 
and  misfortunes,  and  this  out  of  a  defire  of  what  does  not  be- 
long to  a  woman,  and  all  by  a  compliance  in  her  fentiments 
with  thole  that  bare  ill-will  to  their  family,  and  by  leaving  the 
adminiflration  deftitute  of  a  proper  fupport  of  great  men  ; 
and  indeed,  her  management  during  her  adminiftration,  while 
ilie  was  alive,  was  Juch,  as  filled  the  palace  after  her  death 
with  calamities  and  difturbance.  However,  although  this 
had  been  her  way  of  governing,  fhe  preierved  the  nation  in 
peace.  And  this  is  the  conclufion  of  the  affairs  of  Alexandra, 


Chap.  I.]  ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE   JEWS.  Ilf 

BOOK    XIV. 

Containing  the  interval  of  thirty-two  years. 
[_From  the  Death  of  Queen  ALEXANDRA  to  the  Death  of  AN- 

T1GON  US.] 

CHAP.    I. 

The  War  between  Ariflobulus  and  Hyrcanus about  the  Kingdom  $ 
and  how  they  made  an  agreement,  that  Anjlobulus  Jhould  be 
King,  and  Hyrcanus  live  a  private  life  ;  as  alfo  how  Hyrcanus 
a  littie  afterward,  was  perfaaded  by  Antipatertojly  to  Aretas. 

1.  T^7"E  have  related  the  affairs  ot  queen  Alexandra,  and 

VV  her  death  in  the  foregoing  book,  and  will  now 
fpeak  of  what  folKnved,  and  was  connected  with  thofe  h;f lo- 
ries ;  declaring  before  we  proceed,  that  we  have  nothing  (o 
much  at  heart  as  this,  that  we  may  *  omit  no  facls  either 
through  ignorance  or  lazinefs,  for  we  are  upon  the  hiilory  and 
explicationof  fuch  things  as  the  greateft  part  are  unacquaint- 
ed withal,  becaufe  of  their  diftance  from  our  times  ;  and  we 
aim  to  do  it  with  a  proper  beauty  of  ftile,  lo  far  as  that  is  de- 
rived from  proper  words  harmonically  difpofed  and  from  fuch 
ornaments  of  fpeech  alfo  as  may  contribute  to  the  pleafure  of 
our  readers,  that  they  may  entertain  the  knowledge  ot  what  we 
write  with  feme  agreeable  fatisfartion  and  pleafure.  But  the 
principal  icope  that  authors  ought  to  aim  at  above  ail  the  reft, 
is  to  fpeak  accurately,  and  to  fpeak  truly,  for  the  fatistaclion 
of  thofe  that  are  otherwife  unacquainted  with  fuch  tranfactions, 
and  obliged  to  believe  what  thefe  writers  inform  them  of. 

2.  Hyrcanus  then  began  his  high  priefthood  on    the   third 
year  of  the  hundred  feventy-feventh  olympiad,  when  Quin- 
tus  Hortenfms  and  Quintus  Metellus,   who  was  called  Metel- 
lus  ot  Crete,  were  confuls  at  Rome  ;    when  prefently  Arifto- 
bulus  began  to  make  war  againft  him,  and  as  it  came  to  a  bat- 
tle with  Hyrcanus  at  Jericho,   many  ot   his  foldiers   deferted 
him,  and  went  over  to  his  brother  :  Upon  which  Hyrcanus  fled 
into  the  citadel,  where  Aridobulus's    wife  and   children  were 
imprifoned  by  their  mother,  as  we. have  faid  already,   aiid  at- 
tacked and  overcame  thofe  his  adverfaries  that  had  fled  thither, 

*  Relarul  tak.es  notice  here,  very  juftly,  how  Jofephus's  declaration,  that  it  was 
his  great  concern  not  only  to  write  an  agreeable,  an  accurate,  and  a  true  hiftory,  hut 
ajfo  dillincUy  not  to  omit  any  thing  [of  confequencej.  either  through  ignorance,  or 
lazintf,,  implies,  that  h  •  co  ild  not,  confiltcntly  with  that  refolatson,  omit  th^  men- 
t^on  of  £ fo  famous  a  perfon  asj  Jffus  Chri/i. 


H6  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.   [Book   XIV. 

and  lay  within  the  walls  of  the  temple.  So  when  he  had  fent 
a  mettage  to  his  brother  about  agreeing  the  matters  between 
them,  he  laid  afide  his  enmity  to  him  on  thefe  conditions,  that 
Ariflobulus  fhould  be  king  ;  that  he  fhould  live  without  in- 
termeddling with  public  affairs,  and  quietly  enjoy  the  eftate 
he  had  acquired.  When  they  had  agreed  upon  thefe  terms  in 
the  te.mple,  and  had  confirmed  the  agreement  with  oaths,  and 
the  giving  one  another  their  right  hands  and  embracing  one 
another  in  the  fight  of  the  whole  multitude,  they  departed, 
the  one,  Ariflobulus,  to  the  palace,  and  Hyrcanus  as  a  private 
man  to  the  former  houfe  of  Anltobulus. 

3.  But  there  was  a  certain  friend  of  Hyrcanus's,  an  Idume- 
an,  called  Antipater,  who  was  very  rich,  and  in  his  nature  an 
aclive  and  a  feditious  man  ;  who  was  at  enmity  with  Ariflo- 
bulus, and  had  differences  with  him  on  account  of  his  good- 
will to  Hyrcanus.  It  is  true  that  Nicolaus  of  Damaicus  fays, 
that  Antipater  wa*  of  the  flock  of  the  principal  Jews  who 
came  out  of  Babylon  into  Judea  ,  but  that  aflertion  of  his  war, 
to  gratify  Herod  who  was  his  fon,  and  who,  by  certain  revo- 
lutions of  fortune,  came  afterward  to  be  king  of  the  jews, 
whofc  hiftory  we  {hall  give  you  in  its  proper  place  hereafter. 
However,  this  Antipater  was  at  firft  called*  Antipas,  and  that 
was  his  father'?  namealfo  ;  of  whom  they  relate  this,  that  king 
Alexanderand  his  wife  made  him  general  of  all  Idumea,  and 
that  he  made  a  league  of  friend  (hip  with  thofe  Arabian: 
Gazites,  and  Afcalonites,  that  were  of  his  own  party,  and  hnd, 
by  many  and  large  prefeatu,  made  them  his  faft  friends.  Bui 
now,  this  younger  Antipater  was  fufpicious  of  ihe  power  ot 
Arillobulus,  and  was  afraid  of  fome  mifc.hief  hemight  do  him, 
becaufe  of  his  hatred  to  him,  fp.he  flirred  up  the  moll  power- 
ful of  the  Jews  and  talked  againfl  him  to  them  privately  ;  and 
{"aid,  that  "  it  wasunjufl  to  overlook  the  conduct  ot  Ariltobu- 
lus,  who  had  gotten  the  government  unrighteoufly,  and  ejedted 
his  brother  out  of  it,  who  was  the  elder,  and  ought  to  retain 
•what  belonged  to  him  by  prerogative  of  his  birth."  And  tire 
fame  fpeeches  he  perpetually  made  to  Hyrcanus;  and  told 
him,  that  his  own  life  would  be  in  danger,  unlefs  he  guarded 
himfelf,  and  got  (hut  of  Ariflobulus;  for  he  faid,  that  the. 
iriends  of  Ariflobulus  omitted  no  opportunity  of  advifing  him 
to  kill  him,  as  being  then,  and  not  before,  lure  to  retain  his 
principality.  Hyrcanus  gave  no  credit  to  thefe  words  of  his, 
as  being  of  a  gentle  difpofition,  and  one  that  did  not  eafily  ad- 
mit ot  calumnies  againil  other  men.  This  temper  of  his  not 
difpofing  him  to  meddle  with  public  affairs,  and  want  of  fpir- 
it  occafioned  him  to  appear  to  fpe£lators  to  be  degenerotis  and 

*  That  the  famous  Antipater's  or  Anti pas's  father  was  alfo  Antipater  or  Antipas, 
(which  twe  may  juftly  be  efteemed  one  and  the  lame  name,  the  former  •with  a' 
Greek  or  Gentile,  the  latter  with  an  Hebrew  or  Jewish  termination,)  Jolcpkus  hire 
affures  us,  though  Eufebius  indeed  fays  it  was  Herod. 


Chap.  II.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  Il<7 

unrmnly  ;  while  Ariftobulus  was  of  a  contrary   temper,  an 
a£iive  man,  and  one  of  a  great  and  generous  foul. 

4.  Since  therefore  Antipater  Jaw  that  Hyrcanus  did  not 
attend  to  what  he  faid,  he  never  ceafed,  day  by  day,  to  charge 
feigned  crimes  upon  Ariftobulus,  and  to  calumniate  him  be- 
fore him,  as  if  he  had  a  mind  to  kill  him  ;'  and  fo,  by  urging 
him  perpetually  he  advifed  him,  and  perfuaded  him  to  fly  to 
Aretas,  the  king  of  Arabia  ;  and  promifed,  that  it  he  would 
comply  with  his  advice,  he  would  alfohimfelf  a{Iifthim,ifand 
go  with  him].  When  Hyrcanus  heard  this,  he  faid,  that  it 
was  for  his  advantage  to  fly  away  to  Aretas.  Now  Arabia  is  a 
country  that  herders  upon  Judea,  However,  Hyrcanus  lent 
Antipater  firft  to  the  king  ot  Arabia,  in  order  to  receive  af- 
furances  from  him,  that  when  he  fhould  come  in  the  manner 
ot  a  f applicant  to  him,  he  will  not  deliver  him  up  to  his  ene- 
mies. So  Antipater  having  received  fuch  aifurances,  return- 
ed to  Hyrcanus  to  Jerufalem.  A  -while  afterward  he  took 
Hyrcanus,  and  Jlole  out  of  the  city  by  night,  and  wentagreat 
journey,  and  came  and  brought  him  to  the  city  called  Petra, 
where  the  palace  ot  Aretas  was ;  and  as  he  was  a  very  familiar 
friend  ot  that  king's,  he  perfuaded  him  to  bring  back  Hyrca- 
nus, into  Judea,  and  this  perfuafion  he  continued  every  day 
without  any  remiflion.  He  alfo  propofed  to  make  him  pre- 
fents  on  that  account.  At  length  he  prevailed  with  Aretas  in 
his  fuit.  Moreover  Hyrcanus  promifed  him  that  when  he  had 
been  brought  thither,  and  had  received  his  kingdom,  he  would 
reftore  that  country,  and  thofe  twelve  cities  which  his  father 
Alexander  had  taken  from  the  Arabians,  which  were  thefet 
Medaba,  Naballo,  Libias  Tharabafa  Agala,  Athene,  Zoar, 
Orone,  Mariffa,  Iludda,  Lulfa,  and  Oruba. 


CHAP.    II. 

How  Aretas  and  Hyrcanus  made  an  Expedition  etgainjl  Ariflo- 
bulus,  and  believed  Jerufa/em  ;  and  how  Scaurus,  the  Roman 
General,  raijed  thejiege.  Concerning  the  Death  of  Omas. 

§  i.  A  FTER  thefe  promifes  had  been  given  to  Aretas,  he 
<t~X  made  an  expedition  againft  Ariftobulus,  with  an  ar- 
my of  fitty  thoufand  horfe  and  toot,  and  beat  him  in  the  battle. 
And  when  after  that  viftory  many  went  over  to  Hyrcanus  as 
deferters,  Ariftobulus  was  lett  defolate,  and  fled  to  Jerufalem  ; 
upon  which  the,  king  of  Arabia  took  all  his  army  and  made  an 
ailault  upon  the  temple,  and  befieged  Ariftobulus  therein,  the 
people  ftill  fupporting  Hyrcanus,  and  aflifting  him  in  the  fiege, 
while  none  but  the  priefts  continued  with  Ariilobulus.  So  A- 
retas  united  the  forces  of  the  Arabians  and  of  the  Jews  togeth- 
er, and  prefled  on  the  fiege  vigoroufly.  As  this  happened  at 
the  time  when  the  feail  of  unleavened  bread  was  celebrated, 


IlH  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XIV, 

which  we  call  the  paffover,  the  principal  men  among  the  Jews 
left  the  country,  and  fled  into  Egypt.  Now  there  was  one, 
whofe  name  was  Onias,  a  righteous  man  he  was,  and  beloved 
of  God,  who,  in  a  certain  drought,  had  prayed  to  God  to  put 
an  end  to  the  intenle  heat,  and  whofe  prayers  God  had  heard, 
and  had  fent  them  rain.  This  man  had  hid  himfelf.  becaufe 
he  faw  that  this  feditun  would  laft  a  great  while.  However, 
they  brought  him  to  the  Jewifh  camp,  and  defired,  that  as  by 
his  prayers  he  had  once  put  an  end  to  the  drought,  io  he  would 
in  like  manner  make  imprecations  on  Ariftobulus  and  thole  of 
his  faction.  And  when,  upon  his  refuial,  and  the  excuJes  that 
he  made,  he  was  ftill  by  the  multitude  compelled  to  fpeak,  he 
flood  up  in  the  nudit  of  them,  and  faid,  "  O  God,  the  kingo! 
the  whole  world  !  fince  thole  that  ftand  now  with  me  are  thy 
people,  and  thofe  that  are  befieged  are  alfa  thy  priefts,  I  be- 
ieech  thee  that  thou  wilt  neither  hearken  to  the  prayers  of  thofe 
agamft  thefe,  nor  bring  to  effect  what  thefepray  againft  thofe." 
Whereupon  fuch  wicked  Jews  as  flood  about  him,  as  foon  as 
he  had  made  this  prayer,  itoned  him  to  death. 

2.  But  God  puniihed  them  immediately  for  this   their  bar- 
barity, and  took  vengeance  of  them  for  the  murder  of  Onias,  in 
the  manner  following  :  While  the  piiefts  and  Ariflohulus  were 
befieged,  it  happened  that  the  feaft  call  the  Paffover  was  come, 
at  which  it  is  our  cuftom  to  offer  a  great  number  ot  jacrifices 
to  God  ;  but  thofe  that  were  with  Anilobulus  wanted  lacnfices, 
and  defired  that  their  countrymen  without  would  furnilh  them 
with  fuch  facrificcs,  and  aflured  them  they  fhould  have  as.  much 
money  for  them  as  they  fhould  defire  ;  and  when  they  required 
them  to  pay  a  thoufand  drachmae  lor  each  head  of  cattle,  Ani- 
tobulus  and  the  pricfts  willingly  undertook  to  pay  tor  them  ac-f 
cordingly  and  thole  within  let  down  the  money  over  the  walls, 
and  gave  it  them.      But  when  the  others  had  received  it,  they 
did  not  deliver  the  facrifices,  but  arrived  at  that  height  of  wick- 
ednefs  as  to  break  the  aO'urances  they  had  given,  and  to  be  guil- 
ty oi  impiety  towards  God,  by  not  furniihing  thofe  that  wanted 
them  with  facrifices.      And  when  theprieits  tound  they  had 
been  cheated,  and  that  ihe  agreements  they  had  made  were  vi- 
olated, they  prayed  to  God,  that  he  would  avenge  them  on  their 
countrymen.     iSlor  did  he  delay  that  their  punilhment,  but  lent 
a  ftrong  and  vehement  ftorm  of  wind  that  destroyed  the  fruits 
of  the  whole  country,  till  a  modious  of  wheat  was  then  bought 
for  eleven  drachmae. 

3.  In  the  mean  timePompey  fent  Scaurus  into  Syria,  while 
he  was  himfelf  in  Armenia,  and  making  war  with  Tigranes  : 
But  when  Scaurus  was  come  to  Damafcus,  and  found  that  Lol- 
lius  and  Metellus  had  newly  taken  the  city,  he  came  himfelf 
y>  ?ftilv  into  Judea.     And  when  he  was  come  thither,  ambafTa- 
dors  came  to  him,  both  from  Ariftobulus  and  Hyrcanus,  and 
both  defired  he  would  aflift  them.     And  when  both  ot  them 
pfomiied  to  give  him  money,  Anltobulus  four  hundred  talents, 


Chap.  III.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS,  tig 

and  Hyrcanus  no  lefs,  he  accepted  of  Ariftobulus'spromife,  for 
he  was  rich  and  had  a  great  foul,  and  defired  to  obtain  nothing 
but  what  was  moderate  ;  whereas  the  other  was  poor,  and  te- 
nacious, and  made  incredible  promifes  in  hopes  of  greater  ad- 
vantages ;  for  it  was  not  the  fame  thing  to  take  a  city,  that  was 
exceeding  flrong  and  powerful,  as  it  was  to  ejeft  out  ot  the 
country  Tome  fugitives,  with  a  greater  number  of  Nabateans, 
who  were  no  very  warlike  people.  He  therefore  made  an  a- 
greement  with  Ariftobulus,  for  the  reafons  before  mentioned, 
and  took  his  money,  and  raifed  the  fiege,  and  ordered  Aretas 
to  depart,  or  elfe  he  mould  be  declared  an  enemy  to  the  Ro- 
mans. So  Scanrus  returned  to  Damafcus  again  ;  and  Arifto- 
bulus, with  a  great  army,  made  war  with  Aretas  and  Hyrca- 
nus, and  fought  them  at  a  place  called  Papyron,  and  beat  them 
in  thebat»le.  and  flew  about  fix  thoufand  of  the  enemy  ;  with 
whom  fell  Phal ion  alfo,  the  brother  of.  A-ntipater 


C  H  A  P.    III. 

How  Ariflobulus  and  Hyrcanus  came  to  Pompey,  in  order  to 

argue  who  ought  to  have  the  Kingdom  ;  and  how,  upon  the 

jlight  ofAnjiobulus  to  the  Fortrefs  Alexandrium,  Pompey  led 

his  Army  a^ainjl  him,  and  ordered  him  to  deliver  up  the  For- 

trejjes  where&J  he  was  pojjejjed. 

§  I.  A  LITTLE  afterward  Pompey  came  to  Damafcus,  and 
A\  marched  overy  Cetefyria  ;  at  which  time  there  came 
simbaiTadors  to  him  from  all  Syria,  and  Egypt,  and  out  of  Ju- 
dea  alfo,  for  Ariftobulus  had  fent  him  a  great  prefent,  which 
Was  a  *  golden  vine,  of  the  value  of  five  hundred  talents.  Now 
Strabo  of  Cappadocia  mentions  this  prefent  in  thefe  words  : 
"  There  came  alfo  an  embaffage  out  of  Egypt,  and  a  crown  of 
the  value  ot  four  thoufand  pieces  of  gold;  and  out  of  Judea 
there  came  another*  whether  you  call  it  a  vine  or  a  garden  : 
They  called  the  thing  TtRF  u  LE,  The  delight.  However,  we 
ourfelves  faw  that  prefent  repofhed  at  Rome,  in  the  temple 
of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  with  this  infcription,  The  gift  of  Alex- 
ander the  king  of  the  Jews.  It  was  valued  at  five  hundred 

*  This  golden  vine  or  garden,  feen  by  Strabo  at  Rome,  has  its  infcription  here,  a» 
if  it  were  the  gift  of  Alexander,  the  father  of  Ariftobulus,  and  not  of  Ariftobulus 
himlelf,  to  whom  yet  }ofepuus  afcribes  it  ;  and  in  order  to  prove  the  truth  of  that 
part  of  his  hiftory.  introduces  this  teftimony  of  Strabo's  ;  fo  that  the  ordinary  co- 
pLs  feem  to  be  here  either  erroneous  or  defective,  and  the  original  reading  feems  to 
have  been  either  Anjlobulus,  inftrad  of  Alexander,  with  one  Greek  copy,  or  elfe 
Ariftcbului  the  fun  of  Alexander,  with  the  Latincopies  ;  which  laft  fcems  to  me  the  moft 
probable:  For  as  to  archbishop  Usher's  conjectures,  that  Alexander  made  it.  and 
dedicated  it  to  God  in  the  temple,  and  that  thence  Ariftobulus  took  it,  and  (ent  it 
to  Pompey,  they  are  both  very  improbable,  and  no  way  agreeable  to  Joiephus, 
who  would  hardly  have  avoided  the  recording  both  thefe  uncommon  points  of 
hiftory,  had  he  known  anything  of  them;  nor  would  either  the  Jewish  nation, 
or  evea  Pc;r.pey  bimfclf,  then  have  relished  fuch  a  flagrant  iuftance  of  faciilege. 


120  ANNUITIES    Of    THE   JEWS.       [Boojt  XlV. 


talents  ;  and  the  report  is,  that  Ariftobulus,  the  governor  o.t  the 
Jews,  lent  it." 

2.  In  a  !ur.le  time  afterward  came  ambafladors  again  to  him* 
Antipater  iruin  Hyrcanus,  and  Nicodemus  from  Ariftobulus  ; 
which  laft  alibaceufed  fuch  as  had  tak.cn  bribes,  firft  Gabinius, 
and  then  Sca.urus,  the  one  three  hundred  talents,  and  the  other 
four  hundred  ;  bv  which  procedure  he  made  thefe  two  his  ene- 
mies, betides  thofe  he  had  before.  And  when  Pompey  had  or- 
dered thole  that  had  controverfies  one  with  another  to  come  to 
him  in  the  beginning  ot  the  fpring,  he  brought  his  army  out 
of  their  winter  quarters,  and  marched  into  the  country  of  Da. 
inafcus;  and  as  he  went  along  he  demolilbed  the  citadel  that 
was  at  Apamia,  which  Antioc.hus  Cyzicenus  had  built,  and 
took  cognifance  of  the  country  of  Ptolemy  Menneus,  a  wicked 
man,  and  not  lefs  fo  than  Dionifius  of  Tripoli,  who  had  been 
beheaded  who  was  alfo  his  relation  by  marriage  ;  yet  did  he 
buy  offthe  punifhment  of  his  crimes  for  a  thoufand  talents,  with 
which  money  Pompey  paid  the  foldiers  their  wages.  He  alfo 
conquered  the  place  called  Lyjias,  of  which  Silas  a  Jew,  was 
tyrant.  And  when  he  had  palled  over  the  cities  ot  Heliopolis 
and  Chajcis,  and  got  over  the  mountain  which  is  on  the  limit 
of  Celefyria.,  he  came  from  Pella  to  Damafcus  ;  and  there  it 
wa,s  that  he  heard  the  caufes  of  the  Jews,  and  of  their  govern- 
ors Hyrcanus  and  Ariftobulus,  who  were  at  difference  one 
with  another,  as  alfo  of  the  nation  againft  them  both,  which 
did  not  defire  to  be  under  kingly  government,  becauie  the 
form  ot  government  they  received  from  their  forefathers  w,as 
that  ot  fubjeftion  to  the  priefts  of  that  god  whom  they  wor- 
fhipped,  and  [they  complained,]  that  though  thefe  two  were 
the  pofterity  of  priefts,  yet  did  they  feek  to  change  the  gov- 
ernment of  their  nation  to  another  form,  in  order  to  entlave 
them.  Hyrcanus  complained,  that  although  he  were  the  elder 
brother,  he  was  deprived  of  the  prerogative  of  hi$  birth  by  A- 
riftobulus,  and  that  he  hath  but  a  fmall  part  of  the  country  un- 
der him,  Ariftobulus  having  taken  away  the  reft,  from  him  by 
force,  He  al'oaccufed  him,  that  the  incurfions  which  had  been 
made  into  their  neighbour's  countries,  and  the  piracies  that  had 
been  at  fea,  were  owing  to  him;  and  thatthe  nation  would  not  have 
revolted,  unlefs  Ariftobulus  had  been  a  man  given  to  violence 
and  diforder  :  And  there  were  no  fewer  than  a  thoufand  Jews, 
of  the  bell  efteem  among  them  who  confirmed  this  accufation  ; 
which  confirmation  was  procured  by  Antipater.  But  Arifto- 
bulus alleged  againft  him,  that  it  was  Hyrcanus's  own  temper, 
which  was  inactive,  and  on  that  account  contemptible,  which 
caufed  him  to  be  deprived  of  the  government  ;  and  that  \ot 
himfelf  he  was  neceflitated  to  take  it  upon  him,  for  fear  left  it 
fhould  be  transferred  to  others.  And  that  as  to  his  title  [of 
king,!  it  was  no  other  than  what  his  father  had  taken  [before 
him.J  He  alfo  called  for  witneiFes  ot  what  he  faid,  fome  per- 
fons  who  were  both  young  and  infolent  :  Whofe  purple  gar- 


Chap.  III.]       ANJIQUItlES   OF    THE   JEWS.  !2I 

ments,  fine  heads  of  hair  and  other  ornaments,  were  detefted 
£by  the  court,  i  and  which  they  appeared  in,  not  as  though 
they  were  to  plead  their  caufe  in  a  court  of  juflice,  but  as  if 
they  were  marching  in  a  pompous  proceflion. 

3.  When  Pompey  had  heard  the  caufes  of  thefe  two,   and 
had  condemned  Ariflobuius  for  his  violent  procedure,  he  then 
fpake  civilly  to  them,  and  fent  them  away  ;  and  told  them,  that 
when  he  came  again  into  their  country  he  would  fettle  all  their 
affairs,  alter  he  had  firft  taken  a  view  of  the  affairs  of  the  Na- 
bateans.     In  the  mean  time,  he  ordered  them  to  be  quiet  ;  and 
treated  Ariflobuius  civilly,  left  he  Ihould  make  the  nation  re- 
volt, and  hinder  his  return  :  Which  yet  Amftobulus  did  ;  for 
without  expecting  any  farther  determination,  whichPompey 
had  promiled  them,  he  went  to  the  city  Dsliusi  and  thence 
inarched  into  Judea. 

4.  At  this  behaviour  Pompey  was  angry  ;  and  taking  with 
Kim  that  army  which  he  was  leading  agajnfl  the  Nabateans  and 
the  auxiliaries  that  carne  from  Darnaicus,  and  the  other  parts 
of  Syria,  with  the  other  Roman  legions  which  he  had  with  him, 
he  made  an  expedition  againft  Arireobulus  :  But  as  he  parted  by 
Pella,  and  Scythopolis,  he  came  to  Core^e,  which  is  the  fnil  en- 
trance into  Judea  when  one  pafles  over  the  mid-land  countries, 
where  he  came  to  a  mod  beautiful    fortrefs  that  was  built  on 
the  top  ot  a  mountain  called  Alexandnum,  whether  Ariftobulus 
had  fled,  and  thence  Pompey  fent  his  commands  to  him,  that 
he  ihould  come  to  him.      Accordingly,  at  the  perfuafions  ot 
many,  that  he  would  not  make  war  with  the  Romans,  he  came 
down  :  And  when  he  had  difputed  with  his  brother  about  the 
right  to  the  government,  he  went  up  again  to  the  citadel,  as 
Pompey   gave  him  leave  to  do  ;    and  this  he  did  two  or  three 
times,  as  flattering  himfelf  with  the  hopes  of  having  the  king- 
dom granted  him;  fo  that  he  Hill  pretended  he  would  obey  Pom- 
pey in  whatsoever  he  commanded,  although  at  the  fame  time 
he  retired  to  his  fortrefs,  that  he  might  not  deprefs  himfelf  too 
low,  and  that  he  prepared  tor  a  war,  in  cafe  it  mould  prove  as 
he  feared,  that  Pompey  would  transfer  the  government  to  Hyr- 
canus.     But  when  Pompey  enjoined  Anfiobulus  to  deliver  up 
the  fortrefles  he  held,  and  to  fend  an  injunction  to  their  govern- 
ors, under  his  own  hand,  for  that  purpofe  ;  for  they  had  been 
forbidden  to  deliver  them  up  upon  any  other  commands,  he 
fubmittedindeedto  do  (o,  but  Hill  he  retired  in  difpleafure  to  Je- 
rufalem,  and  made  preparation  for  war.      A  little  after  this, 
certain  perfons  came  out  of  Pontus,  and  informed  Pompey,  as 
be  was  on  the  way,  and  conducing  his  army  againil  Ariitobu- 
lus,  that  Mithridates  was  dead,  and  was  (lain  by  his  fon  Phar- 
Baces. 


Q 


ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book 


CHAP.    IV. 

How  Pompey,  when  the  Citizens  of  jferufalemjlmt  the  Gates  a- 
gainjl  Mm,  btjieged  the  City,  ana  took  it  by  Jorce  ;  as  alft 
what  other  things  he  did  in  Judca. 

§  i.  "\TO\V  when  Pompey  had  pitched  his  camp  at  Jericho 
-L^J  (where  the*  palm-tree  grows,  and  that  balfam  which 
is  an  ointment  of  all  the  moft  precious,  which  upon  any  inci- 
fion  made  in  the  wood  with  a  fharp  ftone,  diftils  out  thence  like 
a  juice,)  he  marched  in  the  morning  to  Jerufalem.  Hereupon 
Ariflobulus  repented  ot  what  he  was  doing,  and  came  to  Pom- 
pey, and  [promifed  to]  give  him  money ,  and  received  him  into 
Jerufalem,  and  defireu  that  he  would  leave  off  the  war,  and  do 
•what  he  plealed  peaceably.  So  Pompey,  upon  his  entreaty, 
forgave  him,  and  fent  Gabinius.  and  foldiers  with  him  to  re- 
ceive the  money  and  the  city  :  Yet  was  no  part  of  this  perform- 
ed but  Gabinius  came  back,  being  both  excluded  out  of  the 
city,  and  receiving  none  ot  the  money  promifed,  becaufe  A- 
riflobulus's  foldiers  would  not  permit  the  agreements  to  be  ex- 
ecuted. At  this  Pompey  was  very  angry,  and  put  Ariftobu- 
lus  into  prifon,  and  came  himfelt  to  the  city,  which  was  ftrong 
on  every  fide,  excepting  the  north,  which  was  not  fo  well  for- 
tified, for  there  was  f  a  broad  and  deep  ditch  that  encompaffed 
the  city,  and  included  within  it  the  temple,  which  was  Jtfelf 
encompaffed  about  with  a  very  ftrong  ftone  wall. 

2.  Now  there  was  a  fedition  of  the  men  that  were  within  the 
city  who  did  not  agree  what  was  to  be  done  fn  their  prefent 
circumffances,  while  fome  thought  it  beft  to  deliver  up  the  city 
to  Pompey  ;  but  Ariftobulus's  party  exhorted  them  to  fhutthe 
gates,  becaufe  he  was  kept  in  prifon.  Now  thefe  prevented  the 
others,  and  feized  upon  the  temple,  and  cut  off  the  bridge  which 
reached  from  it  to  the  city,  and  prepared  themfelves  to  abide  a 

*  Thefe  cxprsfs  teftimor.ies  of  Jolephus's  here,  and  Antiq.  B.  VIII.  ch  vi.  ^  6. 
vol.  I.  andiB.  XV.  ch.  iv.  ^  2.  vol.  II.  that  the  only  baliam  ^aidens.  and  the  beft 
palm-trees,  were,  at  leaft  in  his  chiys,  near  Jericho  and  Engaddi.  about  the  north 
part  of  the  dead  ic;i.  (whereabout  alfo  Alexander  the  Creat' taw  the  balfam  drop,) 
fht-w  the  miftake  of  thole  that  underftand  Eufebius  and  Jerom,  as  if  one  of  thole 
gardens  were  at  the  louth  part  of  that  fea,  at  /oar  or  Segor,  whereas  they  muft 
cithrr  mean  another  Zoar  or  Segor,  -which  was  between  Jericho  and  Engaddi, 
agreeably  to  Jo'.rphus,  which  yet  they  do  net  appear  to  do,  or  elfe  they  direftly 
contradift  Jofephus,  and  were  therein  greatly  miftaken  ;  I  mean  this,  unlefi  that 
balfam,  and  the  beft  palm-trees,  grew  much  more  fouthward  in  Judea  in  the  days 
of  Euiebius  and  Jerom  than  they  di  d  in  the  days  of  Jofephus. 

•(•  The  particular  depth  and  brcad'h  of  this  ditch,  whence  the  (lores  for  the  wait 
about  the  temple  vere  probably  taken,  are  omitted  in  ourcopies  of  Jofephus,  bufe 
let  down  by  Strabo,  B  XVI.  p.  763.  from  whom  we  learn,  that  this  ditch  was  6» 
fe«t  deep,  and  250  feet  broad.  However,  its  depth  is,  in  the  h'rfl  lecYion.  faid  by 
Toiephus  to  be  immcnft  which  exactly  agrees  to  Strabo's  dcfcription,  and  which  num. 
«r  in  Strabo  are  a  ftrong  confirmation  of  the  truth  of  jofephus's  delcripticm  alia. 


Chap.  IV.]         AMTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  I2f 

fiege ;  but  the  others  admitted  Pompey 's  army  in,  and  delivered 
up  both  the  city  m,l  the  king's  palace  to  him.  So  Pompey  fcnt 
his  heute-iant  Piib  with  an  army,  and  placed  garrifons  both  in 
the  city  and  in  the  palace,  to  fecure  them,  and  tortifL'd  the 
houfesthat  joined  to  the  temple;  and  all  thofe  which  were  more 
diftant,  and  without  it.  And  in  the  firft  place,  he  offered  term* 
of  accommodation  to  thofe  within  ;  but  when  they  would  not 
comply  with  what  was  defired,  he  encompaifed  all  the  places 
there  about  with  a  wail,  wherein  Hyrcanus  did  gladly  affift  him 
on  all  occafious,  hut  Pompey  pitched  his  camp  within  [the 
wall,]  on  the  north  part  of  the  temple,  where  it  wasmoft  prac- 
ticable ;  but  even  on  that  fide  there  were  great  towers,  and  a 
ditdi  had  been  dag,  and  a  deep  valley  begirt  it  round  about, 
ior  on  the  parts  to  wards  the  city  were  prec  ipices,  and  thebri  !ge 
on  which  Pompey  had  gotten  in,  was  broken  down  ;  however, 
a  bank  was  raifedday  by  day,  with  agreatdeal  ot  labour  while 
the  Romans  cut  down  materials  tor  it  trom  the  places  round 
about  :  A:id  when  this  bank  was  fuf&ciently  raifed,  and  the 
ditch  filled  up,  though  but  poorly,  by  reafon  ot  its  immenfe 
depth,  he  brought  his  mechanical  engines  and  battering  rams 
from  Tyre,  and  placing  them  on  the  bank,  he  battered  the  tem- 
ple with  the  ftones  that  were  thrown  againft  it.  And  had  it 
not  been  our  practice,  from  the  days  of  our  forefathers,  to  reft  on 
the  feventh  day,  this  bank  could  never  have  been  perfe£led,  by 
reafon  of  the  oppofition  the  Jews  would  have  made ;  for  though 
our  law  gives  us  leave  then  to  defend  ourfelves  againft  thofe 
that  begin  to  fight  with  us,  and  afTault  us,  yet  does  it  not  per- 
mit us  to  meddle  with  our  enemies  while  they  do  any  thing 
elfe. 

3.  Which  thing  when  the  Romans  underftood,  on  thofe 
days  which  we  call  Sabbaths,  they  threw  nothing  at  the  Jews, 
no;-  came  to  any  pitched  battle  with  them,  but  railed  up  their 
earthen  banks,  and  brought  their  engines  into  fuchtorwardnefs, 
that  thpy  might  do  execution  the  next  days.  And  any  one 
may  hence  learn  how  very  great  piety  we  exereife  towards 
God,  and  the  oSfervance  of  his  laws,  fmce  the  priefts  were 
not  at  all  hindered  trom  their  facred  miniftrations,  by  their 
fear  during  this  fiege,  but  did  ft;ll  twice  a  day,  in  the  morning, 
an  I  abouf  tu^  ninth  hour,  offer  their  facrifices  on  the  altar  ; 
nor  did  they  omit  thofe  facrifices,  if  any  melancholy  accident 
happened,  by  the  ftones  that  were  thrown  among  them  ;  for 
although  the  city  were  taken  on  *  the  third  month,  on  the 
diy  of  the  fall,  upon  the  hundred  feventy-nintholympiad,  when, 
Caius  Antonius  and  Mircus  Tullius  Cicero,  were  confuls, 
and  the  enemy  then  fell  upon  them,  and  cut  the  throats  .of 
thofe  that  were  in  the  temple,  yet  could  not  thofe  that  offer- 
ed the  facrifice  be  compelled  to  run  away,  neither  by  the  fear 

*  That  is,  on  the  23d  of  Sivan,  the  annual  faft  for  the  defeftion  and  idolatry  of 
Jeroboam,  uihomade  Ifracl  tojin  ;  or  possibly  iome  other  faft  might  fall  into  tiai 
stonth,  before  and  io  the  days  of  Jofephui. 


f24  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  JEWS.    [Book XIV. 

they  were  in  ot  their  own  lives,  nor  by  the  nnmher  that  wefe 
already  flain,  as  thinking  it  better  to  fuffer  whatever  came  up- 
on them,  at  their  very  altars,  than  to  omit  any  thing  that  their 
laws  required  of  them.  And  that  this  is  not  a  mere  brag,  or 
an  encomium  to  manifeft  a  degree  of  our  piety  that  was  faife, 
but  is  the  real  truth,  1  appeal  to  thofe  that  have  written  oi  the 
a£is  of  Pompey  ;  and  among  them  to  Straho  and  Nicolaus 
£of  Damafcusj;  and  befides  thefe  two,  Titus  Livius,  the 
writer  of  th«  Roman  hi  (lory,  who  will  bear  witnefs  to  this 
thing  *. 

4.  But  when  the  battering  engine  was  brought  near,  the 
greateft  of  the  towers  was  fhaken  by  it,  and  fell  down,  and 
brake  down  a  part  of  the  fortifications,  fo  ihe  enemy  pome  ]  in 
apace;  and  Cornelius  Fauftus,  the  fon  of  Sylla,  with  his  fol- 
diers,  firft  of  all  afcended  the  wali,  and  next  to  him  Furius 
the  centurion,  with  thofe  that,  followed,  on  the  other  part, 
while  Fabius,  who  was  alfo  a  centurion,  afcended  it  in  the 
middle,  with  a  great  body  of  men  alter  him.  But  now  all 
was  full  oi  (laughter  ;  fome  of  the  Jews  being  (lain  by  the 
Romans,  and  fome  by  one  another;  nay  fome  there  were  who 
threw  themfelves  down  the  precipices,  or  put  fire  to  their 
houfes,  and  burnt  them,  as  not  ablt?  to  bear  the  miferies  they 
•were  under.  Of  the  Jews  there  fell  twelve  thoufand,  but  of 
the  Romans  very  few.  Abfa'orn,  who  was  at  once  both  un- 
cle and  father-in-law  to  Ariftobulus,  was  taken  captive.  And 
no  fmall  enormities  were  committed  about  the  temple  itlel', 
which,  in  former  ages,  had  been  inacceflible,  and  feen  by  none  ; 
ior  Pompey  went  into  it,  and  not  a  few  of  thofe  th^t  were 
\vith  him  alfo,  and  faw  all  that  which  it  was  unlawful  tor  any 
other  men  to  fee  but  only  for  the  high-priefts.  There  were 
in  that  temple  the  golden  table,  the  holy  candleftick,  and  the 
pouring  velfels,  and  a  great  quantity  of  fpices  ;  and  hefiJes 
thefe,  there  were  among  the  treafures  two  thoute.nd  talents  of 
facred  money  :  Yet  f  did  Pompey  touch  nothing  of  ail  this, 
on  account  of  his  regard  to  religion  ;  and  in  this  point  alfo  he 
afted  in  a  manner  that  was  worthy  of  his  virtue.  The  next 
day  he  gave  order  to  thofe  that  had  the  charge  ot  the  temple 
to  clean  fie  it,  and  to  bring  what  offerings  the  law  required  to 

*  It  deferves  here  to  be  noted,  that  this  Pharifaical  fuperftitious  notion,  that  of- 
f en  five  fighting  was  unlawful  to  ]ews,  even  u  dcr  the  utmoft  necessity,  on  the  Sab. 
bath  day  ;  oi  which  we  luar  nothing  before  the  times  of  the  Maccabtes,  was  tb« 
proper  occafion  of  {erulakm's  being  taken  by  Pompey,  Sofms,  and  by  Titus,  ai 
appears  from  the  places  already  quoted  in  the  note  on  Antiq.  B  XIII.  ch  viii.  i  i. 
•which  Icrupulous  luperftition,  M  to  the  obfervrtion  of  irch  a  rigorous  reft,  upon 
the  Sabb.ith-day,  our  Saviour  always  oppofed,  when  the  Pharifaical  Jews  infifted 
on  it,  as  is  evident  in  many  places  in  the  New  T«.ftament,  though  he  ftill  intimated 
how  pernicious  that  luperftition  might  prove  to  them  in  their  flight  trom  the  Ro» 
jnanf,  Matt.  xxv.  ao. 

i  This  is  fully  confirmed  by  the  teflimony  of  Cicero,  who  fays,  in  his  oration 
lor  Flaccus,  That  "  Cneius  Pompeius,  when  he  was  conqueror,  and  had  taken  J«- 
aifakm,  •did  not  touch  any  thing  belonging  to  thrt  temple," 


Chap.  IV.]          ANTIQUTIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  t2$ 

God  ;  and  reftored  the  high  priefthood  to  Hyrcanus,  both  be- 
caufe  he  had  been  ufeful  to  him  in  other  refpefls,  and  becaufe 
he  hindered  the  Jews  in  the  country  from  giving  Ariftnbulus 
— any  affi (lance  in  his  war  againft  him.  He  allo  cut  off  thofe 
that  had  been  the  authors  of  that  war ;  ai'd  beftowed  proper 
rewards  on  Fauftius,  and  thofe  others  that  mounted  the  wall 
vith  fuch  alacrity  ;  and  he  made  jerufjlem  tributary  to  the 
Pvomans  ;  and  took  away  thofe  cities  of  CeleTyria  which  the 
inhabitants  of  Judea  had  fubdued,  and  put  them  under  the 
government  of  the  Roman  prefident,  and  confined  the  whole 
nation,  which  had  elevated  itfeH  fo  high  before,  within  its  own 
bounds.  Moreover  he  *  rebuilt  Gadara,  which  had  been  de- 
molifhed  a  little  before,  to  gratify  Demetrius  ot  Gadara,  who 
was  his  freed  man,  and  reftored  the  reft  of  the  cities,  Hippos, 
and  Scythopolis,  and  Pella,  and  Dios,  and  Samaria,  as  alfo 
Mariffa,  and  Afhdod,  and  Jamnia,  and  Arethufa,  to  their  own 
inhabitants  :  Thefe  were  in  the  inland  parts.  Befides  thofe 
that  had  been  demoliftied,  and  alfo  o\  the  maritime  cities,  Ga- 
za  and  Joppa,  and  Dora,  and  Sirato's  Tower  ;  which  lail 
Herod  rebuilt  after  a  glorious  manner,  and  adorned  with  ha- 
vens,  and  temples,  and  changed  its  name  to  Cefarea.  All  thefe 
Pompey  left  in  a  flate  of  freedom,  and  joined  them  to  the 
province  of  Syria. 

5  Now  the  occafions  of  this  mifcry  which  came  upon  JCTU- 
falem,  were  Hyrcanus  and  Ariftobulus,  by  raifing  a  fedition 
one  againft  the  other ;  for  now  we  loft  our  liberty,  and  became 
fubjecl  to  the  Romans,  and  were  deprived  of-  that  country 
Which  we  had  gained  hy  our  arms  from  the  Syrians,  and  were 
compelled  to  reftore  it  to  the  Syrians.  Moreover,  the  Ro- 
mans exa^ed  of  us,  in  a  little  time,  above  ten  thoufand 
talents.  Arid  the  royal  authority,  which  was  a  dignity  for- 
merly beftowed  on  thofe  that  weie  high-priefts,  by  the 
right  of  .their  family,  became  the  property  of  private  men. 
But  of  thefe  matters  we  fhall  treat  in  their  proper  places. 
Now  Pompey  committed  Celefyria,  as  far  as  the  river  Euphra- 
tes and  Egypt,  to  Scaurus.  with  two  Roman  legions,  and  then 
went  away  to  Cilicia,  and  made  hafte  to  Rome.  He  alfo  car- 
ried bound  along  with  him  Ariftobulus  and  his  children  ;  for 
he  had  two  daughters,  and  as  many  fons  ;  the  one  of  which 
ran  away,  but  the  younger,  Antigonus,  was  carried  to  Rome, 
together  with  his  lifters. 

*  Of  this  deftruftion  of  Gadara  here  prefuppofed,   and  its  federation  by  Po«. 
fty,  fee  the  no»f  on  the  War,  J3.  I.  ch.  vii.  ^  7.  vol.  HI. 


Chap.  VI.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  127 

us  left  part  oi  his  army  there,  in  order  to  take  the  place,  and 
he  himlelf  went  into  other  parts  of  Judea,  and  gave  order  to- 
rebuild  all  the  cities  that  he  met  with  that  had  been  demolifli- 
ed  ;  at  which  time  were  rebuilt  Samaria,  Aihdod,  Scythopo- 
lis,  Anthedon,  Raphia,  and  Dora  ;  MarifTa  alfo,  and  Gaza, 
and  not  a  few  others  befides.  And  as  the  men  afted  according 
to  Gabinius's  command,  it  came  to  pals,  that  at  this  time  thefe 
cities  were  fecurely  inhabited,  which  had  been  defolate  for  a 
long  time. 

4.  When  Gahinius  had  done  thus  in  the  country,  he  return- 
ed to  Alexandrium  ;  and  when  he  urged  on  the  fiege  of  the 
place,  Alexander  fent  an  ambaiTage  to  him,  defiring  that  he 
would  pardon  his  former  offences  ;  he  alfo  delivered  up  the 
iortrelTes,  Hyrcania,  and  Macherus  ;  and  at  laft  Alexandrium 
itfelf,  which  fortrefles  Gabinius  demolilhed.  But  when  Alex- 
ander's mother,  who  was  of  the  fide  of  the  Romans,  as  having 
her  hufband  and  other  children  at  Rome,  came  to  him,  he 
granted  her  whatfoever  (he  afked  ;  and  when  he  had  fettled 
matters  with  her,  he  brought  Hyrcanus  to  Jerufalem,  and  com- 
mitted the  care  of  the  temple  to  him.  And  when  he  had  or- 
Gained  five  councils,  he  distributed  thefame  nation  into  the  fame 
number  of  parts  :  So  thefe  councils  governed  the  people  ;  the 
firft  was  at  Jerufalem,  the  fecond  at  Gadara,  the  third  at  Am- 
athus,  the  fourth  at  Jericho  and  the  fifth  at  Sepphons,  in  Gali- 
lee. So  the  Jews  were  now  freed  from  monarchic  authority, 
and  were  governed  by  an  *  ariftocracy. 


CHAP.    VI. 

How  Gabinius  caught  Ariftobulus  after  he  had  fled  from  Rome, 
and  fent  him  back  to  Rome  again  ;  and  how  the  fame  Gabini- 
us, as  he  returned  out  of  Hgypt,  overcame  Alexander  and  the 
Nabateans  in  Battle. 

§  I.  1V[OW  Ariftobulus  ran  away  from  Rome  to  Judea,  and 
Jl^l  fet  about  the  rebuilding  of  Alexandrium,  which  had 
been  newly  demolimed  :  Hereupon  Gabinius  lent  foldiers  a- 
gamlt  him,  and  tor  their  commanders  Sifenna,  and  Antonius, 
and  Servilius,  in  order  to  hinder  him  from  getting  pofleflion 
of  the.country,  and  to  take  him  again.  And  indeed  many  o£ 
the  Jews  ran  to  Ariftobulus,  on  account  ot  his  former  glory, 
as  alfo  bccaufe  they  mould  be  glad  of  an  innovation.  Now, 
there  was  one  Pitholaus,  a  lieutenant  at  Jerufalem,  whodefert- 
ed  to  him  with  a  thpufand  men,  although  a  great  number  of: 
thofe  that  came  to  him  were  unarmed  ;  and  when  Ariftobulus 

•  Dean  Frideaux  well  obferves,  "  That  notwithftanding  the  clamour  a^ainft 
Gabinius  at  Rome,  Jofephus  gives  him  a  laudable  charafter,  as  it  he  had  acquitted 
df  with,  honourin  the  charge  comm.^ttd  to  Mm"  On  Judea  1.    Sec  at  tbo 


128  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEU'S.      [Book  XIV. 

had  refolved  to  go  to  Machrrus,  he  difmifTed  thofe  people,  be- 
caufethey  were  unarmed,  for  they  could  not  be  ufetul  to  him 
in  what  actions  they  were  going  about,  but  he  took  with  him 
eight  thoufand  that  were  armed,  and  marched  on  :  And  as  the 
Romans  tell  upon  them  feverHy,  the  Jews  fought  valiantly, 
but  were  beaten  in  the  battle  ;  a:H  when  they  had  fought  with 
alacrity,  but  were  overborn  by  the  enemy,  they  were  put  to 
flight  ;  of  whom  were  flain  a:>out  five  thoufand,  and  the  reft 
being  difperfed,  tried,  as  well  as  they  were  able,  to  fave  them, 
felvts.  However  Arirlobulus  had  with  him  Hill  ahoveathouiand. 
and  with  them  he  fled  to  Macherus,  and  fortified  the  place,  and 
though  he  had  had  ill  fuccefs,  he  Hill  had  good  hope  of  his  affairs: 
But  when  he  had  ftruggled  againft  the  fiege  for  two  days  time, 
and  had  received  many  wounds,  he  was  brought  as  a  captive 
to  Gabinius,  with  his  fon  Antigonus,  who  allo  fled  with  him 
from  Rome.  And  this  was  the  fortune  of  Ariftobulus,  who 
was  fent  back  again  to  Rome,  and  was  there  retained  in  bonds, 
having  been  both  king  and  high-pricft  for  three  years  and  fix 
months  ;  and  was  indeed  an  eminent  perfon.and  one  of  a  great 
foul.  However,  the  fenate  let  his  children  go,  upon  Gabinms's 
writing  to  them,  that  he  had  promifed  their  mother  fo  much 
when  (he  delivered  up  the  fortreiles  to  him  ;  and  accordingly 
they  thrn  returned  into  Judea. 

2.  Now  when  Gabinius  was  making   an  expedition  againft 
the  Parthians,  and  had  already  pafFed  over  Euphrates,  he  chang- 
ed his  mind,  and  refolved  to   return  into  Egypt,    in   order  to 
*  reftore  Ptolemy  to  his  kingdom.      This  hath  alfo  been  relat- 
ed elfewhere.     However,  Antipater  fupplied  his  army,  which 
he  fent  againft  Archelaus,  with  corn  and  weapons,  and  money. 
He  alfo  made  thofe  Jews,  who  were  above  Pelufium,  his  friends 
and  confederates,  and  had  been  the  guardians  of  the  paffes  that 
l^d  into  Egypt.      But  when  he  came  back  out  of   Egypt,  he 
found  Syria  in  diforder,  with  feditions  and  troubles  ;  for  Al- 
exander, the  fon  of  Ariftobulus,  having  feized  on  the  govern- 
inent  a  fecond  time  by  force,  made  many  ot  the  Jews  revolt  to 
him,   and  fo  he  marched  over  the  country  with  a  great  army, 
and  flew  all  the  Romans  he  could  light  upon,   and  proceeded 
to  befiege  the  mountain  called  Gerizzim,  whither  they  had  re- 
tieated. 

3.  But  when  Gabimusfound  Syria  in  fuchaftate,  hefent •An- 
tipater, who  was  a  prudent  man,  to  thofe  that  were  feditious, 
totiy  whether  he  could  cure  them  of  their  madnefs,  and  per- 
fuade  them  to  return  to  a  better  mind  ;  and  when  he  came  to 
them,  he  brought  many  of  them  to  a  found  mind,  and  induced 
them  to  do  what  they  ought  to  do,  but  he   could  not  rellrain 
Alexander,  for  he  bad  an  army  of  thirty  thoufand  jews,  and 

*  This  hiftory  is  beft  ilinfirated  by  Dr.  Hudfon  out  of  Livy,  who  fzys,  That 
J'  A.  Gahinius  the  preconiul,  rdtored  Ptolemy  to  his  kingdom  of  Egypt,  and  o. 
jefted  Archeiaus,  whom  they  had  let  up  forKiug,"  &c.  See  Prid.  at  the  years  64 
and  6$, 


Chap.   VII.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  12$ 

met  Gabinius,  and  joining  battle  with  him,  was  beaten  and 
ioit  ten  thoufand  of  his  men  about  mount  Tabor. 

4  So  Gabinius  fettled  the  affairs  which  belonged  to  the 
city  Jerufalem,  as  was  agreeable  to  Ann  pater's  inclination,  and 
vent  agamftthe  Nabateans,  and  overcame  them  in  battle.  He 
alfo  ie.it  away  in  a  fiiendiy  manner  Mithiidates  and  Orfanes, 
who  were  Parthian  delerters,  and  came  to  him,  though  the  re- 
port went  abroad  that  they  had  run  away  from  him.  And 
when  Gabinius  had  performed  great  and  glorious  actions,  in 
his  management  of  the  affairs  ot  war,  he  returned  to  Rome,  and 
delivered  the  government  to  Crailus.  Now,  Nicolaus  ot  Da- 
inalcus,  and  Strabo  ot  Cappadocia,  both  defcribe  the  expedi- 
tions of  Pompey  and  Gabinius  againft  the  Jews  while  neither 
ot  them  fay  any  thing  new  which  is  not  in  the  other. 

CHAP.    VII. 

How  CrasTus  came  into  jfitdea,  and  pillaged  the  Temple  ;  and  then 
marched  a<rai n ;l  th?.  Pj,rf.hiaxs,  and  p&ifhed,  with  hi s  Army. 
Alfo  how  Caffius  obtained  Syna  ;  and  put  a  flop  to  the  Par- 
thians,  and  then  went  up  to  jfudea. 


§  l'  "rVT^^  ^ra^us'  as  I12  was  S°'ng  upon  his  expedition 
IN  againrt  the  Parthians,  came  into  Judea,  and  carried 
off  the  money  that  was  in  the  temple,  which  Pompey  had  left ; 
being  two  thoufand  talents,  and  was  diipofed  to  fpoil  it  of  all 
the  gold  belonging  to  it,  which  was  eight  thoufand  tal- 
ents. He  alfo  took  a  beam  which  was  made  of  folid  beaten 
gold,  of  the  weight  o\  three  hundred  minae  ;  each  of  which 
weighed  two  pounds  and  an  half.  It  was  the  prieft  who  was 
guardian  ot  the  facred  treafures,  and  whole  name  was  Ehazar, 
that  gave  him  this  beam,  not  out  ot  a  wicked  defjgn,  for  he  was 
a  good  and  a  righteous  man,  but  being  entrufted  with  the  cul- 
toay  of  the  veils  belonging  to  the  temple,  which  were  of  ad- 
mirable beauty,  and  ot  very  coilly  workmanfhip,  and  hung 
«Jo.vn  from  this  beam,  when  he /aw  that  Craffus  was  bufy  in 
•gathering  money,  and  was  in  tear  for  the  entire  ornaments  o£ 
thetemple,hegav«himthisbeamoigold,asaran(om.iorthewhole» 
but  this  not  till  hehad  given  his  oath  that  hewouldremove  nothing; 
elfeout.pt  the  temple,  brt  be  iatisfied  with  this  only  which  he 
fhould  give  him,being  worth  many  ten  thoufand[lhe  kels  i.  Now 
this  beam  was  contained  in  a  wooden  beam  that  was  hollow,  but 
was  known  to  no  others,  but  Eleazar  alone  knew  it;  yet  did 
Craffus  take  away  this  beam,  upon  the  condition  of  touching- 
nothing  elle  that  belonged  to  the  temple,  and  then  brake  his 
oath,  and  carried  away  all  the  gold  that  was  in  the  temple. 

1.  And  let  no  one  wonder  that  there  was  fo  much  wealth 
in  our  temple,  fince  all  the  Jews  throughout  the  habitable  earth, 
and  thofe  that  \vor(hipped  God,  nay,  cvea  thofe  ot  Afiai  ani 

VOL.  II.  R 


1^0  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIV. 

Europe,  Tent  their  contributions  to  it,  and  this  from  very   an- 
cient times.     Nor  is  the  largenenfe  of  thefe  fums  without  its 
atteftarion  ;  nor  is  that  greatnels  owing  to  our  vanity,  as  rail- 
ing it  xvithout  ground  to  fo  great  an  height  :  But  there  are 
many  wiineffes  to  it    and  particularly  Strabo  of  Cappadocia, 
who  lays  thus  :  "  Mithridates  fent  to  Cos,  and  took  the  mon- 
«;y  which  queen  Cleopatra  had  depofited  there,  as  alfo  eight 
hundred  talents  belonging  to  the  Jews."     Now,  we  have   no 
public  money  but  as  only  what  appertains  to  God  ;  and  it  is 
evident  that  the  Adan  Jews  removed  this  money   out  of  fear 
of  Mithridates.  for  it  is  not  probable  that  thofe  of  Judea,  who 
Lad  a  fhong  city  and  temple,  mould  (end  their  money  to  Cos; 
nor  is  it  likely  that  the  Jews,   who  are  inhabitants    ot  Alexan- 
dria, fhould  do  fo  neither,  fince  they  were  in  no  fear  of  Mith- 
ridates.    And  Strabo  himfelf  bears  witncfs  to  the  fame  thing 
in  another  place,  that  at  the  fame  time   that  Sylla  paffed  over 
into  Greece,  in  order  to  fight  againfl  Mithridates,  he  fent  Lu- 
cullus  to  put  an  end  to  a  fedition  that  our  nation,  of  whom  the 
habitable  earth  is  full,  had  railed  in  Cyrene  ;  where  he  (peaks 
thus  :  "  There  were  tour  daffes  of  men  among  thofe  of  Cyrene, 
that  of  citizens,  that  of  hufbandmen,  the  third  of  ftrangers,  and 
the  fourth  of  Jews.     Now  thefe  Jews  are  already  go'ten   into 
all  cities,  and  it  is  hard  to  find  a  place  in  the   habitable   earth 
that  hath  not  admitted  this  tribe  of  men,  and  is  not  poIIcCled  ly 
it  :  And  it  hath  conic  to  pafs  that  Egypt  and  Cyrene,    as  hav- 
ing the  (ame  governors,  and  a  great  number  of  other  nations, 
imitate  their  way  of  living,  and  maintain  great  bodies  of  thele 
jews  in  a  peculiar  manner,  and  grow  up  to  greater  profperity 
with  them,  and  make  ule  of  the  fame  laws  with  that  nation  al- 
fo. Accordingly  the  jews  have  places  affigned  them  in  Egypt, 
wherein  they  inhabit,  befides  what   is  peculiarly    allotted   to 
this  nation  at  Alexandria,  which  is  a  large  part  of  that   city. 
There  is  alfo  an  ethnarch  allowed  them,  who  governs  the  na- 
tion, and  distributes  juftice  to  them,  and   takes   care  of  their 
contracts,  and  ot  the  laws  to  them  belonging,  as  if  he  were  the 
ruler  of  a  free  republic.     In   Egypt,  therefore,   this  nation  is 
powerful,  becaiii'cthe  Jews  were  originally    Egyptians    and 
becaufe  the  land  wherein  they  inhabit,  fince  they  went  thenre, 
is  near  to  Egypt.     They  aHo  removed  into    Cyrene,   becaufe 
that  this  land  adjoined  to  the  government  of  Egypt,   as  well  as 
docs     Judea,   or   rather  was   formerly    under  the  fame  gov- 
ernment."    And  this  is  what  Strabo  fays. 

3.  So  when  Craffus  had  fettled  all  things  as  he  himfelf  plea- 
fed,  he  marched  intoParthia,  where  both  he  himfelf  and  all  his 
army  perifhed,  as  hath  been  related  elfewhere.  But  Caflius, 
as  he  fled  from  Rome  to  Syria,  took  pofleffion  of  it,  and  was 
an  impediment  to  the  Parthians,  who  by  reafon  of  their  vi£to- 
T\  over  Craffus,  made  incurfions  upon  it :  And  as  he  came 
biicktoTyre  he  went  up  into  Judea  alfo,  and  fell  upon  Ta- 
ucheas,  and  prefcntly  took  it,  and  carried  about  thirty  thou- 


Chap.   VII.]       ANTIQUITIES  OF    THE   JEWS.  IJI 

fand  Jews  captives  ;  and  flew  Pitholaus,  who  fucceeded  Arif- 
tobulusinhis  feditious  practices,  and  that  by  the  perfuafion  of 
Antipater,  who  proved  to  have  great  interelt  in  him,  and  was 
at  that  time  in  great  repute  with  the  Idumeans  alfo  :  Out  of 
which  nation  he  married  a  wife,  who  was  the  daughter  of  one 
ot  their  eminent  men,  and  her  name  was  *  Cypros,  by  whom 
he  had  tour  Ions,  Phafael.  and  Herod,  who  was  afterwards 
made  king,  and  Jofeph,  and  Pheroras  ;  and  a  daughter,  named 
balome.  This  Antipater  cultivated  alio  a  friendfhip  and  mu- 
tual kindnels  with  other  potentates,  but  efpecialiy  with  the 
king  of  Arabia,  to  whom  he  committed  his  children,  while  he 
fought  againlt  Ariftobulus.  So  Caflius  removed  his  camp, 
and  marched  to  Euphrates,  to  meet  thofe  that  were  coming  to 
attac-  him,  as  hath  been  related  by  others. 

4.  But  fome  time  afterward  Czefar,  when  he  had  taken  Rome, 
and  after  Pompey  and  the  fenate  were  fled  beyond  the  Ionian 
fea,  treed  Ariilobulus  from  his  bonds,  and  refolved  to  fend 
him  into  Syria,  and  delivered  two  legions  to  him,  that  he 
might  fee  matters  right,  as  being  a  potent  man  in  that  country  : 
But  Ariltobulus  had  no  enjoyment  of  what  he  hoped  for  from 
the  power  that  was  given  him  by  Csefar,  for  thofe  ot  Pompey '» 
party  prevented  it,  and  defiroyed  him  by  poifon,  and  thofe  ot 
Cae  ar's  party  buried  him.  His  dead  body  allo  lay  for  a  good 
while  embalmed  in  honey,  till  Antony  afterward  fent  it  to  {u- 
dea,  and  can  fed  him  to  be  buried  in  the  royal  fepulchre.  But 
Scipio,  upon  Pompey's  fending  to  him  to  {lay  Alexander,  the 
fon  ot  Ariftobulus,  becaufe  the  young  man  was  accufed  of 
what  offences  he  had  been  guilty  of  at  firft  againit  the  Romans, 
cut  ofr' his  head  ;  and  thus  did  he  die  at  Antioch.  But  Ptolemy, 
the  (on  of  Menneus,  who  was  the  ruler  of  Chalcis,  under 
mount  Libanus,  took  his  brethren  to  him,  and  fent  his  fon 
Philippion  to  Afkelon  to  Ariltobulus's  wife,  and  defired  her 
to  fend  back  with  him  her  fon  Antigonus,  and  her  daughters  : 
The  one  ot  which,  whole  name  was  Alexandra,  Philippion  fell 
in  love  with,  and  married  her,  though  afterward  his  father 
Ptolemy  flew  him,  and  married  Alexandra,  and  continued  to 
take  care  of  her  brethren. 

*  Dr.  Hudfon  obferves,  that  the  name  of  this  wife  of  Antipater's  in  Jofephiu 
was  Copras,  as  an  Hebrew  termination,  but  not  Cyprii  the  Greek  name  for  Venus, 
as  iorr.e  critics  were  ready  to  corrcft  it. 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWi.       [Book  XIV. 


CHAP.    VIII. 

The  Jews  become  Confederates  with  Cefar  icktn  he.  fought  agarnjl 
Egypt.     The  glorious  Aftwns  oj  Antipatcr,  and  his  f-nend- 
Jhip  with  Cejar.     I  he  Honours  uhicli  the  Jtius  itctr^cd  jrom 
the  Romans  and  Athenians. 

§  I.  1VJOW  after  Pompey  was  dead,  and  after  that  viclery 
1.^1  Cefar  had  gained  over  him,  Antipa'er.  who  nian;.g- 
ed  the  Jewifh  affairs,  became  very  ufelul  to  Cefar.  when  he 
made  war  againft  Egypt,  and  that  by  the  order  of  Hyicanus  : 
For  v»hen  Mithridatus  of  Pergamus  was  bringing  his  auxilia- 
ries, and  was  not  able  to  c  ntinue  his  march  through  Peludum, 
but  obliged  to  ftay  at  Afkelon,  Antipater  came  to  him  con- 
duit ing  three  thoufand  oi  the  Jews  aimed  nun  :  He  had  alfo 
taken  care  the  principal  men  of  the  Arabians  fhouid  cume  to 
his  affiftance  ;  and  on  his  account  it  was  that  all  the  Syrians 
affifted  him  alio,  as  not  willing  to  appear  behind  hand  in  their 
alacrity  tor  Cefar,  viz.  Jambjicus  the  ruler,  and  Ptolen-y  his 
ion,  and  Tholomy  the  fon  of  Sohcmus.  who  dwelt  at  mount 
Libanus,  and  almoft  all  the  cities.  So  Mithndates  u  arched 
out  ot  Syria,  and  came  to  Pelufium  ;  and  when  its  inhabitants 
•would  not  admit  him  he  befieged  the  city.  Now  Antipnu :v 
fignalized  him  fell'  here,  and  was  the  fiift  who  plucked  di.\vn 
a  part  of  the  wall,  and  fo  opened  a  w^y  to  the  reft,  whereby 
they  might  enter  the  city,  and  by  this  means  Pelufium  was 
taken  :  But  it  happened  that  the  Egyptian  Jews,  who  dwelt  in 
ihe  country  called  Onion,  would  nol  let  Antipater  and  M.th- 
ridates,  with  their  foldicrs.  pafs  to  Cefar,  biit  Antipater  per- 
iuaded  them  to  come  over  to  their  party,  becaufe  he  was  ot 
the  fame  people  with  them,  and  that  chiefly  by  Ihewing  them 
the  epiftlesot  Hyrcanus  the  high  prieft,  wherein  he  exhorted 
them  to  cultivate  friendfhip  with  Ce'ar,  and  to  fupply  his  ar- 
my with  money,  and  all  forts  ot  provisions  which  they  want- 
ed :  And  accordingly  when  they  faw  Antipater  and  the  high 
priell  ot  the  fame  ientiments,  they  did  as  they  were  defiled. 
And  when  thelews  about  Memphis  heard  'hat  thefe  Jews  were 
come  over  to  Cefar,  they  alfo  invited  Mithridates,  to  ceme  lo 
them  ;  lo  he  came  and  received  them  alfo  into  his  army. 

2.  And  when  Mithridates,  had  gone  over  all  Delta,  as  the 
place  is  called,  he  came  to  a  pitched  battle  with  the  enemy, 
near  the  place  called  the  Jewifh  Camp.  Now  Mithridates  had 
the  right  wing,  and  Antipater  the  left  ;  and  when  it  came  to  a 
fight,  that  wing  where  Mithridates  was  gave  way,  and  was 
likely  to  fuffer  extremely,  unlefs  Antipater  had  come  running 
to  him  with  his  own  foldieis  along  the  fhore,  when  he  had  al- 
ready beaten  the  enemy  that  opppfed  him  :  So  he  delivered 
Mithndates,  and  put  thofe  Egyptians  who  had  been  too  hard 


Chap.  VIII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  IJJ 

for  him,  to  flight.  He  alfo  took  their  camp  and  continued  in 
the  pur  uit  ot  tsiem.  He  allo  recalled  Mithridates,  who  had 
been  worried,  and  was  retired  a  great  way  off;  of  wbofe  fol- 
diers  eight  hundred  tell,  but  ot  Aiuipater's  fitly.  So  Mithri- 
dates lent  an  account  ot  this  battle  to  Ceiar,  and  openly  de- 
clared, that  Antipater  was  the  author  oi  this  victory,  and  of 
his  own  prefervation,  infomuch  that  *Jelar  commended  Anti- 
pater  then,  a..d  made  ufe  ot  him  all  the  reft  ot  that  war  in  the 
moll  hazardous  undertakings:  He  happened  allo  to  be  wound- 
ed in  one  ot  thofe  engagements. 

3.  However,  when  Celar,  alter  fome  time, had  finifhed  that 
w.ir,  and  was  failed  away  trom  Syria,  he  honoured  Antipater 
greatly,  and  confirmed  riyrc-inus  in  thehigli  pricliaojd  ;  and 
beftowd  on  Antipater  the  privileges  ot  a  citizen  ot  Rotne,  and 
a  freedom  trom  taxes  every  where  :  And  it  is  reported  by  ma- 
ny, that  Hyrcanus  went  along  with  Antipater  in  this  expedi- 
tion, and  came  himfelt  into  E^ypt.  And  Strabo  of  Cappado- 
CM  dears  wunefs  to  this,  when  he  fays  thus,  in  the  name  ok 
Afinius  :  "  After  Mithndates  had  invaded  Egypt,  and  with 
him  Hyrcanus  the  high  prieft  ot  the  Jews."  Nay,  the  fame 
Strabo  fays  thus  agam,  in  another  place,  in  the  name  ot  Hyp- 
iici  cites,  tiiat  "  Mithridates  at  nrft  went  out  alone,  but  that  An. 
tipater,  who  had  the  care  ot  the  Jewilh  affairs,  was  called"  by 
him  to  Afkelon,  and  that  he  had  gotten  ready  three  thoufand 
foidjers  to  go  along  with  him,  and  encouraged  other  gover- 
nors ot  the  country  to  go  along  with  him  alio  ;  and  that  Hyr- 
canus tue  nig'i  prieft,  was  alfo  preient  ia  this  expedition." 
This  i^  what  Strabo  fays. 

4  But  Antigonus,  the  fon  of  Ariflobulus,  came  at  this  time 
to  Cefar,  a:id  '  lamented  has  tather's  late  ;  and  complained, 
that  it  was  by  A  rj  tipater's  means  that  Ariftobulus  was  taken  off 
by  poifon,  and  his  brother  was  beheaded  by  Scipio,  and  defir- 
ed  that  lie  would  take  pity  of  him  who  had  been  ejected  out 
of  that  principality  which  was  due  to  him."  He  alfo  accuf- 
ed  Hyrcanus  and  Autipater  as  governing  the  nation  by  vio- 
lence,  and  offering  injuries  to  himfelt.  Antipater  was  prefeiit 
and  made  his  delence  as  to  the  accufations  that  were  iaid  a- 
gainft  him.  He  demonflrated,  that  "  Antigonus  and  his  party 
were  given  to  innovation,  and  were  feditious  perfons.  He  al- 
fo put  Cefar  in  mmd  what  difficult  fervice*  he  had  undergone 
when  he  aflifted  him  in  his  wars,  and  difcourfed  about  what 
Jie  was  a  wimeis  ot  himfelf.  He  added  that  Ariftohuius  was 
juflly  can  icd  away  to  Rome,  as  one  that  was  an  enemy  to  the 
Romans,  and  could  never  be  brought  to  be  a  triend  to  them, 
and  that  his  brother  had  no  more  than  he  deferred  from  Sci- 
pio,  as  being  feized  in  committing  robberies  ;  and  that  thig 
-puniihment  was  not  infli6ted  on  him  in  a  way  of  violence  or 
injuftice  by  him  that  that  did  it." 

5.  When  Antipaier  had  made  this  fpeech,  Cefar  appointed 
Hyrcanus  to  be  high  prieft  ;  andjgave  Antipater  what  princi- 


£34  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIV. 

pality  he  himfelt  fhould  choofe,  leaving  the  determination  to 
himfelt :  So  he  made  him  procurator  of  Judea.  He  alfo  gave 
Hyrcanus  leave  to  raife  up  the  walls  ot  his  own  city,  upon  his 
afkmg  that  favour  of  him,  for  they  had  been  demolilhed  by 
Pompey.  And  this  grant  he  fent  to  the  confuls  to  Rome,  r .:> 
be  engraven  in  the  capitol.  The  *  decree  ot  the  fehate  was 
this  that  follows  :  "  Lucius  Valerius,  the  fon  of  Lucius  the 
pretor,  referred  this  to  the  fenate,  upon  the  idesot  Dec-mber, 
in  the  temple  ot  Concord.  There  were  prefent  at  the  writing 
of  this  decree  Lucius  Coponius,  the  fon  of  Lucius  of  the  Col- 
line  tribe,  and  Papirtus  of  the  Ouirine  tribe,  concerning  the 
affairs  which  Alexander  the  fon  of  Jalon,  and  Nutnenius  t'.e 
fon  of  Amiochus,  and  Alexander  the  fon  of  Dofitheus,  ambaf- 
iadors  ot  the  Jews,  good  and  worthy  men.  propoled,  who  c.ime 
to  renew  that  league  of  good-will  and  friendlhip  with  the  Ro- 
mans which  was  in  being  before.  They  alfo  brought  a  Ihield 
of  gold,  as  a  mark  of  confederacy,  valued  at  fifty  thoufand 
pieces  of  gold  ;  and  defired  that  letters  might  be  given  them, 
directed  both  to  the  free  cities  and  to  the  kings,  that  their 
country  and  their  havens  might  be  at  peace,  and  that  no  one 
among  them  might  receive  any  injury.  It  therefore  pleafed 
[the  fenate]  to  make  a  league  of  Friendship  and  good-will  wrli 
them,  and  to  bcliow  on  them  whatsoever  they  Hood  in  need 
of,  and  to  accept  ot  the  fhield  which  was  brought  by  them. 
This  was  done  in  the  ninth  year  of  Hyrcanus  the  high-prieft 
and  ethnarch,  in  the  month  Panernus."  Hyrcanus  alfo  receiv- 
ed honours  from  the  people  of  Athens,  as  having  been  ufeful 
to  them  on  many  occafions.  And  when  they  wrote  to  him, 
they  fent  him  this  decree,  as  it  here  follows:  "  Under  the 
prutaneia  and  priellhood  ol  Dionyfius*  the  fon  of  Efculapius, 
on  the  fifth  day  ot  the  latter  part  of  the  month  Pancmus,  this 
decree  of  the  Athenians  was  given  to  their  commanders,  when 
Agathocles  was  archon,  and  Eucles,  the  fon  of  Menander  of 
Ahmufia,  was  the  fcnbc.  In  the  month  Munychion,  on  the 
eleventh  day  ot  the  Prutaneia,  a  council  of  the  prefidents  was 
held  in  the  theatre.  Dosotheus  the  high-priefl.  and -the  fellow 
prefidents  with  him,  put  it  to  the  vote  ot  the  people.  Diony- 
fius,  the  fon  of  Dionyfius,  gave  the  fentence  :  Since  Hyrcan- 
us, the  fon  ot  Alexander,  the  high-prieft  and  ethnaftcji  of  the 
Jews,  continues  to  bear  good-will  to  our  people  iri  general, 

*  Take  Dr.  Hudfon's  note  upon  this  place,  which  I  fuppofe  to  be  the  truth  : 
«'  Here  is  fome  na'take  in  jofephus  :  For  when  he  had  promiled  us  a  decree  for 
the  reftoration  of  jt-rula'em,  he  brings  in  a  decree  of  far  greater  antiquity,  and  that 
a  league  of  friendfhip  and  union  only..  One  may  eafily  believe  that  Joiephus  gave 
oHer  for  one  thing,  and  his  amanuenhs  performed  another,  by  tranfpoling  decrees 
that  concerned  the  Hyicani,  anc!  as  deluded  by  the  fameneis  of  their  names  ;  tor  that 
belongs  to  lhtjir/l  hi^h  prirlt  of  this  name,  [John  Hyrcanus. 1  which  )of  phus 
here  alcribes  to  one  that  lived  later,  [Hyrcanus,  the  ion  of  Alexander  janneus  ] 
However,  the  decrees  which  he  propoles  to  fet  down  follows  a  little  lower,  in  the 
eolle&ion  of  Roman  decrees,  that  concerned  the  Jews,  and  is  that  dated  when  C«- 
iar  was  conful  ths  fifth  tiuie.."  See  chap.  x.  $  5. 


Chap.    IX.]  AXTIQUTIES    OF    THE    JE\VS.  l$<$ 

and  to  every  one  of  our  citizens  in  particular,  and  treat  them 
with  all  forts  of  kindnefs  ;  and  \vhen  any  of  the  Athenians 
eometo  him,  either  as  ambafladors,  or  on  any  occafionot  their 
o'vn,  he  receives  them  in  an  obliging  manner,  and  fees  that 
they  are  conduced  back  in  fatety,  of  which  we  have  had  fev- 
eral  former  teftimonies,  it  is  now  alfo  decreed,  at  the  report  ot 
Theodofius,  the  fon  ot  Theodoras,  and  upon  his  putting  the 
people  in  mind  ot  the  virtue  of  this  man  and  that  his  purpofe 
is  to  do  us  all  the  good  that  is  in  his  power,  to  honour  him 
with  a  crown  of  gold,  the  ufual  reward  according  to  the  law, 
an<l  to  erect  his  ftatue  in  brafs  in  the  temple  of  Demus,  and  of 
the  graces  ;  and  that  this  prefent  of  a  crown  (hall  be  proclaim- 
ed publicly  in  the  theatre,  in  the  Dionyfian  (hews,  while  the 
new  tragedies  are  acling ;  and  in  the  Panathenean  and  Eleufm- 
ian,  and  Gymnical  (hews  alfo  ;  and  that  the  commanders  fhall 
take  care,  while  he  continues  in  his  tricndlhip,  and  preferve* 
hi1  good- will  to  us,  to  return  all  poflible  honour  and  favour  to 
the  man  tor  his  affeilron-  and  generofity  ;  that  by  this  treatment 
it  may  appear  how  our  people  receive  the  good  kindly,  and 
repay  fhem  a  fuitab-le  reward  ;  and  he  may  he  induced  to  pro- 
ceed in  his  afFeftion  towards  us,  by  the  honours  we  have  al- 
ready paid  him.  That  ambafladors  be  alfo  chofen  out  of  all 
the  Athenians,  who  lhall  carry  this  decree  to  him,  and  defire 
him  to  accept  of  the  honours  we  do  him,  and  to  endeavour  al- 
ways to  be  doing  fome  good  to  our  city."  And  this  {hall  fuf- 
fice  us  to  have  fpoken  as  to  the  honours  that  were  paid  by  the 
Romans  and  the  people  ot  Athens,  to  Hyrcanus. 


CHAP.    IX. 

How  Antipater  commuted  the  care  of  Galilee  to  Herod,  and 
that  of  Jerusalem  to  Phafadus  :  As  alfo,  how  Herod,  upon 
the.  Jews  envy  at  Antipater,  was  accufed  before  Hyrcanus, 

§  I.  1VTOW  when  Caefar  had  fettled  the  affairs  of  Syria,  he 
1  il  failed  away  ;  And  as  (con  as  Antipater  had  conduft- 
ed  Caefar  out  of  Syria,  he  returned  to  ludea.  He  then  imme- 
diately raifed  up  the  wall  which  had  been  thrown  down  by 
Pompey  ;  and,  by  coming  thither,  he  pacified  that  tumult 
which  had  been  in  the  country,  and  this  by  both  threatening 
and  advifing  them  to  be  quiet  :  For  that,  "  If  they  would  be 
of  Hyrcanus's  fide,  they  would  live  happily,  and  lead  their 
lives  without  diilurbance,  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  own  pol- 
leflions  ;  but  it  they  were  addicted  to  the  hopes  ot  what  might 
come  by  innovation,  and  aimed  to  get  wealth  thereby  they, 
mould  have  him  a  fevere  rnaftcr,  inltead  of  a  gentle  governor, 
and  Hy  rcanus  a  tyrant,  inltead  of  a  king,  and  the  Romans,  to- 
gether with  Caefar,  their  bitter  enemies,  inftead  ot  rulers,  for 
that  they  would  never  bear  him  to  be  fet  afide  whom  they  had 


1^5  ANTIQUITIES    OF    TiiS   JEWS.      [Book.  XIV. 

appointed  to  govern  "    And  when  Antipater  had  faid  this  to 
them,  he  himTelt  fettled  the  affairs  ot  this  country. 

2.  And  feeing  that   Hyrcanus  '.SMS  pt  a   flow   and  flothful 
temper,  he  made  Phafaelus,  his  eldeit  Ton,  governor  of  Jerufa- 
lem,  and  of  the  places  that  were  about  it,  but  committed  Gali- 
lee to  Herod,  his  next  fon,  who  was  then  a  very   young  man, 
for  he  was  but  *fifreen  yearsof  age  :    But  that  youth  of   his 
was  no  impediment  to  him  ;  but  as  he  was  a    yout  i  of    great 
mind,  heprefently  met  with  an  opportunity  ot  figiulizing  his 
courage  :  For  finding  that  there  was  one  Hezekias.  a  captain 
of  a  band  of  robbers,  wno  overran  the  neighbouring  parts  of 
Syria,  with  a  great  troop  ofithem,  he  feized  him.  and  Hew  him, 
as  well  as  a  great  number  of  the  other  robbers  that  were  with 
him  ;  for  which  aft  ion  he  was  greatly  beloved  by  the  Syrians, 
for  when  they  were  very  defirous  to  have  their  country   freed 
from  this  neft  of  robbers,  he  purged  it  of  them  :    So  they   'ung 
Tongs  in  his  commendation  in  their  villages  and  cities,  as  hav- 
ing procured  them  peace,  and  the  'ecure  enjoyment  of  their 
poffeifions  ;  and  on  this  account  it  was  that  he  became  known 
to  Sextus  Caefar,  who  was  a  relation  of  the  great  Caefar's,  and 
was  now  prefident  of  Syria.     Now  Phaiaelus,    Herod's  broth- 
er, was  moved  with  emulation  at  his  attions,    and  envied    the 
fame  he  had  thereby  gotten,  and  became  ambitious  not  to  be 
behindhand  with  him  in  deferving  it :    So  he  made  the  inhab- 
itants of  Jerufalem  bear  him  the  greateft  good  will     whil^   he 
held  the  city  himfelf,  but  did  neither  manage  its  affairs  improp- 
erly, norabufe  his  authority  therein.     This  conduct  procured 
from  the  nation  to  Antipater  fuch  refpeH  as  is  due   to   kings, 
and  fuch  honours  as  he  might  partake  of  if  he  were  an  abfolute 
lord  of  the  country.     Yet  did  not  this  fplendor  of  his.   as  fre- 
quently happens  in  the  leaft  diminilh  in  him  thatkindnefs  and 
fidelity  which  he  owed  to  Hyrcanus. 

3.  But  now  the  principal  men  among  the  Jews,  when  the}1- 
faw  Antipater  and  his  fons  to  grow  fo  much  in  the  good  will 
the  nation  bear  to  them,  and  in  the  revenues  which  they  receiv- 
ed out  ot  Judea  ;  and  out  of  Hyrcanus's  own  wealth  they  be- 
came ill  difpofed^to  him  :  For  indeed  Antipater  had  contract- 
ed a  friendfhip  with  the  Roman  emperors  ;  and  when  he   had 
prevailed  with   Hyrcanus  to  fend  them  money,  he  took  it  to 
himfelf,  and  purloined  the  prefent  intended,  and  (em  if.  as  if  it 
xvere  his  own,  and  not  Hyrcanus's  gift  to  them.     Hyrcanus 
heard  of  this  his  management,  but  took  no  care  about   it,  nay, 
he  rather  was  very  glad  of  it :  But  the  chief  men  ot  the  Jews 

*  Thofe  who  will  eareful'y  obfme  iho  fcveral  occafional  numbers  and  chrono- 
logical character?  in  the  life  and  death  ot  this  Herod,  and  of  his  children,  hereafter 
noted,  will  fee,  that  twenty  five  years,  and  not  ftjietn  mnft  for  certain  have  been  he-e 
Jofephus's  own  number  for  thea^eof  Herod,  when  be  was  made  governor  of  Gal- 
ilee. See  chap,  xxiii.  *-  5.  and  ch.  xxiv.  ^  7  a:;d  particularly  Antiq.  B  ^VVII.  ch. 
viii.  ^  i.  Vol.  II.  whereabout  44  ysars  afterwards  Herod  dies  an  old  man  at 
abaut  70. 


Chap.  IX. ]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  137 

were  therefore  in  fear,  becaufe  they  faw  that  Herod  was  a  vi- 
olent and  bold  man,  and  veiy  defirousof  acting  tyrannically  ; 
fo  they  came  to  Hyrcanus,  and  now  accufed  Antipater  open- 
ly, and  faid  to   him,  "  How   long   wilt  thou  be  quiet  under 
fuch  actions  as  are  now  dune  ?    Or  doft  thou  not  fee  that  An- 
tipater and  his  foris  have  already  feizedupoh  the  government  ? 
and  that  it  is  only  the   name  of  a  king  which  is  given  thee  r* 
But  do  not  thou  fuffer  theie  things  to  be   hidden  from  thee  ; 
nor  do  thou  think  to  el  cape  danger,  by  being  fo  carelefs  ot 
thyfelf  and  of    thy  kingdom  ;   lor  Antipater  and  his  fons  are 
not  now  ifewards  of  thine  affairs  :  Do  not  thou    deceive  thy- 
fc.lf  with  luch  a  notion,  they  aie. evidently  abiolute  lords;  for 
Herod,  Antipator's  fon,  hath  flairi  Hezekiah  and  thofe  that 
were  with  him,  and  hath  thereby  tranfgreffed  our  law,  which 
hath  forbidden  to  flay  any  man,  even  though  he  were  a  wick- 
ed man,  uniefs  lie  had  been  mil  *  condemned  to  fuffer  deatb 
Ly  the  tanhedrmi  ;  yet  hath  lie  been  fo  infolent  as  to  do  this, 
and  that  without  any  authority  from  thee." 
.  4.  Upon  Hy-i caiius's  hearing  this,  he  complied  with  them. 
The  mothers  aiio  of  thofe  that  had  been  flain  by  Herod  raifeci 
his  indignation  ;   lorthele  women  continued  every  day  in  the 
temple,    perfuadnig    the   king,  and   the   people,  that    Herod 
/night  undergo  a  trial  before   the  fanhedrim   for  what  he  had 
•lone.     Hyrcanus  was  fo  moved  by  thefe  complaints,  that  he 
iumrnoned  Herod  to  come  to  his  trial,  for  what  was  charged 
upon  him.     Accordingly  he  came  ;  but  hii  father  had  perlua- 
<!ed  him  to  come  not  like  a  private  man,  but  with  a  guard,  for 
the  fecurity  ot  his  pciion  ;  and  that  when  he  had  fettled  theaf- 
lairs  of  Galilee  in  the  bell  manner  he  could  for  his  own  advan- 
tage, he  fhould  come  to  his  trial,  but  ftill  with  a  body  of  mert 
fuificient  for  his  fecurity  on  his  journey,  yet  fo  that  ne  fhould 
wot  come  with  fo  great  a  force  as  might  look  Hke  terrifying 
Hyrcanus,  but  fliil  fuch  an  one  as  m'ght  not  expofe  him  nak- 
ed and  unguarded  [to  his  enemies!.     However,  Sextus  C;e- 
far,  prefident  of  Syria,  wrote  to  Hyrcanus,  and  defired  him 
lo  clear  Herod,  and  difrmfs  him   at  his  trial,  and  threatened 
him  before  lund,  if  ho  did"  not  do  it.     Which  epiflL'  of  hia 
Wastlie  occation  ot  Hyicanus's  delivering  Herod  trom  (ufTer. 
ing  any    harm  from   the  fanhedrim,  for  he  loved  him  as  hia 
dwn  fon.     hut  when  Herod  ilood  before   the  fanhedrim,  WitU 
his  body  of  men    about    him,  he   anrighted  them  ail,  and  no 
one  of  his  foru;er  accufers  durft  after  that  bring  a:,y  cliar'ge  a- 
•  gainii  him,  but  there  v/xs  a  deep  filence,  and  no  body  knew 

*  It  is  here  wurth  our  while  to  remark,  inat  iioi  e  could  be  put  to  death  in  Ju- 
dta  but  by  the  appro hat'ioil  <;1  il'.v;  jev,  i(Ji  l;.i.hediin),  tr.tir  tcing  ai. excellent  pn;- 
viii'uii  in  the  law  ci  r\L,;ti,  that  e'.ui  in  i.ri'minal  csules.  and  particularly  where  fit* 
•^•as  COi)Ceili«d,  an  p.^cai  Hi.  ul.'.  He  iH..m  the  k'.f  r  councils  t-f  icven  in  the  c^ther 
«itits,  so  t-heiuprcuc  council  (.1  icyenty-i.ne  at  jcrutali-m.  And  ibis  is  exactly 
according  to  our  ^a\  n,ur:»  words,  when  he  lays,  .•;  -.uuld  net  It  that  u  t'ro^'.^j..u.d 
ftri/k  out  </  feruj^!;/}.^  Luke  xiti.  .^  ,. 

VOL.  JI.  S 


135  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.     [Book  XIV.. 

What  was  to  be  done.  When  affairs  flood  thus,  one  whofe 
name  xvas  *  Sameas,  a  righteous  man  he  was,  and  tor  that  rea- 
(bn  above  all  fear,  who  role  up,  and  faid,  "  O  you  that  are 
affeffors  with  me,  and  O  thou  that  art  our  king,  I  neither  have 
ever  myfelf  known  fuch  a  cafe,  nor  do  I  fuppofe  th*t  any  one 
of  you  can  name  its  parallel,  thae  one  who  is  called  to  take 
his  trial  by  us  ever  flood  in  fuch  a  manner  before  us  ;  but  ev- 
ery one,  whofoever  he  be,  that  comes  to  be  tried  by  this 
fanhedrim,  prefents  himfelf  in  a  fubmiffive  manner,  and  like 
one  that  is  in  fearot  bimfelt,  aud  that  endeavours  to  move  us 
to  companion,  with  his  hair  difhevelled,  and  in  a  black  and 
mourning  garment  :  But  this  admirable  man  Herod,  who  is 
accufed  ot  murder,  and  called  to  anfwer  fo  heavy  an  accufa- 
tion,  Hands  here  clothed  in  purple,  and  with  the  hair  of  his 
head  finely  trimmed,  and  with  his  armed  men  about  him,  that 
if  we  ihall  condemn  him  by  our  law,  he  may  flay  us,  and  by 
overbearing  juftice  may  himfelt  efcape  death.  Yet  do  not  I 
make  this  complaint  againft  Herod  himfelf ;  he  is  to  be  lure 
more  concerned  tor  himfelt  than  tor  the  laws;  but  my  com- 
plaint is  againft  yourfelves,  and  your  king,  who  give  him  a 
licenfe  fo  to  do.  However,  take  you  notice,  that  God  is 
•great,  and  that  this  very  man,  whom  you  are  going  to  abfolve 
and  difmii's,  tor  the  lake  of  Hyrcanus,  wil!  one  day  punifh 
both  you  and  your  king  himfelf  alfo."  Nor  did  Sameas  mi f- 
take  in  any  part  of  this  prediction  :  For  when  Herod  had  re- 
ceived the  kingdom,  he  flew  all  the  membersof  this  fanhedrim, 
and  Hyrcanus  himfelf  alfo,  excepting  Sameas,  tor  he  had  a 
great  honour  for  him  on  account  of  his  righteoufnefs,  and  be- 
caufe,  when  the  city  was  afterward  befieged  by  Herod  and  So- 
fius,  he  perfuaded  the  people  to  admit  Herod  into  it ;  and  told 
them,  "  That  for  their  fins  they  would  not  be  able  to  efcape 
his  hands."  Which  things  will  be  related  by  us  in  their  pro- 
per places. 

5.  But  when  Hyrcanus  faw  that  the  members  of  the  fanhe- 
drim were  ready  to  pronounce  the  fentenee  of  death  upon 
Herod,  he  put  off  the  trial  to  another  day,  andfent  privately  to 
"Herod,  and  advifed  him  to  fly  out  of  the  city,  for  that  by  this 
means,  he  might  efcape.  So  he  retired  to  Damafcus,  as  though 
he  fled  trom  the  king  :  And  when  he  had  been  with  Sextus 
Ciefar,  and  had  put  his  own  affairs  in  a  furepofture,  he  refolv- 
ed  to  do  thus,  that  in  cafe  he  were  again  fummoned  betore  the 
fanhedrim  to  take  his  trial,  he  would  not  obey  that  fummons. 
Hereupon  the  members  ot  the  fanhedrim  had  great  indignation 
at  thispofture  of  affairs,  and  endeavoured  to  perfuade  Hyrca- 
nus, that  all  thefe  things  were  againft  him.  \Vhich  ftate  of 
matters  he  was  not  ignorant  ol;  but  his  temper  was  fo  un- 
manly, and  fo  foolifti,  that  he  was  able  to  do  nothing  at  alL 
But  when  Sextus  had  made  Herod  general  oi  the  army  of  Ce- 

*  This  account,  as  Roland  obfcrves,  is  confirmed  by  the  Talmudifts,  who  call 
this  ?amea?,  Simeon  tin  Jon  c 


Chap.   X.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  139 

lefyria,  for  lie  fold  him  that  poft  for  money,  Hyrcanus  was  in 
fear  left  Herod  mould  make  war  upon  him  :  Nor  was  the  et- 
fed  of  what  he  feared  long  in  coming  upon  him,  for  Herod 
came,  and  brought  an  army  along  with  him,  to  fight  with  Hyr- 
canus, as  being  angry  at  the  trial  he  had  been  fummoned  to 
undergo  before  the  lanhedrim  :  But  his  father  Antipater,  and 
his  hrotherfPharaelus],  met  him, and  hindered  him  from  afoul- 
ting  Jerufalem.  They  alfo  pacified  his  vehement  temper,  and 
perfuaded  him  to  do  no  overt  a -lion,  but  only  to  affright  them 
with  threatening*, &  to  proceed  no  farther  againft  one  who  had 
given  him  the  dignity  lie  had  :  They  alfo  defired  him  not  only 
to  be  angry  that  he  was  fummoned,  and  obliged  to  come  to  his 
trial,  but  to  remember  withal,  how  he  was  difmiiTed  without 
condemnation,  and  how  he  ought  to  give  Hyrcanus  thanks  for 
the  fame,  and  that  he  was  not  to  regard  only  what  was  difagree- 
able  to  him,  and  be  unthankful  for  his  deliverance.  So  they 
defired  him  to  confider,  that  fmce  it  is  God  that  turns  the  fcales 
of  war,  there  is  great  uncertainty  in  the  i  flues  of  battles,  and 
that  therefore  he  ought  not  to  expett  the  vifciory,  when  he  fliould 
fight  with  his  king,  and  him  that  haf  fupported  him,  and  be- 
flowed  many  benefits  upon  him,  and  had  done  nothing  itfelf 
very  fevere  to  him  ;  for  that  his  accufation,  which  was  deriv- 
ed from  evil  counfellors,  and  not  from  himfelf.  had  rather  the 
fufpicionoi  fome  feverity,  than  any  thing  really  fevere  in  it, 
Herod  was  perfuaded  by  thefe  arguments,  and  believed  that  it 
was  fufficient  for  his  future  hopes  to  have  made  a  fhew  of  his 
ftrength  before  the  nation,  and  done  no  more  to  it  :  And  in 
this  ftatewere  the  affairs  of  Judea  at  this  time. 


CHAP.    X. 

The  honours  that  mere  paid  the  Jews  ;  and  the  Leagues  that 
\    were  made  by  the  Romans,  and  other  nations,  with,  them. 


§  i.  "jVfOW  when  Caefar  was  come  to  Rome,  he  was  ready 
1M  to  fail  into  Africa  to  fight  againft  Scipio  and  Cato, 
when  Hyrcanus  Cent  ambaiFadors  to  him,  and  by  them  defired 
that  he  would  ratify  that  league  of  friendfrrip  and  mutual  alli- 
ance which  was  between  them.  And  it  feems  to  me  to  be  ne- 
ceffary  here  to  give  an  account  of  all  the  honours  that  the  Ro- 
mans and  their  emperors  paid  to  our  nation,  and  of  the  leagues 
of  mutual  afliftance  they  have  made  with  it,  that  all  the  reft  of 
mankind  may  know  what  regard  the  kings  of  Afia  and  Europe 
have  had  to  us,  and  that  they  have  been  abundantly  fatisfied 
of  our  courage  and  fidelity  ;  for,  whereas  many  will  not  be- 
lieve what  hath  been  written  about  us  by  the  Perfians  and  Ma- 
cedonians, becaufe  thofe  writings  are  not  every  where  to  be 
met  with,  nor  do  lie  in  public  places,  but  among  us  ourfelves 
and  certain  other  barbarous  nations,  while  there  is  no  contra- 


?4o  ANTIQUITIES  or  TKE  jEV.^s.     [Book  XIV. 

diftion  to  be  made  againft  the  der.ree?  of  the  Romans,  for  they 
are  laid  up  in  the  public  places  of  the  cities,  ^nd  are  extant  ftill 
in  the  capitol,  and  engraven  upon  pillars  ot  brafs;  nay,  be- 
fides  this,  Julius  Caefar  made  a  pillar  of  brafs  for  the  Jews  at 
Alexandria,  and  declared  publicly  that  they  were  citizens  ot 
Alexandria.  Out  ot  thefe  evidences  will  I  demon  (Irate  what 
I  fay  ;  and  will  now  fet  down  the  decrees  made  both  by  the. 
fenate,  and  by  Julius  Caefar,  which  relate  to  Hyrcanus,  and 
to  our  nation. 

2.  "Caius  Julius  Caefar,  imperator  and  high  prieft.  and  dic- 
tator the  fecond  time,  to  the  magiftrates  fenate,  and  people 
of  Sidon,  fendeth  greeting  :  It  you  be  in  health  it  is  well. 
1  alfo,  and  the  army  are  well.  I  have  fent  you  a  copy 
of  that  decree,  regiitered  on  the  tables,  which  concerns 
Hyrcanus,  the  fon  of  Alexander,  the  high  pried  and  eth- 
narch  of  the  JTews,  that  it  may  he  laid  up  among  the  public  re- 
cords ;  and  I  will  that  it  he  openly  propofed  in  a  ta'ile  of  brafs, 
both  in  Greek,  and  in  Latin.  It  is  as  follows  :  1  Julius  Ca*- 
far, imperator  the  iecond  time,  and  high  pnetl,  have  made  this 
Decree,  with  the  approbation  of  the  fenate  :  Whereas  Hyrca- 
nus, the  fon  ot  Alexander  the  few,  hath  demonilrated  his  fidel- 
ity and  diligence  about  our  affairs,  and  this  both  now  and  in  for- 
jner  times,  both  in  peace,  and  in  war,  as  many  ot  our  gen.~r.il* 
have  borne  witnefs,  and  came  to  our  afiiihmce  in  thelart  ^.Al- 
exandrian war  with  rmeen  hundred  loldi^r? ;  and  when  he  was 
fent  by  me  to  Mithridates,  fhewed  him'elt  hiperior  in  valour  to 
all  the  reft  of  that  army  :  For  thcle  reafons  I  will,  that  Hyrra- 
nus,  the  fon  ot  Alexander,  and  bis  children,  be  ethnarchfiof 
the  Jews,  and  have  the  high  prielthood  of  the  Jews  for  ever 
according  to  the  cuftoms  of  their  forefathers,  and  that  he  and 
1)  is  fons  be  our  confederates;  and  that  befides  this,  every  one 
of.  them  be  reckoned  among  our  particular  friends.  I  a!(o  or- 
dain, that  he  and  His  children  retain  whatfoever  privileges  be- 
long to  the  oftice  of  high  prieft,  or  whatfoever  favours  have 
been  hitherto  granted  them.  And  if  at  any  time  hereafter  there 
arifeany  quefhons  about  the  Jewiih  cuftoms,  I  will  that  L  de- 
termine the  fame.  And  1  think  it  not  proper  that  they  Humid 
be  obliged  to  rind  us  winter  quarters,  or  that  any  money  fliould 
be  required  of  them." 

3.  "  The  decrees  of  Caius  Cefar,  conful,  containing  what 
liath  been  granted  and  determined,  are  as  follows  :  That  Hyr- 
canus and  his  children  bear  rule  over  the  nation  of  the  j'.-ws, 
and  have  theprofits,of  the  places  to  them  bequeathed  ;  and  that 
he  as  himfelf  the  high-prielt  and  ethnarch  ot  the  Jews,  defend 
thofe  that  are  injured.  And  that  ambaffadors  b.e  lent  to  Hyr- 
canus the  fon  ot  Alexander,  the  liigh-priell  of  the  Jews  that 
may  difcourfe  with  him  about  a  league  of  friendmip  and  mu,- 

*  That  Hyrcanus  wns  lnmfelf  in  Egypt,  along  with  Antipatcr.  at  t!ii<  time. 
t.n  whom  accordingly  the  bold  and  prudent  aftivons  of  his  deputy  Anti  pater  nf'-  l-f.i 
afcribed,  as  this  decree  of  Julius  Caefar  fuppofes,  we  are  farther  a'Turcci  by  !!•'. 
tfftimony  of  Strabo,  aheady  produced  byjoicphus,  chap,  viii  ^  «. 


CliSp.   X.  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS. 

tnal  afiflance,  and  that  a  table  of  brafs.  containing  the 
fes,  be  openly  propofed  in  the  capitol,  and  at  Sidr.n,  and  Tyre, 
and  Afkelon,  and  in  the  temple,  engraven  in  Roman  and  Greek 
letters  :  That  this  decree  may  alfo  be  communicated  to  the 
quellors  and  pretors  of  the  feveral  cities,  and  to  the  friends  ot 
the  jews  ;  And  that  the  aTihafTadors  may  have  prefents  made 
them,  that  thefe  decrees  be  fent  every  where  " 

4.  "  Caius  Cefar,  imperator,  dictator,  conful,  hath  granted 
That  out  of  regard  to  the  honour  and  virtue,  and  kindnefs  of 
the  man,  and  for  the  advantage  «-t  the  ienate,  and  of  the  people 
ot  Rome,  Hyrcanns,  the  fon  of  Alexander,  both  he  and  hia 
children  be  high-priefts  and  priefts  of  Jerufalem,  and  of  the 
Jewifh  nation,  by  the  fame  light,  and  according  to  the  fame 
Jaws,  by  which  their  progenitors  have  held  the  priefthood." 

f}.  '.'  Caius  Cefar,  conful  the  fifth  time,  hath  decreed,  That 
the  Jews  fhall  pofTefs  Jerufalem,  and  may  cncompafs  that 
rity  with  walls  ;  and  that  Hyrcanus,  the  fon  of  Alexander,  the 
high  pried  and  ethnarch  of  the  Jews,  retain  in  the  man- 
ner he  himfelf  pleafes  ;  and  that  the  Jews  be  allowed  to  de- 
dud  out  of  their  tribute  every  fecond  year  the  land  is  let  [in 
the  iab'.iatic  period]  a  corns  of  that  tribute,  and  that  the  trib- 
ute they  pay  he  not  let  to  farm,  nor  that  they  pay  always  the 
fame  tribute/' 

6.  "  Caius  Cefar,  imperator  the  fecond  time,  hath  ordained, 
That  all  the  country  ot  the  Jews,  excepting  ]oppa,  da  pay  a 
tribute  yearly  for  the  city  Jerufalem,  excepting  the  feventh, 
which  they  call  the  Sabbatical  year,  because  thereon  they  nei- 
ther receive  the  fruits  of  their  trees,  nor  do  they  fow  their 
lind  ;  and  that  they  pay  their  tribute  in  Sidon  on  the  fecond 
}^ear  [ot  that  Sabbatical  period,]  the  fourth  part  ot  what  was 
iown  :  And  befides  this,  they  are  to  pay  the  fame  tithes  to 
Hyrcanus  and  his  fons,  which  they  paid  to  their  forefathers. 
And  that  no  one,  neither  prefident,  nor  lieutenant,  nor  ambaf- 
fador,  raife  auxiliaries  within  the  bounds  of  Judea.  nor  my 
foldiers  exaft  money  of  them  tor  winter  quarters,  or  under 
any  other  pretence,  but  that  they  be  free  from  all  forts  pf 
injuries  :  And  that  whatfoever  they  fhall  hereafter  have,  and 
are  in  poflefTion  ot,  or  have  bought,  they  (hall  retain  them  ;jll. 
It  is  alfo  our  pleafure,  that  the  city  Joppa,  which  the  Jews 
had  originally,  when  they  made  a  leugue  ot  friendfbip  wifh 
the  Romans,  (hall  belong  to  them,  as  it  formerly  di<3,  and  that 
Hyrcanus,  the  fon  of  Alexander,  and  his  fons,  have  as  tribufe 
of  that  city  from  thofe  that  occupy  the  land  for  the  country, 
and  for  what  they  export  every  year  to  Sidon,  twenty  thou- 
fand,  fix  hundred  and  feventy-five  modii  every  year,  the  fev- 
enth year,  which  they  call  the  Sabbatic  year,  excepted,  where- 
on they  neither  plough,  nor  receive  the  producl  of  theif  trees. 
It  is  alfo  the  pleafure  of  the  fenate,  that  as  to  the  villages 
which  are  in  the  great  plain,  which  Hyrcanus  and  his  toreta- 
thers formerly  poflefled,  Hyrcanus  and  the  Jews  have  thern 


141  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XIV. 

with  the  fame  privileges  with  which  they  formerly  had  them 
alfo,  and  tbat  the  fame  original  ordinances  remain  ftill  in 
force,  which  concern  the  Jews,  with  regard  to  their  high- 
priefts  ;  and  that  they  enjoy  the  fame  benefits  which  they  have 
had  formerly  by  the  conceffion  of  the  people,  and  of  the  fen- 
ate  ;  and  let  them  enjoy  the  like  privileges  in  Lydda.  It  is  the 
pleafure  alfo  of  the  fenate,  that  Hyrcanus  the  ethnarch,  and  the 
Jews,  retain  thofe  places,  countries,  and  villages,  which  be- 
longed to  the  kings  of  Syria  and  Phenicia,  the  confederates  of 
the  Romans,  and  which  they  had  bellowed  on  them  as  their 
free  gifts.  It  is  alfo  granted  to  Hyrcanus,  and  to  his  fons, 
and  to  the  anbaffadors  by  them  fent  to  us,  that  in  the  fights 
between  fingle  gladiators  and  in  thofe  with  beads,  they  Ihall 
fit  among  the  fenators  to  fee  thofe  (hews  ;  and  that  when  they 
defire  an  audience,  they  mall  be  introduced  into  the  fenate  by 
the  diftator  or  by  the  general  of  the  horfe  ;  and  when  they 
have  introduced  them,  their  anfwers  fhall  be  returned  them 
in  ten  days  at  the  fartheft,  after  the  decree  of  the  fenate  i» 
made  about  their  affairs." 

7.  "  Caius  Cefar,  imperator,  dilator  the  fourth  time,  and 
conful  the  fifth  time,  declared  to  be  perp.tual  dictator,  made 
this  fpeech  concerning  the  rights  and  privileges  of  Hyrcanus 
the  fon  of  Alexander,  the  high-pried  and  ethnarch  of  the  Jews. 
Since  thofe  *  imperators  that  have  been  in  the  provinces  be- 
fore me  have  borne  witnefs  to  Hyrcanus,   the  nigh  pried  of 
the  Jews,  and  to  the  Jews  themfelves,  and  this  before  the  fen- 
ate and  people  of  Rome,  when  the  people  and  fenate  return- 
ed their  thanks  to  them,  it  is  good  that  we  now  alfo  remember 
the  fame,  and  provide  that  a  requital  be  madeto  Hyrcanus,  to 
the  nation  of  the  Jews,  and  to  the  fons  of  Hyrcanus,  by  the 
fenate  and  people"  of  Rome,  and  that  fuitably  to  what  good 
•will  they  have  ihewn  us,  and  to  the  benefits  they  have  bellow- 
ed upon  us." 

8.  "Julius  Caius,  pretor   [~conful]  of  Rome,  to  the  magif- 
frates,  Senate,  and  people  of  the  Parians,  fendeth  greeting  :  The 
Jews  of  Delos,  and  fome  other  Jews  that  fojourn  there,  in  the 
.prefence  of  your  ambaffadors,  fignined  to  us,  that  by  a  decree 
of  yours,  you  forbid  them  to  make  ufe  of  the  cufioms  of  their 
forefathers,  and  their  way  of  facred  worfhip.      Now  it  does 
not  pleafe  me,  that  fuch  decrees   mould  be  made  againd  our 
friends  and  confederates,  whereby  they  are  forbidden  to  Jive 
according  to  their  own  cudoms,  or  to  bring  in  contributions, 
for  common  fuppers,  and  holy    fedivals,  while  they  are  not 
forbidden  fo  to  do  even  at  Rome  itfelt  ;  for  even  Caius  Cefar 
our  imperator  and  confui,  in  that  decree  wherein  he  forbad  the 
Bacchanal  rioters   to   meet  in  the  city,  did  yet  permit  thefe 

*  Dr.  Hudfon  juftly  fuppofes,  that  the  Roman  imperators,  or  generals  of  ar- 
trues,  meant  uoth  here  and  §  2.  who  gave  teflimony  to  Hyrcanus's  and  the  Jews 
faithfulnefs  and  good  will  to  the  Romans  before  the  fenate  and  p.-ople  of  Rome, 
Vere  principally  Pompey.  Scaurus,  and  Gabinius  :  Of  ail  whom  Jofephui  bad 
already  given  us  the  hiltory,  fo  far  as  the  Jews  were  concerned  with  them. 


Chap.    X.]  ANTIQUTIES    Of    THE   JEWS.  1$$ 

Jews,  and  thefe  only,  both  to  bring  in  their  contributions, 
and  to  make  their  common  Cuppers.  Accordingly,  when  I 
forbid  other  Bacchanal  rioters  I  permit  thefe  Jews  to  gather 
themfelves  together,  according  to  the  cufloms  and  laws  of 
their  forefathers,  and  to  perfift  therein.  It  will  be  therefore 
good  for  you,  that  if  you  have  made  any  decree  againft  thefe 
our  friends  and  confederates,  to  abrogate  the  fame,  by  reafon 
of  their  virtue,  and  kind  difpofition  towards  us." 

9.  Now  aHer  Caius  was  flain,  when  Marcus  Antonius,  and 
Publius  Dolabella,  were  confuls,  they  bothaflembled  the  fen- 
ate,  and  introduced  Hyrcanus's  ambafladors  into  it,  and  dif- 
courfed  ot  what  they  defired,  and  made  a  league  of  friendfhip 
with  them.     The  fenate  alfo  decreed,  to  grant  them  all  they  de- 
fired.     I  add  the  decree  itfelf,  that  thole  who  read  the  prefent 
work,    may  have  ready  by  them  a  demonftration   of  the  truth 
ot  what  we  fay  :  The  decree  was  this : 

10.  "  The  decree  of  the  fenate,   copied  out  of  the  treafury, 
from  the  public  tables  belonging  to  the  queftors,  when  Quin- 
tus  Rutilius   and  Caius  Cornelius   were  queftors,  and  taken 
out  of  the  feoond  table  of  the  firft  clafs,  on  the  third  day  be- 
fore the  ides  of  April,  in  the  temple   of  Concord.      There 
were  prefent  at  the  writing  of  this  decree,  Lucius  Calpurnius, 
Pifo'of  the  Mencnian  tribe,  Servius  Papinius  Potitus  of  the 
Lemonian  tribe,  Caius  Caninius  Rebilius  of  the  Terentine 
tribe,  Publius  Tidetius,   Lucius  Apulinus,  the  fon  ot  Lucius, 
of  the  Sergian  tribe,  Flavius,  the  fon  of  Lucius,  ot  the  Lemo- 
nian tribe,  Publius  Platius,  the  fon  ot  Publius  ot  the  Papyrian 
tribe,  Marcus  Acilius,  the  fon  ot  Marcus,  of  the  Mecian  tribe, 
Lucius  Erucius,  the  fon  of  Lucius,  ot  the  Stellatine  tribe, 
Marcus  Quintius  Plancillus,  the  fon  of  Marcus  of  the  Pol- 
Han  tribe,  and  Publius  Serius.     Publius  Dolabella,  and  Mar- 
cus Antonius,  the  confuls,  made  this  reference  to  the  fenate, 
that  as  to  thofe  thing*  which  by   the  decree  of  the  fenate, 
Caius  Cefar  had  adjudged  about  the  Jews,  and  yet  haw  not  hi- 
therto that  decree  brought  into  the  treafury,  it  is  our  will,  as 
ft  is  alfo  the  defrre  of  Publius  Dolabella,  and  Marcus  Antonius, 
our  confuls  to  have  thefe  decrees  put  into  the  public  tables, 
and  brought  to  the  city  queftors,  that  they   may  take  care  to 
have  them  put  upon  the  double  tables.     This  was -done  before 
the  fifth  of  the  ides  of  February,   in   the  temple  ot   Concord. 
Now  the  ambafTadors    from   Hyrcanus  the  high-prieft  were 
thefe,  Lyfimachus  the  fon  ot  Paufanius,  Alexandei  the  fon  of 
Theodorus,  Patroclus  the  fon  of  Chereas,  and  Jonathan  the 
ion  of  Onias." 

11.  Hyrcanus  fent  alfo  one  of  thefe  arnbaffadors  to  Dolabel- 
la, who  was  then  the  preteft  of  Afia,  and  defired  him  to  dimifs 
the  Jews  from  military  fervices,  and  to  preferve  to  them  the 
cuftoms  of  their  forefathers,  and  to  permit  them  to  live  accord, 
ing  to  them.     And  when  Dolabella  had  received  Hyrcanus's 
letter,  without  any  farther  deliberation,  he  fentanepiflk  to  all 


J44  ANTIQUITIES     OK    i  H  £    JEVvS.      [Book. 

the  Afhtics,  and  particularly  to  the  city  ot  the  EpheHans,  the 
Metropolis  ot  Alia  about  the  Jews  ;  a  copy  of  which  epiitlu 
here  follows  : 

12.  "  When  Ar'ernori  was  prytanis  on  the  firft  day  of  the 
month  Leneoh,  Dola'sella  iinperator  to  the  fenate,  and  magif- 
trates,  and  people  ot  the  Ephefians  fen.deth  greeting  :  Alex- 
ander, the  fon  ot  Theodoras,  the  ambaffador  ot  Hyrcanus,  the 
fon  oi  Alexander  the  high-prieii  and  ethnarchof  the  Jews,  ap- 
peared before  me,  to  fhew  that  his  countrymen  could  not  go 
into  their  armies,  becaufe  they  are  not  allowed  to  hear  arms, 
or  to  travel  on  the  Sabbath  days,  nor  there  to  procure  them- 
ielves  thofe  forts  ot  food  which  they  have  been  ufed  to  eat  from 
the  times  of  their  forefather*  ;  I  do  therefore  grant  them  a  free- 
dom trom  going  into  the  army,  as  the  former  prefects  have 
done,  and  permit  them  to  ufe  the  cullorns  of  their  forefathers, 
in  afFerabling  together  for  facred  and  religious  purpofes,  as 
their  law  require;,  and  for  collecting  oblations  neceifiry  for 
facrifices  :  And  my  will  is  that  you  write  this  to  the  fevcral 
cities  under  your  jurildiction." 

13.  And  thefe  were  the  concefhons  that  Dolabel la  trade  to 
our  nation,  when  Hyrcanus  fent  an  embafTage  to  him.  But 
Lucius  the  conful's  decree  run  thus  :  "  1  have  at  my  tribunal 
fet  thefe  Jews,  who  are  citizens  of  Rome,  and  follow  the  |ew- 
iih  religious  rites,  and  yet  live  at  Ephefus,  free  from  going  into 
the  army,  on  account  of  the  fuperftition  they  are  under.  This 
was  done  before  the  twelfth, of  the  calendsol  October,  when  Lu- 
cius Lentulus  and  Caius  Marcellus,  were  confuls  in  the  pref- 
ence  ot  Titus  Appius  Balgus.  the  fon  of  Titus,  and  lieuten- 
ant of  the  Horaticiu  tribe,  of  Titus  Ton^ius,  the  fon  of  Titus 
oi  the  Cruftarmne  tribe,  of  Quimus  Reiius,  the  fon  ot  Quin- 
tus,  of  Titus  Pompeius  Longmus.  the  fon  of  Titus,  ot  Caiui 
Servilius,  the  Ion  of  Caius  ot  the  Terentine  tribe,  of  Bracciiu^ 
the  military  tribune,  of  Publius  Lucius  Gallus,  the  fon  of  Pu- 
blius  ot  'the  Veturian  tribe,  of  Caius  Sentius,  the  fon  ot  Caius 
ot  the  Sabbatine  tribe,  of  Titus  Atilius  Bulbus,  the  fou  of 
Titus,  lieutenant  and  vice  pretor,  to  the  magillrates,  fenate, 
and  people  of  the  Ephefians,  iendeth  greeting  :  Lucius  Lentu- 
lus die  conful  freed  the  Jews  that  are  in  Afia  from  going  into 
the  armies  at  my  intercellion  tor  them.  And  when  I  had  made 
the  fame  petition  iometime  afterward  to  Phanius  the  imperator, 
and  to  Lucius  Antonius  the  vice  queftorl  I  obtained  that  privi- 
legeof  themalfo;  and  my  willis,  that  you.  takx;  carethatnu 
one  give  them  any  difiurhance." 

14.  The  decree  of  the  Delians.  "  The  anfwer  of  thepretors, 
when  Beotus  was  archon,  on  the  twentieth  day  ot  the  month 
Thargeleon,  while  Marcus  Pifo  the  lieutenant  lived  in  our 
city,  who  was  alfo  appointed  over  the  choice  of  the  foldiers, 
he  called  us,  and  many  other  of  the  citizens,  and  gave  order, 
that  if  there  be  here  any  Jews,  who  are  Roman  citizens,  no 
crieis  to  give  them  any  diiturbancc  about  going  into  the  ar- 


Chap.    X.]  ANTIQUTIES   OF   THE  JEWS.  145 

my,  becaufe  Cornelius  Lentulus  the  conful  freed  the  Jews 
from  going  into  the  army,  on  account  of  the  fuperftition  they 
are  under  ;  you  are  therefore  obliged  to  fubmit  tothepretor." 
And  the  like  decree  was  made  by  the  Sardians  about  us  alfo. 

15.  "  Caius  Phanius,  the  fon  of  Caius,  imperator  and  con- 
ful,  to  the  magiftrates  ot  Cos,  fendeth  greeting  :  I  would  have 
you  know  that  the  ambaffadors  of  the  Jewj   have  been  with 
me,  and  defired  they  might  have  thofe  decrees  which  the  fen- 
ate  had  made  about  them  ;  which  decrees  are  here  fubjoined. 
My  will  is,  that  you  have  a  regard  to,   and  take  care  of  thefe 
men,  according  to  the  fenate's  decree,  that  they  may  be  fately 
conveyed  home  through  your  country.", 

1 6.  The  declaration  of   Lucius  Lentulus  the  conful:    "  I 
have  difmiffed  thofe  Jews  who  are  Roman  citizens,  and  who 
appear  to  me  to  have  their  religious  rites,  and  to   obfervc  the 
laws  of  the  Jews  at  Ephefus,  on  account  of  the  fuperflition' 
they  are  under.     This  aci  was  done  before  the  thirteenth  of 
the  calends  of  Otlober." 

17.  "  Lucius  Antonius,  the  fon  of  Marcus,   vice   queflor, 
and  vice  pretor,  to  the  magiftrates,  fenate,  and  people  of  the 
Sardians,  fendeth  greeting  :  Thofe   Jews  that  are  our  fellow- 
citizens  ot  Rome,   came  to  me,  and  demonftrated  that  they 
had  an  aflembly  of  their  own,  according  to  the  laws  of  their 
fore-fathers,  and  this  from  the  beginning,  as  allo  a  place   of 
their  own,  wherein  they  determined  then1  fuits  and  controver- 
fies  with  one  anothor  :    Upon  their  petition  therefore  to  me, 
that  thefe  might  be  lawful  for  them,  I  give  order   that  thefe 
their  privileges  be  preferred,   and  they  be  permitted  to  do  ac- 
cordingly." 

18.  The  declaration  of  Marcus  Publius,   the  fon  of  Spuri- 
Us,  and  of  Marcus  the  fon  ot  Marcus,  and  of  Lucius  the  fon 
of  Publius  :  "  We  went  to  the  proconful,   and  informed  him. 
of  what  Dofitheus,  the  fon  of  Cleopatrida  of  Alexandria  defir- 
ed, that,  if  he  thought  good,  he  would  difmifs  thofe  Jews  who 
were  Roman  citizens,  and  were  wont  to  obferve   the  rites  ot 
the  Jewifh  religion,  on  account  of  the  fuperftition  they  were 
under.    Accordingly  he  did  difmifs  them..   This  was  done 
before  the  thirteenth  of  the  calends  of  October." 

19.  *'  In  the  month  Quimilis,  when  Lucius   Lentulus  and 
Caius  Marcellus  were  confuls  ;  and  there  were  prefent  Titus 
Appius  Balbus,  the  fon  of  Titus,  lieutenant  of   the  Horatian 
tribe.    Titus  Tongius  of  the  Cruftumine  tribe,  QuintusRefi- 
us  the  fon  of  Quintus,  Titus  Pompeius  the  Ion  ot  Titus,  Cor- 
nelius Longinus,  Caius  Servilius  Bracchus,  the  fon  ot  Caius', 
a  military  tribune,   ot  the   Terentine   tribe,  Publius   Clufius 
Callus,  the  fon  ot  Publius,  of  the  Yeoman  tribe,  Caius  Teu- 
tius  the  fon  ot  Caius,  a  military  tribune,  of  the  jEmilian  tribe. 
Sextus  Atilius  Serrannus,  the  fon  of  Sextus,  ot  the  Efquiline 
tribe,  Caius  Pompeius  the  fon  of  Caius,  of  the  Sabbatine  tribe, 
Titus  Appius  Menander,  the  fon  of  Titus,   Publius  Serviliu* 

VOL.  II,  T 


J4&  ANTIQUITIES    OP    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XIV,. 

Strabo,  the  fon  of  Publius,  Lucius  Paccius  Capito,  the  fon  of 
Lucius,  of  the  Colline  tribe,  Aulus  Furius  Tertius,  the  Ton  of 
Aulus,  and  Appius  Menas.  In  the  prefence  of  theie  it  was 
that  Lentulus  pronounced  this  decree  :  I  have  before  the  tri- 
bunal difmiffed  fhofe  Jews  that  are  Roman  citizens,  and  are 
accuftomed  to  obferve  the  facred  rites  of  the  Jews  at  Ephefus, 
on  account  of  the  fuperftkion  they  are  under." 

20.  "The  magistrates  of  the  Laodiceans  to  Caius  Rubilius, 
the  fon  ot  Caius,  the  conful  fendeth  greeting  :  Sopater,  the 
ambaiiador  ot  Hyrcanus,  the  high-prieft,  hath  delivered  us  an 
epiftle  from  thee,  whereby  he  lets  us  know,  that  certain  am- 
bafTauors  were  come  from  Hyrcanus,  the  high-prieft.  of  the 
jews,  and  brought  an  epifUe  written  concerning  their  nation, 
wberem  they  defirethat  the  Jews  may  be  allowed  to  obferve 
their  Sabbaths,  and  other  facred  rites,  according  to  the  laws 
of  their  forefathers,  and  that  they  may  be  under  no  command, 
btcauie  they  are  our  friends  and  confederates,  and  that  nobo- 
dy may  injure  them  in  our  provinces.  Now  although  the 
1  rallians  there  prefent  contradifted  them,  and  were  not  plea- 
led  with  thefe  decrees,  yetdidft  thou  give  order  that  they 
fhould  be  obferved,  and  in  formed  ft  us  that  thou  hadit  been 
clefired  to  write  this  to  us  about  them.  ^/Ue  therefore,  in  obe- 
dience to  the  injnnclions  we  have  received  from  thee,  have 
received  theepiftle  which  thou  femcft  us,  and  have  laid  it  up 
by  itielf  among  our  public  records.  And  as  to  the  other 
tilings  about  which  thou  didft  fend  to  us,  we  will  take  care 
that  no  complaint  be  made  againft  us." 

21.  "  Publius  Servilius,  the  fon  of  Publius,  of  the   Galban 
tijbe,  the  proconful  to  the  magistrates,  fenate,  and  people  of 
the  Milefians,  fendeth  greeting  :  Prytanes  the  fon  of  Hermes, 
a  citizen  of  youns,  came  to  me  when  1   was   at  Tralles,  and; 
held  a  court  there,  and  informed  me  that  you  ufed  the  Jews 
in  a  way  different  from  my  opinion,  and  forbade  them  to  ce- 
lebrate their  Sabbaths,  and  to  perform  the  facred  rites  received 
from  their  forefathers,  and  to  manage  the  fruits   of  the   land, 
according  to  their  ancient  cuftom,  and  that  he   had    himfelf 
been  the  promulger  of  your  decree,  according  as   your  laws 
require  :  I  Would  therefore  have  you  know,  that  upon   hear- 
ing the  pleadings  on  both  fides,  1  gave  fentence  that  the  Jews 
fhould  not  be  prohibited  to  make  uTe  of  their  own  cuftoms." 

22.  The  decree  of  thofe  of  Pergamus.      When   Crafippus 
wasprytanis,  on  the  nrft  day  of  the  month  Defius,  the  decree 
of  the  pretors  was  this  :    "  Since  the  Romans,   following  the 
conduct  of  their  aHceftors,  undertake  dangers  tor  the  common 
fatety  of  ail  mankind,  and  are  ambitious  to  fettle  their  confed- 
erates and  friends  in  happinefs,  and  in  firm- peace,   and  fince 
the  nation  of  the  Jews,   and  their  high-prieft  Hyrcanus,    fent 
as  ambaffadors  to  them,  Strato,  the  fon   of   Theodatus,  and 
Apollcnius,  the  fon  of  Alexander,  and  Eneas,  the  fon  of  An- 
tipater,  and  Ariftobulus,  the  fon  of  Amyntas,  and  Soiipater? 


Chap.   X.  ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE   JEWS.  147 

the  (on  of  Philip,  worthy  and  good  men,  who  gave  a  particu- 
lar account  of  their  affairs,  the  fenate  thereupon  made  a  de- 
cree about  what  they  had  defired  ot  them,  that  Antiochus  the 
king,  the  fon  ot  Antiochus,  fhould  do  no  injury  to  the  Jews, 
the  confederates  ot  the  Romans  ;  and  that  the  fortreffes,  and 
the  havens,  and  the  country,  and  whatfoever  elfe  he  had  ta- 
ken from  them,  fhould  be  reftored  to  them  ;  and  that  it  may 
be  lawful  for  them  to  export  their  goods  out  ot  their  own  ha- 
vens  ;  and  that  no  king  nor  people  may  have  leave  to  export 
any  goods,  either  out  of  the  country  ot  Judea,  or  out  ot  their 
havens,  without  paying  cuftorns,  but  only  Ptolemy  the  king 
of  Alexandria,  becaufe  he  is  our  confederate  and  friend  :  And 
that  according  to  their  defire,  the  garrifon  that  is  in  Joppa 
may  be  ejefted.  Now  Lucius  Pettius  one  of  our  fenators,  a 
worthy  and  good  man,  gave  order  that  we  mould  take  care 
that  thefe  things  mould  be  done  according  to  the  fenate's  de- 
cree ;  and  that  we  fhould  take  care  alfo  that  their  ambaffadors 
might  return  home  in  fafety.  Accordingly  we  admitted  The- 
odorus  into  our  fenate  and  afTeinbly,  and  took  the  epiftle  out 
ot  his  hands,  as  well  as  the  decree  of  the  fenate  :  And  as  he 
difcourfed  with  great  zeal  about  the  Jews, and  defcribed  Hyr- 
canus's  virtue  and  generofity,  and  how  he  was  a  benetaflor  to 
all  men  in  common,  and  particularly  to  every  body  that  comes 
to  him,  we  laid  up  the  epiftle  in  our  public  records  ;  and  made 
a  decree  ourfelves,  that  fince  we  alfo  are  in  confederacy  with 
the  Romans,  we  would  do  every  thing  we  could  for  the  Jews, 
According  to  the  fenate's  decree.  Theodorus  alfo,  who  brought 
the  epiille,  defired  of  our  pretors,  that  they  would  fend  Hyr- 
canus  a  copy  ot  that  decree,  as  alfo  ambaffadors  to  fignify  to 
him  the  affection  of  our  people  to  him,  and  to  exhort  them  to 
preferve  and  augment  their  friendship  for  us,  and  be  ready  to 
peftow  other  benefits  upon  us,  as  juftly  expecting  to  receive 
proper  requitals  trom  us  ;  and  defiring  them  to  remember  that 
our*  anceftors  were  friendly  to  the  Jews  even  in  the  days  of 
Abraham,  who  'vas  the  father  of  all  the  Hebrews,  as  we  have 
£alfoj  found  it  fet  down  in  our  public  records  " 

23.  The  decree  of  thofe  of  Halicarnaffus.     When  Merrmon 

*  We  have  here  a  moft  remarkable  ar.d  authentic  atteftation  of  the  citizens  of 
Pergamus,  that  Abraham  was  the  father  of  all  the  Hebrews  ;  that  their  owa  ar.:ef. 
tors  were,  in  the  oldeft  time,  the  friends  of  thote  Hebrews  ;  and  that  the  public  afts 
of  their  city,  then  extant,  confirmed  the  fame  ;  which  evidence  is  too  flrong  ta  be 
evaded  by  our  prelent  ignorance  of  the  particular  orcafion  ot  fuch  an-ient  triend- 
fhip  and  alliance  between  thofe  people.  See  the  like  full  evidence  of  the  kindred 
of  the  Lacedemonians  and  the  Jews;  and  that  becauie  they  were  both  thj  poiterity 
of  Abraham,  by  a  public  epiftle  of  thofe  people  the  Jews,  preferved  in  the  firft 
book  of  the  Maccabees  xii.  19, — 23.  and  thence  by  Jofephus,  Antiq  B.  XII.  rh 
iv.  ^  :o  both  which  authentic  records  are  highly  valuable  It  is  alfo  well  woithy 
of  obfervation,  what  Mofes  Choronenus.  the  principal  Armenian  hiftorian,  informs 
us  of,  p.  33  that  Ariaces,  who  raifed  the  Parthian  Empire,  was  of  the  feed  of 
Abraham  by  Chetura  ;  and  that  thereby  was  accomplimed  that  prediction  wl.lot; 
laid,  kings  of  nations  Jhall  proceed  from  thee,  Gen.  xvii,  6 


14$  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JIM'S.       [Book  XIV. 

the  fon  of  Oreftidas  by  defcent,  but  by  adoption  of  Eunony- 
inus,  was  prieft,  on  the  *  *  *  day  of  the  month  Arifterion,  the 
decree  of  the  people,  upon  the  rcprefentation  of  Marcus  Al- 
exander, was  this  :  "  Since  we  have  ever  a  great  regard  to  pi- 
ety towards  God,  and  to  holinefs  and  fince  we  aim  to  follow 
the  people  of  the  Romans,  who  are  the  benefaftorsof  all  men, 
and  what  they  have  written  to  us  about  a  league  of  friendfhip 
and  mutual  affiitance  between  the  Jews  and  our  city,  and  that 
their  lacred  offices,  and  accuftomed  feffivals  and  affemblies 
may  be  obferved  by  them,  we  have  decreed,  that  as  many  men 
and  women  of  the  Jews  as  are  willing  fo  to  do,  may  celebrate 
their  Sabbaths,  and  perform  their  holy  offices,  according  to  the 
Jewifh  laws  ;  and  may  make  their  profeuchae  at  the  fea  fide, 
according  to  the  cultoms  ot  their  forefathers  ;  and  it  any  one, 
whether  he  be  a  magiftrate  or  private  perfon,  hindereth  them 
from  fo  doing,  he  (hall  be  liable  to  a  fine,  to  be  applied  to  the 
ufes  of  the  city." 

1  24.  The  decree  of  the  Sardians.  This  decree  was  made  by 
the  fenate  and  people,  upon  the  reprefentation  of  the  pretors': 
'  Whereas  thole  Jews  who  are  our  fellow-citizens,  and  live 
with  us  in  this  city,  have  ever  had  great  benefits  heaped  upon 
them  by  the  people,  and  have  come  now  into  the  fenate,  and 
defired  of  the  people  that  upon  the  restitution  of  their  law,  and 
their  liberty,  by  the  fenate  and  people  of  Rome,  they  may  af- 
femble  together  according  to  their  ancient  legal  cuftom,  and 
that  we  will  not  bring  any  fuit  againft  them  about  it  ;  and  that 
a  place  may  be  given  them  where  they  may  have  their  con- 
gregations, with  their  wives  and  children  an.d  may  offer,  "as 
did  their  forefathers,  their  prayers  and  facrifices  to  God  :  Now 
the  fenate  and  people  have  decreed  to  permit  them  to  aflemble 
together  on  the  days  iormerly  appointed,  and  to  act  according 
to  their  own  laws  ;  and  that  fuch  a  place  be  fet  apart  for  them 
by  the  pretors,  for  the  building  and  inhabiting  the  fame,  as 
they  fhall  elleem  fit  for  that  purpofe  :  And  that  thole  that  take 
care  of  the  provisions  for  the  city,  fhall  take  care  that  fuch 
iorts  of  food  as  they  efleem  fit  for  their  eating,  may  be  import- 
ed into  the  city." 

25.  The  decree  of  the  EpheGans.  When  Menophilus  was 
prytanis,  on  the  fir  ft  day  of  the  month  Artemifius,  this  decree 
was  made  by  the  people  :  "  Nicanor  the  fon  of  Euphemu*. 
pronounced  it,  upon  t'he  reprefentation  of  the  pretors.  Since 
the  Jews  that  dwell  in  this  city  have  petitioned  Marcus  Julius 
Pompeius,  the  fon  of  Brutus,  the  proconful,  that  they  might 
be  allowed  to  obferve  their  Sabbaths,  and  to  aclin  all  things 
according  to  the  cufloms  of  their  forefathers,  without  impedi- 
ment from  any  body,  the  pretor  'hath  granted  their  petition. 
Accordingly,  it  was  decreed  by  the  Seriate  and  people,  that  in 
this  affair  that  concerned  the  Romans,  no  one  of  them  fhould 
be  hindered  from  keeping  the  Sabbath-day,  nor  be  fined  for 


Chap.   XL]          ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  145 

fo  doing,  but  that  they  may  be  allowed  to  do  all  things  accord- 
ing to  their  own  laws." 

26.  Now  there  are  *  many  fuch  decrees  of  the  fenate  and 
imperators  of  the  Romans,  and  thofe  different  from  thefe  be- 
fore us,  which  have  been  made  in  favour  of  Hyrcanus,  and  of 
our  nation  ;  as  alfo,  there  have  been  more  decrees  of 'the  ci- 
ties and  refcripts  of  the  pretors,  to  fuch  epiftles  as  concerned 
our  rights  and  privileges  :  And  certainly  fuch  as  are  not  ill 
dilpofed  to  what  we  write,  may  believe  that  they  are  all  to  this 
purpofe,  and  that  by  the  fpecimens  which  we  have  inferred  ; 
tor  fince  we  have  produced  evident  marks  that  may  ftill  be 
feen,  of  the  friendfhip  we  have  had  with  the  Romans,  and  de- 
monftrated  that  thofe  marks  are  engraven  upon  columns  and 
tables  of  brat's  in  the  capitol,  that  are  ftill  in  being,  and  pre- 
fervedto  this  day,  we  have  omitted  to  fet  them  all  down,  as 
needlefs  and  difagreeable  ;  for  I  cannot  fut/pofe  any  one  io 
perverfe  as  not  to  believe  the  friend'hip  we  have  had  with  the 
Romans,  while  they  have  demonftrated  the  fame  by  fuch  a 
great  number  of  their  decrees  relating  to  us  ;  nor  will  they 
doubt  ot  our  fidelity  as  to  the  reft  ot  thofe  decrees,  fince  we 
have  (hewed  the  fame  in  thofe  we  have  produced.  And  thai, 
have  we  fufficientiy  explained  that  friendihip  and  confedera- 
cy we  at  thofe  times,  had  with  the  Romans. 

CHAP.    XI. 

How  f  Marcus  fucceeded  Sextus  when  he  had  beenjlain  by  Baf- 
juis  treachery  ;  and  how,  after  the  Death  ofCafar,  CaJJius 
came  into  Syria,  and  dijlrejjed  Judea  ;  as  alfo,  how  Mahchus 
Jlew  Antipater,  and  was  himjdfjlain  by  Herod. 

§  I.  "V[OW  it  fo  fell  out,  that  about  this  very  time  theaffairs 
IN  of  Syria  were  in  great  diforder,  and  this  on  the  oc, 
cafion  following  :  Cecilius  Baffus,  one  of  Pompey's  party, 
laid  a  treacherous  defign  againft  Sextus  Caefar,  and  flew  him] 
and  then  took  his  army,  and  got  the  management  ot  publiq  a£ 
fairs  into  his  own  hand  ;  fo  there  arofe  a  great  war  about  Apa- 
mia,  while  Caefar's  generals  came  againft  him  with  an  army  of 
horfemen  and  footmen  :  To  thele  Antipater  alfo  fent  fuccours, 

*  If  we  compare  Jofcphus's  promife  in  §  i,  to  produce  all  the  public  decrees  of 
the  Romans  in  favour  of  the  Jews  with  his  excufe  here  for  omitting  many  of  them, 
we  may  obferve,  that  when  he  came  to  tranfcribe  all  thole  decrees  he  had  collected, 
he  found  them  fo  numerous  that  he  thought  he  mould  too  much  tire  his  readers  if 
he  had  attempted  it,  which  he  thought  a  fufficient  apology  for  his  omitting  the  reft 
of  them  ;  yet  do  thofe  by  hhn  produced  afford  fuch  a  ftrong  confirmation  to  his 
hiftory,  and  give  fuch  great  light  to  even  the  Roman  antiquities  themlelves,  that  I 
believe  the  curious  are  not  a  little  forry  for  fuch  his  omissions. 

+  For  Marcus,  the  prefident  of  Syria,  fent  as  fucceiTor  to  Sextus  Cifar,  the  Ro- 
man hiftorians. require  us  to  read  Marcus  in  Jofephus,  and  this  perpetually,  both  in 
thefe  Antiquities,  and  in  his  hiftory  Of  the  War,  as  the  learned  generally  agree. 


150  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book.  XIV, 

and  his  fpns  with  them,  as  calling  to  mind  the  kindnefles  they 
had  received  from  Csefar,  and  on  that  account  he  thought  it 
but  juft  to  require  puni(hment  tor  him,  and  to  take  vengeance 
on  the  man  that  had  murdered  him.  And  as  the  war  was  drawn 
out  into  a  great  length,  Marcus  came  from  Rome  to  take  Sex- 
tus's  government  upon  him  ;  but  Czefar  was  flain  by  Caffius 
and  Brutus  in  the  fenate-houfc,  after  he  had  retained  the  gov- 
ernment three  years  and  fix  months.  This  facl:,  however,  is 
related  elfewhere. 

2.  As  the  war  that  arofe  upon  the  death  of  Cajfar  was  now 
begun,  and  the  nrinpipal  men  were  all  gone,  fome  one  way, 
and  fome  another,  to  raife  armies,  Caffius   came  from  Rome 
into  Syria,  in  order  to  receive  the  [army  that  lay  in  the]  camp 
at  Apamia  ;  and  having  raifed  the  fiege,  he  brought  over  both 
Baffus  and  Marcus  to  his  party.  He  then  went  over  the  cities, 
and  got  together  weapons  and  foldiers,  and  laid  great  taxes  up- 
on thofe  cities  ;  and  he  chiefly  oppreljed  Judea,  and  exacted 
of  it  feven  hundred  talents :  But  Antipater  when  he  faw  the 
Itate  to  be  in  (o  great  confirmation  and  diforder,  he   divided 
the  collection  of  that  fum,  and  appointed  his  two  Ions  to  gath- 
er it ;  and  fo  that  part  of  it  was  to  be   exacted  by    Malichus, 
who  was  ill-difpofed  to  him,  and  part  by  others.   And  becaufe 
Herod  did  exafct  what  is  required  of  him  from  Galilee  before 
others,  he  was  in  the  greateft  favour  with  Caffius  ;  for  he  tho't 
il  a  part  of  prudence  tp  cultivate  a  friendfhip  with  the  Romans, 
and  to  gain  their  good-will  at  the  expence  of  others  ;  whereas 
the  curators  of  the  other  cities,  with  their  citizens,  were  fold 
for  flaves  ;  and  Caffius  reduced   four  cities  into  flavery,  the 
two  mofl  potent  of  which  were  Gophna  and  Emmaus  ;  and, 
befides  thefe,  Lydia  and  Thamna.     Nay,  Caffius  was  fo  very 
angry  at  Malichus.  that  he  had  killed  him,  (for  he  affaulted 
him,)  had  not  Hyrcanus,  by  the  means  of  Antipater,  fent  him 
an  hundred  talents  oi  his  own,  and  thereby  pacified  his  anger 
againft  him. 

3.  But  after  Caffius  was  gone  out  of  Judea,  Malichus  laid 
fnares  for  Antipater,  as  thinking  that  his  death  would  be  the 
prefervation  of  Hyrcanus's  government  :  But  his  defign  was 
not  unknown  to  Antipater,  which  when  he  perceived,  he  re- 
tired beyond  Jordan,  and  got  together  an  army,  partly  of  A»- 
rabs,  and  partly  of  his  own  countrymen.   However,  Malichus 
being   one   of  great   cunning,  denied  that  he  had  laid   any 
fnares  for  him,  and  made  his  defence  with  an  oath,  both  to 
himfelf  and  his  fans  ;  and  laid,  (hat  while  Phafaelus  had  a  gar- 
rifon  in  Jerufalern,  and  Herod  had  the  weapons  of  war  in  his 
cuftody,  lie  could  never  have  a  thought  of  any    fuch  thing. 
So  Antipater,  perceiving  the  diflrefs  that  Malichus  was  in, 
was  reconciled  to   him,  and  made  an  agreement  with  him  : 
This  was  when  Marcus  was  prefident  ot  Syria  ;  who  yet  pej- 
ceiving  that  this  Malichus  was  making  a  dillurbance  in  Judea, 


Chap,   XI.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  15! 

proceeding  fo  far  that  he  had  almoft  killed  him,  but  ilill  at  the 
mterceffiori  of  Antipater  he  faved  him. 

4.  However  Antipater  little  thought   that  by  faving  Mali- 
chus,  he  had  iaved  his  own  murderer  ;   for,  now  Caffius  and! 
Marcus  had  together  an  army,  and  intruded  the  entire  careot 
it  with  Herod,  and  made  him  general  of  the  forces  of  Celefy- 
ria,  and  gave  him  a  fleet  of  (hips,  and  an  army  of  horfemen  and 
footmen  :  And  promifed  him,  that  alter  the  war   was  over, 
they  would  make  him  k'ing  of  Judea,  for  a  war  was  already- 
begun  between  Antony  and  the  younger  Caefar  :  But  as  Mal- 
ichus  was  mod  afraid  of  Antipater,  he  took   him  out  of  the 
way  ;  and  by  the  offer  of  money,  perfuaded  the  butler  of  Hyr- 
canus,  with  whom  they  were  both  to  feaft,  to  kill  him  by  poi- 
fon.     This  being  done,  and  he  having  armed  men  with  him, 
fettled  the  affairs  of  the  city.  But  when  Antipater's  fons,  Her- 
od and  Phafaelus,  were  acquainted  with  this  confpiracy  againil 
their  father,  and  had   indignation  at  it,  Malichus  denied  all, 
and  utterly  renounc^  any    knowledge  of  the  murder.     And 
thus  died  Antipater,  a  man  that  had  di  ft  ingui  filed  himfelf  for 
piety  and  juflice,  and  love  to  his  country.     And  whereas  one 
of  his  fons,    Herod,  refolved  immediately,  to  revenge  their 
father's  death,  and  was  coming  upon  Malichus  with  an  army 
for  that  purpofe,  the  elder  of  his  Ions  Phafaelus,  thought  it  beft 
rather  to  get  this  man  into  their  hands  by   policy,  left  they 
mould  appear  to  begin  a  civil  war  in  the   country  ;  fo  he  ac- 
cepted of  Malichus's  defence  tor  himfelf,  and  pretended  to  be- 
lieve him  that  he  had  had  no  hand  in  the  violent  death  of  An- 
tipater his  father,  but  erefted  a  fine  monument  for  him.     Her- 
od alfo  went  to  Samaria  ;  and  when  he  found  them  in  great  dif- 
trefs,  he  revived  their  fpirits,  and  compofed  their  differences. 

5.  However,  a  little  after  this,  Herod,  upon  the  approach  ot 
a  feftival,  came  with  his  foldiers  into  the  city  ;  whereupon 
Malichus  was  affrighted,  and  perfuaded  Hyrcanus  not  to  per- 
mit him  to  come  into  the  city.     Hyrcanus  complied;  and  for 
a  pretence  of  excluding  him  alleged,  that  a  rout  of  ftrangers 
ought  not  to  be  admitted  when  the  multitude  were  purifying 
themfelves,     But  Herod  had  little  regard  to  the  meffengers  that 
were  fent  to  him,  and  entered  the  city  in  the  night  ti-me,,  and  af- 
frighted Malichus  ;  yet  did  he  remit  nothing  of  his  former  dif- 
fimulation,  but  wept  for  Antipater,  and  bewailed  him  as  a  friend 

'of  his  with  a  loud  voice:  But  Herod  and  his  friends  thought 
it  proper  not  openly  to  contradift  Malichus's  hypocrify,  but  to 
give  him  tokens  of  mutual  iriendfhip,  in  order  to  prevent  hi» 
fufpicion  of  them. 

6.  However,  Herod  fent  to  Caihus,  and  informed   him  of 
the  murder  of  his  father  ;  who  knowing  what  fort  of  man  Mal- 
ichus was  as  to  his  morals,  fent  him  back  word,  that  he  fheuld 
revenge  his  father'sdeath  ;  andaHo  fent  privately,  to  the  com- 
manders ot  his  army  at  Tyre,  with  orders  to  afiiit  Herod  in  the 

:cution  of  a  very  jutt  dcfign  of  his.     Now  when  Caffius  had 


15*  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XFV\ 

taken  Laodicea,  they  all  went  together  to  him,  and  carried  him 
garlands  and  money  :  And  Herod  thought  that  Malichus  might 
be  pumfhed  while  he  was  there  ;  but  he  was  fomewhat  appre- 
henfive  ot  the  thing,  and  defigned  to  make  fome  great  attempt, 
and  becaufe  his  fon  was  then  an  hoflage  at  Tyre,  he  went  to 
that  city,  and  refolved  to  fteal  him  away  privately,  and  to  march 
thence  into  Judea  ;  and  as  Caflius  was  in  hafte  to  march  againfl 
Antony,  he  thought  to  bring  the  country  to  revolt,  and  to 
procure  the  government  for  himfelf.  But  providence  oppofed 
his  counfels  ;  and  Herod  being  a  flirewd  man,  and  perceiving 
what  his  intention  was,  he  fent  thither  before  hand  afervantin 
appearance  indeed  to  get  a  fupper  ready,  tor  he  had  faid  before, 
that  he  would  feaft  them  all  there,  but  in  reality  to  the  com- 
manders ot  the  army,  whom  he  perfuaded  to  go  out  againfl: 
MalichUs,  with  their  daggers.  So  they  went  out  and  met  the 
man  near  the  city,  upon  the  Tea  fhore,  and  (tabbed  him.  Where- 
upon Hyrcanus  was  fo  aftonifhed  at  what  had  happened,  that 
his  fpeech  faded  him  :  And  when  after  f<Sme  difficulty,  he  had 
recovered  himfelf,  he  afked  Herod,  what  the  matter  could  be, 
and  who  it  was  that  flew  Malichus  ?  And  when  he  faid  that  it 
was  done  by  the  command  of  Caffcus,  he  commended  the  ac- 
tion ;  for  that  Malichus  was  a  very  wicked  man,  and  one  that 
confpiredagainft  his  own  country.  And  this  was  the  punifh- 
mentthat  was  inflided  on  Malichus  for  what  he  wickedly  did 
to  Antipater. 

7  But  when  CafTius  was  marched  out  of  Syria,  diflurbances 
arofe  in  Judea  :  For  Felix,  who  was  left  at  Jerufalem  with  an 
army,  made  a  fudden  attempt  againft  Phafeelus,  and  the  people 
themielves  role  in  arms ;  but  Herod  went  to  Fabius,  the  prefect 
of  Damafcus,  and  was  defired  to  run  to  his  brother's  afllftance, 
but  was  hindered  by  a  diftemper  that  feized  upon  him,  till 
Phafaelus  by  himfelf  had  been  too  hard  for  Felix,  and  had  (hut 
him  up  in  the  tower,  and  there,  on  certain  conditions,  difmiff- 
ed  him.  Phafaelus  alfo  complained  of  Hyrcanus,  that  although 
he  had  received  a  great  many  benefits  from  them,  yet  did  he 
lupport  their  enemies  ;  for  Malichus's  brother  made  many 
places  to  revolt,  and  kept  garrifons  in  them,  and  particularly 
Mafada,  the  flrongeft  fortrefs  ot  them  all.  In  the  mean  time, 
Herod  was  recovered  of  his  difeafe,  and  came  and  took  from 
.Felix  all  the  places  he  had  gotten  ;  and  upon  certain  conditions, 
oifmiffed  him  alfo,, 


Chap.  XIL]      AtffiQUTiES  OF  THE  JEWS. 


CHAP.    XII. 

Herod  fjefls  Antigonus,  the  fon  of  Arifiobutus,  out  of  jfudea, 
and  gains  the  Frisndflup  of  Antony,  who  was  how  come  into 
Syria  by  fending  him  muck  money  ;  on  which  account  he 
Zuould  not  admit  of  thofe  that  would  have  accufed  Herod  • 
And  what  it  was  that  Antony  wrote  to  the.  Tyrians  of  the 
Jews. 

\  i.  jVTOW  *  Ptolemy,  the  fon  of  Mcnneus,  brought  back 
1M  into  Judo  a  Antigonus  the  fon  of  Ariftobulus,  who 
had  already  railed  an  army,  and  had,  by  money,  made  Fab i us 
to  be  his  friend,  and  this  becaufe  he  was  of  kin  to  him.  Ma- 
rion alfo  gave  him  afliihnce.  He  had  been  left  by  Caflius  to 
tyrannize  over  Tyre,  for  this  Caffius  was  a  man  that  feized  on 
Syria,  and  then  kept  it  under,  in  the  way  of  a  tyrant.  Marion 
slfo  marched 'into _  Galilee,  which  lay  in  his  neighbourhood, 
and  took  three  of  its  iortreffes,  and  put  garrifons  into  them  to 
keep  them.  But  when  Herod  came,  he  took  all  from  him  ; 
but  the  Tynan  garrifon  he  ditmifTed  in  a  very  civil  manner  • 
nay,  to  fome  of  the  foldiers  he  made  prefents  out  of  the  good 
will  he  bare  to  that  city.  Wheii  he  had  difpatched  thele  af- 
fairs, and  was  gone  to  meet  Antigonus,  he  joined  battle  with 
him,  and  beat  him,  and  drove  him  out  of  Judea  prefently, 
when  he  was  juft  come  into  its  borders.  But  when  he  was 
come  to  Jerufalem,  Hyrcanus  and  the  people  put  garlands  a- 
bcut  his  head  ;  for  he  had  already  contracted  an  affinity  with 
fhe  family  of  Hyrcanus  by  having  efpoufed  a  defcendant  of 
his-,  and  for  that  reafon  Herod  took  the  greater  care  of  him,  a* 
being  to  marry  the  daughter  of  Alexander,  the  fon  of  Arifto- 
bulus,  and  the  grand  daughter  of  Hyrcanus,  by  which  wife  he 
became  the  father  of  three  male,  and  two  female  children.  He 
had  alfo  married  before  this  another  wife,  out  of  a  lower  fam- 
ily of  his  own  nation,  whofe  name  was  Doris,  by  whom  he 
had  his  eldelt  fon  Antipater. 

2.  Now  Antonius  and  Cefar  had  beaten  Caffius  near  Philip- 
pi,  as  others  have  related  ;  but  after  the  yiftory,  Cefar  went 
into  Gaul,  |  Italy]  and  Antony  marched  for  Afia,  who  when 
he  was  arrived  at  Bithynia,  he  had  amballadors  that  met  him 
from  all  parts.  The  principal  men  alfo  of  the  Jews  came 

'   In  this  and  the  following  chapter!   the  reader  will   eafily  remark,  how  truly 

•us  obferves,  in  his  notes  on  the   Roman  decrees   in  favour  of  the  Jews, 

tfcat  their  rights  and  privileges   were  commonly  purchafcd   of  the  Romans   with 

money.      Many  examples  of  this  fort,  both  s-,  'to  the  Romans,    and  others    in  au- 

•vill  occur  iu  our  Jofephus,  both  now  and  hereafter,  and  need  not  be  taken 

particular  notice  of  on  the  feveral  occafions  in  thefe  notes.     Accordingly   the  chief 

ciptain  confedes  to  .St.  Pa;ii,  that  w;V,4  a  great  fum  k:  had  ol'tained  his  freedom.     Afts 

>.-  h-.u  St.  Paul's  Miceftors,  very  probably,  purchafedthe  like  freed ota  foe 

:hfir  family  by  monry.  as  the  fame  author  iuftlv  concludes  alfo, 

VOL.  II,  U 


154  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book 

thither,  to  accufe  Phafaelus,  and  Herod,  and  they  faid,  that 
Hyrcanus  had  indeed  the  appearance  of  reigning,  but  that 
thefe  men  had  all  the  power  ;  but  Antony  paid  great  refpeft 
to  Herod,  who  was  come  to  him  to  make  his  defence  againft 
his  accufers,  on  which  account  his  adverfarits  could  not  fo 
much  as  obtain  an  hearing  ;  which  favour  Herod  had  gained 
of  Antony  by  money.  But  ftill,  when  Antony  was  come  to 
Ephefus,  Hyrcanus  the  high  prieft,  and  our  notion  fent  an 
embafTage  to  him  which  carried  a  crown  of  gold  with  them, 
and  defired  that  he  would  write  to  the  governors  ot  the  prov- 
inces, to  fet  thofe  Jews  free  who  had  been  earned  captive  by 
Gaffius,  and  this  without  their  having  fought  againft  him,  and 
to  reftore  them  that  country,  which,  in  the  days  ot  Cafllus, 
had  been  taken  from  them.  Antony  thought  the  Jews  defires- 
were  juft,  and  wrote  immediately  to  Hyrcanus,  and  to  the 
Jews.  He  alfo  lent,  at  the  fame  time,  a  decree  to  the  Tyri- 
ans  ;  the  contents  of  which  were  to  the  fame  purpofe. 

3  "  Marcus  Antonius  imperator,  to  Hyrcanus  the  high  prieft 
and  ethnarch  of  the  Jews,  fendeth  greeting  :  If  you  be  in 
health,  it  is  well  ;  1  am  alfo  in  health,  with  the  army.  Ly- 
fimachus,  the  fon  ot  Paufanius,  and  Jofephus  the  fon  of  Men- 
neus,  and  Alexander  the  fon  of  Theodorus,your  ambafJadors, 
met  me  at  Ephefus,  and  have  renewed  that  embaffage  which 
they  had  formerly  been  upon  at  Rome  and  have  diligently 
acquitted  themfelves  of  the  prefent  emba  i^age,  which  thou  and 
thy  nation  have  intruded  to  them,  and  have  fully  declared 
the  good  will  thou  haft  for  us.  I  am  therefore  fatisfied,  both 
by  your  actions,  and  your  words,  that  you  are  well  diipofed 
to  us  ;  and  I  underftand  that  your  conduct  of  life  is  conftant 
and  religious  ;  fo  I  reckon  upon  you  as  our  own  :  But  when 
thofe  that  were  adverfaries  to  you,  and  to  the  Roman  people, 
and  abftained  neither  from  cities  nor  temples,  and  did  not  ob- 
ierve  the  agreement  they  had  confirmed  by  oath,  it  was  not 
only  on  account  of  our  conteft  with  them,  but  on  account  of 
all  mankind  in  common,  that  we  have  taken  vengeance  on 
thole  who  have  been  the  authors  ot  great  inj  uftice  towards  men, 
and  of  great  wickednefs  towards  the  gods ;  lor  the  fake  ot  which 
•we  fuppofe  it  \v as  that  the  *  fun  turned  away  his  light  from  us, 
as  unwilling  to  view  the  horrid  crime  they  were  guilty  ot  in 
the.  cafe  oi  Ccfar.  We  have  alfo  overcome  their  confpiracies, 
which  threatened  the  gods  themfelves,  which  Macedonia  re- 
ceived, as  it  is  a  climate  peculiarly  proper  for  impious  and  in- 
folent  attempts  ;  and  we  have  overcome  that  confufed  rout  of 
men,  halt  mad  with  fpite  againft  us,  which  they  got  together 
at  Plulippi,  in  Macedonia,  when  they  feized  on  theplaces  that 

*  This  dauie  plainly  alludes  to  lhat  well  known  but  unufual  and  very  long  dark- 
nefs  of  the  Inn,  which  happened  upon  the  murder  ot  Julius  Caefar  by  Brutus  and 
Callus  ;  which  is  greatly  taken  notice  of  by  Virgi!,  Pliny,  and  other  Ron-an  au- 
thors. Sec  Y  i rail's  Georgieks,  Book  I,  juft  before  the  eiid  ;  and  Pliny's  Nat.  Hift. 
B.  II.  ch.  xxx. 


XII.          ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  155 

were  proper  for  their  purpofe,  and,  as  it  were,  walled  them 
•round  with  mountains  to  the  very  fea,  and  where  the  paflage 
was  open  only  through  a  (ingle  gate.  This  victory  we  gained, 
•becaufe  the  go;ls  had  condemned  thefe  men  tor  their  wicked 
enterprises.  Now  Brutus,  when  he  had  fled  as  far  as  Phillip- 
pi,  was  fhut  up  by  us,  and  became  a  partaker  of  the  fame  per- 
dition with  C.-iflius  ;  and  now  thefe  have  received  their  pun- 
iflnijeht  we  ftippore,  that  we  may  enjoy  peace  for  the  time  to 
corne,  and  that  Afia  may  be  at  reft  from  war.  We  therefore 
make  that  peace  which  God  hath  given  us  common  to  our 
confederates  alfo,  infomuch  that  the  body  of  Afia  is  now  re- 
covered out  of  that  diftemper  it  was  under  by  the  means  of 
our  viclory.  I,  therefore,  hearing  in  mind  both  thee,  and  your 
nation,  ihall  take  care  of  what  may  he  tor  your  advantage.  I 
have  alfo  fent  epiltles  in  writing  to  the  feveral  cities,  thai  if  a- 
ny  perlons,  whether  freemen  or  bondmen,  have  been  {old  un- 
der the  fpearby  Caius  Cafiius,  or  his  fabord mate  officers,  they 
may  be  fet  free.  And  I  will  that  you  kindly  make  ufeof  the 
favours  which  I  and  Dolabella  have  granted  you.  I  alfo  for- 
bid the  Tyrians  to  life  any  violence  with  you  ;  and  for  what 
places  of  the  Jews  they  now  pOiTefs,  I  order  them  to  reftore 
them.  I  have  withal  accepted  of  the  crown  which  thou  fent- 
eft  me/' 

4.  ''  Marcus  Antonius  imperator.  to  the  magiftrates,  fenate, 
and  people  of  Tyre,  fendeth  greeting  :  The  ambaffadors  ot 
Hyrcanus  the  high  priefl  andethnarch  [of  the  Jews.]  appeared 
•before  me  at  Ephefus  and  told  me.  that  you  are  in  poilefTion 
of  part  of  their  country  which  you  entered  upon  under  the 
•government  of  our  adverfaries.  Since,  therefore  we  have  un- 
dertaken a  war  for  the  obtaining  the  government,  and  have 
taken  care  to  do  what  was  agreeable  to  piety  and  juftice  and 
have  brought  to  punifhment  thofe  that  had  neither  any  re- 
membrance of  the  kindnelles  they  had  received  nor  have  kept 
their  oaths,  I  will  that  you  be  at  peace  with  thofe  that  are  our 
confederates  ;  asaHo  that  what  you  have  taken  by  the  means 
of  our  adverfaries  (hall  not  be  reckoned  your  own,  but  be  re- 
turned to  thofe  from  whom  you  took  them  ;  for  none  of  them 
took  their  provinces  or  their  armies  by  the  gift  ot  the  fenate, 
but  they  leizedthemby  force,  and  bellowed  them  by  violence 
upon  fuch  as  become  ufeful  to  them  in  their  unjuft  proceed- 
ings. Since,  therefore,  thofe  men  have  received  the  punilh- 
ment  due  to  them,  we  defire  that  our  confederates  may  retain 
whatfoever  it  was  that  they  formerly  poiTelled  without  dif- 
turbance.  and  that  you  reftore  all  the  places  which  belong  to 
Hyrcanus  the  ethnarch  of  the  Jews  which  you  have  had,  tho' 
it  were  but  one  day  before  Caius  Caflius  began  an  unjuftifia- 
ble  war  againft  us,  and  entered  into  our  province;  nor  do  you 
ufe  any  force  againft  him,  in  order  to  weaken  him,  that  he 
may  not  be  able  to  difpofe  of  that  which  is  his  own,  but  if  you 
have  any  conteft  with  him  about  your  refpe£live  rights,  it 


156  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XIV. 

fhall  be  lawful  for  you  to  plead  your.caufe  when  we  come 
upon  the  places  concerned  for  we  (hall  alike  preferve  the 
rights,  and  hear  all  the  caufes  of  our  confederate's." 

5.  "  Marcus  Antonius  imperator,  to  the  magiftrates,  fenate, 
and  people  of  Tyre    fendeth  greeting  :  I  have  lent  you  n:y 
decree,  of  which  I  will  that,  ye  take  care  that  it  be  engraven 
on  the  public  tables,  in  Roman  and  Greek  letters,  and  that  if 
ftand  engraven  in  the  mod  illultrious  places    that  it  may  be 
read  by  all."      Marcus  Antonius,   imperator,   one  of  the  tri- 
urnverate  over  the  public  affairs,  made  this  declaration  :  "Since 
Caius  Caffius  in  this  revolt  he  hath  made,  ruth  pillaged  that 
province  which  belonged  not  to  him,  and  was  held  by  garri- 
fons  there  encamped,  while  they  were  our  confederates,  and 
hath  fpoiled  that  nation  of    the   Jews   that  was   in  frieii 
With  the  Roman  people,  as  in  war  ;  and  fince  we  have  over- 
come his  madneis  by  arms,  we  now  correct  by  our  decrees 
and  judicial  determination  what  he  hath  laid  waftc,  that  thofe 
things  may  be  reftored  to  our  confederates.      And  as  tor  what 
hath  been  fo!d  of  the  Jewiih  poffeilions,  whether  they  be  bo- 
dies or  pofleilions  let  them  be  releafed    the  bodies   into  that 
Jtate  of  freedom  they  were  originally   in,  and  the  poffeflions 
to  their  former  owners.      I  alfo  will,   that  he  who  mail  nor 
comply  with  this  decree  of  mine,  (hall  be  puniflied  for  his  <uf- 
obedience  ;  and  if  fuch  an  one.   be  caught,  I    will  take  care 
that  the  offenders  fuffer  condign  punifhment." 

6.  The  fame  thing  did  Antony  write  to  the  Sidonians,  and 
the  Antiochians,  and  the  Aradians.     We  have  produced 
decrees,  therefore,  as  marks  tor  futurity  of  the  truth  of  wha.t 
•we  have  faid,  that  the  Romans  had  a  great  concern  about  ou; 
nation. 


CHAP.    XIII. 

flow  Antony  made  Herod  and  Phafae.lus  Tetrarcks,  after  they- 
had  been  accufed  to  no  purpofc  ;  andkmu  the  Parthians,  when 
they  brought  Antigonus  into  Judea,  took  Hyrcanus  and  Pha- 
faelus  captives.  Herod's  flight  ;  and  what  afflidions  IlyrcA*, 
nus  and  Phafaelus  endured. 

$  I.  T  X  7HEN  after  this  Antony  came  into  Syria,  Cleopa- 
VV  tramethimin  Cilicia,  and  brought  him  to  tall 
in  love  with  her.  And  there  came  now  alfo  an  hundred  of 
the  moft  potent  of  the  Jews  to  accufe  Herod  and  thofe  about 
him,  and  fct  the  men  of  the  greatcft  eloquence  among  them  to 
fpeak.  But  MefTala  contradicted  them,  en  behalf  of  the  young 
men,  and  all  this  in  the  prefenceoi  Hyrcanus,  who  was  *  Her- 

*  We  may  her?  take  notice,  that  efpnvfah  alone  were  of  old  efleemed  a  Cuff cient 
foundation  for  affinity  Hyrcanus  being  here  called  father-in-law  to  Herod, 
bis  grand-daughter  Mariamne  was  betrothed  to  him,  although  the  man ia^. 
«ot  completed  till  four  yeirs  afur-.yard.     See  Matt  i.  Ife 


Chap.   XIII.]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  Iff 

cd's  father-in-law  already.  When  Antony  had  heard  both 
fides  at  Daphne,  he  afked  Hyrcanus  who  they  were  that  gov- 
erned the  nation  beft  ?  He  replied,  Herod  and  his  friends. 
Hereupon  Antony,  by  reafon  of  the  old  hofpitable  friendihip 
he  had  made  with  his  lather  [Antipater],  at  that  time  when  he 
was  with  Gabinius,  he  made  both  Herod  and  Phafaelus  te- 
trarchs,  and  committed  the  public  affairs  of  the  Jews  to  them, 
and  wrote  letters  to  that  purpofe.  He  alfo  bound  fifteen  of 
fheir  adv  rfaries,  and  was  going  to  kill  them,  but  that  Herod 
*btained  their  pardon. 

2.  Yet  did  not  thefe  men  continue  quiet  when  they  were 
come  back,  but  a  thoufand  of  the  Jews  came  to  Tyre  to  meet 
him  there,  whither  the  report  was  that  he  would  come.  But 
Antony  was  corrupted  by  the  money  which  Herod  and  his 
brother  had  given  him,  and  fo  he  gave  order  to  the  governor 
of  the  place  to  punifli  the  Jewifh  ambafladors,  who  were  for 
making  innovations,  and  to  fettle  the  government  upon  Her- 
od :  But  Herod  went  out  haftily  to  them,  and  Hyrcanus  was 
with  him  'for  they  flood  upon  the  Ihore  before  the  cityj,  and 
he  charged  them  to  go  their  ways,  becaufe  great  mifchief  would 
befal  them  if  they  went  on  with  their  accufation.  But  they 
did  not  acquielce  :  Whereupon  the  Romans  ran  upon  them 
with  their  daggers,  and  Hew  fome,  and  wounded  more  of  them, 
and  the  reft  fled  away,  and  went  home,  and  lay  flill  in  great 
conflernation  :  And  when  the  people  made  a  clamour  againfl 
Herod,  Antony  was  fo  provoked  at  it  that  he  Ikw  the  pnfon- 
«rs. 

3.  Now,  in  the  fecond  year,  Pacorus,  the  king  of  Parthia's 
fon,  and  Barzapharnes,  a  commander  of  the  Part  hians,  poflef- 
fed  themfdves  of  Syria.  Ptolemy,  the. fon  of  Menneus,  alfo 
was  now  dead,  and  Lyfanias  his  fon  took  his  government,  and 
made  a  league  of  friendfhip  with  Antigonus,  the  fon  of  Arif- 
tobulus  ;  and  in  order  to  obtain  it,  made  ufeot  that  comman- 
der who  had  great  intereft  in  him.  Now  Antigonus  had 
promifed  to  give  the  Partisans  a  thoufand  talents,  and  five 
hundred  women,  upon  condition  they  would  take  the  govern- 
ment away  from  Hyrcanus,  and  bellow  it  upon  him,  and 
withal  kill  Herod.  And  although  he  did  not  give  them  what 
he  had  promifed,  yet  did  the  Parthians  make  an  expedition  in- 
to Judea  on  that  account,  and  carried  Antigonus  with  them. 
-Facorus  went  along  the  maratime  parts,  but  the  com- 
mander Barzapharnes,  through  the  midland.  Now  the  Tyri- 
•ans  excluded  Pacorus,  but  the  Sidonians,  and  thole  of  Ptole- 
jnais,  received  him.  However,  Pacorus  fent  a  troop  of  horfe- 
men  into  Judea,  to  take  a  view  of  the  Hate  of  the  country, 
and  to  aflnl  Antigonus  ;  and  fent  alfo  the  king's  butler,  ot 
the  fame  name  with  himfelf.  So  when  the  Jews  that  dwelt  a- 
bout  mount  Carmel  came  to  Antigonus,  and  were  ready  to 
inarch  with  him  into  Judea,  Antigonus  hoped  to  get  fome 
part  of  the  country  by  their  affifiance.  The  place  is  callei 


158  ANTIQUITIES    OF   THE   JEWS.       [Book.  XIV, 

Drymi;  and  when  fome  other  came  and  met  them,  the  men 
privately  fell  upon  Jerufalern  ;  and  when  fome  more  were 
come  to  them,  they  got  together  in  great  numbers,  and  came 
againft  the  king's  palace,  and  befieged  it.  But  as  Phafaelus's 
and  Herod's  party  came  to  the  other's  affiftance,  and  a  battle 
happened  between  them  in  the  market-place,  the  young  men 
beat  their  enemies,  and  purfued  them  into  the  temple,  and  fent 
fome  armed  men  into  the  adjoining  houfes,  to  keep  them  in, 
•who  yet  being  deftitute  of  fuch  as  Ihould  fupport  them,  were 
burnt,  and  the  houfes  with  them,  by  the  people  who  rofe 
up  againft  them.  But  Herod  was  revenged  on  thefe  feditious 
adverfaries  of  his  a  little  afterward  for  this  injury  they  had  of- 
fered him,  when  he  fought  with  them,  and  flew  a  great  num- 
ber of  them. 

4.  But  while  there  were  daily  fkirmifhes,  the  enemy  waited 
for  the  coming  of  the  multitude  out  of  the   country  to  Pente- 
coft,  a  fealt  o\  ours  fo  called  :   And  when  that  day  was  come, 
many  ten  thoufandsof  the  people  were  gathered  together  about 
the  temple,  fome  in  armour,  and  fome  without.     Now  thofe 
that  came,  guarded  both  the   temple  and  the  city,  excepting 
what  belonged  to  the  palace,  which  Herod  guarded  with  a  few 
of  his  foldiers  ;  and  Piialaelus  had  the  charge  of  the  wall,  while 
Herod,  with  a  body  of  his  men,  fallied  out  upon  the   enemy, 
who  lay  in  the  fuburbs,  and  fought  courageoufly,  and  put  ma- 
ny ten  thouiands  to  flight,  fome  flying  into  the  city,  and  fome 
into  the  temple,  and  fome  into  the  outer  fortifications,  lor  fame 
fuch  fortifications  there  were  in  that  place.     Phafaelus  came 
alfo  to  his  afliftance  ;  yet  was  P<tcorus,  the  genera!  ot  the  Par- 
thians,  at  the  defire  ot  Antigonus,  admitted  into  the  city,  with 
a  tew  of  his  horfevncn,  under  pretence  indeed  as  it  he  would 
ftill  the  fedition,  but  in  reality  to  affiit  Antigonus  in  obtaining 
the  government.     And  when  Phafaelus  met  him,  and  received 
him  kindly,  Pacorus  perluaded  him  to  go  himfelf  as  ambafla- 
dor  to  Barzapharnes,  which  was  done  fraudulently.    Accor- 
dingly,    Phafaelus,  fufpecHng  no   harm,   complied  with   hii 
propofal,  while  Herod  did  not  give  hisconfentto  what  was  done, 
becaufe  of  the  pen'idioufnefs  of  thefe   Barbarians,  but  defired 
Phafaelus  rather  to  fight  thole  that  were  come  into  the  city. 

5.  So  both  Hyrcanus  and  Phafaelus  went  on  the  embaffage; 
but  Pacorus  left  with  Herod  two  hundred  horfemen,  and  ten 
men,  who  were  called,    The  freemen  ;   and  conducted  the  oth- 
ers on    their  journey  ;  and    when  they  were  in  Galilee,  the 
governors  of  the  cities  there  met  them  in  their,  arms.     Bar- 
zapharnes  alfo  received    them  at   the  firft  with  cheerfulnefs, 
and  made  them  prefents,  though  he  afterward  confpired  againft 
them;  and  Phafaelus,  with  his  horfemen    were  conducted  to 
ihe  fea  fide  :  But  when  they  heard  that  Antigonus  had  prom- 
ifed  to  give  the  Parthians  a  thoufand  talents,  and  five  hundred 
women,  to  a  (lift  him,  ngainfl  them,  they  foon  had  a  fufpicion 
of  die  Barbarians.     Moreover,  there  was  one  who  ini@rnie4 


Chap.   XIII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  15$ 

them  that  fnares  were  laid  for  them  by  night,  while  a  guard 
came  fecretly,  and  they  had  then  been  feized  upon,  had  not 
they  waited  for  the  feizure  of  Herod  by  the  Parthians,  that 
were  about  Jerufalem,  left,  upon  the  (laughter  of  Hyrcanu* 
and  Phafaelus,  be  fhould  have  an  intimation  of  it,  and  efcape 
out  of  their  hands.  And  thefe  were  the  circumflances  they  were 
now  in  ;  and  they  faw  who  they  were  that  guarded  them.  Some 
perfons  indeed  would  have  perfuaded  Phafaelus  to  fly  away  im- 
mediately on  horfeback,  and  not  Hay  any  longer ;  and  there  was 
one  Ophellius  who,  above  all  the  reft  was  earneft  with  him  to  do 
io,  for  he  had  heard  of  this  treachery  from  Saramalla,  the  richeft 
of  all  the  Syrians  at  that  time,  who  alfo  promifed  fo  provide 
him  mips  to  carry  him  off;  for  the  Tea  was  juft  by  them  :  But 
he  had  no  mind  to  defert  H-yrcanus,  nor  bring  his  brother  into 
danger  ;  but  he  went  to  Barzapharnes,  and  told  him,  he  did 
j}ot  act  juftiy  when  he  made  fuch  a  contrivance  againft  them, 
for  that  if  he  wanted  money,  he  would  give  him  more  than 
Antigonus ;  and  befides,  that  it  was  an  horrible  thing  to  flay 
thofe  that  came  to  him  upon  the  fecurity  of  their  oaths,  and 
that  when  they  had  done  them  no  injury.  But  the  Barbarians 
fwore  to  him,  that  there  was  no  truth  iu  any  of  his  fufpicions, 
but  that  he  was  troubled  with  nothing  but  falle  propofals,  and 
then  went  away  to  Pacorus. 

6.  But  as  foon  as  he  was  gone   away,   fome  men  came  and 
bound  Hyrcanus  and  Phafaelus,  while  Phafaelus,   greatly   re- 
proached the  Parthians  for  their  perjury.  However,  that  but- 
ler  who  was  fent  againft  Herod  had  it  in  command  to  get  him. 
without  the  wails  of  the  city,  and  feize  upon  him  ;  but  meffen- 
gers  had  been  fent  by   Phafaelus  to  inform  Herod  of  the  per- 
fidioufnefs  ot  the  Parthians  :  And  when  he  knew  that  the  en- 
emy had  feized  upon  them,  he  went  to  Pacorus,  and  to  the 
mod   potent  otthe  Parthians,  as  to  the  lords  of  the  reft,  who, 
although  they  knew  the  whole  matter,  diffembled  with  him  in 
a  deceitful  way  ;  and  faid,  "  That  he  ought  to  go   out  with 
them  before  the  walls,  and  meet  thofe  which  were  bringing 
him  his  letters,  tor  that  they  were  not  taken  by  his  adverfaries,. 
but  were  coming  to  give  him  an  account  of    the  good  fuccefs 
Phafaelus  had  had."     Herod  did  not  give  credit  to  what  they 
faid  ;  for  he  had  heard  that  his  brother  was  feized  upon  by  oth- 
ers alfo  :  And  the  daughter  ot  Hyrcanus,  whole  daughter  he 
had  efpoufed,  was  his  monitor  alfo  [riot  to  credit  them,  J  which 
made  him  ftill  more  fufpicious  ol  the  Parthians,  tor  although 
other  people  did  not  give  heed  to  her,  yet  did  he  believe  her, 
as  a  woman  of  very  great  wifdom. 

7.  Now  while  theParthians  were  in  confultation  what  was 
fit  to  be  done  ;  for  they  did  not  think  it  proper  to  make  an  o- 
pen  attempt  upon  a  perfon  of  his  character;  and  while  they 
put  off  the  determination  to  the  next  day,    Herod  was  under 
great  difturbance  of  mind,  and  rather  inclining  to  believe  the 
reports  he  heard  about  his  brother  and  the  Parthians,  than  t« 


l66  ANTIQUITIES    O?    THE   JBWS.      [Book  XIV. 

give  heed  to  wh.it  was  faid  on  the  other  fide,  he  determined,  that 
•when  the  evening  came  on,  he  would  make  ufe  ot  it  tor 
his  flight,  and  not  make  any  longer  delay  as  it  the  dangers 
from  the  enemy  were  not,  yet  certain.  He  therefore  removed 
with  the  armed  men  whom  he  had  with  him:  And  fet  hi$ 
wives  upon  the  h calls,  as  a!fo  his  mother,  and  fifter,  and  her 
whom  he  was  about  to  marry,  [Mariamne]  the  daughter  ot 
Alexander,  the  Con  of  Ariftobulus,  with  her  mother,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Hyrcanus,  and  his  yonngeft  brother,  and  ;>11  their  fei  v- 
ants,  and  the  reft  of  the  multitude  that  was  with  him,  and 
without  the  enemies  privity  purfued  his  way  to  Idumea  :  Nov 
could  any  enemy  of  his,  who  then  faw  him  in  this  cafe  be  ib 
hard  hearted,  but  would  have  cornmiferatedhis  fortune,  while 
the  women  drew  along  their  infant  children,  and  left  their  own 
country,  and  their  friends  in  prifon,  with  tears,  in  their  eyes 
and  faid  lamentations,  and  in  expectation  of  nothing  but  what 
was  of  a  melancholy  nature. 

8.  But  for  Herod  himfelf,  he  raifed  his  mind  above  the  mif- 
crable  ftate  he  was  in,  and  was  of  good  courage  in  the  midffc 
of  hismisfortunes  ;  and, as  he  palled  along, he  bid  thern'every  one 
to  be  of  good  cheer,  and  rfot  to  give  themfelves  up  to  lorrow, 
becaufe  that  would  hinder  them  in  their  flight,  which  wasnow 
the  only  hope  of  fafety  that  they  had.  Accordingly  they  tried  to 
bear  with  patience  the  calamity  they  were  under,  as  he  exhort- 
ed them  to  do  ;  yet  -was  he  once  almoft  going  to  kill  himfelf, 
upon  the  overthrow  of  a  waggon,  and  the  danger  his  mother 
was  then  inot  being  killed,  and  this  on  two  accounts,  becaufe 
of  his  great  concern  for  her,  and  becaufe  he  was  afraid  left, 
by  this  delay,  the  enemy  mould  overtake  him  in  the  purfuit; 
but  as  he  was  drawing  his  fword,  and  going  to  kill  himfelf 
therewith,  thofe  that  were  prefent  reflramed  him    and  being 
fo  many  in  number  were  too  hard  for  him  ;  and  told  them,  that 
he  ought  to  defert  them  and  leave  them  a  pray  to  their  ene- 
mies, for  that  it  was  not  the  part  of  a  brave  man  to  free  himfelf 
from  the  diftreffes  he  was  in,  and  to  overlook  his  friends  that 
were  in  the   fame  diftreffes  alfo.     So  he  was  compelled  to  let 
that  horrid   attempt  alone  ;  partly  out  of  fhame  at  what  they 
faid  to  him,  and  partly  out  of  regard  to  the  great  number  of 
thofe  that  would  not  permit  him  to  do  what  he  intended. So  he 
encouraged  his  mother,  and  took  all  the  care  of  her  the  time 
would   allow,  and  proceeded  on  the  way  he   propofed  to  go 
with  the  utmoft  hafte,  and  that  was  to  the  fortrefs  of  Mafada. 
And  as  he  had  many  fkirmi(hcs  with  fuch  ot  the  Parthians   as 
attacked  him,  and  purfued  him  he  was  conqueror  in  them  all. 

9.  Nor  indeed  was   he  free  from  the  Jews  all  along  as  he 
was  in  his  flight ;  tor  by  that  time  he  was  gotten  fixty  furlongs 
out  ot  the  city,  and  was  upon  the  road,  they  fell  upon  him, 
and  fought  hand  to  hand  with  him, whom  they  alfo  put  to  flight, 
and  overcame,  not  like  one  that  was  in  dilirefs,  and  in  neceffi- 
ty,  but  like  one  that  was  excellently  prepared  tor  war,  and  had 


Chap.  XllI.J     ANTIQUITIES  0?  THE  JE\VS,  i6l 

what  he  wanted  in  great  plenty.  And  in  this  very  place  where 
he  overcame  the  Jews  it  was  that  he  fome  time  afterward 
built  a  moft  excellent  palace,  and  a  city  round  about  it,  and 
called  it  khr odium.  And  when  he  was  come  to  Idumea,  at  a 
piace  called  ThreJJa*  his  brother  Jofeph  met  him,  and  he  then 
held  a  council  to  take  advice  about  all  his  affairs,  and  what 
was  fit  to  be  done  in  his  circumftances,  fince  he  had  a  great 
multitude  that  followed  him,  befides  his  mercenary  foldiers, 
and  the  place  Mafada,  whither  he  propofed  to  fly,  was  too 
fmall  to  contain  lo  great  a  multitude  ;  fo  he  lent  away  the 
greater  part  of  his  company,  being  above  nine  thoufand,  and 
bid  them  go,  fome  one  way,  and  fome  another,  and  fo  fave 
themfeives  in  Idumea,  and  gave  them  what  would  buy  them 
provifions  in  their  journey  ;  but  he  took  with  him  thofe  that 
were  leaft  incumbered,  and  were  moft  intimate  with  him,  and 
came  to  the  fortrefs,  and  placed  there  his  wives,  and  his  fol- 
lowers, being  eight  hundred  in  number,  there  being  in  the 
place  a  fufricient  quantity  of  corn  and  water,  and  other  necef- 
faries,  and  went  directly  for  Petra,  in  Arabia.  But  when  it 
was  day,  the  Parthians  plundered  all  Jerufalem,  and  the  pal- 
ace, and  abstained  from  nothing  but  Hyrcanus's  money,  which 
was  three  hundred  talents.  A  great  deal  of  Herod's  money 
efcaped,  and  principally  all  that  the  man  had  been  fo  provi- 
dent as  to  (end  into  Idumea  betore-hand  :  Nor  indeed  did  what 
was  in  the  city  fuffice  the  Parthians,  but  they  went  out  into 
the  country,  and  plundered  it,  and  demohihed  the  city  Marif- 
fa. 

10.  And  thus  was  Antigomis  brought  back  into  Judea,  by 
the  king  of  the  Parthians,  and  received  Hyrcanus  and  Phafae- 
lus  tor  his  prifoners  ;  but  he  was  greatly  caft  down  becaufe 
the  women  had  efcaped,  whom  he  intended  to  have  given  the 
enemy,  as  having  promifed  they  fhould  have  them,  with  the 
money,  tor  their  reward  :  But  being  afraid  that  Hyrcanus, 
who  was  under  the  guard  of  the  Parthians,  might  have  hi* 
kingdom  reftored  to  him  by  the  multitude,  he  cut  off  his  ears, 
and  thereby  took  care  that  the  high  priefthood  fhould  never 
come  to  him  any  more,  becaufe  he  was  maimed,  while  the  ** 
law  required  that  this  dignity  fhould  belong  to  none  but  fuch 
as  had  all  their  members  entire.  But  now  one  cannot  but  here 
admire  the  fortitude  of  Phafaelus,  who  perceiving  that  he  was 
to  be  put  to  death,  did  not  think  death  any  terrible  thing  at  all, 
but  to  die  thus  by  the  means  of  his  enemy,  this  he  thought  a 
moft  pitiable  and  dishonourable  thing,  and  therefore,  fince  he 
had  not  his  hands  at  liberty,  but  the  bonds  he  was  in,  prevent- 
ed him  from  killing  himfelt  thereby,  hedafhed  his  head  againft 
a  great  ftone,  and  thereby  took  away  his  own  lite,  which  he 
thought  to  be  the  belt  thing,  he  could  do  in  fuch  a  diftrefs  aa 

»  This  law  of  Mofes,  that  the  prkfts  were  to  b«  withntt  lltmijh,  a*  t* all  &«  Part* 
Qf  their  bodies,  is  in  Lev  it.  xxi.  17, — 2^. 

VOL.  II  W 


102  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XIV, 

he  was  in,  and  thereby  put  it  out  of  the  power  of  the  enemy  to 
bring  him  to  any  death  he  pleaft-d.  It  is  alfo  reported,  that 
when  he  had  made  a  great  wound  in  his  head,  Antigonus  fent 
Phyficians  to  cure  it,  and  by  ordering  them  to  infufe  poifoa 
into  the  wound,  killed  him.  HI  wever,  Phafaelus  hearing,  be- 
fore he  was  quite  dead,  by  a  certain  woman,  that  his  brother 
Herod  had  efcaped  the  enemy,  underwent  his  death  cheer rul- 
ly,  fince  he  now  leit  behind  him  one  who  would  revenge  his 
death,  and  who  was  able  to  inflift  punilhinent  on  his  enemies. 


CHAP.    XIV. 

Hew  Herod  got  away  from  the  King  of  Arabia ,  and  made  najh 
to  go  into  Egypt,  and  thence  went  in  hajle  aljo  to  Rome  ;  and 
how,  by  promying  a  great  deal  of  Money  to  Antony,  he  ob- 
tained of  the,  Senate,  and  .<?/  Cafar  to  be.  made  King  of  the 
Jews. 

$  i.  A  S  for  Herod,  the  great  miferies  he  was  in  did  not  dif- 
jT\  courage  him,  but  made  him  fharp  in  difcovering 
furprifing  undertakings  ;  for  he  went  to  Malchus,  king  of  A- 
yabia,  whom  he  had  formerly  been  very  kind  to,  in  order  to 
receive  fomewhat  by  way  of  requital,  now  he  was  in  more  than 
ordinary  want  of  it,  and  defired  he  would  let  him  have  fome 
money,  either  by  way  of  loan,  or  as  his  free  gift,  on  account 
of  the  many  benefits  he  had  received  from  him,  for  not  know- 
ing what  was  become  of  his  brother,  he  was  in  hafte  to  redeem 
him  out  of  the  hand  of  his  enemies,  as  willing  to  give  three 
hundred  talents  for  the  price  of  his  redemption.  He  alfo  took 
with  him  the  fon  of  Phafaelus,  who  was  a  child  of  but  feven 
years  of  age  for  this  very  reafon  that  he  might  be  an  hoftage 
for  the  repayment  of  the  money  :  But  there  came  meffengers 
from  Malchus  to  meet  him,  by  whom  he  was  defired  to  be 
gone,  for  that  the  Parthians  had  laid  a  charge  upon  him  not  to 
entertain  Herod.  This  was  only  a  pretence,  which  he  made 
ufe  of  that  he  might  not  be  obliged  to  repay  him  what  he  ow- 
ed him  ;  and  this  he  was  farther  induced  to,  by  the  principal 
men  among  the  Arabians,  that  they  might  cheat  him  of  what 
fums  they  had  received  from  [his  father]  Antipater,  and  which 
he  had  committed  to  their  fidelity.  He  made  anfwer,  that  he 
did  not  intend  to  be  troubleiome  to  them  by  his  coming  thith- 
er, but  that  he  defired  only  to  difcourfe  with  them  about  cer- 
tain affairs  that  were  to  him  of  the  greateft  importance. 

2.  Hereupon  he  refolved  to  go  away,  and  did  go  very  pru- 
dently the  road  to  Egypt ;  and  then  it  was  that  he  lodged  in  a 
certain  temple,  for  he  had  left  a  great  many  of  his  follower* 
there.  On  the  next  day  he  came  to  Rhinocolura,  and  there 
it  was'that  he  heard  what  was  befallen  his  brother.  Though. 
Malchu*  foon  repented  of  what  he  had  done,  and  came  run- 


Chap.  XIV.]    ANTIQUITIES  or  THE  JEWS.  163 

ning  after  Herod,  but  with  no  manner  of  fuccefs,  for  he  was 
gotten  a  very  great  way  off,  and  made  hafte  into  the  road  to 
Pelufium  ;  and  when  the  ftationary  fhips  that  lay  there  hinder- 
ed him  from  failing  to  Alexandria,  he  went  to  their  captains, 
by  whofe  afkftance,  and  that  out  of  much  reverence  of  and 
great  regard  to  him,  he  was  condu6ied  into  the  city  [Alexan- 
dria,j  and  was  retained  there  by  Cleopatra,  yet  wa^  me  not  a- 
bleto  prevail  with  him  to  flay  there,  hecaufe  he  was  making 
haite  to  Rome,  even  though  the  weather  was  ftormy,  and  he 
was  informed  that  the  affairs  of  Italy  was  very  tumultuous, 
and  in  great  diibrder. 

3.  So  he  fet  fail  from  thence  to  Pamphylia,  and  falling  into 
a  violent  ftorm,  he  had  much  ado  to  efcape  to  Rhodes,  with 
the  lofs  of  the  Ihip's  burden  ;  and  there  it  was  that  two  ot    his 
friends,  Sappinas  and  Ptolemeus  met   with  him  :  And  as  he 
found  that  city  very  much  damaged  in  the  war  againft  Caffius, 
though  he  were  in  necefli'y  himlelf,  he  negletied  not  to  do  it 
a  kindnefs,  but  did  what  he  could  to  recover  it  to  its  former 
flate.     He  alfo  built  there  a  three   decked   fhip,  and  fet  fail 
thence,  with  his  friends,  for  Italy,  and  came  to  the  port  of 
Brundufium  :  And  when  he  was  come  from  thence  to  Rome, 
he  firft  related  to  Antony  what  had  befallen  him  in  Judea,  and 
how  Phafaelus  his  brother  was  feized  on  by  the  Paithians,  and 
put  to  death  by  them,. and  how  Hyrcanus  was  detained  cap- 
five  by  them,  and  how  they  had  made  Antigonus  king,  who 
had  promifed  them  a   fum  ot  money,  no  lefs  than  a  thoufand 
talents,  with  five  hundred  women,  who  were  to  be  of  the  prin- 
cipal families,  and  ot  the  Jewifh  Itock,  and  that  he  had  carried 
oft  the  women  by  night,  and  that,  by   undergoing  a  great  ma- 
ny hardfhips,  he  had  efcaped  the  hands  ot  his  enemies  ;   as  al- 
fo, that  his  own  relations  were  in  danger  ot  being  befieged  and 
taken,  and  that  he  Had  failed  thro'  a  ftorm,  and  contemned  all 
thefe  terrible  dangers  of  it,  in  order  to  come,  as  loon  as  poffi- 
ble,  to  him,  who  was  his  hope  and  only  fuccour  at  this  time. 

4.  This  account  made  Antony    commifferate  *  the   change 
that  had  happened  in  Herod's  condition  ;  and  reafoning  with 
himfelf  that  this  was  a  common  cafe  among  thofe  that  are  pla- 
ced in  fuch  great  dignities,  and  that  they  are  liable  to  the  mu- 
tations that  come  from  fortune,   he  was  very    ready   to  give 
him  the  affiftance  he  defired,  and   this  becaufe  he   called   to 
mind  the  triendfhip  he  had  had  with  Antipater,  becaufe  Herod 
offered  him  money  to  make  him  king,  as    he  had   formerly 
given  it  him  to  make  him  tetrarch,  and  chiefly  1  eraule  ot  his 
hatred  to  Antigonus,  for  he  took  him  to  be  a  teditiuus  perfon. 
and  an  enemy  to  the  Romans.     Cefar  was  alfo  the  forwarder 

*  Concerning  the  chronology  of  Herod,  and  the  time  wfeen  he  was  firft  made 
king  at  Rome,  and  concerning  the  time  when  he  began  his  iecond  reign,  without 
a  rival,  upon  the  conqueft  and  {laughter  of  Antigonus,  both  principal  v  Derived 
from  this  and  the  two  next  chapters  in  Joiephus,  fee  the  n»tc  on  $  6.  and  ch.  xv. 


164  ANTIQUITIES  or  THE  JEWS.    [Book  XIV. 

to  raife  Herod's  dignity,  and  to  give  him  his  afliffance  in  what 
lie  defired,  on  account  ot  the  toils  ot  war  which  he  had  him- 
felt  undergone  with  Antipater  his  father  in  Egypt,  and  ot  the 
hofpitality  he  had  treated  him  withal,  and  the  kindnefs  he  had 
always  (hewed  him  as  alfo  to  gratify  Antony,  who  w?.s  very 
zealous  tor  Herod.  So  a  fenate  was  convocated  ;  and  Me  (la- 
la  firft,  and  then  Atratinus,  introduced  Herod  into  it,  and  en- 
larged upon  the  benefits  they  had  received  from  his.  lather,  ;:i,d 
put  them  in  mind  of  the  good  will  he  had  home  to  the  Ro- 
mans. At  the  fame  time,  they  accuied  Antigonus,  and  declar- 
td  him  an  enemy,  not  only  becaule  of  his  former  oppofition 
to  them,  but  that  he  had  now  overlooked  the  Romans,  and 
taken  the  government  from  the  Parthians.  Upon  this  the 
ienate  was  irritated  ;  and  Antony  informed  them  farther,  that 
it  was  for  their  advantage  in  the  Parthian  war  that  Herod 
fhould  be  king.  This  feetned  good  to  all  the  fenators  ;  and  fo 
they  made  a  decree  accordingly. 

5.  And  this  was  the  principal  inftance  of  Antony's  affeclion 
for  Herod,  t!-.tt  he  not  only   procured  him   a  kingdom  which 
he  did  not  expeft,  (for  he  did  not  come   with  an  intention  to 
afk  the  kingdom  for  him'elf,  which  he  did  not   fuppofe    the 
Romans  would  grant  him,   who  ufed  to  beftow  it  on  fome  ol 
the  royal  family,  but  intended  to  defire  it  for  his  wife's  broth- 
er, who  was  grandfon  by    his  father  to  Arillobulus,  and   to 
Hyrcanus  by  his  mother],  but  that  he  procured  it  for  him  fo 
fuddenly  that  he  obtained  what  he  did  not  expect,  and  depart- 
ed out  of  Italy  in  fo  few  days  as  feven   in   all.      This    young 
man  [the  grandfon]  Herod  afterward  took  care  to  have   (lain, 
as  we  (hall  Ihew  in  its  proper  place,     But  when  the  fenate  was 
diffolved,  Antony  and  Ceiar  went  out   ot   the  fenate    houle, 
with  Herod  between  them,  and   with  the  confuls  and  other 
magiilrates  before  them,  in  order  to  offer  facrifices,  and  to  lay 
up  their  decrees  in  the  capitol.     Antony   alfo   feafted    Herod 
thefiril  day  of  his  reign.     And  thus  did  this  man  receive  the 
kingdom,  having  obtained  it  on  the  hundred  and  eighty  -fourth 
olympiad,  when  Caius  Domitius  Calvinus  was  conful  the  le- 
cond  time,  and  Caius  Afinius  Pollio  [the  firft  timej. 

6.  All  this  while  Antigonus  befieged  thofe  that  were  in  Maf- 
fada,  who  had  plenty  of  all  other  neceffaries,  but  were  only  in 
want  *  ot  water,  infomuch   that  on  this  occafion  Jofephus. 
Herod's  brother,  was   contriving  to  run   away  from  it,    with 
two  hundred  of  his  dependants,  to  the  Arabians  ;    for  he  had 
heard  that  Malchus  repented  of  the  offences  he  had  been  guil- 
ty of  with  regard  to  Herod  ;    but  God,  by  fending  rain  in  the 
night  time,  prevented  his  going  away,   for  their  cifterns  were 
thereby  filled,  and  he  was  under  no  neceflity  of  running  away 
on  that  account ;  But  they  were  now  of  good  courage,  and 

*  This  grievous  want  of  water  at  MafTada,  till  the  place  had  like  to  have  been 
taken  by  the  Parthians,  mentioned  both  here,  and  Of  the  War,  B.  I.  ch.  xv.  $  u 
vol.  III.  is  an  indication  that  it  was  now  fummer  time. 


Chap.  XV.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  165 

the  more  fo,  becaufe  the  fending  that  plenty  ot  water  which 
they  had  been  in  want  of  feemed  a  mark  of  divine  providence ; 
fo  they  made  a  fally,  and  fought  hand  to  hand  with  Antigo- 
nus's  loldiers,  with  fome  openly,  with  fome  privately,  and  de- 
ftroyed  a  great  number  ot  them.  At  the  fame  time,  Ventidius, 
the  general  or  the  Romans,  was  fent  out  of  Syria,  to  drive  the 
Parthians  out  or  it,  and  marched  after  them  into  Judea,  in  pre- 
tence indeed  to  fuccour  Jofeph,  but  in  reality,  the  whole  affair 
was  no  more  than  a  ftratagem,  in  order  to  get  money  of  Anti- 
gonus ;  fo  they  pitched  their  camp  very  near  to  Jerufalem, 
and  wiped  Antigonus  ot  a  great  deal  ot  money,  and  then  he 
retired  himfelt  with  the  greater  part  ot  the  army  ;  but  that  the 
wickednefs  he  had  been  guilty  ot  might  not  be  found  out,  he 
left  Silo  there,  with  a  certain  part  ot  his  foldiers,  with  whom 
alfo  Antigonus  cultivated  an  acquaintance,  that  he  might  caufe 
him  no  diiiurbance,  and  was  ftill  in  hopes  that'the  Parthians 
would  come  again  and  defend  him. 


CHAP.    XV. 

How  Herod  Sailed  out  of  It  ah  to  Judea,  and  Fovght  with  An- 
tigonus ;  and  what  other  things  happened  in  Judea,  about 
that  tune. 

§  I.  "D  Y  this  time  Herod  had  failed  out  of  Italy  to  Ptole- 
JD  mais,  and  had  gotten  together  no  fmall  army,  both 
of  ftrangers  and  ot  his  own  countrymen,  and  marched  through 
Galilee  againft  Antigonus.  Silo  alfo,  and  Ventidius,  came 
and  aflifted  him,  being  perfuaded  by  Dellius,  who  was  lent 
by  Antony  to  aihit  in  bringing  back  Herod,  Now  for  Ven- 
tidius, he  was  employed  in  compofing  the  difturbances  that 
had  been  made  in  the  cities  by  the  means  ot  the  Parthians  ;  and 
for  Silo,  he  was  in  Judea  indeed,  but  corrupted  by  Antigonus. 
However  as  Herocf  went  along  his  army  increafed  every  day. 
and  all  Galilee,  with  fome  frnali  exception,  joined  him  ;  but  as  he 
was  marching  to  thole  that  were  at  Maffada,  for  he  was  obliged 
to  endeavour  to  fave  thole  that  were  in  that  fortrefs,  now  they 
were  befieged,  becaufe  they  were  his  relations;  Joppa  was 
an  hindrance  to  him,  for  it  was  neceflary  for  him  to  take  that 
place  firft,  it  being  a  city  at  variance  with  him,  that  no  flrong 
hold  might  be.  left  in  his  enemies  hands  behind  him  when  he 
fhoujd  goto  Jerufalem  :  And  when  Silo  made  this  a  pretence 
for  riling  up  from  Jerufalem,  and  was  thereupon  purlued  by 
the  Jews,  Herod  ted  upon  them  with  a  fmall  body  of  men, 
and  both  put  the  Jews  to  flight  and  laved  Silo,  when  he  was 
very  poorly  able  to  defend  himfclf  ;  but  when  Herod  had 
taken  Joppa,  he  made  hafteto  let  free  thofeof  his  family  that 
were  in  Maltada.  Now  of  the  people  of  the  country,  fome 
joined  him  becaufe  eC  the  friend  (hip  they  had  had  with  his  fa- 


166  ANTIQUITIES    OF   THE   JEWS.       [Book.  XIV. 

ther,  and  fome  becaufe  ot  the  fplendid  appearance  he  made, 
and  others  by  way  of  requital  tor  the  benefits  they  had  receiv- 
ed from  both  of  them,  but  the  greateft  number  came  to  liiin 
in  hopes  of  getting  fomewhat  from  him  afterward,  it  he  were 
once  firmly  fettled  in  the  kingdom. 

2.  Herod  had  now  a  ftrong  army  ;  and  as  he  marched  on, 
Antigonus  laid  fnares  and  ambufhes   in  the  pafles  and   pla  ea 
moft  proper  for  them,  but  in  truth  he  thereby  did  little  or  no 
damage  to  the  enemy  :  So  Herod  received  thofe  of  his  family 
out  of  Maffada,  and  the  fortreis  Reffa,   and  then   went  on    for 
Terufalem.     The  foldiery  alfothat  was  with  Silo  accompanied 

him  all  along,  as  did  many  of  the  citizens,  being  afraid  ot  hh 
power  :  And  as  foon  as  he  had  pitched  his  camp  on  the  \\cii 
fide  ot  the  city,  the  foldiers  that  were  fet  to  guard  that  part 
fhot  their  arrows,  and  threw  their  darts  at  him  ;  and  when 
fomefaliied  out  in  a  crowd,  and  came  to  fight  hand  to  hand 
•with  the  firft  ranks  ot  Herod's  army,  he  gave  orders  that  they 
fhould,  in  the  firft  place,  make  proclamation  about  the  wall, 
That  "  he  came  lor  the  good  ot  the  people,  and  for  the  pref- 
•ervation  ot  the  city,  and  not  to  bear  any  old  grudge  at  even 
3iis  moft  open  enemies,  but  ready  to  forget  the  offences  which 
liis  greateft  adveriaries  had  done  him."  But  Antigonus-  by 
•way  of  reply  to  what  Herod  had  caufed  to  be  proclaimed,  and 
this  before  the  Romans,  arid  betore  Siloalfo,  faid,  That"  they 
would  not  do  juitiy.  it  they  gave  the  kingdom  to  Herod,  who 
•was  no  more  than  a  private  man,  and  an  Idumean,  i.  e.  *  an 
half  Jew,  whereas  they  ought  to  befto  w  it  on  one  of  the  royal 
family,  as  their  cuftom  was  ;  for,  that  in  cafe  they  at  prel'ent 
bear  an  ill-will  to  him,  and  had  refolved  to  deprive  him  ot  the 
kingdom,  as  having  re  civc  !  it  from  the  Parthians  yet  were 
there  many  others  of  his  family  that  might  by  their  law  take 
it,  and  thefe  fuch  as  had  no  way  offended  the  Romans,  and 
being  ot  the  facredotal  family,  it  would  be  an  unworthy  thing 
to  put  them  by."  Now,  while  they  faid  thus,  one  to  another, 
and  fell  to  reproaching  one  another  on  both  (ides,  Antigonus 
permitted  his  own  men  that  were  upon  the  wall  to  detend 
themfelves,  who  ufing  their  bows,  and  fhowing  great  alacrity 
againft  their  enemies,  eafily  drove  them  away  trom  the  towers. 

3.  And  now  it  was  that  Silo   difcovered  that  he  had  taken 
bribes  :  For  he  fet  a  good  number  of  his  foldiers  to  complain 
aloud  of  want  of  provifions  they  were  in,  and  to  require  mo- 
ney to  buy  them  food,  and  that  it  was  fit  to  let  them  go  into 
places  proper  for   winter  quarters,  fince  the  places  near  the 

*  This  affirmation  of  Antigonus's  Ipoken  in  the  days  of  Herod,  and  in  a  manner 
to  his  face,  that  he  w.-s  an  /,•/ ./. -:iaat  i  e  an  halj  Jew,  ieems  to  me  of  much  greater 
authority  than  that  pretence  of  his  favourite  and  flatterer  Nicolaus  of  Dam.iic  ;s,  that 
he  derived  his  pedigree  from  jews  as  far  backward  as  the  Babylonifh  captivity,  ch. 
j.  §  3.  Accordingly  Jofephus  always  eileems  him  an  Idumean,  though  he  fays  his 
father  Antipater  was  ot  the  lame  people  with  the  Jews,  ch  viii.  ^  i.  and  by  birth  a 
Jew,  Antiq.  B.  XX.  ch.  viii.  §  7  as  indeed  all  fuch  profelytes  of  jufticeas  the  Idu« 
means  were  in  time  eikemed  the  very  lame  people  with  the  Jews. 


€hap,  XV.]        ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS.  l6f 

city  were  a  defert,  by  reafon  that  Amigonus's  foldiers  had 
carried  all  away  ;  io  he  fet  the  array  upon  removing,  and  en- 
deavoured to  march  away  :  But  Herod  preffed  Silo  not  to  de- 
part ;  and  exhorted  Silo's  captains  and  foldiers  not  to  deferfi 
him,  when  Caefar  and  Antony,  and  the  fenate,  had  fent  him 
thither,  tor  that  he  would  provide  them  plenty  of  all  the  things 
they  wanted,  and  eafily  procure  them  a  great  abundance  o£ 
what  they  required  ;  after  which  intreaty,  he  immediately 
went  out  into  the  country,  and  left  not  the  leaft  pretence  to 
Silo  for  his  departure,  for  he  brought  an  unexpected  quantity 
of  provifions,  and  fent  to  thofe  friends  of  his  who  inhabited 
about  Samaria,  to  bring  down  corn,  and  wine,  and  oil,  and 
cattle,  and  all  other  provifions,  to  Jericho,  that  there  might 
be  no  want  of  a  fupply  for  the  foldiers  tor  the  time  to  come. 
Antigonus  -vas  fenfible  ot  this,  and  fent  prefently  over  the 
country  fuch  as  might  reftrain  and  lie  in  ambufh  for  thole  that 
went  out  for  provilions.  So  thefe  men  obeyed  the  orders  of 
Antigonus,  and  got  together  a  great  number  of  armed  men  a- 
bout  Jericho,  and  fat  upon  the  mountain*,  and  watched  thofe 
that  brought  the  provifions.  However,  Herod  was  not  idle 
in  the  mean  time,  tor  he  took  ten  bands  of  foldiers,  of  whom 
five  were  oi  the  Romans,  and  five  ot  the  Jews,  with  fome 
mercenaries  among  them,  and  with  lome  few  horfemen,  and 
came  to  Jericho  ;  and  as  they  found  the  city  deferted,  but 
that  five  n.undred  of  them  had  fettled  themfelves  on  the  tops  o£ 
the  hills,  with  their  wives  and  children,  thofe  he  took  and  fent 
away  ;  but  the  Romans  fell  upon  the  city,  and  plundered  it, 
and  found  the  bpufes  full  of  all  forts  ot  good  things.  So  the 
king  lett  a  garrifon  at  Jericho,  and  came  back  again,  and  fent 
the  Roman  army  to  take  their  winter  quarters  in  the  countries 
that  were  come  over  to  him,  Judea  and  Galilee,  and  Samaria. 
And  fo  much  did  Antigonus  gain-  of  Silo  for  the  bribes  he 
gave  him,  that  part  of  the  army  fhould  be  quartered  at  Lidda^ 
in  order  to  pleafe  Antony.  So  the  Romans  laid  their  weapons 
afide,  and  lived  in  plenty  of  all  things. 

4,  But  Herod  was  not  pleafed  with  lying  ftill,  but  fent  out 
his  brother  Jofeph  againd  Idumea  with  two  thoufand  armed 
footmen,  and  four  hundred  horfemen,  while  he  himfelf  came 
to  Samaria,  and  left  his  mother  and  his  other  relations  there, 
for  they  were  already  gone  out  ot  Mafada,  and  went  into  Gal- 
ilee, to  take  certain  places  which*  were  held  by  the  garrifons 
of  Antigonus  ;  and  he  palfed  on  to  Sepphoris,  as  God  fent  a 
fnow,  while  Antigonus's  garrifons  withdrew  themfelves,  and 
had  great  plenty  ot  provifions.  He  alfo  went  thence,  and  re- 
folved  to  deftroy  thofe  robbers  that  dwelt  in  the  caves,  and  did 
much  mifchief  in  the  country  ;  fo  he  fent  a  troop  of  horfe- 
men, and  three  companies  ot  armed  footmen  againfl  them. 
They  were  very  near  to  a  village  called  Arbda.  ;  and  on  the 
fortieth  day  after  he  came  himfelf,  with  his  whole  army  :  And 
as  the  enemy  (allied  out  boldly  upon  him  the  left  wing  ot  his 


10#  ANTIQUITIES   Of    TH*   JEWS*      [Book  XlV« 

arm}'  gave  way,  but  he  appearing  with  a  body  of  men,  put 
thofe  to  flight  who  were  already  conquerors,  and  recalled  his 
men  that  ran  away.  He  alfo  p  re  {fed  upon  his  enemies,  and 
purfued  them  as  Far  as  the  river  Jordan,  though  they  ran  away 
by  different  roads.  So  he  brought  over  to  him  all  Galilee, 
excepting  thofe  that  dwelt  in  the  caves.  ?nd  diftributed  money 
to  every  one  of  his  foldiers,  giving  them  a  hundred  and  fitty 
drachmae  apiece,  and  much  more  to  their  captains,  and  lent 
them  into  winter  quarters  :  At  which  time  Silo  came  to  him. 
and  his  commanders  with  him,  becaufe  Antigonus  would  not 
give  them  provifions  any  longer,  for  he  fupplied  them  for  no 
more  than  one  month  ;  nay,  he  had  fent  to  all  the  country  a- 
bout,  and  ordered  them  to  carry  off  the  provifions  that  were 
there,  and  retire  to  the  mountains,  that  the  Romans  might  have 
no  provifions  to  live  upon,  and  fo  might  perilh  by  famine  : 
But  Herod  committed  the  care  ot  that  matter  to  Pheroras,  his 
youngeft  brother,  and  ordered  him  to  repair  Alexandrium  al- 
fo. Accordingly  he  quickly  made  the  foldiers  abound  with 
great  plenty  of  provifions,  and  rebuilt  Alexandrium,  which 
had  been  before  defolate. 

5.  About  this  time  it  was  that  Antony  continued  fome  time 
at  Athens,  and  that  Ventidius,  who  was  now  in  Syria,  fent  tor 
Silo,  and  commanded  him  toaffift  Herod  in  the  firft  place  to 
finifli  the  prefent  war,  and  then  to  fend  for  their  confederates, 
for  the  war  they  were  themfelves  engaged  in  ;  but  as  tor  Her- 
od, he  went  in  hafte  againft  the  robbers  that  were  in  the  caves, 
and  fent  Silo  away  to  Ventidius  while  he  marched  againft 
them.  Thefe  caves  were  in  mountains  that  were  exceedingly 
abrupt,  and  in  their  middle  were  no  other  than  precipices, 
with  certain  entrances  into  the  caves,  and  thofe  caves  wereen- 
compaffed  with  (harp  rock's,  and  in  thefe  did  the  robbers  lie 
concealed,  with  all  their  families  about  them  ;  but  the  King 
caufed  certain  cherts  to  be  made,  in  order  to  deftroy  them,  and 
to  be  hung  down,  bound  about  with  iron  chains,  by  an  engine 
from  the  top  ot  the  mountain,  it  being  not  poflible  to  get  up  to 
them  by  reafon  of  the  (harp  afcent  of  the  mountains,  nor  to 
creep  down  to  them  from  above.  Now  thefe  chefts  were  filled 
with  armed  men,  who  had  long  hooks  in  their  hands,  by  which 
they  might  pull  out  fuch  as  refilled  them,  and  then  tumble  them 
down,  and  kill  them  by  fo  dping  ;  but  the  letting  of  the  cheiti 
down  proved  to  be  a  matter  of  great  danger,  becaufe  of  the  valt 
depth  they  were  to  be  let  down,  although  they  had  their  provif 
ions  in  the  chefts  themfelves  :  But  when  the  chefts  were  let 
down,  and  not  one  of  thofe  in  the  mouths  ot  the  caves  durft  come 
near  them,  but  lay  ftill  out  ot  fear,  fome  of  the  armed  men  girt 
on  their  armour,  and  by  both  their  hands  took  hold  of  the  chain 
by  which  the  chefts  were  let  down,  and  went  into  the  mouths 
ot  the  caves,  becaufe  they  fretted  that  fuch  delay  was  made  by 
the  robbers  not  daring  to  come  out  ot  the  caves  ;  and  when  they 
were  at  any  of  thofe  mouths,  they  firft  killed  many  of.  thofe  that 


Chap.  XV.]      ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  JEWS.  169 

were  in  the  mouths  with  their  darts,  and  afterwards  pulled 
thofe  to  them  that  refitted  them  with  their  hooks,  and  tumbled 
them  down  the  precipices,  and  afterwards  went  into  the  caves, 
.iiied  many  more,  and  then  went  into  their  chefls  again, 
and  lay  {till  there  ;  but  upon  this/ terror  feizedthe  reft,  wheu 
iliey  heard  the  lamentations  that  were  made,  and  they  defpair- 
ed  of  efcaping  :  However,  when  the  night  came  on  that  put 
an  end  to  the  v-'iole  work  ;  and  as  the  king  proclaimed  par- 
don by  an  herald  to  fuch  as  delivered  themfelves  up  to  him. 
accepted  of  the  offer.  The  fame  method  of  affault  was 
made  Life  of  the  next  day  ;  and  they  went  farther,  and  got 
out  in  bafkets,  to  fight  them,  and  fought  them  at  their  doors, 
«md  fern  fire  among  them,  and  fet  their  caves  on  fire,  for 
there  was  a  great  deal  of  combuflible  matter  within  them. 
-Now  there  wag  one  old  man  who  was  caught  within  one  ot" 
thefe  caves,  with  feven  children  and  a  wife  ;  thefc  prayed 
them  to  give  them  leave  to  go  out,  and  yield  themfelves  up 
to  the  enemy,  but  he  flood  at  the  cave's  mouth,  and  always 
ilcvv  that  child  of  his  who  went  out,  till  he  had  deftroyed  them 
every  one,  and  after  that  he  flew  his  wife,  and  caft  their  dead 
bodies  down  the  precipice,  and  himfelf  after  them,  and  fo  un- 
derwent death  rather  than  flavery  :  But  before  he  did  this,  he 
greatly  reproached  Herod  with  the  meannefs  ot  his  family, 
although  he  was  then  king.  Herod  alfo  favv  what  he  was  do- 
ing, and  ftretched  out  his  hand,  and  offered  him  all  manner 
ot  fecurity  for  his  life  :  By  which  means  all  thefe  ca%  es  wcie 
•it  length  fubdtred  entirely. 

6.  And  when  the  king  had  fet  Ptolemy  over  thefe  parts  of 
the  country  as  his  general,  he  went  to  Samaria,  with  fix  hun- 
dred horfemen,  and  three  thoufand  armed  footmen,  as  intend- 
ing to  fight  Antigonus.      But  ftill  this  command  of  the  army- 
did  not  fucceed  well  with  Ptolemy,  but   thofe  that  had  beeii 
troublefome  to-  Galilee  before   attacked  him,  and  flew  him  ; 
and  when  they  had  done  this,  they  fled  among  the  lakes  and 
places  almoft  macceflible,  laying  wade  and  plundering  what- 
loever  they  could  come  at  in  thofe  places.      But  Herod  fooh 
returned,  and  pun  ifhed  them  for  what  they  had  done  ;  for  Tome 

thefe  rebels  he  flew,  and  others  of  them,  who  had  fled  to 

rong  holds,  he  befieged,  and  both  Hew  them,  and  demol- 

d  their '  i  rong  holds  :  And  when  he  had  thus  put  an  end 

iicir  rebellion,  he  laid  a  fine  upon  the  cities  of  an  hundred 

talents. 

7.  In  the  mean  time  Pacorus  was  fallen  in  a  battle,  and  the 
i-'aithian*  were  defeated,  when  Vomidius  fent  Macherus  to 

e  alfaltance  of  Herod,  with  two  legions,  and  a  thoufand  horfe- 

nen,  while  Antony  encouraged  him  to  make  haffe.     But  Ma- 

herus,  at  the   mffigation  of  Antigonus,  without   the  appro- 

uaticm  of  Herod,  as  being  corrupted  by  money,  went  about 

e  a  view  of  his  affairs  :  But  Antigonus   fufpeding  this 

tention  of  his  coming,  did. not  admit  him  into  the  city,  but 

VOL.  II.  X 


!7<*  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.      [Boo 

kept  him  at  a  diftance,  with  throwing  flones  at  him,  and  plain- 
ly Ihewed  what  he  himfelf  meant.  But  when  Macherus  was 
fenfible  that  Herod  had  given  him  good  advice,  and  that  he 
had  made  a  miftake  himfelf  in  not  hearkening  to  that  advice, 
he  retired  to  the  city  Emmaus  ;  and  what  Jews  he  met  with 
he  flew  them,  whether  they  were  enemies,  or  friends,  out  of. 
the  rage  he  was  in  at  what  hardfhips  he  had  undergone.  The 
king  was  provoked  at  this  condutt  of  his,  ar»d  went  to  Sama- 
ria, and  refolved  to  go  to  Antony  about  thele  affairs,  and  to 
inform  him  that  he  flood  in  no  need  of  luch  helpers,  who  did 
him  more  mifchiet  than  they  did  his  enemies,  and  that  he  was 
able  of  him  (elf  to  beat  Antigonus;  but  Ma eherus  followed 
him,  and  defired  that  he  would  not  go  to  Antony,  or,  if  he 
was  refolved  to  go,  that  he  would  join  his  brother  Jofeph 
with  them,  and  let  them  fight  againft  Antigonus.  So  he  was 
reconciled  to  Macherus,  upon  his  earneit  entreaties.  Ac- 
cordingly he  lett  Jofeph  there  with  hre  army,  but  charged 
him  to  run  no  hazards,  nor  to  quarrel  with  Macherus. 

8.  But  for  his  own  part,  he  made  haft'e  to  Antony,  (who 
was  then  at  the  fiege  of  Samofata,  a  place  upon  Euphrates} 
with  his  troops,  both  horfemen  and  footmen,  to  be  auxiliaries 
to  him  :  And  when  he  came  to  Antioch,  and  met  there  a  great 
number  of  men  gotten  together  that  were  very  defirous  to  go 
to  Antony,  but  durft  not  venture  to  go  out  of  {ear,  becaule 
the  Barbarians  tell  upon  men  on  the  road,  and  flew  many,   fo 
he  encouraged  them,  and  became  their  conductor  upon  the 
road.     Now  when  they  were  within  two  days  march  of  Samofa- 
ta, the  Barbarians  had  laid  an  ambufh  there  to  diflurb  thofe 
that  came  to  Antony,  and  where  the  woods  made  the  paffes 
narrow,  as  they  led  to  the  plains,  there  they  laid  not  a  few  of 
their  horfemen,  who  were  to  lie  ftill  until   thofe  paffengers 
were  gone  by  into  the  wide  place.     Now  as  foon  as  the  firfl 
ranks  were  gone  by,  (tor  Herod  brought  on  the  rear,)  thofe 
that  lay  in  ambufh,  who  were  about  five  hundred,  fell  upon 
them  on  the  f udden,  and  when  they  had  put  the  foremoft  to 
flight,  the  king  came  riding  hard',  with  the  forces  that  were 
about  him,  and  immediately  drove  back  the  enemy  ;  by  which 
means  he  made  the  minds  of  his  own  men  courageous,  and 
emboldened  them  to  go  on,  infomuch  that  thofe  who  ran  a- 
way  before,  now  returned  back,  and  the  barbarians  were  flain 
on  all  fides.     The  king  alfo  went  on  killing  them,  and  recov- 
ered all  the  baggage,  among  which  were  a  great  number  of 
beafts   for  burden,  and   of  flaves,  and  proceeded  on  in  his 
inarch  ;  and  whereas  there  were  a  very  great  number  of  thofe 
in  the  woods  that  attacked  them,  and  were  near  the  paffage 
that  led  into  the  plain,  he  made  a  fally  upon  thefe  alfo  with  a 
ftrong  body  of  men  ;  and  put  them  to  flight,  and  flew  many 
ot  them,  and  thereby  rendered  the  way  fafe  for  thofe  that 
came  after  ;  and  thefe  called  Herod  their  favour  and  proteflor. 

9.  And  when  it  was  near  to  Samofa'-a,  Antony  fent  out  hi* 


Chap.   XV.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JT5WS.  l*jl 

.array  in  all  their  proper  habiliments  to  meet  him,  in  order  to 
pay  Herod  this  refpeft,  and  becaufe  of  the  afli fiance  he  had 
given  him,  tor  he  had  heard  what  attacks  the  Barbarians  had 
made  upon  him  |  in  Judea.]  He  alfo  was  very  glad  to  fee 
him  there,  as  having  been  made  acquainted  with  the  great  ac- 
tions he  had  performed  upon  the  road  :  So  he  entertained  him 
very  kindly,  and  could  not  but  admire  his  courage.  Antony 
alfo  embraced  him  as  foon  as  he  law  him,  and  fJuted  him  af- 
ter a  moft  affectionate  manner,  andgave  him  the  upper  hand,  as 
having  himfelf  lately  made  him  a  king  ;  and  in  a  little  time 
Antiochus  delivered  up  the  fortrefs,  and  on  that  account  this 
war  was  at  an  end  ;  then  Antony  committed  the  reft  to  Sofius, 
and  gave  him  orders  to  afiift  Herod,  and  went  himfelf  to  E- 
gypt.  Accordingly  Spfius  fent  two  legions  before  into  Judea 
to  the  affiftance  of  Herod,  and  he  followed  himfelf  with  the 
body  of  the  army. 

10.  Now  Jofeph  was  already  flain  in  Judea,  in  the  manner 
following  :  He  forgot  what  charge  his  brother  Herod  had  giv- 
en him  when  he  went  to  Antony  ;  and  when  he  had  pitched  his 
camp  among  the  mountains,  for  Macherus  had  Lnt  him  five 
regiments,  with  thefe  he  went  haftily   to  Jericho,  in  order  to 
reap  the  corn  thereto  belonging  ;  and  as  the  Roman  Regiments 
were  but  newly  raifed,  and   were  unfkilful  in  war,  for  they 
were  in  great  part  collected  out  of  Syria    he  was  attacked  by 
the  enemy,  and  caught  in  thofe  places  of  difficulty,  and  was 
himfelf  flain,  as  he  was  fighting  bravely,  and  the  whole  army 
was  loft,  for  there  were  fix  regiments  flain.      So  when  Anti- 
gonus   had  got  poffeffion  of  the  dead  bodies,  he  cut  off  Jo- 
feph's   head,  although  Pheroras  his  brother  would  have  re- 
deemed it  at  the  price  of  fifty  talents.     After  which  defeat, 
the  Galileans  revolted  from  their  commanders,  and  took  thofe 
of  Herod's  party,  and  drowned  them  in  the  lake    and  a  great 
part  of  Judea  was  become  leditious  ;  but  Macherus  fortified 
the  place  Gitta  [in  Samaria, J 

11.  At  this  time  meffengers  came  to  Herod,  and  informed 
him  of  what  had  been  done  ;  and  when  he  was  come  to  Daph- 
ne by  Antioch,  they  told  him  of  the  ill  fortune  that  had  be- 
fallen his  brother;  which  yet  he  expefted,  from  certain  vif- 
ions  that  appeared  to  him  in  his  dreams,  which  clearly  fore- 
fhewed  his  brother's  death.      So  he  haftened  his  march  ;   and 
when  he  came  to  mount  Libanus,    he  received  about  eight 
hundred  of  the  men  of  that  place,  having  already  with  him 
alfo  one  Roman  legion,  and  with  thefe  he  came  to  Ptolemais. 
He  alfo  marched  thence  by  night  with  his  army,  and  proceeded 
along  Galilee.    Here  it  was  that  the  enemy  met  him,  and  fought 
him,  and  were  beaten,  and  fhut  up  in  the  fame  place  of  flrength 
when ce  they  had  fallied  out  the  day  before.     So  he  attacked  the 
place  in  them  orning,  but  by  reafon  of  a  great  ftorm  that  was  then 
very  violent,  he  was  able  to  do  nothing,  but  drew  off  his  ar- 
iny  into  the  neighbouring  villages;  yet  as  foon  as  the  othc: 


172  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    Jfc\VS.      [Book  XIV. 

legion  that  Antony  font  him  was  cqme  to  his  affiflance,  thofe 
that  were  in  garrilon  in  the  place  were  afraid,  and  deferted  it 
in  the  night  time.  Then  did  the  king  march  haft.il y  to 
cho,  intending  to  avenge  himfelf  on  the  enemy  tor  the  (laugh- 
ter of  his  brother  ;  and  when  he  had  pitched  his  tents,  he  made 
a  tea  ft  for  the  principal  commanders,  and  atter  this  collation 
was  over,  and  he  had  difmifled  his  gaefts,  he  retired  to  his 
own  chamber  :  And  here  may  one  fee  what  ktndnefs  God  had 
for  the  King,  tor  the  upper  part  ol  the  houfe  tell  down  when 
nobody  was  in  it,  and  fo  killed  none,  iniqrriuch  that  aii  the 
people  believed  lhat  Herod  was  beloved  of  God,  fince  he  had 
cfcaped  fuch  a  great  and  fuiprifmg  danger. 

12.  But  the  next  day  fix  thoufan'd  of  the  enemy  came  down 
from  the  tops  of  the  mountains  to  fight  the  Romans,  which 
greatly  terrified  them  ;  and  the  foldiers  that  were  in  light  ar- 
mour came  near,  and  pelted  the  King's  guards  that  were  come 
out  with  darts  and  ftone's  and  one  of  them  hit  him  on  the  fide 
with  a  dart.  Antigonus  alfo  fent'a  commander  againfl  Sama- 
ria, whofe  name  was  Pappus,  with  fome  forces,  being  defir- 
ous  to  (hew  the  enemy  how  potent  he  was,  and  that  he  had 
men  to  fp3re in  his  war  with  them  :  He  fat  down  to  oppofc 
Macherus  ;  but  Herod  when  he  had  taken  five  cities,  took 
fuch  as  were  left  in  thesn,  being  about  two  thoufand,  and  flew 
them,  and  burnt  the  cities  themfelves,  and  then  returned  to 
go  againft  Pappus  who  was  encamped  at  a  village  called  If  a- 
nas  :  And  there  ran  in  to  him  many  out  of  Jericho  and  Ju- 
dea.  near  to  which  places  he  was,  and  the  enemy  fell  upon 
his  men,  fo  (lout  were  they  at  this  time,  and  joined  battle  with 
them,  but  he  beat  them  in  the  fight  ;  and  in  order  to  be  re- 
venged on  them  tor  the  (laughter  of  his  brother,  he  purfued 
them  (harply,  and  killed  them  as  they  ran  away  :  *  And  ,;s 
the  houfes  were  full  ot  armed  men,  and  many  ot  them  ran  as 
far  as  the  tops  of  the  honfes,  he  got  them  under  his  power,  and 
pulled  down  the  roofs  of  the  houfes,  «md  faw  the  lower  rooms 
hill  of  foldiers  that  were  caught,  and  lay  all  on  a  heap  ;  fo 
they"  threw  ftones  down  upon  them  as  they  lay  piled  one  up- 
on  another, 'and  thereby  killed  them  :  Nor  was  there  a  more 
frightful  fpeftacle  in  all  the  war  than  this,  where  beyond  the 
walls  an  immenfe  multitude  of  dead  men  lay  heaped  one  up- 
on another.  This  atlion  it  was  which'  chiefly  brake  the  fpir- 
i'<:  ot  the  enemy,  who  expefted  now  what  would  come,  tor 
there  appealed  a  mighty  number  of  people  that  came  from 
places  tar  diftant,  that  were  now  about  the  village  but  then 
r<m  away  ;  and  had  it  not  been  for  the  depth  ot  winter,  which 

*  It  may  be  worth  our  obfervafion  here,  thai  :he!V  fc'.diers  of  Herod  could  not 
;-.,vf  gotten  up<->n  the  tops  of  thelo  Ivnifes  which  were  full  of  enemies,  in  order  to 
pull  up  r'-c  upper  floors,  fcnd  deftroy  them  beneath,  but  by  ladders  from  thr  out- 
i.cie  ;  v.  riich  iiluftratcs  lome  texts  in  the  Nev/  Teft.iment.  by  which  it  appears  that 
r-TM  ufcd  to  aicencl  tnither  by  ladders  on  the  outlines,  ^ee  Matr,  xxiv.  17.  Mirk 
sui  j^.  L-;ke  v,  19  xvii  3:. 


Chap.   XVI.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.  173 

then  reftrained  them,  the  Kind's  army  had  prefently  gone  to 
Jerufalem,  as  being  very  courageous  at  this  good  fuccefs,  and 
the  whole  work  had  been  done  immediately,  for  Antigonus 
was  already  looking  about  how  he  might  fly  away,  and  leave 
the  city. 

13.  At  this  time  the  King  gave  order  that  the  {oldiers  fhould 
goto  fupper,  for  it  was  late  at  night,  while  he  went  into  a 
chamber  to  ufe  the  bath,  for  he  was  very  weary  :  And  here  it 
was  that  he  was  in  the  greateft  danger,  which  yet    by  God's 
providence,  he  efcaped  ;  for  a*  he  was  naked,  and  had  but 
one  fervant  that  followed  him    to  be  with  him  while  he  was 
bathing  in  an  inner  room,  certain  of  the  enemy,  who  were 
in  their  armour,  and  had  fled  thither  out  of  tear,  were  then  in 
the  place  ;  and  as  he  was  bathing,  the  firft  of  them  came  out 
with  his  naked  fword  drawn,  and  went  out  at  the  doors,  and 
after  him  a  fecond    and  a  third,  armed  in  like  manner,  and 
were    under  fuch  a  confternation   that  they  did   no  hurt  to 
the  King,  and  thought  themfelves  to  have  come  off  very  well 
in  fuffering  no  harm  themfelves  in  their  getting  out  of  the 
houfe.     However,  on  the  next  day  he  cut  off  the  head  of  Pap- 
pus, for  he  was  already  flain,  and  fent  it  to  Pheroras,  as  apun- 
ifhment  of  what  their  brother  had  fufFered  by  his  means,  for 
he  was  the  man  that,  flew  him  with  his  own  hand. 

14.  When  the  rigour  of  winter  was  over,  Herod  removed 
his  army  and  came  near  to  Jerufalem,  and  pitched  his  camp 
hard  by  the  city.      Now  this  was  the  third  year  fince  he  had 
been  made  King  at  Rome  ;  and  as  he  removed  his  camp,  and 
came  near  that  part  of  the  wall  where  it  could  be  moft  eafily 
atTau!ted,'he  pitched  that  camp  before  the  temple,  intending  to 
make  his  attacks  in  the  fame  manner  as  did  Pompey,  fo  he 
encompaffed  the  place  with  three  bulwarks,  and  "creeled  tow- 
ers, and  employed  a  great  many  hands  about  the  works,  and  cut 
down  the  trees  that  were  round  about  the  city  ;  and  when  he  had 
appointed  proper  perfons  to  overfee  the  works,  even  while  the 
army  lay  before  the  city,  hehimfelf  went  to  Samaria  to  com- 
plete his  marriage,  and  to  take  to  wife  the  daughter  of  Alex- 
ander, the  fon  of  Ariftobulua,  for  he  had  betrothed  her  already, 
sis  I  have  be  tore  related. 


CHAP.    XVI. 

ffoto  Herod  when  he  had  married  Mariamne ,  took  Jerufalem, 
with  the  ajjijlance  of  Sofius,  h  force  ;  and  how  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Afamoneans  was  put  an  end  to. 

\  l-     A  FTER  the  wedding  was  over,  came  Sofius  through 
-£~X.  Phenicia,  having  lent  out  his  army  before  him  fl- 
yer the  midland  parts.     He  alfo,  who  was  their  commander, 
came  hunfelf,  with  a  great  number  of  horiemen  and  footmen. 


^4  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book.  XIV. 

The  king  alfo  came  himfelf  from  Samaria,  and  brought  with 
him  no  fmall  army,  befides  that  which  was  there  betore,  for 
they  were  about  thirty  thoufand  ;  and  they  all  met  together  at 
the  walls  ot  Jerufalem,  and  encamped  at  the  north  wall  ot  the 
city,  being  now  an  army  of  eleven  legions,  armed  men  OQ 
foot,  and  fix  thouland  horfemen,  with  other  auxiliaries  out  ot 
Syria.  The  generals  were  two,  Sofius,  fent  by  Antony  to 
aflift  Herod,  and  Herod  on  his  own  account,  in  order  lo  take 
the  government  from  Antigonus,  who  was  declared  an  enemy 
at  Rome,  and  that  he  might  himfelf  be  king,  according  to  the 
decree  of  the  fenate. 

2.  Now  the  Jews  that  were  inclofed  within  the  walls  of  the 
city  fought  againfl   Herod  with  great  alacrity  and  zeal,  (for 
the  whole  nation  was  gathered  together]  ;  they  alfo  gave  out 
many  prophecies  about  the  temple,  and  many  things  agreea- 
ble to  the  people,  as  if  God  would  deliver  them  out  ot  the  dan- 
gers they  were  in  ;   had  alfo  carried  off  what  was  out  of  the 
city,  that  they  might  not  leave  any  thing  to  afford  fuflenance 
cither  for  men  or  for  beads  ;  and  by  private  robberies,  they 
made  the  want  of  neceffaries  greater.     When    Herod   under- 
ilood  this,  he  oppofed  ambuihes  in  the  fitteft  places  againft 
their  private  robberies,  and  he  fent  legions  of  armed  men  to 
bring  in  provifions,  and  that  from  remote  places,  fo  that  in  a 
little  time  they  had  great  plenty  of  provifions.  Now  the  three 
bulwarks  were  eafily  erected,  becaufe   fo   many   hands  were 
continually  at  work  upon  it  ;  for   it  was  fummer  time,  and 
there  was  nothing  to  hinder  them  in  raifing  their  works,  nei- 
ther from  the  air,  nor   from  the  workmen  :  So  they  brought 
their  engines  to  bear,  and  ihook  the  walls  of  the  city,  and  tri- 
ed all  manner  of  ways  to  get  in  ;  yet  did  not  thofe  within  dif- 
coverany  fear,  but  they  alfo  contrived  not  a  few  engines  td 
oppofe  their  engines  withal.    They  alfo  fallied  out,  and  burnt 
not  only  thofe  engines  that  were  not  yet  perfected,  but  thofe 
that  were;  and  when  they  came  hand  to  nand,  their  attempts, 
were  not  lefs  bold  than  thofe  of  the  Romans,  though  they  were 
behind  them  in  {kill.     They  alfo  erected  new  works  when  the 
former  were  ruined,    and  making  mines   underground,  they 
met  each  other,  and  fought   there,  and  making  u(e  of  brutifh 
courage  rather  than  ot  prudent  valour,  they  perfifted  in  this, 
war  to  the  very  laft  :  And  this  they  did  while  a  mighty  army 
lay  round  about  them,  and  while  they  were  diftreffed  by  fam- 
ine, and  the  want  ot  necelfaries,  tor  this  happened  to  be  a  fab- 
batic  year.     The  firft  that  fcaled  the  walls  were  twenty   chof- 
en  men,  the  next  were  Sofms's  centurions,  for  the  firft  wall 
was  taken  in  forty  days,  and  the  (econd  in  fifteen  more,  when 
fome  of  the  cloifters  that  were  about  the  temple  were   burnt, 
which  Herod  gave  out  to  have  been  burnt  by  Antigonus,  in 
order  to  expofe  him  to  the  hatred  of  the  Jews.     And  when  the 
outer  court  of  the  temple,  and,  the  lower  city  were  taken,  the 
Jews  fled  into  the  inner  court  of  the  temple,  and  into  the  up- 


Chap.   XVI.]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  ife 

per  city  ;  but  now  fearing  left  the  Romans  fhquld  hinder  them 
from  offering  their  daily  facrifices  to  God,  they  fent  an  em- 
ballage,  and  defired  that  they  would  only  permit  them  to  bring 
in  beaits  for  facrifices,  which  Herod  granted,  hoping  they 
were  going  to  yield,  but  when  he  faw  that  they  did  nothing 
of  what  he  fuppofed,  but  bitterly  op  poled  him,  in  order  to 
preferve  the  kingdom  to  Antigonus,  he  made  an  aSTault  upon 
the  city  and-took  it  by  ftorm  ;  and  now  ail  parts  were  lull  of 
thofe  that  were  {lain,  by  the  rage  of  the  Romans  at  the  long 
duration  of  the  fiege,  and  by  the  zeal  ot  the  Jews  that 
were  on  Herod's  fide,  who  were  not  willing  to  leave  one 
of  their  adverfaries  alive  ;  fo  they  were  murdered  contin- 
ually in  the  narrow  ftreets,  and  in  the  houfes  by  crouds,  and 
as  they  were  flying  to  the  temple  for  melter,  and  there 
was  no  pity  taken  ot  either  infants  or  the  aged,  nor  did  they 
ipare  fo  much  as  the  weaker  fex  ;  nay,  although  the  king  fent 
about,  and  befought  them  to  fpare  the  people,  yet  nobody  re- 
ftrairied  their  hand  from  (laughter,  but,  as  it  they  were  a  com- 
pany of  madmen,  they  fell  upon  perfons  of  all  ages,  without 
diflinelion  ;  and  then  Antigonus,  witout  regard  to  either  his 
paftorprefent  circumibnccs,  came  down  from  the  citadel,, 
and  fell  down  at  the  feet  of  Sofius,  who  took  no  pity  of  him, 
in  the  change  of  his  fortune,  but  infulted  him  beyond  meaf- 
ure,  and  called  him  Antigone,  [i.  c.  a  woman,  and  not  a  man  ;J 
yet  did  he  not  treat  him  as  if  he  were  a  woman,  by  letting  him 
goat  liberty,  but  put  him  into  bonds,  and  kept  him  in  clofe 
cuilody. 

3.  And  now  Herod  having  overcome  his  enemies,  his  care 
•was  to  govern  thofe  foreigners  who  had  been  his  afliftants,  for 
the  croud  of  Grangers  rufhed  to  fee  the  temple,  and  the  facred 
things  in  the  temple  ;  but  the  king  thinking  a  viftory  to  be 
a- -more  fevere  afflclion  than  a  defeat,  if  any  of  thofe  things 
which  it  was  not  lawful  to  fee  fhould  be  feen  by  them,  tiled 
entreaties  and  threatnings,  and  even  fometimes  force  itielf,  to 
reftram  them.  He  alfo  prohibited  the  ravage  that  was  made 
in  the  city,  and  many  times  afked  Sofius,  whether  the  Romans 
would  empty  the  city  both  of  money  and  ot  men,  and  leave 
him  king  of  a-defart  ?  and  told  him,  that  he  efteemed  the  do- 
minion over  the  whole  habitable  earth  as  by  no  means  an  e- 
quivalent  fatiataftion  for  fuch  a  murder  of  his  citizens  :  And 
when  he  faid,  that  this  plunder  was  jultly  to  be  permitted  the 
foldiers,  tor  the  fiege  they  had  undergone,  he  replied,  that 
he  would  give  every  one  their  reward  out  ot  his  own  money, 
and  hy  this  means  he  redeemed  what  remained  of  the  city 
from  deftrucHon,  and  he  performed  what  he  had  promifedhim, 
ior  he  gave  a-noble  p  re  fent  to  every  foldier,  and  a  proportion- 
able prelent  to  their  commanders,  but  a  moll  royal  prelent  to 
Sofius  himfelf,  till  they  all  went  away  full  of  money. 

4.  This  *  deftruction  betel  the  city'ot  JerufaLera  when  Mar- 

*   Note  here,  that  Jofephus  fully  and  frequently  azures  us   that  there  palled  a- 
bove  three  years  between  Herod's  firft  obtaining  the  kingdom  at  Rome,  and  his  !>-, 


ANTIOUITlEa    (>  V    THE    JE\VS.       (  Bo'bk  XIV. 

cus  Agrippa,  and  Caninius  Callus  were  confuls  of  Rome,  o?i 
the  hundred  eighty  and   fiith    olympiad,  on  the  third  month, 
on  the  iblemnny  of  the  fatt,  as  it"  a  periodical   revolution  of 
calamities  had  returned,  li nee  that  which  betel  the   Jews  un- 
derPompey  >for  the  Jews  were  taken  by  him  on  the  lame  day,  and 
riils  was  alter  twenty-feven  years- time.     So   when  Sofius  had 
dedicated  a  crown  of  gold   to   God,  he   marched  away   from 
}erufalem,.and  carried  Antigonus  with  him  in  bonds  to  An- 
tonv  ;  but  Herod  was  afraid  leif  Antigonus  fhould  be  kept  in 
prifon  [only]  by  Antony,  and  that  when   he  was   carried  to 
Rome  by  him.  he  might  get  his  caufe  to  be  heard  by  the  fen- 
ate,  and  might  demonstrate,  as  he  was    himfelf   ot   the  royal 
biood,  and  Herod  but  a  private  man,  that  therefore  it  belong- 
ed to  his  fons  however   to  have  the   kingdorr,  on  account  of 
the  family  they  were  of,  in  cafe  he  had  hirnfelf  offended  the 
Romans  by  what  he  had  done.     Out  of  Herod's  tear  ot  this  it 
was.  that  he,  by  giving  Antony  a  great  deal  of  money  endeav- 
oured to  perfuade  him  to  have   Antigonus  {lain,  which   it  it 
were  once  done,  he  ihould  be  free  trom  that  tear.     And  thus 
did  the  government  of  the  Afamoneans  ceafe,  an   hundred 
twenty  and  fix  years  atter  it  was  firlt  fet  up.     This  family  was 
a  fpleadid  and  an  iUuiirius  one,  both  on  account  ot  the  nobili- 
ty of  their  flock,  and  of  the  dignity   ot  the  high  priefthood, 
.is  alfo  for  the  glorious  actions  their  anceftors   had  performed 
for  our  nation  :  But  thefe  men  loft  the  government  by  their 
diflentions  one  with  another,  and  it  came  to  Herod  the  fon  of 
Antipater,  who  was  of  no  more  than  a  vulgar  tamily,  and  of  no 
eminent  extraction,  but  one  that  was  fubjetl  to  other  kings  : 
And  this  is  what  hiitory  tells-us  was  the  end  of  the  Afamone- 
an  tamily. 

cond  obtaining  it  upon  the  taking  of  Jerufalem,  and  death  of  Antigonus.  The 
prefent  hiftory  of  this  interval  twice  mentions  the  army's  going  into  winter  quar- 
ters, which  perhaps  belonged  to  two  feveral  winters,  ch.  xv.  ^  3,  4.  and  though 
Joiephus  fays  nothing  how  long  they  lay  in  thoie  quarters,  yet  does  he  give  luch  an 
account  of  the  long  and  ftudied  delays  of  Ventidius  Silo,  and  Macheras,  who  were 
to  fee  Herod  fettled  in  his  new  kingdom,  (but  feem  not  to  have  had  fuffkient  forces 
for  thatpurpofe,  and  were  for  certain  all  corrupted  by  Antigonus  to  make  the 
longeft  delays  possible,  and  give  us  luch  particular  accounts  of  the  many  great  ac- 
tions of  Herod's  during  the  fame  interval,  as  fairly  imply  that  interval,  before 
Herod  went  to  Sameiata,  to  have  been  very  confiderable.  However  wh;it  is  want- 
ing in  Joiephus,  is  fully  fupplied  by  Mofes  Chorenenfis,  the  Armenian  hiftori=n,  • 
in  his  hiftory  of  that  interval,  B.  II.  ch.  xviii.  where  he  direftly  affures  us,  that  Ti 
granes,  then  king  of  Armenia,  and  the  principal  manager  of  this  Parthian  war,  reign- 
ed two  years  afterHcrod  was  made  kingatRome,  and  yetAntony  did  not  hear  of  his 
death,  in  that  very  nighbourhood,  at  Samofata,  till  he  was  cpme  thither  to  hefiege 
it:  After  which  Herod  brought  him  an  army,  which  was  340  miles  march,  and 
through  a  difficult  country  full  of  enemies  alio,  and  joined  with  him  in  the  hege 
of  Samofata  till  that  city  was  taken  ;  then  Herod  and  Sofius  march  back  with  their 
large  armies  the  fame  number  of  340  miles,  and  when  in  a  little  time,  they  iat 
down  to  befiege  Jerufalem,  they  were  not  able  to  take  it  but  by  a  fiege  of  five  month*. 
All  which  put  together,  fully  fupplies  whau  is  wanting  in  Joiephus,  and  fecures 
the  entire  chronology  of  thsfe  times  beyend  contradiction. 


Chap.   LJ  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  177 

BOOK    XV. 
Containing  the  interval  of  eighteen  years. 

n  the  Death  of  ANT  ICON  us  to  (keJini/Jiing  of  the  Tern* 
pU  by  HJE.ROD.] 

CHAP.    I. 

Cencernin*  Pollio  and  Sameas.     Herod  Jlays  the  principal  of 
•  Antigonus's  f fiends*  andfpoils  the  City  ej  its  Wealth.  Anto- 
ny beheads  Antigonus. 

§  I.  TTOW  Sofius  and  Herod  took  Jerufalem  by  force  ; 
X~l  and  befides  that,  how  they  took  Antigonus  captive, 
has  been  related  by  us  in  the  foregoing  book.  .We  will  now 
proceed  in  the  narration.  And  fince  Herod  had  now  the  gov- 
ernment ot  all  Judea  put  into  his  Innds,  he  promoted  fuch  of 
the  private  men  in  the  city  as  had  beenot  his  party,  but  never 
left  off  avenging  and  punching  every  day  thofe  that  had  chof-t 
en  to  be  ot  the  party  ot  his  enemies :  But  Pollio  the  Pharifeem 
and  Sameas,  a  difciple  of  his,  were  honoured  by  him  above 
all  the  reft,  for  when  Jerufalem  was  befieged,  they  advifed! 
the  citizens  to  receive  HeroxL  for  which  advice  they  were 
well  requited  ;  but  this  Pollio,  at  the  time  when  Herod  was 
once  upon  his  trial  of  life  and  death,  foretold,  in  way  ot  re- 
proach, to  Hyrcanus  and  the  other  judges,  how  this.  Herod, 
whom  they  fuffered  now  to  efcape,  would  afterward  infli£fc 
punifhment  on  them  all  ;  which  had  its  completion  in  time, 
while  God  fulfilled  the  words  he  had  fpoken. 

2.  At  this  time  Herod,  now  he  had  got  Jerufalem  under 
his  power,  carried  off  all  the  royal  ornaments,  and  fpoiledthe 
wealthy  men  of  what  they  had  gotten  ;  and  \vhen,  by  thefe 
means,  he  had  heaped  together  a  great  quantity  of  filver  and 

told,  he  gave  it  all  to  Antony,  and  his  friends  that  were  about 
im.  He  allo  Dew  forty-five  of  the  principal  men  oi  Anti- 
gonus's  party,  and  fct  guards  at  the  gates  o*  the  city,  that  no- 
thing might  be  carried  cut  together  with  their  dead  bodies. 
They  alib  fearched  the  J^ad,  and  whatfoever  was  found,  ei- 
ther of  filver  or  gold,  or  other  treafure,  it  was  carried  to  the 
king  ;  nor  was  there  any  end  of  the  rniferies  he  brought  upori 
them,  and  this  diftrefs  was  in  part  occafioned  t-y  the  cove- 
toufnefs  of  the  prince  regent,  who  was  ihll  in  want  ot  more, 
and  in  part  by  the  fabbatic  year,  which  was  Hill  going  on, 
arid  forced  the  country  to  lie  ftill  uncultivated,,  fince  we  are 
forbidden  to  low  our  land  in  that  year.  New  when  Antony 
VOL.  II  Y 


3?S  ANTIQUITIES  OP    THE   JEXVS.         [Book.  XV. 

had  received  Antigonus  as  his  captive,  he  determined  to  keep 
him  againft  his  triumph  ;  but  when  he  heard  that  the  na- 
tion grew  feditious,  and  that  out  of  their  hatred  to  Herod,, 
they  continued  to  bear  good  will  to  Antigtmus,  he  refolved? 
to  behead  him  at  Antioch,  for  otherwise  the  Jews  coujd  no- 
wav  be  brought  to  be  quiet.  And  Strabo  of  Cappadocia'  at- 
tefts'to  what  I  have  faicl,  when  he  thus  fpeaks  :  "  Antony  or- 
dered Antigonus  the  Jew  to  be  brought  to  Antioch,  and  there 
to  be  behea-ded  ;  and  this  Antony  fecms  to  me  to  have  been 
the  very  firft  man  who  beheaded  a  king,  as  fuppofing  he  could: 
no  other  way  bend  the  minds  of  the  Jews,  fo  as  to  receive 
Herod,  whom  he  had  made  king  in  his  ftead,  for  by  no  tor- 
ments could  they  be  forced  to  call  him  king,  fo  great  a  fond- 
nefs  they  had  for  their  former  king  ;  fo  he  thought  that  this- 
diihonourable  death  would  diminifh  the  value  they  had  for 
Antigonus's  memory,  and  at  the  fame  time  would  diminilh 
their  hatred  they  bare  to  Herod."  Thus  far  Strabo. 


C  H  A  P.    II. 

Mow  Hyrcanus  was  fet  at  Liberty  by  the  Partkians,  and  re- 
turned to  Herod  ;  and  what  Alexandra  did  when  Jhe  heard 
that  Ananelus  was  made  High  Priejl. 

§•  i.  "\JOW  after  Herod  was  in  pbffeffion  of  the  kingdom, 
JL>I  Hyreanus  the  high  prieft,  who  was  then  a  captive 
a-mong  the  Parthians.  came  to  him  again,  and  was  fet  tree 
from  his  captivity,  in  the  manner  following  :  Barzapharner, 
and  Pacorus,  the  generals  of  the  Parthians;  took  Hyrcanus, 
who  was  Srft  made  high  prieft  and  afterward  king,  and  Her- 
od's brother,  Phafaelus,  captives,  and  were  carrying  them  a- 
way  into  Parthia.  Phafaelus  indeed  could  not  bear  the  re- 
proach of  being  in  bonds,  and  thinking  that  death  with  glory 
was  better  than  any  life  whatfoever,  he  became  bis  own  exe- 
cutioner, as  1  have  formerly  related. 

2.  But  when  Hyrcanas  was  brought  into  Parthia,  the  king* 
Phraates  treated  him  after  a  very  gentle  manner,  as  having  al- 
ready learned  of  what  an  illufrrious  family  he  was  ;  on  which 
account  he  fet  him  free  from  his  bonds,  and  gave  him  an  hab- 
itation at  *  Babylon,  where  there  was  Jews  in  great  numbers-. 
Thefejews  honoured  Hyrcanua  astheir  high  prieft, andking  ^ 
as  did  all  the  )ewrfh  nation  that  dwelt  as  far  as  Euphrates; 
•which  refpeft  was  very  much  to  his  /atisfa£Hon.  but  when 
be  was  informed  that  Herod  had  received-  the  kingdom,  new 

*  The  city  here  called  Babylon  by  Jofephus,  feems  to  be  one  which  was  built 
by  Come  of  the  Seleueidae  upon  the  Tigris,  which  long  after  the  utter  defolation  of 
old  Babylon,  was  commonly  fo  called,  and  I  fuppoie  not  far  from  Seleucia  ;  juffe 
as  the  later  adjoining  city  Bagdat  hai  bein,  and  is  ottcn  called  by  the  fame  old  nama 
of  Babylon  till  this  very  day; 


.  II]  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  179 

hopes  came  upon  him,  as  having  been  himfelf,  flill  of  a  kind 
difpofition  towards  him  ;  and  expefting  that  Herod  would 
bear  in  mind  what  favour  he  had  received  from  him,  and  when 
he  was  upon  his  trial,  and  when  he  was  in  danger  that  a  capital 
fentence  would  be  pronounced  againft  him,  he  delivered  him 
from  that  danger,  and  from  all  puni foment.  Accordingly,  he 
talked  of  that  matter  with  the  Jews  that  came  often  to  him 
with  great  afjfeclion  ;  b.ut  ihey  endeavoured  to  retain  him  a- 
inong  them,  and  defired  that  he  would  (lay  with  them,  putting 
him  in  mind  of  the  kind  offices  and  honours  they  did  him,  and 
that  thofe  honours  they  paid  him  were  not  at  all  inferior  to 
what  they  could  pay  to  either  their  high  priefls  or  their  kings  ; 
and  what  was  a  greater  motive  to  determine  him,  they  laid  was 
this,  that  he  could  not  have  thofe  dignities  [in  Judeaj  becaufe 
oi  that  mairn  in  his  body,  which  had  been  inflicted  on  him  by 
Antigonus  ;  and  that  kings  do  not  ufe  to  requite  men  for  thcfe 
kindneijfes  which  they  received  when  they  were  private  per- 
fon»,  the  height  of  their  fortune  making  ufually  no  fm.all 
Changes  in  them. 

3.  Now  although  they  fuggefted  thefe  arguments  to  him  for 
his  own  advantage,  yet  did  Hyrcanus  flill  defire  to  depart. 
Herod  alfo  wrote  to  him,  and  perfuaded  him  to  defiie  of 
Phraates,  and  the  Jews  that  were  there,  that  they  Ihould  not 
grudge  him  the  royal  authority,  which  he  fhould  have  jointly 
with  himfelf,  for  that  now  was  the  proper  time  for  himfelt  to 
niake  him  amends  tor  the  favours  he  had  received  from  him, 
as  having  been  brought  up  by  him,  and  faved  by  him  alfo,  us 
well  as  tor  Hyrcanus  to  receive  it.  And  as  he  wrote  thus  to 
Hyrcanus,  fo  did  he  fend  alfo  Saramallas,  his  ambalTador,  to 
Phraates,  and  many  preients  with  him,  and  defired  him  in  the 
moil  obliging  way,  that  he  would  be  no  hindrance  to  his  grat- 
itude towards  his  benefactor.  But  this  zeal  of  Herod's  did  not 
flow  from  that  principle,  but  becaufe  he  had  been  made  gov- 
ernor of  that  Country  without  having  any  jull  claim  to  it,  he 
was  afraid,  ancj  that  upon  reafons  good  enough,  of  a  change  in 
his  condition,  and  fo  made  what  halle  he  could  to  get  Hyrca- 
nus into  his  power,  or  indeed  to  put  him  quite  out  of  the  way  : 
Which  laft  thing  he  compalfed  afterward. 

4.  Accordingly,  when  Hyrcanus  came,  full  of  aflurance, 
by  the  permiflion  of  the  king  of  Panhia,  and  at  the  expence 
of  the  lews  who  fupplied  him  with  money,  Herod  received 
him  with  all  poflible  refpect,  and  gave  him  the  upper  place  at 
public  meetings,  and  fet  him  above  all  the  reft  at  feafls, 
and  thereby  deceived  him.  He  called  him  his  father;  and 
endeavoured,  by  al}  the  ways  poffible,  that  he  might  have  no 
fufpicion  of  any  treacherous  defign  againii  him.  He  alfo  did 
other  things,  in  order  to  fecure  his  government,  which  yet  oc- 
cafioned  a  fedition  in  hus  own  family  ;  lor  being  cautious  how 


J$0  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THB   JEWS.         fBook  XV, 

('"•  <* 

he  made  any  *  illuftrious  perfon  the  high-prieft  ot  God,  he 
|ent  for  an  obfcure  prieft  out  of  Babylon,  whofe  name  \va» 
Ananelus,  and  beftowed  the  high  priefthood  upon  him. 
'  5.  However,  Alexandra,  the  daughter  ot  Hyrcanur,. 
tvite  ot"  Alexander,  the  fon  ot  Ariftobulus  the  king,  who  had 
alfo  brought  Alexander  [two j  children,  could  not  bear  this 
Indignity.  Now  this  fon  was  one  of  the  greateft  comciinefs, 
and  was  called  Ariftobulus  ;  and  the  daughter.  Mariamne,  was 
married  to  Herod,  and  eminent  for  her  beauty  alfo.  This 
Alexandra  was  much  difturbed,  and  took  this  indignity  offer- 
ed to  her  fon  exceeding  ill,  that  while  he  was  alive,  any  one 
clfe  Ihould  be  fent  for  to  have  the  dignity  ot  the  high  prieft- 
hood conferred  upon  him.  Accordingly  fhe  wrote  to  Cleo- 
jjatra  fa  mufician  affifting  her  in  taking  care  to  have  her  letters 
carried),  to  defire  her  interceffion  with  Antony,  in  order  to 
gain  the  high  priefthood  for  her  fon. 

;•    6.  But  as  Antony   was   flow  in   granting  this  reqiieft,  his 
friend  tDellius  came  into  Judea  upon  fome  affairs,  ;.:  ci  when 
he  faw  Ariftobulus,  he  ftood  in  admiration  at  the  tallnels    >••<] 
handfomenefs  ot  the  child,  and  no  lefs  at  Mariamne,  the  king's 
wife,  and  was  open  in  his  commendations  of  Alexandra,  < 
mother  ot  moft  beautitul  children  :  And  when  fhe  came  to  r!if- 
courfe  with  him,  he  perfuaded  her  to  get  pictures   drawn    of 
them  both,  and  to  fend  them  to  Antony,  tor  that  when  he  f.uv 
them,  he  v/ouln  deny  her  nothing  that  fhe  fiiould  afi-;.     Ac- 
cordingly Alexandra  was  elevated  with  thefe  word  sol  his,  an"d 
fent  the  pictures  to  Antony.     De'llius  aKp  talked  extruvag  mt- 
ly,  and  laid,  That  "  thefe  children  feemed   not  derived 
rnen,  but  from  fome  god  or  other."     His  defign  in  doing  fo 
v/2S  to  entice  Antony  into  lewd  pleafures  with  then 
alhamed  to  fend  for  the  damiel,  as  being  the  wife "of  i '. 
and  avoided  it,  becaufe  of  the  reproaches  he  fhould  have  irom 
Cieopatra  on  that  account,  but  he   fent,  in   the   moft   ci 
ip^nner  he  could,  for  the  young  man  ;  but   added  this  withal. 
*}  Unlefs  he  thought  it  hard  upon  him  fo  to  do/'      When  this 
letter  was  brought  to  Herod,  he  did  not  think  i<    faie  tor  him 
to  fend  one  fo  handiorne  as  was  Ariftobulus,  in   the  pn 
his  life,  tor  he  was  fixteen  years  ot  age,  and  ot  To  noble  a  tarn- 
ily,  and  particularly  not  to  Antony,  the  principal  man  among 

*  Here  we  have  an  eminent  example  of  Herod's  worldiv  ar.rl    profane  ; 
\vhen  by  the  abufeof  his  unlawful  and  uiurped  power,  to  make  wrv>'- 
high  pneft,  in  the  perfon  of  Ananclus,  he  occafioi)«d  iuch  difiarbances  in  his  king- 
dom, and  in  his  own  fsmily.  as  laffered  him  to  enjoy  no  laftivg  p'»:e  DT  trnt.quil- 
ity  ever  afterward  :  And  luth  is  frequently  the  cffeft   ot   pr  ;ia.is  court  pr  i 
bout  matters  of  religion  in  other  ages  and  nations.    '  The  Old   IVftairsent  i?   fu'.l   of 
the  miferies  of  t!ie  people  of  the  jews  derived  from  iucli  court  p  Cities,  e'p 
in  and  after  the  days  of  Jeroboam  the  fon  of  Kehat,  who  made  if^a-I  tn  J-a  ;  who 
gave  the  moft  pernicious  example  of  it ;  who  brought  on  the  groiiift  corruption  of 
religion  by  it ;  and  the  punifhment  of   whofe  family  for  it  was  moft   remarkable. 
The  cafe  is  too  well  known  to  ftand  in  need  of  particular  citations 
;  t  Of  this  wicked  Dellius,  fee  the  note  on  the  War,  B.  I.  ch.  xv.  (,  3.  voL  {II. 


Chap.  II.]          ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE   JEWS.  I$I 

the  Romans,  and  one  that  would  ahufe  him  in  his  amours,  and 
befides,  one  that  openly  indulged  himfelt  in  fuch  pleafures,  as 
his  own  power  allowed  him,  without  controul.  He  therefore 
wrote  back,  to  him,  That  "  it  this  boy  (hould  only  go  out  of 
the  country,  all  would  be  in  a  ftate  of  war  and  uproar,  becaufe 
the  ews  were  in  hopes  ot  a  change  in  the  government,  and 
to  have  another  king  over  them." 

7.  When  Herod  had  thus  excufed  hinrelf  to  Antony,  he 
refolved  that  he  would  not  entirely  permit  the  child  or  Alex- 
andra to  be  treated   diihonourably  :  But   his  wife   Mariamne 
lay  vehemently  at  him  to  reftore  the   high    pritfthood  to  her 
brother,  and  he  judged  it  was  tor  his  advantage   fo  to  do,  be- 
caufe,  it  he  once  had  that  dignity,  he  could  not  go  out  <>t  the 
country.     So  he   called  his  friends   together,    and  told  them, 
That  "  Alexandra  privately   confpired  againlt    his   royal  au- 
thority,  and  endeavoured,  by   the    means  >»t    Cleopatra,  fo  to 
bring  it  about,  that  he  might  be  deprived  o!  the  government, 
and  that  ny  Antony's  means  this  youth   might   have  the  man- 
agement ot  public  affairs  in  his  ite^d  ;  and  that  this  procedure 
of  hers  was  unjult,  fince  the  would  at  the  fame  time  deprive 
her  daughter  of  the  dignity  Ihe  now  had,  and  would  ''ring  dif- 
turbances  upon  the  kingdom,  for  which  he  had  taken   a  great 
deal  ot  pains,  and  had  gotten  it  with  extraordinary  hazards  : 
That  vet,  vhile  he  well  remembered  her  wicked  practices,  he 
wor.id  not  leave  off  doing  what  was  right  himfelf,  but  would 
even  now  give  the  youth  the  high  prieithood  ;  and  that  he  for- 
merly fet  up  Ananelus,  becaufe  Ariltobulus  was  then  fo  very 
young  a  child."     Now  when  he  had  faid  this,   not  at  random, 
but  as  he  thought  with  the  heft  difcretion  he  had,  in  order  to 
deceive  the  women,  and  thofe  friends  whom  he  had  taken  to 
conlult  withal.  Alexandra  out  of  the  g 'eat  joy  (he   had  at  this 
unexpected  promife,  and  out  ot  fear  From   the  fufpicions  fhe 
lay  under,  leil  a  weeping  ;  and  made  the  following  apology 
for  herfelf,  and  faid,   That  "  as  to  the  [high]  prieithood,  fhe 
was   very  much   concerned    for  the  difgrace   her    fon    was 
under,  and  fo  did  her  utmoft  endeavours  to  procure  it  tor  him, 
but  that  as  to  the  kingdom,  (he  had  made  no  attempts,  and  that 
if  it  were  offered  her  [for  her  fon,]  Ihe  would  not  accept  it  ; 
and  that  now  fhe  would  be  fatisfied  with  her  fon's  dignity, 
while  he  himfelf  held  the  civil  government,  and  fhe  had  there- 
by the  fecurity  thatarofe  from  his  peculiar  ability  in  govern- 
ing, to  all  the  remainder  of  her  family  :  That  fhe  was   now  o- 
vercome  by  his  benefits,  and  thankfully  accepted  of  this  hon- 
our (hewed  by  him  to  her  fon  and  that  Ihe  would  hereafter  be 
entirely  obedient  :  And  (he  defired  him  to  excufe  her,    if  the 
nobility  of  her  family,  and  that  freedom  ot  a6ling  which   fhe 
thought  that  allowed  her,  had  made  her  att  too  precipitately 
and  imprudently  in  this  matter."     So  when  they   had  fpoken 
thus  to  one  another,  they  came  to  an  agreement,  and  all  iuf- 
piciom,  fo  far  as  appeared,  were  vanifhed  away. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS.       [Book  XV. 


CHAP.     HI. 

How  Herod,  upon  his  making  Ariftobulus  High-priejl,  took  can 
that  htjliould  be  murdered  in  a  little  time  ;  and  what  apology 
he  made  to  Antony  about  Arijlobulus  :  As  alfo  concerning  Jo- 
Jeph  tnd  Mariamnc. 

§  I.  CO  king  Herod  immediately  took  the  high-priefthood 
O  away  from  ^naneius,  who,  as  we  faid  before,  was  not 
of  this  country,  but  one  ot  thofe  Jews  that  had  been  carried 
captive  beyond  Euphrates  ;  for  there  were  not  a  few  ten  thou- 
fands  of  this  people  that  had  been  carried  captives,  and  dwelt 
about  Babylonia,  whence  Auanelus  came.  He  was  one  *  ot" 
the  ftock  of  the  high  prietts,  and  had  been  of  old  a  particular 
friend  ot  Herod's  ;  and  when  he  was  firft  made  king-  he  con- 
ferred that  dignity  upon  him,  and  now  put  him  out  of  it  again, 
in  order  to  quiet  the  troubles  in  his  family,  though  what  he 
^id  was  plainly  unlawful,  for  at  no  other  time  [Jot  old]  was  a- 
ny  one  that  had  once  been  in  that  dignity  deprived  of  it.  It 
•was  Antiochus  Epiphanes  who  firft  brake  that  law,  and  de- 
prived Jefus,  and  made  his  brother  Onias  high-pneft  in  his 
#ead.  Ariftobulus  was  the  fecond  that  did  fo,  and  took  that 
dignity  from  his  brother  [Hyrcanus  ;J  an.dthis  Herod  was  the 
third,  who  took  that  high  olfice  away  [from  Ananelus,"J  and 
gave  it  to  this  young  man,  ArHtobulus,  in  his  ftead. 

1.  And  now  Herod  feemed  to  have  healed  the  divifions  in 
his  family  \  yet  was  he  not  without  fufpicion,  as  is  frequently 
the  cafe  ot  the  people  feeming  to  be  reconciled  to  one  another, 
but  thought  that,  as  Alexandra  had  already  made  attempts 
tending  to  innovations,  fo  did  he  fear  that  me  would  go  on 
therein,  it  me  found  a  fit  opportunity  for  fo  doing  ;  fo  he  gave 
a  command,  that  fhe  fhould  dwell  in  the  palace,  and  meddle 
with  no  public  affairs  :  Her  guards  alfo  were  fo  careful,  that 
nothing  Ihe  did  in  private  lite  every  day  was  concealed.  All 
thefe  hardfbips  put  her  out  of  patience,  by  little  and  little,  and 
fhe  began  to  hate  Herod  ;  for  as  (he  had  the  pride  of  a  woman 
to  the  utmoft  degree,  Ihe  had  great  indignation  at  this  fulpi- 

*  When  Jofephus  fays  here,  that,  this  Ananelus,  the  new  high  prieft,  was  »f  the 
jlock  of  the  high  pricjli,  and  fince  he  had  been  juft  telling  us  that  he  was  a  prieft  of 
an  ob/cure  family  or  character,  ch  ii.  ^  4.  it  is  not  at  all  probable  that  he  could  fo 
foonfay  that  he  was  of  thtjtoch  of  (lie  high  priejis.  However,  Jofephus  here  make* 
a  remarkable  obfervation.  that  this  Ananelns  was  the  third  that  was  ever  unjuftly  and 
•wickedly  turned  out  of  the  high  priefthood  by  the  civil  power,  no  king  or  gover- 
nor having  ventured  to  do  fo  that  Jolsphus  knew  of,  but  that  heathen  tyrant  and 
perfecutor  Antiochus  Epiphanes  ;  that  barbarous  parricide  Ariftobulus,  the  firft  that 
took,  royal  authority  among  the  Maccabees  ;  and  this  tyrant  king  Herod  the  Great, 
slthongh  afterward  that  infamous  practice  became  frequent,  till  the  very  dcftru&ioa 
cf  Jerusalem,  when  the  office  of  high  prieflhood  wasat  an  end. 


Chap.    III.]  ANTIQUITIES   «F    THE   JEWS.  l$Ji 

eious  guard  that  was  about  her  as  defirous  rather  to  undergo1 
any  thing  that  could  befal  her,  than  to  be  deprived  of  her  lib- 
erty of  fpeech,  and,  under  the  notion  of  an  honorary  guard, 
to  live  in  a  ftate  of  flavery  and  terror  :  She  therefore  fent  to 
Cleopatra,  and  made  along  complaint  of  the  circumftances- 
(he  was  in,  and  entreated  her  to  do  her  utmoft  tor  her  a  fli  fi- 
ance. Cleopatra  hereupon  advifed  her  to  take  her  fon  with 
her  and  come  away  immediately  to  her  into  Egypt.  This  ad- 
vice pleafed  her  ;  and  fh'e  had  this  contrivance  for  getting  a- 
w"ay  :  She  got  two  coffins  made,  as  if  they  were  to  carry  away 
two  dead  bodies,  and  put  herfelf  into  one,  and  her  fon  into  the 
other,  and  gave  orders  to  fuch  of  her  feryants,  asr  knew  of  her 
intentions,  to  carry  them  away  in  the  night  time.  Now  their 
road  was  to  be  thence  to  the  fea-fide,  and  there  was  a  fhip 
ready  to  carry  them  into  Egypt.  Now  ^fop,  one  of  her  fer- 
vants,  happened  to  fall  upon  Sabbion,  one  of  her  friends,  and 
fpake  of  this  matter  to  him,  as  thinking  he  had  known  of  it 
before.  When  Sabbion  knew  this,  (who  had  formerly  been 
an  enemy  of  Herod's,  and  been  efteemed  one  of  thofe  that  laid 
fnares  for,  and  gave  the  poifon  to  [his  father]  Antipater,)  he 
expected  that  this  difcovery  would  change  Herod's  hatred  in- 
fo kind'nefs,  fo  he  told  the  king  of  this  private  ftratagem  of  Al- 
exandra's :  Whereupon  he  fuffered  her  to  proceed  to  the  exe- 
cution of  her  project,  and  caught  her  in  the  very  fact,  but  flill 
he  palled  by  her  offence  ;  and  though  he  had  a  great  mind  to 
do  it,  he  durft  not  inflict  any  thing  that  was  fevere  upon  her, 
for  he  knew  that  Cleopatra  would  not  bear  that  he  fliouldhave 
her  accufed,  on  account  of  her  hatred  to  him  but  made  a  fhe\v 
as  if  it  were  rather  the  generofity  of  his  foul,  and  his  great 
nfo'deration;  that  made  him  forgive  them.  However,  he  tully 
propofed  to  himfelf  to  put  this  young  man  eut  of  the  way  by 
one  means  or  other  ;  but  he  thought  he  might  in  probability 
be  better  concealed  in  doing  it,  if  he  did  not  presently,  nor 
immediately  after  what  had  lately  happened. 

3,  And  now,  upon  the  approach  of  the  feaft  of  tabernacles, 
which  is  a  feflival  very  much  obferved  among  us,  he  let  thofe 
days  pafs  over,  and  both  he  and  the  reft  of  the  people  were 
therein  very  merry  ;  yet  did  the  envy  which  at  this  time  arofe 
in  him,  caufe  him  to  make  hafte  to  do  what  he  was  about,  and 
provoke  him  to  it  :  For  when  this  youth  Ariftobulus,  who 
was  now  in  the  feventeenth  year  of  his  age,  went  up  to  the  al- 
tar, according  to  the  law,  to  offer  the  facrifices,  and  this  with 
the  ornaments  of  his  high  priefthood,  and  when  he  *  perform- 
ed the  facred  offices,  he  feemed'to  be  exceeding"  comely,  and' 
taller  than  men  uftially  were  at  that  age,  and  to  exhibit  in  his 
countenance  a  great  deal  of  that  high  family  he  was  fprung; 
from,  and  a  warm  zeal  and  affection  towards  him  appeared  a- 

*  This  entirely  confutes  the  TalmmUfh,  who  pretend  that  no  one  under  twenty 
of  age  could  officiate  as  high  pried  among  the  jews-. 


i$4  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.        [Book  XV« 

rr.ong  the  people,  and  the  memory  of  the  aft  ions  of  his  grand- 
father Ariftobutas  was  trelh  in  their  minds  ;  and  their  affec- 
tions got  fo  far  the  mattery  of  them,  that  they  could  not  for- 
bear to  (hew  their  inclinations  to  him.  They  at  once  rejoic- 
ed, and  were  confounded,  and  mingled  with  good  wiihes  their 
joyful  acclamations  which  they  made  to  him,  till  the  good-will 
ot  the  multitude  was  made  too  evident,  and  they  more  rafhly 
proclaimed  the  happinefs  they  had  received  from  his  family 
than  was  fit  under  a  monarchy  to  have  done.  Upon  all  this, 
Herod  refolded  to  complete  what  he  had  intended  againft  the 
young  man.  When  therefore  the  feftival  was  over,  and  he 
was  feaftingat  *  Jericho  with  Alexandra,  who  entertained  them 
there,  he  was  then  very  pleafant  with  the  young  man,  and 
drew  him  info  a  lonely  place,  and  at  the  fame  time  played  with 
him  in  a  juvenile  and  ludicrous  manner.  Now  the  nature  ot 
that  place  was  hotter  than  ordinary  ;  fo  they  went  out  in  a 
body,  and  of  a  fudden,  and  in  a  vein  of  madnefs,  and  as  they 
flood  by  the  fifh  ponds,  of  which  there  were  large  ones  about 
the  houfe,  they  went  to  cool  themfelves  [by  bathing,]  becaufe 
it  was  in  the  midfl  of  an  hot  day.  At  firft  they  were  only  fpec- 
tators  of  Herod's  fervantsand  acquaintance  as  they  were  fwim- 
ming,  but  after  a  while,  the  young  man,  at  the  inftigation  of 
Herod,  went  into  the  water  among  them,  while  fuch  of  Her- 
od's acquaintance,  as  he  had  appointed  to  do  it,  dipped  him, 
as  he  was  fwimming,  and  plunged  him  under  water,  in  the 
dark  ot  the  evening  as  if  it  had  been  done  in  fport  only,  nor 
did  they  defiil  till  he  was  entirely  fufFocated  ;  and  thus  was 
Ariftobulns  murdered,  having  lived  no  more  in  all  than  teigh- 
teen  years,  and  kept  the  high  priefthood  one  year  only  :  Which 
high  priefthood  Ananelus  now  recovered  again. 

4.  When  this  fad  accident  was  told  the  women,  their  joy 
was  foon  changed  to  lamentation,  at  the  fight  of  the  dead  bo- 
dy that  lay  before  them,  and  their  furrow  was  immoderate. 
The  city  alfo  [of  JerufalemJ  upon  the  fpreading  ot  this 
news,  were  in  very  great  grief,  every  one  looking  on  this 
calamity  as  it  it  had  not  belonged  to  anofher,  but  that  one  of 
themfelves  was  flain  ;  but  Alexandra  was  more  deeply  affect- 
ed, upon  her  knowledge  that  he  had  been  deftroyed  |  on  pur- 
pofej.  Her  forrow  was  greater  than  that  of  others,  by  her 
knowing  how  the  murder  was  committed,  hut  fhe  was  under  a 
neceffity  ot  bearing  up  under  it,  out  of  her  profpect  of  a 
greater  mifchief  that  might  otherwife  follow  :  And  fhe  often- 
times came  to  an  inclination  to  kill  hei  felt  with  her  own  hand, 

*  A  Hebrew  chronicle,  cited  by  Reland,  fays,  this  drowning  was  at  Jordan^ 
not  at  Je ricko,  and  this  even  when  he  quotes  joiephus.  I  tufpeft  the  tranfcriber  of 
the  Hebrew  chronicle  miftook  the  narhe,  and  wrote  Jordan  tor  Jericho. 

t  The  reading  of  one  of  Joiephus's  Greek  MSS.  feems  here  to  be  ri'ght,  that 
Aiiilobu'ui  was  nut  eighteen  years  old  when  he  <*as  drowned,  for  he  was  not  Jcren- 
tfcn  whe:i  he  was  made  high  prieft,  chap.  ii.  ^  6  chap,  iii.'^  3,  aad  be  continued 
iii  that  cia:c  but  one  yur,  «s  ia  the  place  before  us. 


Chap.   III.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  185 

but  ftill  (he  re  drained  herfelf,  in  hopes  fhe  might  live  long  e- 
Hough  to  revenge  the  unjuft  murder  thus  privately  commit- 
ted :  Nay,  (he  farther  reiolved  to  endeavour  to  live  longer, 
and  to  give  no  occafion  to  think  fhe  fufpeded  thather  fon  was 
(lain  on  purpofe,  and  fuppofed  that  (he  might  thereby  be  in  a 
capacity  oi  revenging  it  at  a  proper  opportunity .  Thus  did 
Ihe  reftrain  herfelf,  that  fhe  might  not  be  noted  for  entertain- 
ing any  fuch  fufpicion.  However,  Herod  endeavoured  that 
none  abroad  mould  believe  that  the  child's  death  was  caufed 
by  any  defign  of  his  ;  and  for  this  purpofe  he  a  id  not  only 
life  the  ordinary  figns  of  forrow,  but  tell  into  tears  alfo,  and 
aed  a  real  confufion  oi  foul  :  And  perhaps  his  affec- 
tions were  overcome  on  this  occafion,  when  he  faw  the  child's 
countenance  fo  young,  and  fo  beautiful,  although  his  death 
were  fuppofed  to  tend  to  his  own  fecurity  ;  fo  far  at  leaft  this 
grief  ferved  as  to  make  fome  apology  for  him  :  And  as  tor  his 
funeral,  that  he  took  care  mould  be  very  magnificent,  by  mak- 
ing great  preparation  tor  a  fepulchre  to  lay  his  bc-dy  in,  and 
providing  a  great  quantity  of  (pices,  and  burying  many  orna- 
ments together  with  him.  till  the  very  women,  who  were  in, 
fuch  deep  forrow,  were  altonilhed  at  it,  and  received  in  this 
way  fome  confolation. 

5.  However,  no  fuch  things  could  overcome  Alexandra's 
griet,  but  the  remembrance  ot  this  miferable  cafe  made  her 
forrow  both  deep  and  obftinate.  Accordingly  fhe  wrote  an 
account  ot  this  treacherous  fcene  to  Cleopatra,  and  how  her 
fon  was  murdered  ;  but  Cleopatra,  as  (he  had  formerly  been, 
defirous  to  give  her  what  fatistaclion  Ihe  could,  and  commif- 
erating  Alexandra's  misfortunes,  made  the  cafe  her  own,  and 
would  not  let  Antony  be  quiet,  but  excited  him  topunifh  the 
child's  murder  ;  for  that  it  was  an  unworthy  thing  that  Herod, 
who  had  been  by  him  made  king  of  a  kingdom  that  no  way 
belonged  to  him,  Ihould  be  guilty  of  fuch  horrid  crimes  a- 
gainft  thofe  that  were  of  the  royal  blood  in  reality.  Antony- 
was  perfuadcd  by  thefe  arguments  ;  and  when  he  came  to  La- 
odicea,  he  lent  and  commanded  Herod  to  come  and  make  his 
defence,  as  to  what  he  had  done  to  Ariftobulus,  tor  that  fuch 
a  treacherous  delign  wa3  not  v/di  done,  it  he  had  any  hand 
in  it.  Herod  was  now  in  iear.  both  of  the  acculation,  and  of: 
Cleopatra's  ill  will  to  him  which  was  fuch,  that  Ihe  was  ev- 
er endeavouring  to  make  Antony  hate  him.  He  therefore  de- 
termined to  ofcey  his  fummons,  for  he  had  no  poilible  way  to 
avoid  it  :  So  he  left  his  uncle,  Tofeph,  procurator  tor  Iris-gov- 
ernment, and  for  the  public  affairs  and  gave  him  a  private 
charge  that  if  Antony  mould  kill  him  he  alfo  mould  kill  Ma- 
riamne  immediately,  tor  that  he  had  a  tender  affetrion  tor  this 
his  wite,  and  was  afraid  of  the  iujury  that  (hould  be  offered 
him,  it.  atter  his  death,  Ihe,  tor  her  beauty,  (hould  be  engag- 
ed to  lome  other  man  :  But  his  intimation  \vas  nothing  but 
>  the  bottor:'.,  thu  Antony  had  fallen  in  love  with  her, 

VOL.  II,  £      » 


186  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book   XV. 

when,  he  had  formerly  heard  fomewhat  of  her  beauty.  So 
when  Herod  had  given  Joi'eph  this  charge,  and  had  indeed  no 
lure  hopes  ot  efcapmg  with  his  life  he  went  away  to  Antony. 

6.  But  as  Jofeph  was  adminiftering  the  public   affairs  of 
the  kingdom,  and  for  that  reafon  was    very  .frequently  with 
Mariamne,  both  becaufe  his  bufine.s  required  it,  and  becaufe 
of  the  refpecls  he  ought  to  pay  to  the  queen,  he   frequently 
let  himfelt  into  dilcoiuies  about  Herod's  kindnefs,  and  great 
affeclion  towards  her  ;  and  when  the  women,  efpecially  Al- 
exandra, uied  to  turn    his  diicoun'es  into  feminine   raillery, 
Joi'eph  was  fo  over  defirous  to  demon  ft  rate  the  king's  inclina- 

'  tions,  that  he  proceeded  fo  far  as  to  mention  the  charge  he 
had  received,  and  thence  drew  his  demonftration,  that  Herod 
was  not  able  to  live  without  her  ;  and  that  it  he  fhould  come 
to  any  ill  end,  he  could  not  endure  a  feparation  from  her,  ev- 
en alter  he  was  dead.  Thus  (pake  Jo'eph.  But  the  wosien, 
as  was  natural,  did  net  take  this  to  be  an  initance  of  Hi-rod's 
ftrong  affeftion  for  them,  but  of  his  fevere  ufage  of  them, 
that  they  could  not  efcape  deftruclion  nor  a  tyrannical  death, 
even  when  he  was  deadhimfelf:  And  this  faying  [of  Jofeph 'sj 
was  a  foundation-  for  the  womens  fevere  fufpicions  aoout  him 
afterwards. 

7.  At  this  time  a  report  went  about  the  city  Jerufalem   a- 
mong  Herod's  enemies,  that  Antony  had  tortured  Herod,  and 
put  him  to  death.      This  report,  as  is  natural,  difturbed  thofe 
that  were  about  the  palace,  but  chiefly  fhe  women  : ;,  Upon 
^  hich  Alexandra  endeavoured   to  perfuade  Jofeph  to  go  out 
ot  the  palace,  and  fly  to  the  enfigns  of  the  Roman   legion, 
which  then  lay  encamped  aboutthe  city,  asaguard  to  the  king- 
dom, under  the  command  of  Julius  ;  tor  that,  by  this  means, 
ii  any  diilurbance  (hould  happen  about  the  palace,  they  fhould 
be  in  greater  fecurity,  as  having  the  Romans   favourable   to 
them  ;  and  that  befides,  they  hoped  to  obtain  the  higheft  au- 
thority, it    Antony    did   but  once   Ice   Mariamne,  hy   whofe 
means  they   fhould  recover   the   kingdom    and  want  nothing 

.  was  reafonable,  for  them  to  hope  for,  becaufe  of  their 
:  extra 61  ion. 

:'ut  as  they  were  in  the  midil  of  thefe  deliberations,  let- 
tcis  were  brought  from  Herod  about  all  his  affairs,  and  prov- 
ed contrary  to  the  report,  and  of  what  they  before  expected  ; 
tor  when  he  was  come  to  Antony,  he  foon  recovered  his  in- 
terefl  with  him,  by  the  prefents  he  made  him,  which  he  had 
brought  with  him  from  Jerufalem,  and  he  foon  induced  him, 
upon  difcouriing  with  him,  to  leave  off  his  indignation  at  him, 
lo  that  Cleopatra's  perfuafions  had  lefs  force  than  the  aigu- 
ments  and  prefents  be  brought,  to  regain  his  friendfhip  :  For 
Antony  faid,  That  "  it  was  not  good  to  require  an  account  ot  a 
king,  as  to  the  affairs  of  his  government,  for  at  this  rate  he 
could  be  no  king  at  all,  but  that  thofe  who  had  given  him  that 
authority  ought  to  permit  him  to  make  ufe  of  it."  He  a' fa 


Chap.    III.]  ANTIQUITIES    0)F    THE   JEWS.  iS? 

faid  the  fame  things  to  Cleopatra,  thaf  it  would  be  bed  for  her 
not  bufily  to  meddle  with  the  afcls  of  the  king's  government. 
Herod  wrote  an  account  of  thefe  things  ;  and  "  enlarged  up. 
on  the  other  honours  which  he  had  received  from  Antony  : 
How  he  fat  by  him  at  his  hearing  raufes,  and  took  his  diet 
with  him  every  day,  and  that  he  enjoyed  thofe  favours  from 
him,notwithftandjng  the  reproaches  thatCieopatra  fo  (evereiy 
lai'.l  againft  him,  who  having  a  great  defire  ot  hiscountry,  and 
earneftly  entreating  Antony  that  ihe  kingdom  might  be  given 
to  her,  laboured  with  her  utmoft  diligence  to  have  him  out  ot 
the  way,  but  that  he  ftill  found  Antony  juft  to  him.  and  had 
no  longer  any  apprehenfions  of  hard  treatment  from  him  ;  and 
that  he  was  foon  upon  his  return,  with  a  firmer  additional  af- 
furance  of  his  favour  to  him,  in  his  reigning  and  managing 
public  affairs  ;  and  that  there  was  no  longer  any  hope  for  Cle- 
opatra's covetous  temper,  fince  Antony  had  given  her  Cele- 
fyria  inftead  ot  what  (he  defired,  by  which  means  he  had  at 
once  pacified  her,  and  got  clear  ot  the  entreatieS  which  fhe 
made  him  to  have  Judea  beftowed  upon  her." 

9.  When  thefe  letters  were  brought,  the  women  left  off 
their  attempt  for  flying  to  the  Romans,  which  they  thought 
of,  while  Herod  was  luppofed  to  be  dead,  yet  was  not  that 
purpofe  of  theirs  a  fecret  ;  but  when  the  king  had  conducted 
Antony  on  his  way  againft  the  Parthians,  he  returned  to  Ju- 
dea, when  both  his  filler  Salome,  arid  his  mother  informed 
him  of  Alexandra's  intentions.  Salome  alfo  added  fomewhat 
farther  againft  Jofeph,  though  it  were  no  more  than  a  calum- 
ny, that  he  baa  often  hid  criminal  converfation  with  Mari- 
amne.  The  reafon  ot  her  faying  fo  was  this,  that  ihe  lor  a 
long  time  bare  her  ill-will,  for  when  they  had  differences  with 
one  another,  Maria mne  took  great  freedoms,  and  reproached 
the  reft  tor  the  meannefs  of  their  birih.  But  Herod,  whofe 
affection  to  Mariamne  was  always  very  warm,  was  prefently 
difturbed  at  this,  and  could  not  bear  the  torments  oi  jealoufy, 
but  was  ftill  reftrained  from  doing  any  rain  thing  to  her  by  the 
love  he  had  lor  her  :  Yet  did  his  vehement  affection  and  jeal- 
oufy together  make  him  afk  Mariamne  by  herfelf  about  this 
matter  ot  Jofeph  ;  but  fhe  denied  it  upon  her  oath,  and  faid 
all  that  an  innocent  woman  could  poilibly  fay  in  her  own  de- 
fence, fo  that  by  litfle  and  little  the  king  was  prevailed  upon  to 
drop  the  fufpicion,  and  left  off  his  anger  at  her  ;  and  being 
overcome  with  his  paffion  for  his  wife,  he  made  an  apology 
to  her  for  having  feerned  to  believe  what  he  had  heard  about 
her,  and  returned  her  a  great  many  acknowledgments  of  her 
modeft  behaviour,  and  proieffed  the  extraordinary  affection 
and  kindnefs  he  had  for  her,  till  at  lail  as  is  ufual  between 
lovers,  they  both  fell  into  tears,  and  embraced  one  another 
with  a  moft  tender  affeftipn.  But  as  the  king  gave  more  and 
more  affurances  of  his  belief  of  her  fidelity  .and  endeavoured  to 
draw  her  to  a  like  confidence  in  him,  Mariamne  faid  "  Yet 


l88  ANTIQUITIES  OP  THE  JEWS.       [Book.  XV. 

was  not  that  command  thou  gaveft,  that  if  any  harm  came  to 
thee  from  Antony,  1>  who  had  been  no  occafion  of  it,  mould 
perifh  with  thee,  a  fign  of  thy  love  to  me."  When  thefe 
words  were  fallen  from  her,  the  king  was  fhocked  at  them, 
and  prefently  let  her  go  out  of  his  arms,  and  cried  out,  and 
tore  his  hair  with  his  own  hands,  and  (aid,  that  "  now  he  had 
an  evident  demonffration  that  Jofeph  had  had  criminal  con- 
verfation  with  his  wife,  for  that  he  would  never  have  uttered 
what  he  had  told  him  alone  by  himfelf,  unlefs  there  had  been 
fuch  a  great  familiarity  and  firm  confidence  between  them." 
And  while  he  was  in  this  pafhon  he  had  like  to  have  killed  his 
wi'e,  but  being  ftill  overborne  by  his  love  to  her,  he  reftr -lin- 
ed this  his  paffion,  though  not  without  a  lading  griet,  and  dif- 
quietnefs  ot  mind.  However,  he  gave  order  to  flay  Toieph, 
without  permitting  him  to  come  into  his  fight  ;  and  as  tor  Al- 
exandra, he  bound  her,  and  kept  her  in  cuitody,  as  the  caufe 
pi  all  this  miffhief. 


CHAP.    IV. 

How  Cleopatra,  when  fie  had  gotten  from  Antony  fame  parts 
oj  Judea  and  Arabia,  came  into  jfudea  ;  and  how  Herod 
gave  her  many  Prefents,  and  Conduced  her  on  her  Way  back 
to  Egypt. 


§  i.  T^TOW  at  this  time  the  affairs  of  Syria  were  in  confu^ 

1  H|  fion  by  Cleopatra's  conftant  perfuafions  to  Ant 
to  make  an  attempt  upon  every  body's  dominions  ;  for  ihe 
perfuaded  him  to  take  thofe  dominions  away  from  their 
al  princes  andbeftow  them  upon  her  ;  and"  (he  had  a  mighty 
influence  upon  him,  by  realbn  of  his  being  enflaved  to  her  by 
his  affections.  She  was  allo  by  nature  very  covetous,  and 
fluckat  no  wickednefs.  She  had  already  pot  foned  her  broth- 
er, becaufe  flic  knew  that  he  was  to  be  king  of  Egypt,  and 
this  when  he  was  but  fifteen  years  old  :  And  (he  got  her  fiftcr 
Arfinoe  to  be  fhin,  by  the  means  of  Antony,  when  (lie  was 
a  (applicant  at  Diana's  temple  at  Ephefus  ;  for  if  there  were 
but  any  hopes  of  getting  money,  (he  would  violate  both  tem- 
ples and  fepulchres.  Nor  was  there  any  holy  place  that  was 
efleemed  the  mofl  inviolable,  from  which  (he  would  not  fetch 
the  ornaments  it  had  in  it  :  Nor  any  place  fo  profane,  but  was 
to  fuffer  the  mofl  flagitious  treatment  poflible  from  her,  it  it 
could  but  contribute  Tomewhat  to  the  covetous  humour  ot 
this  wicked  creature  :  Yet  did  not  all  this  fuffice  fo  extrava- 
gant a  woman,  who  was  a  flave  to  herlufts,  but  (he  (till  imag- 
ined that  (he  wanted  every  thing  (he  could  think  of  and  did 
her  utmoft  to  gain  it  ;  for  which  reafon  (he  hurried  Antony 
on  perpetually  to  deprive  others  of  their  dominions  and  give 
them  to  her.  And  as  fii-e  went  over  Syria  with  him,  (he  con- 


Chap.   IV.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  llty 

triverl  to  get  it  into  her  pofTefTion  ;  fo  he  flew  Lyfanlas,  the  fon 
of  Ptolemy,  accufing  him  of  his  bringing  the  Parthians  upon 
tho.  countries.  Shealfo  petitioned  Antony  to  give  her  Ju- 
dea  and  Arabia,  and  in  order  thereto  defired  him  to  take  thefe 
countries  away  from  their  prefent governors.  As  for  Antony, 
he  was  fo  entirely  overcome  by  this  woman,  that  one  would 
not  think  her  converfation  only  could  do  it,  but  that  he  was 
forne  way  or  other  bewitched  to  do  whatfoever  the  would  have 
him  ;  yet  did  the  grofTeft  parts  of  her  injuftice  make  him  fo 
afhamed,  thaf  he  would  not  always  hearken  to  her,  to  do  thofe 
flagrant  enormities  (he  would  have  perfuaded  him  to.  That 
therefore  he  might  not  totally  deny  her,  nor,  by  doing  every 
thing  which  fhe  enjoined  hirp. appear  openly  to  bean  ill  man, he 
took  fome  parts  of  each  of  thofe  countries  away  from  their 
former  governors,  and  gave  them  to  her.  Thus  he  gave  her 
the  cities  that  were  within  the  river  Eleutherus,  as  far  as  E- 
gypt,  excepting  Tyre  and  Sidon,  which  he  knew  to  have 
been  tree  cities  from  their  anceftors,  although  fheprefled  him 
very  often  to  beftow  thofe  on  her  alfo. 

2.  When  Cleopatra  had  obtained  thus  much,  and  had  ac- 
companied Antony  in  his  expedition  to  Armenia,  as  far  as  Eu- 
phrates, (he  returned  back,  and  came  to  Apamiaand  Damaf- 
cus,  and  paffed  on  to  Judea,  where  Herod  met  her,  and  farmed 
of  her  her  parts  of  Arabia  andthofe  revenues  that  came  to  her 
from  the  region  about  Jericho.  This  country  bears  that  bal- 
fam,  which  is  the  moft  precious  drug  that  is  there,  and  grows 
there  alone.  The  place  bears  alfo  palm-trees,  both  many  in 
number,  and  thofe  excellent  in  their  kind.  When  fhe  was 
there,  and  was  very  often  with  Herod,  fhe  endeavoured  to 
have  criminal  converfafion  with  the  king  :  Nor  did  fhe  afleft 
iecrecy  in  the  indulgence  of  fuch  fort  of  pleafures  ;  and  per- 
haps fhe  had  in  fome  meafure  apaflion  of  love  to  him,  or  rath- 
er, what  is  moft  probable,  fhe  laid  a  treacherous  fnare  for  him, 
by  aiming  to  obtain  fuch  adulterous  converfation  from  him  : 
However,  upon  the  whole,  fhe  feemed  overcome  with  love  to 
him.  Now  Herod  had  a  great  while  borne  no  good  will  to 
Cleopatra,  as  knowing  that  fhe  was  a  woman  irkfome  to  all  ; 
and  at  that  time  he  thought  her  particularly  worthy  of  his  hat- 
red, if  this  attempt  proceeded  out  of  lull  :  He  had  alfo  tho't 
of  preventing  her  intrigues,  by  putting  her  to  death,  if  fuch 
were  her  endeavours.  However,  he  refufed  to  comply  with 
her  propofals,  and  called  a  counfel  of  his  friends  to  confult 
with  them,  "  Whether  he  mould  not  kill  her,  now  he  had  her 
in  his  power  ?  For  that  he  mould  thereby  deliver  all  thofe 
Irom  a  multitude  of  evils  to  whom  fhe  was  already  become 
irkfome,  and  was  expefted  to  be  fl.il  1  fo  for  the  time  to  come  ; 
and  that  this  very  thing  would  be  much  for  the  advantage  of 
Antony  himfelf,  fince  fhe  would  certainly  not  be  faithful  to 
him,  in  cafe  any  fuch  feafon  or  neceffity  fhould  come  upon 
him  as  that  he  fhould  ftand  in  need  of  her  fidelity."  But  when 


r$0  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.        [Book  XV. 

he  thought  to  follow  this  advice,  his  friends  would  not  let 
him  ;  and  told  him,  That  "  in  the  firJl  place,  it  was  not  right 
to  attempt  fo  great  a  thing,  and  run  himfelf  thereby  into  the 
utmoft  clanger :  And  they  laid  hard  at  him,  and  begged  of 
him  to  undertake  nothing  rafhly  for  that  Antony  would  nev- 
er bear  it,  no  not  though  any  one  fhould  evidently  lay  before 
his  eyes  that  it  was  for  his  own  advantage  ;  and  that  the  ap- 
pearance of  depriving  him  of  her  converfation  by  this  violent 
and  treacherous  method,  would  probably  fet  his  affeftions 
more  on  a  flame  than  before.  Nor  did  it  appear  that  he  could 
offer  any  thing  of  tolerable  weight  in  his  defence,  this  attempt 
being  againfl  fuch  a  woman  as  was  of  the  higheft  dignity  ot 
any  of  her  fex  at  that  time  in  the  world  :  And  as  to  any  ad- 
vantage to  be  expecled  from  fuch  an  undertaking,  it  any  fuch 
could  be  fuppofed  in  this  cafe,  it  would  appear  to  deferve 
condemnation,  on  account  of  the  infolence  he  muft  take  upon 
him  in  doing  it.  Which  confiderations  made  it  very  plain 
that  in  fo  doing  he  would  find  his  government  rilled  with  naif- 
chiefs,  both  great  and  faffing,  both  to  himfelf  and  his  pofteri- 
ty,  whereas  it  was  ft  ill  in  his  power  to  rejett  that  wickednefs 
fhe  would  perfuade  him  to,  and  to  come  off  honourably  at 
the  fame  time."  So  by  thus  affrighting  Herod,  and  repreferit- 
ing  to  him  the  hazard  he  muft  in  ail  probability,  run  by  this 
undertaking,  they  retrained  him  from  it.  So  he  treated  Cle- 
opatra kindly,  and  made  her  prefents,  and  conducted  her  on 
her  way  to  Egypt. 

3.  But  Antony  fubdued  Armenia,  and  lent  Artabazes,  the 
fon  of  Tigranes,  in  bonds  with  his  children  and  procurators, 
to  Egypt,  and  made  a  prefent  of  them,  and  of  all  the  royal 
ornaments  which  he  had  taken  out  of  that  kingdom   to  Cleo- 
patra.    And  Artaxias,  theeldellot  his  fons,  who  had  efcaped 
at  that  time,  took  the  kingdom  of  Armenia  ;  who  yet  was  e- 
jetted  by  Archeiaus  and  Nero  Cjefar,  when  they  reftored  Ti- 
granes his  younger  brother  to   that  kingdom  :  But  this  hap- 
pened a  good  while  afterward. 

4.  But  then,  as  to  the  tributes  which  Herod  was  to  pay  Cle- 
opatra for  that  country  which  Antony  had  given  her.  he  a£led 
fairly  with  her,  as  deeming  it  not  fafe  for  him  to  afford  any 
caufe  for  Cleopatra  to  hate  him.     As  tor  the  king  of  Arabia, 
whofe  tribute  Herod  had  undertaken  to  pay  her,  tor  fometime 
indeed  he  paid  him  as  much  as  came  to  two  hundred  talents, 
but  he  afterwards  became  very  niggardly,  and  flow  in  his  pay- 
ments, and  could  hardly  be  brought  to  pay  lome  parts  ot  it, 
and  was  not  willing  to  pay  even  them  without  fome  deduc- 
tion. 


Chap.   V]  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS. 


CHAP.    V. 

How  Herod  made  War  with  the  King  of  Arabia,  and  after  they 
had  Fought  many  Battles,  at  length  Conquered  htm,  and  was 
chofen  by  the  Arabs  to  be  Governor  of  that  Nation  :  As  alfo 
concerning  a  great  Earthquake. 

§  i.  T  TEREUPON  Herodheldhimfelf  ready  to  go  againft 
XTL  the  king  of  Arabia,  becaufe  of  his  ingratitude  to 
him,  and  becaufe,  after  all,  he  would  do  nothing  that  was  juft 
to  him,  although  Herod  made  the  Roman  war  an  occafion  of 
delaying  his  own,  tor  the  battle  at  Athum  was  now  expected, 
which  fell  into  the  hundred  eighty  and  feventh  olympiad, 
where  Caefar  and  Antony  were  to  fight  for  the  fupreme  pow- 
er of  the  world;  but  Herod  having  enjoyed  a  country  that 
was  very  fruitful,  and  that  now  for  a  long  time,  and  having 
received  great  taxes,  and  raifed  great  armies  therewith,  got 
together  a  body  of  men,  and  carefully  fuinifhed  them  with 
all  nece,Tarics,  and  deligned  them  as  auxiliaries  for  Antony  : 
But  Antony  faid,  he  had  no  want  of  his  afliftance  ;  but  he 
commanded  him  topunifh  the  king  of  Arabia;  for  he  had  heard 
both  trom  him,  and  Irom  Cleopatra,  how  perfidious  he  was  ; 
for  this  was  what  Cleopatra  defired,  who  thought  it  for  her 
own  advantage,  that  thefe  two  kings  fhould  do  one  another  as 
great  miichief  as  pofTible.  Upon  this  meilage  from  Antony, 
Herod  returned  back,  but  kept  his  army  with  him,  in  order 
to  invade  Arabia  immediately.  So  when  his  army  of  horfe- 
men  and  tootmen  was  ready,  he  marched  to  Diofpolis,  whith- 
er the  Arabians  came  alfo  to  meet  them,  tor  they  were  not 
unappriied  of  this  war  that  was  coming  upon  them  ;  and  after 
a  great  battle  had  been  fought,  the  Jews  had  the  victory  :  But 
afterward  there  were  gotten  together  another  numerous  army 
of  the  Arabians,  at  Cana,  which  are  places  of  Celefyria.  He- 
rod was  informed  of  this  beforehand  ;  fo  became  marching 
againft  them  with  the  gicaLeft  part  of  the  forces  he  had  ;  and 
when  he  was  come  near  to  Cana,  he  refolved  to  encamp  him- 
felt,  and  he  call  up  a  bul.vark,  that  he  might  take  a  proper 
feafon  lor  attacking  the  enemy  ;  but  as  he  was  giving  thofe 
orders,  the  multiude  of  the  Jews  cried  out,  that  he  (hould 
make  no  delay,  but  lea-cl  them  againft  the  Arabians.  They 
went  with  great  f'pirit,  as  believing  they  were  in  very  good 
order,  and  thofe  eipecially  were  fo  that  had  been  in  the  for- 
mer battle,  and  had  been  conquerors,  and  had  not  permitted 
their  eneiiiies  fo  much  as  to  come  to  a  clofe  fight  with  them. 
And  when  they  were  fo  tumultuous,  and  Shewed  fuch  great  a- 
lacrity,  the  king  reiojved  to  make  ufe  of  that  zeal  the  multi- 
tude then  exhibited  ;  and  when  he  had  affured  them  he  would 
»ot  be  behind  hand  with  them  in  cpurage,  he  led  them  on,  and 


19*  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.         [Book  XV. 

flood  before  them  all  in  his  armour,  all  the  regiments  follow- 
ing him  in  their  feveral  ranks  :    Whereupon  a  confternation 
fell  upon  the  Arabians  ;  tor  when  they  perceived  that  the  Jews 
were  not  to  be  conquered,  and  were  full  of  fpirit,  the  greater 
part  of  them  ran  away,  and  avoided  fighting,  and  they  had 
been  quite  deftroyed,  had   not  Athenio  fallen  upon  the  Jews, 
and  diftrelfed  them,  tor  this  man  was  Cleopatra's  general  over 
the    foldiers  fhe  had   there,   and  was  at  enmity   with  Herod, 
and  very  wiftfully  looked  on  to  fee  what  the  event  ot  the  bat- 
tle would  be  :  Me  had  alfo  refoived,  that  in  cafe  the  Arabians 
did  any  thing  that  was  brave  and  fuccefsful,  he  would  lie  flill, 
but  in  cafe  they  were  beaten,  as  it  really  happened,  he  would 
attack  the  jews  with  thole  forces  he  had  ot  his  own,  and  with 
thofe  that  the  country  had  gotten  together  tor  him  :  So  he  fell 
upon  the  Jews  unexpectedly,  when  they   were  fatigued,  and 
thought  they  had  already  vanquifhed  the  enemy,  and  made  a 
great  {laughter  of  them  ;  for  as  the  Jews  had  fpent  their  cour- 
age upon  their  known  enemies,  and  were  about  to  enjoy  them- 
felves  in   quietnefs  after  their  victory,  they  were  eatiiy  beat- 
en by  thefe  that  attacked  them  atre/h,  and  in  particular  re- 
ceived a  great  lofs  in  places  where  the  horfes  could  not  be  of 
fervice,  and  which  were  very  flony,  and  where  thole  that  at- 
tacked them  were  better  acquainted  with  the  places  than  them- 
felves.     And  when  the  Jews  had  fuffered  this  lofs,  the  Arabi- 
ans raifed  their  fpirits  after  their  defeat,  and  returning  back  a- 
gain,  flew  thofe  that  were  already  put  to  flight;  and  indeed 
all  fort  of  Daughter  were  now  frequent,  and  of  thole  tkat  ef- 
caped,  a  tew  only  returned  into  the  camp.      So  king   Herod, 
when  he  defpaired  of  the  battle,  rode  up  to  them  to  bring  them 
affiftance.  yet  did  he  not  come  time  enough  to  do  them  any 
fervice,  though  he  laboured  hard  to  do  it,  but  the  Jewilh 
camp  was  taken,  fo  that  the  Arabians  had  unexpectedly  a  moil 
glorious  fuccefs,  having  gained  that  viilory  which  of  them- 
felves  they  were  no  way  likely  to  have  gained,  and  flaying  a 
great  part  of  the  enemy's  army  :    Whence  afterward  Herod 
could  only  a6l  like  a  private  robber,  and  make  excurfions  upon 
many  parts  ot  Arabia,  and  dilirefs  them  by  fudden  incurfions, 
while  he  encamped  among  the  mountains,  and  avoided  by  any 
means  to  come  to  a  pitched  battle,  yet  did  he  greatly  harrafs 
the  enemy  by  his  aflidutty,  and  the  hard  labour  he  took  in  this 
matter.     He  alfo  took  great  care  ot  his  own  forces,  and  uied 
all  the  means  he  could  to  rcftore  his  affairs  to  their  old  Hate. 

2.  At  this  time  it  was  that  the  fight  happened  at  A6tium,  be- 
tween Ociavius  Cefar  and  Antony,  in  *  the  feventh  year  of  the 
reign  of  Herod ;  and  then  it  was  alfo  there  was  an  earthquake 

*  The  reader  is  here  to  take  notice,  that  \.\i\*fevcnik  year  of  the  reiga  of  Herod, 
and  all  the  other  years  of  his  reign,  in  jofephus,  are  dated  from  the  death  of  An- 
tigonus,  or  at  the  iooneft  from  the  coi.queR  of  Antigocus,  and  th-i  taking  ot  Jeru- 
falem  a  few  months  before,  and  never  from  h'.s  fint  obui.. '••/••  the  kingdom  at  Rome 
above  three  years  before,  »i  »'o:nehavi  •  ?rv  \ve.'s!y  done* 


Chap.   V%]  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.' 

in  Judea,  fiich  an  one  as  had  not  happened  at  any  other  time* 
and  which  earthquake  brought  a  great  deftru&ion  upon  the 
cattle  in  that  country  ^  About  ten  thoufand  men  alfo  perifhed 
by  the  fall  of  houfes  ;  but  the  army,  which  lodged  in  the  field, 
received  no  damage  by  this  fad  accident.  When  the  Arabi- 
ans were  informed  of  this,  and  when  thofethat  hated  the  Jews, 
and  pleafed  themfelves  with  aggravating  the  reports  told  them 
of  it,  they  railed  their  fpirits,  as  if  their  enemy's  country  was 
quite  overthrown,  and  the  men  were  utterly  deftroyed,  ami 
thought  there  now  remained  nothing  that  could  oppofe  them. 
Accordingly,  they  took  the  Jewifh  ambaffadors,  who  came  to 
them  after  all  this  had  happened,  to  make  peace  with  them*, 
and  flew  them,  and  came  with  great  alacrity  againft  their  ar- 
my ;  but  the  Jews  durft  not  withftand  them,  and  were  fo  caffc 
down  by  the  calamities  they  were  under,  that  they  took  no 
care  of  their  affairs,  but  gave  up  themlelves  to  defpair,  for 
they  had  no  hope  that  they  mould  be  upon  a  level  again  with: 
them  in  battles,  nor  obtain  any  affiftance  ellewhere,  while 
their  affairs  at  home  were  in  fuch  great  diftrefs  alfo.  "When, 
matters  were  in  this  condition,  the  king  perfuaded  the  com-, 
manders  by  his  words,  and  tried  to  raife  their  fpirits  which 
were  quite  funk  ;  and  firft  he  endeavoured  to  encourage  and 
embolden  fome  of  the  better  fort  before  hand,  and  then  ven- 
tured to  make  a  fpeech  to  the  multitude,  which  he  had  before 
avoided  to  do,  leil  he  fhould  find  themuneafy  thereat,  becaufe: 
of  the  misfortunes  which  had  happened  ;  fo  he  madeaconfol- 
atory  fpeech  to  the  multitude,  in  the  manner  following  : 

3.  "  You  are  not  unacquainted,  my  fellow-foldiers,  that  we 
have  had  not  long  fince,  many  accidents  that  have  put  a  flop> 
to  what  we  are  about,  and  it  is  probable,  that  even  thofe  that 
are  moft  diitinguifhed  above  others  tor  their  courage,  can  hard- 
ly keep  up  their  fpirits  in  fuch  circumftances,  but  fince  we 
cannot  avoid  fighting,  and  nothing  that  hath  happened  is  ofc 
fuch  a  nature  but  it  may  by  yourfelves  be  recovered  into  a 
good  ftate  and  this  by  one  brave  aflion  only  well  performed,, 
1  have  propofed  to  myfelf  both  to  give  you  fome  encourage- 
ment, and,  at  the  fame  time  fome  information,  both  which  part« 
oi  my  defign,  will  tend  to  this  point,  that  you  may  iti-ll  con- 
tinue in  your  own  proper  fortitude.  I  will  then,  in  the  firft 
place,  demonftrate  to  you,  that  this  war  is  a  juft  one  on  our 
fide,  and  that  on  this  account  it  is  a  war  of  neceffity,  and  oc- 
cafioned  by  the  injuftice  ot  our  adverfaries,  for  it  you  be  once 
fa'tisfied  of  this,  it  will  be  a  real  caufe  ot  alacrity  to  you,  after 
which  I  will  farther  demonftrate,  that  the  misfortunes  we  are 
under  are  of  no  great  confequence,  and  that  we  have  the  great- 
eft  realon  to  hope  for  victory.  I  fhall  begin  with  the  firlt,  and 
appeal  to  yourfelves  as  witneffes  to  what  I  (hall  fay.  You  are 
not  ignorant  certainly  of  the  wickednefs  ot  the  Arabians, 
which  is  to  that  degree  as  to  appear  incredible  to  all  other  men, 
and  to  include  fomewhat  that  fhews  the  groffeft  barbarity  and 

VOL.  II  A  a 


*94  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  JEWS. 

ignorance  of  God.  Their  chief  things  wherein  they  have" 
affronted  us,  have  arifen  from  covetoufnefs  and  envy,  and 
they  have  attacked  us  in  an  infidious  manner,  and  on  the  fud- 
den.  And  what  occafion  is  there  for  me  to  mention  many  in- 
ilances  of  fuch  their  procedure?  When  they  were  in  danger 
of  lofing  their  own  government  of  themfelves,  and  of  being 
flaves  to  Cleopatra,  what  others  were  they  that  freed  them 
irom  that  fear  ?  For  it  was  the  friendfhip  1  had  with  Antony, 
and  the  kind  difpofition  he  was  in  towards  us,  that  hath  been 
the  occafion  that  even  thefe  Arabians  have  not  been  utterly 
undone,  Antony  being  unwilling  to  undertake  any  thing  which 
might  be  fufpefted  by  us  of  unkindnefs  :  But  when  he  had  a 
mind  to  beflow  Tome  parts  of  each  of  our  dominions  on  Cleo- 
patra, I  alfo  managed  that  matter  fo,  that  by  giving  him  pref- 
ents  of  my  own,  1  might  obtain  a  fecurity  to  both  nations, 
while  I  undertook  my felf  to  anfwer  for  the  money,  and  gave 
him  two  hundred  talents,  and  became  furety  for  thofe  two 
hundred  more  which  were  impofed  upon  the  land  that  was 
fubjeft  to  this  tribute  :  And  this  they  have  defrauded  us  of, 
although  it  was  not  reafonable  that  Jews  fhowld  pay  tribute  to 
any  man  living,  or  allow  part  of  their  land  to  be  taxable  ;  but 
although  that  was  to  be,  yet  ought  we  not  to  pay  tribute  for 
thefe  Arabians,  whom  we  have  ourfelves  preferved  ;  nor  is  it 
fit  that  they,  who  have  profefled,  and  that  with  great  integrity 
and  fenfe  of  our  kindnefs,  that  it  is  by  our  means  that  they 
keep  their  principality,  mould  injure  us,  and  deprive  us  of 
what  is  our  due,  and  this  while  we  have  been  ftill  not  their 
enemies  but  their  friends.  And  whereas-  obfervation  of  cov- 
enants takes  place  among  the  bittereft  enemies,  but  among 
friends  is  abfolutely  neceffary,  this  is  not  obferved  among 
thefe  men  who  think  gain  to  be  the  beft  of  all  things,  let  it  be 
by  any  means  whatfoever,  and  that  injuftice  is  no  harm,  if  they 
may  but  get  money  by  it  :  Is  it  therefore  a  cjueftion  with  you, 
•Whether  the  unjuil  are  to  be  punifhed  or  not  ?  When  God 
himfeli  hath  declared  his  mind  that  fo  it  ought  to  be,  and  hath 
commanded  that  we  ever  fhould  hate  injuries  and  injufiice. 
which  is  not  only  jufl  but  ncceffary  in  wars  between  feveral 
nations  ;  for  thefe  Arabians  have  done  what  both  the  Greeks 
and  Barbarians  own  to  be  an  inftance  of  the  groffeft  wicked- 
nels,  with  regard  to  our  ambaffadors,  which  they  have  behead- 
ed, while  the  Greeks  declare  that  fuch  ambafladors  are  *  facred 
and  inviolable.  And  for  ourfelves  we  have  learned  from  God 
the  moft  excellent  of  our  doftrines,  and  the  moil  holy  part  of 
our  law  by  angels,  or  ambaffadors  ;  for  this  name  brings  God 
tc  the  knowledge  of  mankind,  and  is  fufficient  to  reconcile 

*  Herod  (ays  here,  that  as  amkaffadors  were  facred,  when  they  carried  meffages  to 
others,  fo  did  the  laws  of  the  Jews   derive  a   facred  authority  by  being  deli* 
from  God  by  ante's  [or  J^-ine  ambajjadorsl  which  is   St.  Paul's  expression.  au 
Bie  lame  laws,  Gal.  iii.  19.  Heb.  ii.  z. 


Chap.    V.J  ANTIQUITIES   ©F    THE   JEWSu  IO,*? 

enemies  one  to  another.  What  wickednefs  then  can  be  great- 
er than  the  (laughter  of  amballadors,  who  come  to  treat  about 
doing  what  is  right  ?  And  when  fuch  have  been  their  aftions, 
how  is  it  poflible  they  can  either  live  fecurcly  in  common  lite, 
or  be  fuccefsful  in  war  ?  'n  my  opinion  this  is  impoffible  ; 
tut  perhaps  fome  will  fay  that  what  is  holy,  and  what  is  right- 
eous is  indeed  on  our  fide,  but  the  Arabians  are  either  more 
courageous,  or  more  numerous  than  we  are.  Now  as  to  this, 
in  the  fir  ft  place,  it  is  not  fit  for  us  to  fay  fo,  tor  with  whom  is 
what  is  righteous,  with  them  is  God  hirnfelf ;  now,  where  God 
is,  there  is  both  multitude  and  courage.  But  to  examine  our 
own  circumftances  a  little,  we  were  conquerors  in  thefirft  bat- 
tle ;  and  when  we  fought  again,  they  were  not  able  to  oppofe 
us,  but  ran  away,  and  could  not  endure  our  attacks,  or  our 
courage  ;  but  when  we  had  conquered  them,  then  came  Athen- 
ion,  and  made  war  againft  us  without  declaring  it  ;  and  pray, 
is  th-is  an  iaftance  of  their  manhood  ?  Or  is  it  not  a  fecond  in- 
ftance  of  their  wickednefs  and  treachery  ?  Why-are  we  there- 
fore of  lefs  courage,  on  account  of  that  which  ought  to  infpire 
us  with  ftronger  hopes  ?  And  why  are  we  terrified  at  thefe, 
who,  when  they  fight  upon  the  level,  are  continually  beaten, 
and  when  they  feern  to  be  conquerors,  they  gain  it  by  wick- 
ednefs ?  And  if  we  -fuppofe  that  any  one  mould  deem  them  to 
be  men  of  real  courage,  will  not  he  be  excited  by  that  very 
confideration  to  do  his  utmoft  againft  them  ?  For  true  valour 
is  not  fhewn  by  fighting  againft  weak  perfons,  but  in  being 
able  to  overcome  the  moii  hardy.  But  then,  if  the  diftrefle.s 
we  are  ourfelves  under,  and  the  miferies  that  have  come 
by  the  earthquake,  hath  affrighted  any  one,  let  him  confider 
in  the  firft  place,  that  this  very  thing  will  deceive  the  Arabi- 
ans,  by  their  fuppofal  that  what  hath  befallen  us  is  greater  tha.u 
it  really  is.  Moreover  it  is  not  right  that  the  fame  thing  that 
emboldens  them  mould  difcourage  us  ;  for  thefe  men,  you  fee, 
do  not  derive  their  alacrity  from  any  advantageous  virtue  of 
their  own,  but  from  their  hope,  as  to  us,  that  we  are  quite  cait 
down  by  our  misfortunes  ;  but  when  we  boldly  march  againil 
them,  we  mall  foon  pull  down  their  infolent  conceit  of  them- 
felves  and  mall  gain  this  by  attacking  them,  that  they  will 
not  be  fo  infolent  when  wa  come  to  the  battle,  for  our  diftreff- 
es  are  not  fo  great,  nor  is  what  hath  happened  an  indication 
of  the  anger  of  God  againft  us,  as  fome  imagine,  for  fuch 
things  are  accidental,  and  adverfities  that  come  in  the  ufual 
courfe  of  things  ;  and  if  we  allow  that  this  was  done  by  the 
will  of  God,  we  mult  allow  that  it  is  now  over  by  his  will  al~ 
fo  and  that  he  is  fatfsfied  with  what  hath  already  happened, 
for  had  he  been  willing  to  afflict  us  ftill  more  thereby  he  had 
not  changed  his  mind  lo  foon.  And  as  for  the  war  we  are  en- 
gaged in,  he  hath  himfelf  demonllrated,  that  he  is  willing  it 
ihould  go  on,  and  that  he  knows  it  to  be  a  juft  war  ;  for  while 
lorae  ot  the  people  in  the  country  have  perifhed,  all  you 


ig6  ANTI£UITIBS   «F    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XV. 

were  in  arms  have  fuffered  nothing,  but  are  all  preferred  alive  ; 
whereby  God  makes  it  plain  to  us,  that  if  you  had  univerfally, 
•with  your  children  and  wives,  been  in  the  army,  it  had  come 
to  pals,  that  you  had  not  undergone  any  thing  that  would  have 
much  hurt  you.  Corifider  thefe  things,  and,  what  is  more 
than  all  the  refl,  that  yo\i  have  God  at  all  times  for  your  pro- 
teftor  ;  and  profecute  thefe  men  with  a  juft  bravery,  who,  in 
point  of  friendfhip,  are  unjuft.  in  their  battles,  perfidious,  to- 
wards ambafladors  impious,  and  always  inferior  to  you  in  val- 
our." 

4,  When  the  Jews  heard  this  fpeech,  they  were  much  raif- 
ed  in  their  minds,  and  more  difpofed  to  fight  than  betore.  So 
Herod,  when  he  had  *  offered  the  facnfices  appointed  by  the 
law,  made  hafte,  and  took  them,  and  led  them  againft  the  Ara- 
bians ;  and  in  order  to  that  pafled  over  Jordan,  and  pitched 
his  camp  near  to  that  of  the  enemy.  He  alfo  thought  fit  to 
feize  upon  a  certain  caflte  that  lay  in  the  midft  of  them,  as 
hoping  it  would  be  for  his  advantage,  and  would  the  fooner 
produce  a  battle,  and  that  if  there  were  occafion  for  delay,  he 
Should  by  it  have  his  camp  fortified  ;  and  as  the  Arabians  had 
the  fame  intentions  upon  that  place,  a  contefl  arofe  about  it  ; 
at  firft  they  were  but  fkirmifhes,  after  which  there  came  more 
ioldiers,  and  it  proved  a  fort  of  fight,  and  fome  fell  on  both 
fides,  till  thofe  ot  the  Arabian  fide  were  beaten,  and  retreated. 
This  was  no  fmall  encouragement  to  the  Jews  immediately  ; 
and  when  Herod  obferved  that  the  enemies  army  were  difpof- 
ed to  any  thing  rather  than  to  come  to  an  engagement,  he  ven- 
tured boldly  to  attempt  the  bulwark  itfelt,  and  to  pull  it  to 
pieces,  and  fo  to  get  nearer  to  their  camp,  in  order  to  fight 
them  ;  for  when  they  were  forced  out  of  their  trenches,  they 
went  out  in  dilorder,  and  had  not  the  leaft  alacrity,  or  hope 
of  victory  ;  yet  did  they  fight  hand  to  hand,  becaufe  they  were 
more  in  number  than  the  Jews,  and  becaufe  they  were  in  fuch 
a  difpofition  ot  war  that  they  were  under  a  neceffity  ot  com- 
ing on  boldly  ;  fo  they  came  to  a  terrible  battle,  while  not  a 
few  tell  on  each  fide.  However,  at  length  the  Arabians  fled  ; 
and  fo  great  a  {laughter  was  made  upon  their  being  routed, 
that  they  were  not  only  killed  by  their  enemies,  but  became 
the  authors  pt  their  own  deaths  alfo,  and  were  trodden  down 
by  the  multitude,  and  the  great  current  ot  people  in  diforder, 

*  This  piece  of  religion,  the  fupplicating  God  with  facrifices,  by  Herod,  before 
he  went  to  this  fight  with  the  A  rabians,  taken  notice  of  alfo  in  the  firft  book  Of 
thi»  War,  ch.  xix.  §  5.  vol.  III.  is  worth  remarking,  becaulc  it  is  the  only  example 
of  this  nature,  fo  far  as  I  remember,  that  Jolephus  ever  mentions  in  a'l'his  laige 
and  particular  accounts  of  this  Herod  :  And  it  was  when  h*:  had  been  in  mighty 
diftrels,  and  djfcoaraged  by  a  great  defeat  of  his  former  army,  and  by  a  very  great 
earthquake  in  Judea,  iuch  times  of  affliction  making  men  moft  religious  :  Nor  was 
he  dilappointed  of  his  hopes  here,  but  immediately  gained  a  molt  fi_,nal  victory 
over  the  Arabia«s,  while  they  who  juft  before  had  been  fo  great  viftors,  and  fo 
much  elevated  upon  the  earthquake  in  Judea  as  to  venture  to  flay  the  Jewifh  am. 
:  s,  were  now  under  a  ftrange  coufternation,  and  hardly  able  to  fight  at  ail. 


Chap.  VI.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  197 

and  were  deftroyed  by  their  own  armour;  fo  five  thoufand 
men  lay  dead  upon  the  fpot,  while  the  reit  of"  the  multitude 
fooii  ran  within  the  bulwark  j  forfaiety],  but  had  no  firm  hope 
ot  iafety,  by  reafon  of  their  want  of  neceffaries,  and  efpecially 
of  water.  The  Jews  purfued  them  ;  but  could  not  get  in  with 
them  but  fat  round  about  the  bulwark,  and  watched  any  af- 
fittance  that  would  get  in  to  them,  and  prevented  any  there, 
that  had  a  mind  to  it,  trom  running  away. 

5.  When  the  Arabians  were  in  theie  circumftances,  they 
fent  ambaffadors  to  Herod,  in  the  fidt  place  to  propofe  terms 
of  accommodation  and  after  that  to  offer  him,  fo  p retting  was 
their  thii ft  upon  them,  to  undergo  whatfoever  he  pleafed,  if 
he  would  free  them  from  their  prefent  diilrefs  ;  hut  he  would 
admit  of  no  ambaffadors,  ot  no  pi  ice  ot  redemption,  nor  ot  any 
other  moderate  terms  whatever,  being  very  defirous  to  revenge 
thole  unjult  attions  which  they  had  been  guilty  ot  towards 
his  nation.  So  they  were  neceffitated  by  other  motives,  and 
particularly  by  their  thirft  to  come  out,  and  deliver  them/elves 
up  to  him,  to  be  carried  away  captives  ;  and  in  five  days 
time,  the  number  ot  tour  thoufand  were  taken  prifoners,  while 
all  the  rcil  reiolved  to  make  a  fally  upon  their  enemies,  and 
to  fight  it  out  with  them,  chooling  rather,  it  fo  it  rnuft  be,  to 
die  therein,  than  to  perilh  gradually  and  ingloriouOy.  When 
they  had  taken  this  refolution,  they  came  out  ot  taeir  trench- 
es, but  could  no  way  fuitain  the  fight,  being  too  much  diiabied, 
both  in  mind  and  body,  and  having  not  room  to  exert  them- 
felves,  and  thought  it  an  advantage  to  be  killed,  and  a  milery 
to  furvive;  fo  at  the  firlt  onfet  there  fell  about  feven  thoufantl 
ot  them,  after  which  itroke  they  let  all  the  courage  they  had 
put  on  before  tall,  and  flood  amazed  at  Herod's  warlike  fpirit 
under  his  own  calamities ;  fo  tor  the  future,  they  yielded,  and 
made  him  ruler  ot  their  nation  ;  whereupon  he  was  greatly 
elevated  at  fo  feafonable  a  fuccefs,  and  returned  home,  taking 
great  authority  upon  him,  on  account  of  fo  bold  and  glorious 
«in  expedition  as  he  had  made. 


CHAP.    VI. 

How  Herod Jlew  Hyrcanus,  and 'then  ha  fled  away  to  Cefar,  and 
obtained  ike  Kingdom  from  himalfo  ;  and  how,  a  little  time 
afterward  he  entertained  Cefar  in  a  meft  honourable  manner. 

§  I.  TJEROD's  other  affairs  were  now  very  profperous  ; 
XJl  and  he  was  not  to  be  eafily  affaulted  on  any  fide. 
Yet  did  there  come  upon  him  a  danger  that  would  hazard  his 
entire  dominions,  after  Antony  had  been  beaten  at  the  battle 
of  A6lium  by  Cefar  [OfctavianJ  ;  tor  at  that  time  both  Her- 
od's enemies  and  triends  defpaired  ot  his  affairs,  for  it  was 
not  probable  that  he  would  remain  without  punilhment  who 


£9$  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.         [Book  XV. 

had  (hewed  fo  much  friendfhip  for  Antony.  So  it  happened 
thai  his  friends  defpaired  and  had  no  hopes  at  his  efcape,  but 
for  his  enemies,  they  all  outwardly  appeared  to  be  troubled  at 
his  cafe,  but  were  privately  very  glad  of  it,  as  hoping  to  ob- 
tain a  change  tor  the  better.  As  for  Herod  himfelf,°he  faw 
that  there  was  no  one  of  royal  dignity  left  but  Hyrcanus,  and 
therefore  he  thought  it  would  be  for  his  advantage  not  to  fuf- 
fer  him  to  be  an  obftacle  in  his  way  any  longer  ;  for  that  in 
cafe  he  himfelt  furvived,  and  efcaped  the  danger  he  was  in,  he 
thought  it  the  fafeft  way  to  put  it  out  ot  the  power  of  fuch  a 
man  to  make  any  attempt  againrt  him,  at  fuch  junctures  of 
affairs,  as  was  more  worthy  of  the  kingdom  than  himfdf  : 
And  in  cafe  he  fhould  be  (lain  by  Cefar,  his  envy  prompted 
him  to  defire  to  (lay  him  that  would  otherwife  be  king  after 
him. 

2.  While  Herod  had  thefe  things  in  his  mind,  there  was  a 
certain  occafion  afforded  him  ;  for  Hyrcanus  was  of  fo  mild  a 
temper,  both  then  and  at  other  times,  that  he  defired  not  to 
meddle  with  public  affairs,  nor  to  concern  himfelf  with  inno- 
vations, but  lelt  all  to  iortune,  and  contented  himfell  with 
what  that  afforded  him  :  But  Alexandra  This  daughter]  was  a 
lover  ot  ftrife,  and  was  exceeding  rJefirous  of  a  change  of  the 
government,  and  fpake  to  her  father  not  to  bear  forever  Her- 
od's injurious  treatment  of  their  family,  but  to  anticipate  their 
future  hopes,  as  he  fafeJy  might ;  a.nd  defired  him  to  write  a- 
bout  thefe  matters  to  Malchus,  who  was  then  governor  of 
Arabia,  to  receive  them,  and  to  fecure  them  [from  Henxlj,  for 
that  if  they  went  away,  and  Herod's  affairs  proved  to  be,  as 
it  was  likely  they  would  be,  by  reafon  of  Cefar's  enmity  to 
him,  they  fhould  then  be  the  only  pcrfoivs  that  could  take  the 
government,  and  this,  both  on  account  of  the  royal  family 
they  were  of,  and  on  account  of  the  good  difpofition  of  the 
multitude  to  them.  While  Ihe  u fed  thefe  perfuafions,  Hyr- 
canus put  off  her  fuit  ;  but  as  fhe  fhewed  that  (he  was  a  wo- 
man and  a  contentious  woman  too,  and  would  not  defifl  either 
night  or  day,  but  would  always  be  fpeaking  to  him  about  thefe 
matters,  and  about  Herod's  treacherous  defigns,  Ihc  at  laft 
prevailed  with  him  to  intruft  Dofitheus,  one  of  his  friends, 
with  a  letter,  wherein  his  refolutioa  was  declared  ;  and  he 
defired  the  Arabian  governor  to  fend  to  him  fome  horfemen, 
who  Ihould  receive  him  and  conduct  him  to  the  lake  Afphal- 
tites,  which  is  from  the  bounds  ot  Jerufalem  three  hundred 
iurlongs  :  And  he  did  therefore  truit  Dofitheus  with  this  let- 
ter becaufe  he  was  a  careful  attendant  on  him,  and  on  Alex- 
andra, and  had  no  fmall  occafions  to  bear  ill-will  to  Herod  ; 
lor  he  was  a  kinfman  of  one  Jofeph  whom  he  had  flain,  and  a 
brother  of  thofe  that  were  formerly  flain  at  Tyre  by  Antony: 
Yet  could  not  thefe  motives  induce  Dofitheus  to  ferve  Hyrca- 
nus in  this  affair,  for  preferring  the  hopes  he  had  from  the 
prefent  king  to  thofe  he  had  from  him,  he  gave  Herod  the 


Chap.  VI.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE  JEWS. 

letter.  So  he  took  his  -kindnefs  in  good  part,  and  bid  him 
befides  do  what  he  had  already  done,  that  is,  go  on  in  ferving; 
him,  by  rolling  up  theepiftle  and  fealing  it  again,  and  deliv- 
ering it  to  Malchus,  and  then  to  bring  back  his  letter  in  an- 
fwer  to  it,  for  it  would  be  much  better  if  he  could  know 
Malchus's  intentions  alfo.  And  when  Dofitheus  was  very 
ready  to  ferve  him  in  this  point  al(o,  the  Arabian  gover- 
nor returned  back  for  anfwer,  that  lie  would  receive  Hyr- 
canus,  and  all  that  mould  come  with  him,  and  even  all  the 
Jews  that  were  of  his  party  :  That  he  would  moreover,  fend 
forces  fufficient  to  fecure  them  in  their  journey,  and  that  he 
fhould  be  in  no  want  of  any  thing  he  fhould  defire.  Now  as 
foon  as  Herod  had  received  this  Tetter,  he  immediately  lent 
for  Hyrcanus,  and  queftioned  him  about  the  league  he  had 
made  with  Malchus  :  And  when  he  denied  it,  he  fhewed  his 
letter  to  the  Sanhedrim,  and  put  the  man  to  death  immediately. 
3.  And  this  account  we  give  the  reader,  as  it  is  contained  in 
the  commentaries  of  king  Herod  :  But  other  hiftorians  do  not 
agree  with  them,  for  they  fuppofe  that  Herod  did  noifind,  but 
Bather  make  this  an  occafion  for  thus  putting  him  to  death,  and 
that  by  treaeheroufly  laying  a  fnare  for  him  ;  for  thus  do  they 
write  :  That  Herod  and  he  were  once  at  a  treat,  and  that  Her- 
od had  given  no  occafion  to  fufpecl  [that  he  was  difpleafed  at 
him],  but  put  this  queftionto  Hyrcanus,  Whether  he  had  re- 
ceived any  letters  from  Malchus  ?  And  when  he  anfwered, 
that  he  had  received  letters,  but  thofe  ot  falutation  only  ;  and 
when  he  afked  farther,  whether  he  had  not  received  any  pre- 
fents  from  him  ?  And  when  he  had  replied,  that  he  had  re- 
ceived no  more  than  four  horfes  to  ride  on,  which  Malchus 
had  fent  him  ;  and  they  pretend  that  Herod  charged  thefe  up- 
on him  as  the  crimes  of  bribery  and  treafon,  and  gave  order 
that  he  fhould  be  led  away  and  flain.  And  in  order  todemon- 
ftrate  that  he  had  been  guilty  of  no  offence,  when  he  was 
thus  brought  to  his  end,  they  alleged  how  mild  his  temper  had 
been,  and  that  even  in  his  youth  he  had  never  given  any  de- 
monflration  of  boldnefs  or  raihnefs,  and  that  the  cafe  was  the 
fame  when  he  came  to  be  king,  but  that  he  even  then  commit- 
ted the  management  of  the  greateft  part  of  public  affairs  to  An- 
tipater ;  and  that  he  was  now  above  fourfcore  years  old,  and 
knew  that  Herod's  government  was  in  a  iccure  Hate.  He  alfo 
came  over  Euphrates,  and  left  thofe  who  greatly  honoured  him 
beyond  that  river,  though  he  were  to  be  entirely  under  Her- 
od's government,  and  that  it  was  a  moft  incredible  thing  that 
he  fhould  enterprise  any  thing  by  way  of  innovation,  and  not 
at  all  agreeable  to  his  temper,  but  that  this  was  a  plot  ot  Herod's 
own  contrivance. 

4.  And  this  was  the  fate  ot  Hyrcanus  ;  and  thus  did  he  end 
his  life,  after  he  had  endured  various  and  manifold  turns  of 
fortune  in  his  lifetime  :  For  he  was  made  high-prieft  of  the  Jew- 
ifh  nation  in  the  beginning  of  his  mother  Alexandra's  reign,  who- 


20*  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS*         [Book.  XV- 

held  the  government  nine  years  ;  and  when,  after  his  mother's 
death,  he  took  the  kingdom  himfelf,  and  held  it  three  months, 
he  loft  it  by  the  means  ot  his  brother  Ariftobulus.  He  was 
then  reflored  by  Pompey,  and  received  all  forts  of  honour 
horn  him,  and  enjoyed  them  forty  years  ;  but  when  he  was  a- 
gain  deprived  by  Aniigonus,  and  was  maimed  in  his  body,  he 
was  made  a  captive  by  the  Parthians,  and  thence  returned  home 
again  after  !ome  time,  on  account  of  the  hopes  that  Herod  had 
given  him  ;  none  of  which  came  to  pafs  according  to  his  ex- 
peBation.  but  he  flill  conflicted  with  many  misfortunes  thro* 
the  whole  courfe  of  his  lite  ;  and  what  was  the  heaviett  calam- 
ity of  all,  as  we  have  related  already,  he  came  to  an  end  which 
was  undeferved  by  him.  His  character  appeared  to  be  that  of  a 
man  of  a  mild  and  moderate  difpofition,  and  fuffered  the  admin- 
iftration  of  affairs  to  be  generally  done  by  others  under  him. 
He  was  aveife  to  much  meddling  with  the  public,  nor  had 
fhrewdnefs  enough  to  govern  a  kingdom  :  And  both  Antipa- 
ter  and  Herod  came  to  their  greatneis  by  region  of  his  mild- 
nefs,  and  at  la  ft  he  met  with  fuch  an  end  trom  them  as  was  not 
agreeable  either  to  juftice  or  piety. 

5.  Now  Herod,  as  foon  as  he  had  put  Hyrcanus  out  of  the 
way,  made  hafte  to  Caefar  ;  and  becaufe  he  could  not  have  any 
hopes  of  kindnefs  from  him,  on  account  of  the  triendfhip  he 
had  for  Antony,   he   had  a  fufpicion  of  Alexandra,  left  ihe 
would  take  this  opportunity  to  bring  the  multitude  to  a  revolt, 
and  introduce  a  fedition  into  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom  ;  fo  he 
committed  the  care  of  every  thing  to.his  brother  Pheroras, and 
placed  his  mother  Cypros,  and  his  fifter  |  SalomeJ  and  the 
whole  family  at  MafTada,  and  gave  him  a  charge,  that  if  he 
fhould  hear  any  fad  news  about  him,  he  mould  take  care  of  the 
government:  But  as  to  Mariamne  his    wife,  becaufe  of  the 
mifunderftanding  between  her  and  his  fifter,  and  his  fifters 
mother,  which  made  it  impoffible  forthem  to  live  together,  he 
placed  her  at  Alexandrium,  with  Alexandra  her  mother,  and 
left  his  treafurer  Jofeph  and  Sohemus  of  Jturea,  to  take  care  of 
that  fortrefs.     Thefe  two  had  been  very  faithful  to  him  from  the 
beginning,  and  wcrenowleft  as  aguard  to  the  women.     They 
allo  had  it  in  charge,  that  if  they  ihould  hear  any  mifchief  had 
befallen  him,  they  ihould  kill  them  both,  and,  as  far  as  they  were 
able,  to  prefeive  the  kingdom  tor  his  fons,  and  for  his  brother 
Pheroras. 

6.  When  he  had  given  them  this  charge,  he'made  hafte  to 
Rhodes,  to  meet  Caefar;  and  when  he  had  failed  to  that  city,  he 
took  offhis  diadem,  but  remitted  nothing  el  fe  of  his  ufual  digni- 
ty :  And  when,  upon  his  meeting  him,  he  defired  that  he  would 
let  him  fpeak  to  him,  he  therein  exhibited  a  much  more  noble 
fpecimenof  a  great  foul,  for  he  did  not  betake  himfelf  tofup- 
plications,  as  men  ufually  do  upon  fuch  occalions    nor  offered 
him  any  petition, as  if  he  were  an  offender,  butafteran  undaunted 
manner',  gave  an  account  of  what  he  had  done ;  for  he  fpake  thus 


Chap.  VI.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  2OI 

to  Caefar,  That  "  he  had  the  greafeft  friendfhip  for  Antony, 
and  did  every  thing  he  could  that  he  might  attain  the  govern- 
ment :  That  he  was  not  indeed  in  the  army  with  him,  be- 
caufe  the  Arabians  had  diverted  him,  but  that  he  had  fent 
him  both  money  and  corn,  which  was  bufc.  too  little  in  com- 
parifon  of  what  he  ought  to  have  done  lor  him  ;  for,  it  a  man 
owns  himfelf  to-be  another's  friend,  and  knows  him  to  be  a 
benefactor,  he  is  obliged'to  hazard  every  thing,  to  ufe  every 
faculty  of  his  foul,  every  member  of  his  body,  and  all  the 
wealth  he  hath,  for  him,  in  which  I  coniefs  I  have  been  too 
deficient.  However,  1  am  confcious  to  myfelf,  that  fo  far  I 
havejdone  right,  that  I  have  not  cleferted  him  upon  his  defeat 
at  Actium  :  Nor  upon  the  evident  change  of  his  fortune  have 
I  transferred  my  hopes  from  him  to  another,  but  have  pre- 
ferved  myfelf,  though  not  as  a  valuable  fellow  foldier,  yet 
certainly  as  a  faithful  counfellor  to  Antony,  xvhen  I  demon- 
ilrated  to  him  that  the  only  way  that  he  had  to  fave  himfelr, 
and  not  to  lofe  all  his  authority,  was  to  flay  Cleopatra  ;  for 
when  Oie  was  once  dead,  there  would  be  room  for  him  to  re- 
tain his  authority,  and  rather  to  bring  thee  to  make  a  compo- 
fifion  with  him,  than  to  continue  at  enmity  any  longer.  None 
of  which  advices  would  he  attend  to,  but  preferred  his  own 
rafh  refolutions  before  them,  which  have  happened  unpro- 
fitably  for  him,  but  profitably  for  thec.  Now,  therefore,  in 
cafe  thou  determined  about  me,  and  my  alacrity  in  ferv'ing 
Antony,  according  to  thy  anger  at  him,  I  own  there  is  no 
room  for  me  to  deny  what  I  have  done,  nor  will  I  beafhamed 
to  own.  and  that  publicly  too,  that  I  had  a  great  kindnefs  for 
him  :  But  if  thou  wilt  put  him  out  of  the  cafe,  and  only  ex- 
amine how  I  behave  myfelf  to  my  benefactors  in  general,  and 
what  a  fort  of  friend  I  am,  thou  wilt  find  by  experience  that 
we  (hall  do  and  be  the  fame  to  thyfelf,  for  it  is  but  changing 
the  names  and  the  firmnefs  of  friendfhip  that  we  Ihall  bear- 
to  thee,  will  not  be  difapprovcd  by  thee." 

7.  By  this  fpeech,  and  by  his  behavour,  which  {hewed  Cs- 
far  the  franknefs  of  his  mind,  he  greatly  gained  upon  him, 
who  was  himfelf  of  a  generous  and  rragnificent  temper,  in- 
fomuch  that  thofe  very  a6Hons,  which  were  the  foundation  of 
the  accufation  againft  him,  procured  him  Csefar's  good  wilL 
Accordingly,  he  reliored  him  his  diadem  ;  and  encouraged 
him  to  exhibit  himfelf  as  great  a  friend  to  himfelf  as  he  had 
been  to  Antony,  and  then  had  him  in  great  efteem.  Moreo- 
ver, he  added  this,  that  Quintus  Didius  had  written  to  him, 
that  Herod  had  very  readily  aflilled  him  in  the  affair  of  the 
gladiators.  So  when  he  had  obtained  fucha  kind  reception, 
and  had,  beyond  all  his  hopes,  procured  his  crown  to  be  more 
entirely  and  firmly  fettled  upon  him  than  ever,  by  Csefar'a 
donation,  as  well  as  by  that  decree  of  the  Romans,  which  Cae- 
far took  care  to  procure  for  his  greater  fecurity,  he  conduced 
Caefar  on  his  way  to  Egypt,  and  made  prefents,  even  beyond 
VOL.  II.  B  b 


202  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.        [Book  XV, 

his  ability,  to  both  him  and  his  friends,  and  in  general  behav- 
ed himf'elt  with  great  magnanimity.  He  alfo  defired  that  Cae- 
far  would  not  put  to  death  one  Alexander,  who  had  been  a 
companion  of  Antony's  ;  but  Casfar  had  Iworn  to  put  him  to 
death,  and  fo  he  could  not  obtain  that  his  petition.  And  now 
he  returned  to  Judea  again  with  greater  honour  and  aflurance 
than  ever,  and  affrighted  thofe  that  had  expectations  to  the 
contrary,  as  ftill  acquiring  from  his  very  dangers  greater 
fplendor  than  before,  by  the  favour  ot  God  to  him.  So  he 
prepared  for  the  reception  of  Caefar,  as  he  was  going  out  ot 
Syria  to  invade  Egypt  ;  and  when  he  came,  he  entertained 
him  at  Ptolemais  with  all  royal  magnificence.  He  nlfo  be- 
ftowed  prefents  on  the  army,  and  brought  them  provifions  in 
abundance.  He  alfo  proved  to  be  one  of  Caefar's  moll  cor- 
dial friends,  and  put  the  army  in  array,  and  rode  along  with 
Caefar,  and  had  an  hundred  and  fifty  men,  well  appointed  in 
all  refpefts,  after  a  rich  and  fumptuous  manner,  for  the  better 
reception  of  him  and  his  friends.  He  alk>  provided  them 
with  what  they  mould  want,  as  they  palled  over  the  dry  de- 
iert,  infomuch  that  they  lacked  neither  wine  nor  water,  which 
laft  the  foldiers  flood  in  the  greatell  need  of  ;  and  befides,  he 
prefented  Ciefar  with  eight  hundred  talents,  and  procured  to 
himfelf  the  good  will  of  them  all,  becaule  he  was  affi  fling  them 
in  a  much  greater  and  more  fpicndid  degree  than  the  kingdom 
he  had  obtained  could  affora,  by  which  means  he  more  and  more 
dempnftrated  to  Casfar  the  firmnefs  of  his  friendfhip.  and  his 
readinefs  to  afTifl  him  ;  and  what  was  of  the  greatell  advantage 
to  him  was  this,  that  his  liberality  came  at  a  feafonablc  time 
alfo  :  And  when  they  returned  again  out  of  Egypt,  hisaffift- 
ances  were  no  way  inferior  to  the  good  offices  he  had  former- 
ly done  them. 


C  H  A  P.    VII. 

How  Herod  Jlew  Sohemus,  and  Mariamne,  and  afterward  Al- 
exandra, andCoflobarus,  and  his  mojl  intimate  Friends,  and 
at  laji  the  Jons  of  Eaba  alfo. 

y  I-  TTOWEVER,  when  he  came  into  his  kingdom  again. 
1  X  he  found  his  hotife  all  in  diforder,  and  his  wife  Ma- 
riamne and  her  mother  Alexandra  very  uneafy  ;  for,  as  they 
iuppofed,  what  was  eafy  to  be  fuppofed,  that  they  were  not 
put  into  that  fortrefs  [AlexandriumJ  for  the  fecurity  of  their 
perfons,  but  as  into  a  garrifon  for  their  imprifonment,  and  that 
they  had  no  power  over  any  thing  either  of  others  or  of  their 
own  affairs,  they  were  very  uneaiy  ;  and  Mariamne  fuppofing 
that  the  king's  love  to  her  was  but  hy  pocriticaly,  and  rather 
pretended,  as  advantageous  to  himfelf,  as  real,  (he  looked  upon 
it  as  fallacious.  She  alfo  was  grieved  that  he  would  not  allow 


Chap.   VII.]        ANTIQUITIES   <DF    THE   JEWS.  203 

her  any  hopes  of  furviving  him,  if  he  fhould  come  to  any 
harm  himfeH.  She  alfo  recollecled  what  commands  he  had 
formerly  given  to  Jofeph,  infomuch  that  (he  endeavoured  to 
pleafe  her  keepers,'  and  especially  Sohemus,  as  well  apprifed 
how  all  was  in  his  power.  And  at  the  firft  Sohemus  was  faith- 
iul  to  Herod,  and  neglected  none  of  the  things  he  had  given 
him  in  charge  ;  but  when  the  women,  by  kind  words  and 
liberal  prefents,  had  gained  his  affeftions  over  to  them  he  was  , 
by  degrees  overcome,  and  at  length  difcovered  to  them  all  the 
king's  injunctions,  and  this  on  that  account  principally,  that 
he  did  not  fo  much  as  hope  he  would  come  back  with  the  fame 
authority  he  had  before,  fo  that  he  thought  he  mould  both  el- 
cape  any  danger  from  him,  and  fuppofed  that  he  did  ".hereby 
much  gratify  the  women,  who  were  likely  not  to  be  over- 
looked in  the  fettling  of  the  government,  nay,  that  they  would 
be  able  to  make  him  abundant  recompence,  fince  they  mud 
either  reign  themfelves,  or  be  very  near  to  him  that  fhould 
reign.  He  had  a  farther  ground  of  hope  alfo,  that  though 
Herod  fhould  have  ail  the  'u  cefs  he  could  wifh  for,  and  mould 
return  again,  he  could  not  contradict  his  wife  in  what  he  de- 
fired,  for  he  knew  that  the  king's  fondnefs  for  his  wife  was 
inexpreflible.  Thefe  were  the  motives  that  drew  Sohemus  to 
dilcover  what  injun6tions  had  been  given  him.  So  Mariam- 
ne  was  greatly  difpleafed  to  hear  that  there  was  no  end  of  the 
dangers  (he  was  under  from  Herod,  and  was  greatly  uneafy, 
at  it,  and  wifhed  that  he  might  obtain  no  favours  [from  Cze- 
far.J  and  elleemed  it  almoft  an  infurportable  tail,  to  live 
with  him  any  longer  :  And  this  fhe  afterward  openly  declared, 
without  concealing  her  refenttnent. 

2.  And  now  Herod  failed  home  with  joy,  at  the  unexpecl- 
cd  good  fuccefs  he  had  had  ;  and  went  firflof  all  as  was  prop- 
er, to  this  his  wife,  and  told  her,  and  her  only,  the  good  news, 
as  preferring  her  before  the  reft,  on  account  of  his  fondnefs 
for  her,  and  the  intimacy  there  had  been  between  them,  and 
faluted  her  ;  but  fo  it  happened,  that  as  he  told  her  o(  the  good 
fuccefs  he  had  had,  (he  was  fo  far  from  rejoicing  at  it,  that  (he 
rather  was  lorry  for  it  ;  nor  was  fhe  able  to  conceal  her  refent- 
ments,  but  depending  on  her  dignity,  and  the  nobility  of  her 
birth,  in  return  for  his  falutations,  fhe  gave  a  groan,  and  de- 
clared evidently  that  (he  rather  grieved  than  rejoiced  at  1m 
fuccefs,  and  this  till  Herod  was  difturbcd  at  her,  as  afFoiding 
him,  not  only  marks  of  her  fufpicion,  but  evident  ligns  of 
her  diffatisfaction.  This  much  troubled  him,  to  fee  that  this 
furprifing  hatred  of  his  wife  to  him  was  not  concealed,  but 
open  ;  and  he  took  this  fo  ill,  and  yet  was  fo  unable  to  bear  it, 
on  account  of  the  fondnefs  he  had  tor  her,  that  he  could  not 
continue  long  in  any  one  mind,  but  fometimes  was  angry  at 
her,  and  fometimes  reconciled  himfelf  to  her,  but  by  always 
changing  one  paffion  for  another,  he  was  flill  in  great  uncer- 
tainty, and  thus  was  he  entangled  between  hatred  and  love, 


204  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XV. 

and  was  frequently  difppfed  to  inflicT:  punifhment  on  her  for 
her  infolence  towards  him,  but  being  deeply  in  love  with  her 
in  his  foul,  he  was  not  able  to  get  quit  of  this  woman.  In 
fliort.  as  he  would  gladly  have  her  punifhcd,  fo  was  he  afraid 
left  ere  he  were  aware,  he  mould,  by  putting  her  to  death, 
bring  an  heavier  punifhment  upon  himfelt  at  the  fame  time. 

3-  When  Herod's  fider  and  mother  perceived  that  he  was  in 
this  temper  with  regard  to  Mariamne,  they  thought  they  had 
now  got  an  excellent  opportunity  to  exercife  their  hatred  a- 
gaind  her,  and  provoked  Herod  to  wrath  by  telling  him  iuch 
Jong  (lorjes  and  calumnies  about  her,  as  might  at  once  excite 
his  hatred  and  his  jealoufy.  Now,  though  he  willingly  e^ 
nough  heard  their  words,  yet  had  not  he  courage  enough  to 
do  any  thing  to  her,  as  if  he  believed  them,  but  dill  he  be- 
came worfe  and  worfe  difpofed  to  her,  and  thefe  ill  paffions 
•\vere  more  and  more  inflamed  on  both  (ides,  while  (he  did  not 
hide  her  difpofition  towards  him, and  he  turned  his  love  to  her 
into  wrath  againft  her.  But  when  he  was  juft  going  to  put 
this  matter  paft  all  remedy,  he  heard  the  news  that  Casiar  was 
the  viclor  in  the  war,  and  that  Antony  and  Cleopatra  were 
both  dead,  and  that  he  had  conquered  Egypt,  whereupon  he 
made  hafte  to  go  to  meet  Cefar,  and  left  the  affairs  ot  his  fam- 
ily in  their  prefent  (late.  However,  Mariamne  recommend- 
ed Sohemus  to  him,  as  he  was  fetting  out  on  his  journey,  and 
profeffed  that  (he  owed  him  thanks  tor  the  care  he  had  taken 
of  her,  and  aficed  of  the  king  tor  him  a  place  in  the  govern- 
ment ;  upon  which  an  honourable  employment  was  beilov,-t;d 
upon  him  accordingly.  Now,  when  Herod  was  con-e  into 
Egypt,  hevas  introduced  to  Caedr  withgreat  freedom,  as  al- 
ready a  friend  ot  his,  and  received'  very  great  favours  from 
him  ;  for  he  made  him  a  prefent  of  thofe  four  hundred  Gala- 
tians  who  had  been  Cleopatra's  guards  and  reftored  that  coun- 
try to  him  again,  which,  by  her  means,  had  been  taken  away 
from  him.  He  alfo  added  to  his  kingdom,  Gadara,  Hippos, 
and  Samaria  ;  and,  befides  thofe,  the  maritime  cities,  Gaza, 
and  Anthedon,  and  Joppa,  and  Strata's  Tower, 

'4.  Upon  thefe  new  acquifitions,  he  grew  more  magnificent, 
and  conducted  Caefar  as  far  as  Antioch  ;  but  upon  his  return, 
as  much  as  his  profperity  was  augmented  by  the  foreign  ad- 
ditions that  had  been  made  him,  fo  much  the  greater  were  the 
diftreffes  that  came  upon  him  in  his  own  family,  and 
chiefly,  in  the  affair  ot  his  wife,  wherein  he  formerly  ap- 
peared to  have  been  mod  of  all  fortunate  ;  for  the  affection  he 
had  for  Mariamne  was  no  way  inferior  to  the  affections  of 
j;ich  as  are  on  that  account  celebrated  in  hidory,  and  this  very 
juftly.  As  tor  her,  (he  was  in  other  refpefclsa  chade  woman, 
and  faithful  to  him,  yet  had  (he  fomewhat  of  a  woman,  rough 
by  nature,  and  treated  her  hufband  imperioufly  enough,  be- 
caufefhe  fawhe  was  fofondof  herastobeenflaved  to  her.  She 
aidnotalfo  corifider  feafouably  with  herfelf  that  fhe  lived  under  a 


Chap.  VII.]       ANTIQUITIES    O?    THE   JEWS.  2O5 

monarchy,  and  that  (he  was  at  another's  difpofal,  and  accord- 
ingly would  behave  herfelf  after  a  faucy  manner  to  him, 
whichryet  he  ufually  put  off  in  a  jeflingway,  and  bore  with 
moderation  and  good  temper.  She  would  alfo  expofe  his 
mother  and  his  fifter  openly,  on  account  of  the  meannefs  of 
their  birth,  and  would  fpeak  unkindly  of  them,  infomuch,  that 
there  was  before  this  a  dHagreement  and  unpardonable  hatred 
among  the  women,  and  it  was  now  come  to  greater  reproaches 
of  one  another  than  formerly,  which  fufpicions  increafed,  and 
Jafted  a  whole  year  after  Herod  returned  from  Caefar.  How- 
ever, thefe  misfortunes,  which  had  been  kept  under  fome  de- 
cency for  a  great  while,  burft  out  all  at  once  upon  fuch  an 
pccalion  as  was  now  offered  ;  as  the  king  was  one  day  about 
noon  lain  down  on  his  bed  to  reft  him,  he  called  for  Mariam- 
ne,  out  of  the  great  affettion  he  had  always  for  h.er.  She 
came  in  accordingly,  but  would  not  lie  down  by  him  :  And 
when  he  was  very  defirous  of  her  company,  Ihe  (hewed  her 
contempt  of  him  ;  and  added  by  way  of  reproach,  that  he  had 
caufed  *  her  father  and  ner  brother  to  be  fl.iin.  And  when  he 
took  this  injury  very  unkindly,  and  was  ready  to  u(e  violence 
to  her,  in  a  precipitate  manner,  the  king's  finer  Salome  obferv- 
ing  that  he  was  more  than  ordinarily  diflurbed  fent  in  to  the 
king  his  cup  bearer  who  had  been  prepared  long  before-hand 
for  kich  a  delign,  and  bid  him  tell  the  king,  how  Mariamne 
had  perfuaded  him  to  give  his  ailHlance  in  preparing  a  love 
potion  lor  him.  And  if  he  appear  to  be  greatly  concerned, 
and  to  afk  what  that  love  potion  was  ?  to  tell  him.  that  Ihe  had 
the  potion,  and  that  he  was  defiled  only  to  give  it  him  :  But 
that  in  cafe  he  did  not  appear  to  be  much  concerned  at  this 
potion,to  let  the  thing  drop, and  that  if  he  did  fo,  noharm  fhould 
thereby  come  to  him.  When  (he  had  given  him  thefe  inftrucv 
tions,  (he  fent  him  in  at  this  time  to  make  fuch  a  fpeech.  So 
he  went  in  after  a  compofed  manner,  to  gain  credit  to  what 
he  (hould  lay,  and  yet  lomewhat  haftily,  and  faid,that  "  Mar- 
iamne had  given  him  prefents,  and  perfuaded  him  to  give  him 
a  love  potion."  And  when  this  moved  the  king,  he  laid,  that 
"  this  love  potion  was  a  competition  that  me  had  given  him, 
whofe  effects  he  did  not  know,  which  was  the  reafon  of  his  re. 
lolvingtogive  him  this  information's  the  fafeftcourfe  he  could 
take,  both  for  himfelf  and  for  the  king."  When  Herod  heard 
what  he  faid,  and  was  in  an  ill  difpofition  before,  his  indigna- 
tion  grew  more  violent ;  and  he  ordered  that  eunuch  of  Mar- 
iamne's  who  was  moft  faithful  to  her,  to  be  brought  to  torture 
about  this  potion,  as  well  knowing  it  was  not  poffible  that  any 

*  Whereas  Mariamne  is  here  reprefl-nted  as  reproaching  Herod  with  the  mur- 
der of  htr father  [Alexander, J  as  woil  as  her  brother  [Arillobulus.]  while  it  was 
her  grandfather  Hyrcanus,  ana  not  her  father  Alexand.-r,  whom  he  caufed  to  be 
{tan,  (as  Jofephus  himfelf  informs  us,  ch.  vi.  ^  2.),  we  mult  either  take  Zonora's 
reading,  which  is  here  gra^dfatker^ightly,  orelfe  we  muft,  as  before,  ch.  i.  ^  i. 
allow  a  flip  of  Jofephus's  pen  or  memory  in  the  place  before  us. 


206  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.        [Book  XV. 

thing  fmall  or  great  could  be  done  without  him.  And  when 
the  man  was  under  the  utmoft  agonies,  he  could  lay  nothing 
concerning  the  thing  he  was  tortured  about,  but  fo  far  he 
knew,  that  Mariamne's  hatred  againft  him  was  occafioned  by 
ibmewhat  that  Sohemus  had  faid  to  her.  Now,  as  he  was  fay- 
ing this,  Herod  cried  out  aloud  and  faid,  that  ''Sohemus, 
who  had  been  at  all  other  times  raoft  faithful  to  him,  and  to  his 
government,  would  not  have  betrayed  what  injunctions  he 
had  given  him  unlefs  he  had  had  a  nearer  converfation  than 
ordinary  with  Mariamne."  So  he  gave  order  that  Sohemus 
fhould  be  feized  on  and  (lain  immediately  ;  but  he  allowed  his 
wife  to  take  her  trial  :  And  got  together  thofe  that  were  moft 
faithful  to  him,  and  laid  an  elaborate  accufation  againft  her  for 
this  love  potion  and  compofition,  which  had  been  charged  up- 
on her  by  way  of  "calumny  only.  However,  he  kept  no  tem- 
per in  what  he  faid,  and  was  in  too  great  a  paffion  for  judging 
well  about  this  matter.  Accordingly,  when  the  court  was  at 
length  fatisfied  that  he  was  fo  refolved,  they  paffed  the  fentence 
of  death  upon  her  :  But  when  the  fentence  was  paffed  upon 
her,  this  temper  was  fuggefled  by  himfelf,  and  by  fome  oth- 
ers ot  the  court,  that  (he  mould  not  be  thus  haftily  put  to  death, 
but  be  laid  in  prifon  in  one  of  the  fortrefTes  belonging  to  the 
kingdom  ;  but  Salome  and  her  party  laboured  hard  to  have 
the  woman  put  to  death  ;  and  they  prevailed  with  the  king  to 
do  fo,  and  advifed  this  out  of  caution,  left  the  multitude  fhould 
be  tumultuous  if  fhe  were  fuffered  to  live  :  And  thus  was 
Mariamne  led  to  execution. 

5.  When  Alexandra  obferved  how  things  went,  and  that 
there  were  fmall  hopes  that  fhe  herfelf  fhoufd  efcape  the  like 
treatment  from  Herod,  (he  changed  her  behaviour  to  quite  the 
reverfe  of  wh«it  might  have  been  expecled  from  her  former 
boldnefs,  and  this  after  a  very  indecent  manner  ;  for  out  of 
her  defire  to  fhew  how  entirely  ignorant  fhe  was  of  the  crimes 
laid  againft  Mariamne.  fhe  leaped  out  of  her  place,  and  re- 
proached her  daughter,  in  the  hearing  of  all  people  ;  and  cri- 
ed out,  That  "  fhe  had  been  an  ill  woman,  and  ungrateful  to 
herhufband,  and  that  her  punifhment  came  juftly  upon  her, 
for  fuch  her  infolent  behaviour,  for  that  fhe  had  not  made  prop, 
er  returns  to  him  who  had  been  their  common  benefactor." 
And  when  fhe  had  fome  time  afted  after  this  hypocritical  man- 
ner, and  been  fo 'outrageous  as  to  tear  her  hair,  this  indecent  and 
diffembling  behaviour, as  was  to  be  expefted,  was  greatly  con. 
demned  by  the  reft  of  the  fpeftators,  as  it  was  principally  by 
the  poor  woman  who  was  to  fuffer;  for  at  the  firft  fhe  gave 
her  not  a  word,  nor  was  difcompofed  at  her  peevifhnefs,  and 
only  looked  at  her,  yet  did  fhe  out  of  a  greatnefs  of  foul 
difcover  her  concern  for  her  mother's  and  efpecially  for  her 
expofing  herfelf  in  a  manner  fo  unbecoming  her  ;  but  as  for 
herfelf,  fhe  went  to  her  death  with  an  unfhaken  firmnefs  of 
mind,  and  without  changing  the  colour  of  her  face,  and  there- 


Chap.  VII.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE  JEWS.  2O? 

by  evidently  difcovered  the  nobility  of  her  defcent  to  the 
fpectators,  even  in  the  laft  moments  of  her  life. 

6.  And  thus  died  Mariamne  ;  a  woman  of  an  excellent  char- 
after,  both  for  chaftity,  and  greatnefs  of  foul  ;  but  (he  wanted 
moderation,  and  had  too  much  of  contention  in  her  nature, 
yet  had  fhe  all  that  can  be  faid  in  the  beauty  of  her  body,  and 
her  majeftic  appearance  in  converlation  :  And  thence  arofe 
the  greateft  part  of  the  occafions  why   fhe  did  not  prove  fo  a- 
greeable  to  the  king    nor  live  fo  pleafantly  with   him,  as  fhe 
might  otherwife  have  done  ;  for  while  fhe  was  moft  indulgent- 
ly ufed  by  the  king,  out  of  his  fondnefs  tOgher,  and  did   not 
expecl   that   he  eould  do   any    hard  thing  to  her,  fhe  took 
too  unbounded  a  liberty.     Moreover,  that  which  moft  afflict- 
ed her  was,  what  he  had  done  to  her  relations,  and  fhe  ven- 
tured to  fpeak  of  all  they   had   fuffered  by  him,  and  at   laft 
greatly  provoked  both  the  king's  mother,  and  fitter,  till  they 
became  enemies  to  her  ;  and  even   he   himfelt  alfo  did  the 
fame,  on  whom  alone  fhe  depended  for  her  expectations  of  ef- 
caping  the  laft  of  punifhments. 

7.  But  when  fhe  was  once  dead,  the  king's  affections  for  her 
were  kindled  in  a  more  outrageous  manner  than  before,  whofe 
old  paffion  for  her  we  have  already  defcribed  ;  for  his  love  to 
her  was  not  of  a  calm  nature,  nor   fuch  as  we  ufually    meet 
with  among  other  hufbands,  for  at  its  commencement  it  was 
ctanenthufiaflic  kind,  nor  was  it  by  their  longcohabitationand 
free  conversation  together,  brought  underhis  power  to  manage; 
but  at  this  time  his  love  to  Mariamne  feemed  to  feize  him  in  fuch 
a  peculiar  manner,  as  looked  like  divine  vengeance  upon  him, 
for  the  taking  away  her  life,  for  he  would  frequently  call  for  her, 
andfrequently  lamentforher,inamoftindecent  manner.  More- 
over he  bethought  him  of  every  thing  he  eould  make  ufe  of  to  di- 
vert his  mind  from  thinking  of  her,  and  contrived  feafts,  and  af- 
femblies,  for  that  purpofe,    but  nothing  would  fuffice  ;  he 
therefore  laid  afide  the  adminiftration  of  public  affairs,  and 
was  fo  far  conquered  by  his  paffion,  that  be  would  order  his 
fervants  to  call  for  Mariamne,  as  if  fhe  were  ftill  alive,  and 
could  ftill  hear  them.     And  when  he  was  in  this  way,  there 
arofe  apedilential  difeafe,  and  carried  off  the  greateft  part 
of  the  multitude,  and   of  his   beft  and  moft  efteemed  friends, 
and  made  all  men  fufpe6lthat  this  was  brought  upon  them  by 
the  anger  of  God,  for  the  injuftice  that  had  been  done  to  Ma- 
riamne.     This  eircumftance  affected  the  king  ftill  more,  till 
at  length  he  forced  himfelt  to  go  into  defert  places,  and  there, 
under  pretence  of  going  a  hunting   bitterly  afflicled  himfelf  ; 
yet  had  he  not  borne  his  grief  there  many  days  before  he  fell 
into  a  moft  dangerous  diltemper  himfelt  :  He  had  an  inflam- 
mation upon  him,  and  a  pain  in  the  hinder  part  of   his  head, 
joined  with  madnefs  ;  and  for  the  remedies  that  were  ufed, 
they  did  him  no  good  at  all,  but  proved  contrary  to  his  cafe, 
and  fo  at  length  brought  him  to  defpair.    All  the  phyficiau* 


7.0$  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.         [Book.  XV. 

alfj  that  were  about  him,  partly  becaufe  the  medicines  they 
brought  for  his  recovery  could  not  all  conquer  the  difeafe,  and 
partly  becaufe  his  diet  could  br  no  other  than  what  his  difeafe 
inclined  him  to,  defired  him  to  eat  whatever  he  had  a  mind  to, 
and  fo  left  the  fmall  hopes  they  had  ot  his  recovery  in  the  pow- 
er of  that  diet,  and  committed  him  to  fortune.  And  thus  did 
•pis  dillemper  go  on,  while  he  was  at  Samaria,  now  called  &e- 
bajle. 

8.  Now  Alexandra  abode  at  this  time  at  Jerufalem,  and  be- 
ing informed  what  condition  Herod  was  in.  (he  endeavoured  to 
get  pofleflion  of  Unfortified  places  that  were  about  the  city,  which 
were  two,  the  one  belonging  to  the  city  itfelf,  the  other  be- 
longing to  the  temple  j  and  thofe  that  could  get  them  into  their 
hands  had  the  whole  nation  under  their  power,  for  without  the 
command  of  them  it  was  not  poflible  to  offer  their  facrifices : 
And  to  think  ot:  leaving  off  thofefacrifices,  is  to  every  Jew  plain- 
ly impoffible,  who  are  ftill  more  ready  to  lofe  theirlives  than 
to  leave  off  that  divine  worfhip  which  they  have  been  wont 
to  pay  unto  God.     Alexandra,  therefore,  difcourfed  with  thofe 
that  had  the  keeping  of  thefe  ftrong  holds,  that  it  was  proper 
for  them  to   deliver  the    fame  to  her,  and  to  Herod's  fons, 
left,  upon  his  death,  any  other  perfon  fhould  feize,  upon  the 
government ;  and  that  upon  his  recovery  none  could  keep  them 
more  fately  for  him  than  thofe  of  his  own  family.    Thefe  words 
were  not  by  them  at  all  taken  in  good  part ;  and  as  they  had  been 
informer  times  faithful  [to  Herod  |,  they  refolved  to  continue 
fo  now  more  than  ever,  both  becaule  they  hated  Alexandra, 
and  becaufe  they  thought  it  a  fort  of   impiety  to  delpair  ot 
Herod's  recovery  while  he  was  yet  alive,  for  they  had  been 
his  old  friends ;  and  one  of  them  whole  name  was  Achiabus, 
was  his  coufingerman.     They  fent  me ffengers  therefore  to  ac- 
quaint him    with  Alexandra's  defign  ;  fo  he  made  no  longer 
delay,  but  gave  orders  to  have  her  (lain  ;  yet  was  it  ftill  with 
difficulty,  and  after  he  had  endured  great  pain,  that  he  got  clear 
of  his  diftemper.      He  was  ftill  forely  afflifted  both  in  mind 
and  body,  and  made  very  uneafy,  and  readier  than  ever  upon 
all  occafions  to  inflift  punifhment  upon  thofe  that  fell  under 
his  hand.     He  alfo  flew  the  moft  intimate  of  his  friends    Cof- 
tobarus,    and  Lyfimachus,  and  Gadias  who   was  alfo    called 
Antipater  ;  as  alfo  Dofuheus,  and  that  upon  the  following  oc- 
cafion. 

9.  Coftobarus  was  an  Idumean  by  birth,  and  one  of  princi- 
pal dignity  among  them,  and  one  whofe  anceftors  had  been 
priefts  to  the  Koze.  whom  the  Idumeans  had  [formerly]   ef- 
teemed  as  a  god;  but  after  Hyrcanus  had  made  a  change  in 
their  political  government,  and  made  them  receive  the  Jewifh 
cuftoms  and  law.  Herod  made  Coftobarus  governor  ot  Idu- 
meaand  Gaza,  and  gave  him  his  fitter  Salome  to  wife;  and 
this  was  upon  his  Daughter  of  [his  uncle]  Jofeph,  who  had 
that  government  before,  as  we  nave  related  already.     Whea 


Chap.   VII.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS. 

Coflobarus  had  gotten  to  be  fo  highly  advanced,  it  pleafed 
him,  and  was  more  than  he  hoped  tor,  and  he  was  more  and 
more  puffed  up  by  his  good  fuccefs,  and  in  a  little  while  he 
exceeded  all  bounds,  and  did  not  think  fit  to  obey  what  Her- 
od, as  their  ruler,  commanded  him,  or  that  the  Idumeans 
fhould  make  ufe  of  the  Jewifh  cuftoms,  or  be  fubjeclto  them. 
He  therefore  fent  to  Cleopatra,  and  informed  her  that  the  Idu- 
means had  been  always  under  his  progenitors,  and  that  for  the 
lame  reafon  it  was  but  juft  that  (he  mould  defire  that  country 
for  him  of  Antony,  forthat  he  was  ready  to  transfer  his  friend-- 
(hip  to  her  :  And' this  he  did,  not  becaufe  he  was  better  pleaf- 
ed  to  be  under  Cleopatra's  government,  but  becaufe  he  tho't 
that,  upon  the  diminution  ol  Herod's  power,  it  would  not  be 
difficult  for  him  to  obtain  himfelf  the  entire  government  over 
the  Idumeans,  and  fomewhat  more  alfo  ;  for  he  raifed  his 
hopes  Itill  higher,  as  having  no  fmall  pretences,  both  by  his 
birth,  and  by  thefe  riches,  which  he  had  gotten  by  his  conftant 
attention  to  filthy  lucre  ;  and  accordingly  it  was  not  a  fmall 
matter  that  he  aimed  at.  So  Cleopatra  defired  this  country  ot 
Antony,  but  failed  of  her  purpofe.  An  account  ot  this  was 
brought  to  Herod,  who  was  thereupon  ready  to  kil!  Cpftoba- 
rus,  yet,  upon  the  entreaties  o!  his  filter  and  mother,  he  forgave 
him,  and  vouchsafed  to  pardon  him  entirely,  though  he  ftill 
had  a  fufpicion  of  him  afterward  tor  this  his  attempt. 

10.  But  fome  time  afterward,  when  Salome  happened  to 
quarrel  with  Coflobarus,  (he  *  fent  him  a  bill  of  divorce,  and 
difloived  her  marriage  with  him,  though  this  was  not  accord- 
ing to  the  Jewifh  laws  ;  for  with  us  it  is  lawful  for  an  hufband 
to  do  fo,  but  a  wife,  it  me  departs  from  her  hufband,  cannot 
of  herfelf  be  married  to  another,  unlefs  her  former  hufband 
put  her  away.  However,  Salome  chofe  to  follow  not  the  law 
of  her  country,  but  the  law  of  her  authority,  and  fo  renounc- 
ed her  wedlock  ;  and  told  her  brother  Herod,  that  fhe  lett  her 
hufband  out  of  her  good  will  to  him,  becaufe  (he  perceived 
that  he,  with  Antipater  and  Lyfimachus,  and  Dofitheus,  were 

*  Here  is  a  plain  example  of  a  Jewifh  lady  giving  a  bill  of  divorce  to  her  huf- 
band,  though  in  the  days  of  Jofephus  it  was  not  efteemed  lawful  for  a  wom*n  fa* 
to  do.  Seethe  like  among  the  Parthians,  Antiq.  K.  XVIII.  ch.  ix.  §  6.  How- 
ever, the  Chriftian  law,  when  it  allowed  divorce  for  adultery,  Matt.  v.  32.  allowad 
the  innocent  wife  to  divorce  her  guiity  husband,  as  well  as  the  innocent  husband  U> 
divorce  his  guilty  wife,  as  we  learn  from  the  (hcpherd  of  Hermas,  Mand.  K.  IV. 
and  from  the  fecond.  apology  of  Juftin  Martyr,  where  a  periecution  was  brought 
upon  the  Chriltians  upon  fuch  a  divorce  :  And  I  think  the  Roman  laws  permitted 
it  at  that  time,  as  well  as  the  laws  ot  Chriftianity.  Now  this  Babas,  who  was  one 
of  the  race  of  the  Afamoneans  or  Maccabees,  as  the  latter  end  of  this  feftion  informs 
us,  is  related  by  the  Jews,  as  Dr.  Hudlon  here  remarks,  to  have  been  io  eminently 
religious  in  the  Jewifh  way,  that,  except  the  day  following  the  10th  of  Tifri,  th» 
great  day  ot  atonement,  when  he  kern's  to  have  iuppoled  all  his  fins  entirely  forgiv~ 
en,  he  uftd  every  day  of  the  whele  year  to  offer  a  facrifice  for  his  fins  of  ignorance, 
or  fuch  as  he  Iuppoled  he  had  been  guilty  of,  but  did  not  diftinctly  remember. 
See  fomewhat  like  it  of  Agrippa  the  Great,  Antiq.  B.  XIX.  ch.  iii.  $  3.  vol.  11. 
and  Job.  i.  4,  5, 

VOL.  II  C  c 


210  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.        [BookXV. 

railing  a  fedition  againfl  him  :  As  an  evidence  whereof,  file 
alleged  the  cafe  of  the  fons  of  Babas,  that  they  had  been  by 
him  prelerved  alive  already  for  the  interval  of  twelve  years  ; 
which  proved  to  be  true.     But  when  Herod  thus  unexpected- 
ly heard  of  it,  he  was  greatly  furprifed  at  it,  and  was  the  more 
furpriled,  becaufe  the  relation  appeared  incredible  to  him. 
As  for  the  fa6i  relating  to  thefe  fons  of  Babas,  Herod  had  for- 
merly taken  great  pains  to  bring  them  to  punHhment,  as  being 
enemies  to  his  government,  but  they  were  now  forgotten  by 
him,  on  account  of  the  length  ot  time  [fince   he  had  ordered 
them  to  be  (lain.]     Now,  the  caufe  oi  his  ill  will  ar>d  hatred  to 
them  arofc  hence,  that  while  Antigonus  was  king,  Herod,  with 
his  army,  befieged  the  city  ot  jerufalern,  where  the   diftrefs 
and  mileries  which  the  befieged  endured,  were  fo  prefling, 
that  the  greater  number  of  them  invited  Herod  into  the  city, 
and  already  placed  their  hopes  on  him.     Now,  the  fons  ot  Ba- 
bas were  of  great  dignity,  and  had  power  among  the  multitude, 
and  were  faithful  to  Antigonus,  and  were  always  raifmg  ca- 
lumnies againfl  Herod,  and  encouraged  the  people  topreferve 
the  government  to  that  royal  family  which  held  it  by  inherit- 
ance.    So  thefe  men  acted  thus  politically,  and,  as  they  tho't, 
lor  their  own  advantage  ;  but  when  the  city  was  taken,  and 
Herod  had  gotten  the  government  into  his  hands,  and  Coflo- 
barus   was  appointed  to  hinder  men  from  paffing  out  at  the 
gates,  and  to  guard  the  city,  that  thofe  citizens  that  were  guil- 
ty, and  of  the  party  oppofite  to  the  king,  might  not  get  out  of 
it,  Coftobarus  being  fenfible  that  the  fons  of  Babas  were  had 
in  relpefcl  and  honour  by  the  whole  multitude,  and  fuppofing 
that  their  prefervation  might  be  of  great  advantage  to  him  in 
the  changes  of  government  afterward,  he  fet  them  by  them- 
felves,  and  concealed  them  in  his  own  farms ;  and  when  the 
thing  was  fufpecled,  he  allured  Herod  upon  oath  that  he  really 
knew  nothing  ot  that  matter,  and  fo  overcame  the   fufpicions 
that  lay  upon  him  ;  nay,  after  that,  when  the  king  had  pub- 
licly propofed  a  reward  for  the  difcovery,  and  had  put  in 
praftice  all  forts  of  methods  for  fearching  out  this  matter,  he 
•would  not  confefsit,  but  being  perfuaded  that  when  he  had  at 
iirft  denied  it,  it  the  men  were  found,  he  fhould  not  efcape  un- 
purii  med,  he  was  forced  to  keep  them   fecret,  not  only  out  of 
his  good  will  to  them,  but  out  of  aneceflary  regard  to  his  own 
pxefervation  alfo  :  But  when  the  king  knew  the  thing,  by  his- 
filter's  information,  he  fent  men   to  the  places  where  he  had 
the  intimation  they  were  concealed,  and  ordered  both  them, 
and  thofe  that  were  accufed  as  guilty  with  them,  to  be  flain, 
infomuch  that  there  were  now  none  at  all  lett  of  the  kindred  of 
Hyrcanus,  and  the  kingdom  was  entirely  in  Herod's  own  pow- 
er and  there  was  nobody  remaining  of  fuch  dignity  as  could 
put  a  flop  to  what  he  did  againlt  the  Jewifh  laws. 


Chap.    VIII.]        ANTIQUITIES    ®F    THE    JEWS.  211 


CHAP.    VIII. 

How  ten  Men  of  the  Citizens  \ofjerufalem~]  made  a  Conspiracy  a~ 
gainft  Herod,  for  the  Foreign  practices  he  had  introduced, 
which  was  a    TranfgreJJion  of  the  Laws  of  their  Country. 
Concerning  the  Building  of  Sebajle  and  Cefarea,  and  other 
of  Hered. 


§  I.  /~\N  this  account  it  was  that  Herod  revolted  from  the 
\^J  faws  of  his  country,  and  corrupted  their  ancient 
conftitution,  by  the  introduction  oi  foreign  practices,  which 
con  dilution  yet  ought  to  have  been  preferved  inviolable  ;  by 
which  means  we  became  guilty  oi  great  wickednefs  afterward, 
while  thofe  religious  obfervances  which  ufed  to  lead  the  mul- 
titude to  piety,  were  now  neglefcted  :  For,  in  the  firfi  place, 
he  appointed  folernn  games  to  be  celebrated  every  fifth  year, 
in  honour  of  Caefar,  and  built  a  theatre  at  Jei  ufalem,  as  alfo  a 
very  great  amphitheatre  in  the  plain.  Both  of  them  were  in- 
deed coftly  works,  but  oppofne  to  the  Jewifh  cuiloms  ;  for  we 
have  had  no  !uch  fhows  delivered  down  to  us  as  fit  to  be  ufed  or 
exhibited  by  us  ;  yet  did  he  celebrate  thefe  games  every  five 
years,  in  the  moll  folemn  and  fplendid  manner.  He  alfo  made 
proclamation  to  the  neighbouring  countries,  and  called  men 
together  out  of  every  nation.  The  wredlers  alfo,  and  the  relt 
ot  thofe  that  {trove  ior  the  prizes  in  fuch  games,  were  invited 
out  ot  every  land,  both  by  the  hopes  of  the  rewards  there  to 
be  bellowed,  and  by  the  glory  of  victory  to  be  there  gained. 
So  the  principal  perfons  that  were  the  mod  eminent  in  thefe 
forts  ot  exercifes,  were  gotten  together,  tor  there  'vere  very 
great  rewards  tor  victory  propofed,  not  only  to  thole  that  per- 
formed their  exercifes  naked,  but  to  thofe  that  played  the  mu- 
ficians  alfo,  and  were  called  Thymelici  ;  and  he  fpared  no  pains 
to  induce  all  perfons,  the  molt  famous  for  fuch  exercifes,  to 
come  to  this  conteft  tor  viilory.  He  alfo  propofed  no  fmall 
rewards  to  thofe  who  ran  for  the  prizes  in  chariot  races  when 
they  were  drawn  by  two,  or  three,  or  four  pair  of  horles.  He 
alfo  imitated  every  thing,  though  never  fo  coltly  or  magnif- 
icent, in  other  nations,  out  of  an  ambition  that  he  might  give 
moft  public  demonftration  ot  his  grandeur.  Inlcriptions  alfo 
of  the  great  a&ions  ot  Cgefar,  and  trophies  of  thole  nations 
which  he  had  conquered  in  his  wars,  and  all  made  of  the  pur- 
eit  gold  and  filver,  encompaffed  the  theatre  itfelf  :  Nor  was 
there  any  thing  that  could  be  fubfervient  to  his  defign,  wheth- 
er it  were  precious-garments,  or  precious  (tones  fet  in  order, 
xvhich  was  not  alfo  expofed  to  fight  in  thefe  games.  He  had 
alfo  made  a  great  preparation  of  wild  beads,  and  of  lions  them- 
felves  in  great  abundance,  and  ot  fuch  other  beads  as  were 
either  of  uncommon  ftrength,  or  of  fuch  a  fort  as  were  rarely 
ieen,  Thele  were  prepared  either  to  fight  with  one  another, 


412  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE  JEWS.     [EooVi  XV. 

or  that  men  who  were  condemned  to  death,  were  to  fight  with 
them.  And  truly  foreigners  were  greatly  furprifed  and  de- 
lighted at  the  vaftnefs  ot  the  expences  here  exhibited,  and  at 
the  great  dangers  that  were  here  feen  ;  *  but  to  natural  Jews, 
this  was  no  better  than  a  diffolution  of  thofe  cuftoms  for  which 
they  had  fo  great  a  veneration.  It  appeared  alfo  no  better  than 
an  inftance  of  barefaced  impiety,  to  throw  men  to  wild  beafts, 
for  the  offering  delight  to  the  fpeftators  ;  and  it  appeared  an 
initance  of  no  lefs  impiety,  to  change  their  own  laws  lor  fuch 
foreign  exercifes  :  But  above  ali  the  reit,  the  trophies  gave 
moft  diflafte  to  the  Jews,  tor  as  they  imagined  them  to  be  im- 
ages, included  within  the  armour  that  hung  round  about  them, 
they  were  forely  difpleafed  at  them,  becaule  it  was  not  the  cuf- 
tom  of  their  country  to  pay  honours  to  fuch  images. 

2.  Nor  was  Herod  unacquainted  with  the  difturbance  they 
were  under  ;  and  as  he  thought  it  unfeafonable  to  ufe  violence 
with  them,  fo  he  fpake  to   fome  of  them  by  way  of  confola- 
tion,  and  in   order  to   free  them  from   that   fuperftitious   fear 
they  were  under  ;  yet  could  not  he  fatisfy  them,  but  they  cri- 
ed out  with  one  accord,  out  of  their  great  uneafinels  at  the  of- 
fences they  thought  he  had  been  guilty  of,  that  although  they 
fhould  think  of  bearing  all  the  reft,  yet  would  they  never  bear 
images  of  men  in  their  city,  meaning  the  trophies,  becaufethis 
•was  difagreeable  to  the  laws  of   their  country.     Now   when 
Herod  faw  them  in  fuch  adiforder,  and  that  they  would   not 
eafily  change  their  refolution  unlefs  they  received  fatistaclion 
in  this  point,    he  called  to  him  the  moft  eminent   men  among 
them,  and  brought  them   upon  the  theatre,   and  fhewed  them 
the  trophies,  and  afked  them,   what  fort  of  things  they   took 
thefe  trophies  to  be  ?  And  when  they  cried  out,  that  they  were 
the  images  ot  men,  he  g  ive  order  that  they  fhould  be  ftnpped 
of  thefe  outward  ornaments  which  were  about  them,  and  (hew- 
ed them  the  naked  pieces  of  wood,   now  without  any   orna- 
ment, became  matter  of  great  fport  and  laughter  to  them   be- 
caufe  they  had  before  always  had  the  ornaments   ot   images 
themfelves  in  derifion. 

3.  When  therefore  Herod  had  thus  got  clear  of   the  multi- 
tude, and  had  diffipated  thevehemency  of  paffion  under  which 
they  had  been,  the  greateft  part  of  the  people  were  difpofed  to 
change  their  conduct,  and  not  to  be  difpleafed  at  him  any  long- 
er ;  but  ftill  fome  ot   them  continued  in    theil*  difpleafure  a- 
gainft  him,  for  his  introduction  ot  new  cuftoms,   and  efteem- 

*  Thefe  grand  plays,  and  fhows,  and  thymelici,  or  mufic  meetings,  and  chariot 
rices,  when  the  chariots  were  drawn  by  two,  three,  or  four  pair  oi  horfes,  £&.  in- 
ftituted  by  Herod  in  his  theatres,  were  Rill,  as  we  fee  here,  looktd  on  by  the  fober 
Jews  as  heathenifh  fports,  and  tending  to  corrupt  the  manners  of  the  Jewish  nation, 
smd  to  bring  them  to  love  xvith  Paganish  idolatry,  and  Paganish  conduct  of  life, 
but  to  the  diffolution  of  the  law  of  Mofes,  and  accordingly  were  greatly  and  juftly 
condemned  by  them,  as  appears  here  and  every  where  elfe  in  Jofephus.  Nor  is  the 
cafe  of  our  modern  ma Iquerades,  plays,  operas  and  the  like  ptmfu  anJ  va.h&<.!  </ 
this  wicked  world,  of  any  better  tendency  under  Chriftianity. 


Chap.  VIII.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  213 

ed  the  violation  of  the  laws  of  their  country  as  likely  to  be 
the  origin  of  very  great  mifchiefs  to  them,  fo  that  they  deem- 
ed it  an  inftance  ot  piety  rather  to  hazard  themfelves  [to  be 
put  to  death],  than  to  feem  as  it  they  took  no  notice  of  Her- 
od, who,  upon  the  change  he  had  made  in  their  government, 
introduced  fuch  cuiloms.  and  that  in  a  violent  manner,  which 
they  had  never  been  ufed  to  before  as  indeed  in  pretence  a 
king,  but  in  reality  one  that  (hewedhimfelt  an  enemy  to  their 
whole  nation  ;  on  which  account  ten  men  that  were  citizens 
[ot  Jerufalem  j,  confpired  together  againft  him,  and  fware  to. 
one  another  to  undergo  any  dangers  in  the  attempt,  and  took 
daggers  with  them  under  their  garmeats,  [tor  the  purpofe  of 
killing  Herodj.  Now  there  was  a  certain  blind  man  among 
thofe  confpirators,  who  had  thus  fworn  to  one  another,  on  ac- 
count of  the  indignation  he  had  againit  what  he  heard  to  have 
been  done  ;  he  was  not  indeed  able  to  afford  the  reft  any  affif- 
tance  inthe  undertaking,  but  was  ready  to  undergo  any  fuffer- 
ing  with  them,  if  fo  be  they  fhould  come  to  any  harm,  info- 
much,  that  he  became  a  very  great  encourager  of  the  reft  of 
the  undertakers. 

4.  When  they  had  taken  this  refolution,  arid  that  by  com- 
mon confent,  they  went  into  the  theatre,  hoping  that,  in  the 
firft  place,  Herod  him  fell  could  not  efcape  them,  as  they 
fhould  tall  upon  him  fo  unexpectedly  ;  and  iuppofing,  howe- 
ver, that  it  they  miffed  him,  they  ihould  kul  a  great  many  of 
thofe  that  were  about  him  ;  and  this  refolution  they  took 
though  they  fbould  die  tor  it,  in  order  to  fuggeft  to  the  king, 
what  injuries  he  had  done  to  the  multitude.  Thefe  conipt- 
rators,  therefore,  ftanding  thus  prepared  before  hand,  went  a- 
bout  their  defign  with  great  alacrity  ;  but  there  was  one  of 
thofe  fpies.  of  Herod's  that  were  appointed  tor  fuch  purpofcs, 
to  fifh  out  and  intorm  him  ot  any  conlpiiacies  that  (hould  be 
made  againft  him,  who  found  out  the  whole  affair,  and  told 
the  king  of  it,  as  he  was  about  to  go  into  the  theatre.  So  when 
he  reflected  on  the  hatred  which  he  knew  the  greateft  part  of 
the  people  bore  him,  and  on  the  clift  urbane  es  that  arofe  upon 
every  occaflon,  he  thought  this  plot  againft  him  not  to  be  im- 
probable. Accordingly  he  retired  into  his  palace,  and  called 
thofe  that  were  accufed  ot  this  confpiracy  before  him  by  their 
feveral  names ;  and  as  upon  the  guards  tailing  upon  them, 
they  were  caught  in  the  very  fact,  and  knew  they  could  not 
efcape,  they  prepared  themfelves  for  their  ends  with  all  the 
decency  they  could,  and  fo  as  not  at  all  to  recede  from  their 
refolute  behaviour,  for  they  (hewed  no  fhame  lor  what  they 
were  about  nor  denied  it,  but  when  they  were  feized,  they 
(hewed  their  daggers,  and  profeffed,  that  "  the  confpiracy 
they  had  fworn  to  was  an  holy  and  a  pious  aftion  ;  that  what 
they  intended  to  do  was  not  for  gain,  or  out  of  any  indul- 
gence to  their  paffions,  but  principally  tor  thofe  common  cuf- 
toms  ot  their  country,  which  all  the  Jews  were  obliged  to  ob- 
ierve,  or  to  die  tor  them."  This  was  what  thefe  men  faid. 


214  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.        [Book  XV. 

out  of  their  undaunted  courage  in  this  confpiracy.  So  they 
were  led  away  to  execution  by  the  king's  guards  that  flood  a- 
bout  them,  and  patiently  underwent  all  the  torments  inflicled 
on  them  till  they  died.  Nor  was  it  long  before  that  fpy  who 
had  difcovered  them,  was  feized  on  by  fome  ot  the  people, 
out  ot  the  hatred  they  bore  to  him,  and  was  not  only  flain  by 
them,  but  pulled  to  pieces  limb  from  limb,  and  given  to  the 
dogs.  This  execution  was  feen  by  many  of  the  citizens,  yet 
would  not  one  of  them  dilcover  the  doers  of  it,  till  upon 
Herod's  making  a  ftrift  fcrutiny  after  them,  by  bitter  and  fe- 
vere  tortures,  certain  women  that  were  tortured  contefled 
what  they  had  feen  done  ;  Authors  ot  which  fa6t  were  Jo 
terribly  punifhed  by  the  icing,  that  their  entire  families  were 
deftroyed,  for  this  their  ralh  attempt,  yet  did  not  the  obftina- 
cy  of  the  people,  and  that  undaunted  conftancy  they  fhewed 
in  the  defence  of  their  laws,  make  Herod  any  eafier  to  them, 
but  he  ftill  ilrengthened  himfelf  after  a  more  fecure  manner, 
and  refolved  to  encompafs  the  multitude  every  way,  left  fuch 
innovations  fhould  end  in  an  open  rebellion. 

5.  Since,  therefore,  he  had  now  the  city  fortified  by  the 
palace  in  which  he  lived,  and  by  the  temple  which  "had  a 
itrong  fortrefs  by  it,  called  Antonia,  and  was  re-built  by  him- 
felt,  he  contrived  to  make  Samaria  a  fortrefs  for  hirnfelt  alfo 
againft  all  the  people,  and  called  it  Sebafte,  fuppofing  that 
this  place  would  be  a  ftrong  hold  againft  the  country,  not  in- 
ferior to  the  former.  So  he  fortified  that  place,  which  was  a 
day's  journey  diftant  from  Jerufalem,  and  which  would'be 
ufual  to  him  in  common,  to  keep  both  the  country  and  the 
city  in  awe.  He  alfo  built  another  fortrefs  for  the  whole  na- 
tion ;  it  was  of  old  called  Strato's  Tower,  but  was  by  him  na- 
med  Cefarea.  Moi  cover,  he  chofe  out  fome  feleft  horfemen, 
and  placed^  them  in  the  great  plain;  and  built  [for  them]  a 
place  in  Galilee,  called  Gaba,  with  Hefebonitis,  in  Perea, 
Andthefe  were  the  places  which  he  particularly  built,  while 
he  always  inventing  fomewhat  farther  tor  his  own  fecurity, 
and  encpmpaflnig  the  whole  nation  with  guards,  that  they 
might  by  no  means  get  from  under  his  power,  nor  tall  into  tu- 
mults, which  they  did  continually  upon  any  frnall  commo- 
tion ;  and  that  it  they  did  make  any  commotions  he  might 
know  of  it  while  fome  of  his  fpies  might  be  upon  them  from 
the  neighbourhood,  and  might  both  be  able  to  know  what  they 
were  attempting,  and  to  prevent  it.  And  when  he  went  about 
building  the  wall  of  Samaria,  he  contrived  to  bring  thither 
many  of  thofe  that  had  been  afli fling  to  him  in  his  wars,  and 
many  of  the  people  in  that  neighbourhood  alfo,  whom  he 
made  fellow-citizens  with  the  reft.  This  he  did  out  of  an 
amfntious  defire  of  building  a  temple  and  out  of  a  defire  to 
make  the  city  more  eminent  than  it  had  been  before,  but  prin- 
cipally becaufe  he  contrived  that  it  might  at  once  be  for  his 
own  fecurity,  and  a  monument  of  his  magnificence.  He  also 


Chap.  IX.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE  JEWS. 

changed  its  name,  and  called  it  Sebafte.  Moreover  he  parted 
the  adjoining  country,  which  was  excellent  in  its  kind,  among 
the  inhabitants  of  Samaria,  that  they  might  be  in  an  happy 
condition,  upon  their  firft  coming  to  inhabit.  Befides  all 
which,  he  encompafled  the  city  with  a  wall  of  great  ftrength, 
and  made  ufe  of  the  acclivity  of  the  place  for  making  its  for- 
tifications ftronger  ;  nor  was  the  compafs  of  the  place  made 
now  fo  frnall  as  it  had  been  before,  but  was  fuch  as  rendered  it 
not  inferior  to  the  moft  famous  cities  ;  tor  it  was  twenty  fur- 
longs in  circumference.  Now  within,  and  about  the  middle 
of  it  he  built  a  facred  place,  of  a  furlong  and  an  half  [in  cir- 
cuit,] and  adorned  it  with  all  forts  of  decorations,  and  therein 
erected  a  temple,  which  was  illuflrious  on  account  of  both  its 
largenefsand  beauty.  And  as  to  the  feveral  parts  of  the  city, 
he  adorned  them  with  decorations  of  all  forts  alfo  ;  and  as  to 
what  was  neceflary  to  provide  for  his  own  fecurity,  he  made 
the  walls  very  ftrong  tor  that  purpofe,  and  made  it  for  the 
greateft  part,  a  citadel  ;  and  as  to  the  elegance  of  the  build- 
ings, it  was  taken  care  ot  alfo,  that  he  might  leave  monu- 
ments of  the  finsnefs  of  his  tafte,  and  ot  his  beneficence  to  iu- 
ture  ages. 


CHAP.    IX. 

Concerning  the  Famine  that  happened  in  Judea  and  Syria  :  And 
how  Herod,  after  he  had  Married  another  Wife,  rebuilt  Cc- 
farea,  and  other  Grecian  Cities. 


§  i.  "^fOW  on  this  very  year,  which  was  the  thirteenth  year 
JL^\  of  the  reign  ot  Herod,  very  great  calamities  came 
upon  the  country  :  Whether  they  were  derived  from  the  an- 
ger  of  God,  or  *  whether  this  mifery  return  again  naturally 
in  certain  periods  of  time  ;  for,  in  the  firft  place,  there  were 
perpetual  droughts,  and  tor  that  reafon  the  ground  wasbarreni 
and  did  not  bring  forth  the  fame  quantity  of  fruits  that  it  ufed 
to  produce  ;  and  atter  this  barrennefs  of  the  foil,  that  change 
of  food  which  the  want  of  corn  occafioned,  produced  diftem- 
pers  in  the  bodies  ot  men,  and  a  peftilential  difeafe  prevailed, 
one  mifery  following  upon  the  back  of  another  :  And  thefe 
circumftancesthat  they  were  diftitute  both  of  methods  of  cure, 
and  ot  food,  made  the  peftilential  diftemper,  which  began  at- 
ter a  violent  manner,  the  more  tailing.  The  deilrufction  ot 
men  alfo  after  fuch  a  manner  deprived  thofe  that  furvived  of 

*  Here  we  have  an  eminent  example  of  the  language  of  Jcvephus  in  his  writing 
to  Gentiles,  different  from  that  when  he  wrote  to  jews  :  Ir»  his  writing  to  whom 
he  ftill  derives  all  inch  judgments  from  the  an^er  ol  Ood  ;  hut  becaule  he  knew 
many  of  the  Gentiles  thought  th;y  ini^ht  naturally  co«re  in  certain  period*, 
he  coznplirs  with  them  in  the  following  lenience.  Sec  ;h<?  jr>w  on  the.  W*r,  3.  I, 
«h.  xxxiii.  §  2.  Vol.  J  IT. 


tl6  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.          [Book.  XV. 

ail  their  courage,  becaufe  they  had  no  way  to  provide  reme- 
dies fufficierit  tor  the  diltreifes  they  were  in.  When  therefore 
the  iruits  of  tnat  year  were  Spoiled,  and  whatfoever  they  had 
laid  up  beforehand  was  fpent,  there  was  no  foundation  ot  hope 
ior  relief  remaining,  hut  the  rriifery,  contrary  to  what  they 
expected,  (till  increafed  upon  them  ;  and  this,  not  only  on  that 
year,  while  they  had  nothing  tor  themfelves  left  [at  the  end  of 
it.j  but  what  feed  they  had  {own  periihed  alfo,  by  reafon  of 
the  ground  not  yielding  its  fruits  on  the  *  fecond  year.  This 
diflrefs  they  were  in  made  them  alfo  out  ot  neceflity  to  eat 
many  things  that  did  not  ufe  to  be  eaten  :  Nor  was  the  king 
him  felt  tree  from  this  diftrefs  any  more  than  other  men,  as  be- 
ing deprived  of  that  tribute  he  ufed  to  have  from  the  fruits  ol 
the  ground,  and  having  already  expended  what  money  he  had 
in  his  liberality  to  thofe  whofe  cities  he  had  built  ;  nor  had  he 
any  people  that  were  worthy  of  his  affiftance,  fince  this  mifer- 
able  ftate  of  things  had  procured  him  the  hatred  of  his  fubjefts, 
tor  it  is  a  conftant  rule,  that  misfortunes  are  ftill  laid  to  the  ac- 
count of  thofe  that  govern. 

2;  In  thefe  circumftances  he  confidered  with  himfelf  how 
to  procure  iome  leafonable  help  ;  but  this  was  a  hard  thing  to 
be  done,  while  their  neighbours  had  no  food  to  fell  them,  and 
their  money  alfo  was  gone  had  it  been  poffible  to  purchafe  a 
little  food  at  a  great  price.  However,  he  thought  it  his  beft 
way,  by  all  means,  not  to  leave  off  his  endeavours  to  affift 
his  people  ;  fo  he  cut  off  the  rich  furniture  that  was  in  his  pal- 
ace, both  of  filver  and  gold,  inlomuch  that  he  did  not  fpare  the 
finefl  veffels  he  had,  or  thofe  that  were  made  with  the  moft  ela- 
borate fkill  of  the  artificers,  but  fent  the  money  to  Petronius, 
who  had  been  made  preiefct  ot  Egypt  by  Caefar  ;  and  as  not  a 
iew  had  already  fled  to  him  under  their  neceflities,  and  as  he 
was  particularly  a  friend  to  Herod,  and  defirous  to  have  his 
fubjech  preferved,  he  gave  leave  to  them,  in  the  firfl  place,  to 
export  corn,  and  affifted  them  every  way,  both  in  purchafing 
arid  exporting  the  fame,  fo  that  he  was  the  principal,  if  not  the 
only  perfon  who  afforded  them  what  help  they  had.  And 
Herod  taking  care  the  people  (hould  underftand  that  this  help 
came  from  himfelt,  did  thereby  not  only  remove  trom  him  the 
ill  opinion  of  thofe  that  formerly  hated  him,  but  gave  them  the 

*  This  famine  for  two  years  that  affeflrd  Judea  and  Syria  the  13th  and  i^th  years 
of  Hercd,  which  are  the  23d  and  2^th  years  before  the  Chriftian  era,  feems  to  have 
been  more  terrible  during  this  time  than  was  that  in  the  days  of  Jacob,  Gen.  xli. 
xlii.  And  what  makes  the  companion  the  more  remarkable  is  this,  that  now,  as 
•Well' as  then,  the  relief  they  haii  was  from  Egypt  alfo,  then  from  Jolephthe  gover- 
nor of  Egypt,  under  Pharaoh  King  of  Egypt,  and  now  from  Petronius  the  prefeft  of 
Egypt,  under  Auguflus  the  Roman  Emperor.  Seealmofl  thelikecafe,  Antiq  B.A'A. 
ch.  ii.  5)  6.  Vol.  II  It  is  alfo  well  worth  our  obfervation  here,  that  thefe  two  years 


Chap.   IX.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  il? 

greateflf^emonftration  poflible  of  his  good  will  to  them,  and 
care  of  them  ;  for,  in  the  firfl  place,  as  for  thofe  who  were 
able  to  provide  their  own   food,  he  difrributed  to  them  their 
proportion  of  corn  in  the  exaftefl  manner,  but  for  thofe  many 
that  were  not  able,  either  by  reafon  of  their  old   age.  or  any- 
other  infirmity,  to  provide  food  for  themfelves,  he  made  this 
provifion  for  them,  that  the  bakers  mould  make  their  bread 
ready   for  them.      He  al(o  took  care  that  they  might  not  be 
hurt  by  the  dangers  of  winter    fince  they  were  in  great  want 
of  clothing  alfo,  by  reafon  of  the  utter  deilruftion  and  con- 
fumption  of  their  (beep  and  goats,  till  they  had  no  wool  to 
make  life  of,  nor  any  thing  elfe  to  cover  themfelves  withal. 
And  when  he  had  procured  thefe  things  for  his  own  fubjecls, 
he  went  farther,    in    order  to  provide   neceflaries  for    their 
neighbours,  and  gave  feed  to  the  Syrians,  which  thing  turn- 
ed greatly  to  his  own  advantage  alfo,  this  charitable  alliitance 
being  afforded  moft  feafonably  to  their  fruitful  foil,  fo  that 
every  one  had  now  a  plentiful  provifion  of  food.      Upon  the 
whole,  when  the  harveft  of  the  land  was  approaching,  he  fent 
no  fewer  than  fifty  thoufand  men  whom  he  had  fuftamed,  in- 
io  the  country  ;  by  which  means  he  both  repaired  the  afflift- 
•.vd  condition  of  his  own  kingdom  with  great  generofity  and 
diligence,  and  lightened  the  afflictions  of  his  neighbours,  who 
were  under  the  fame  calamities,  for  there  was  nobody  who 
had  been  in  want  that  was  left  deftitue  of  a  fuitable  afliftance 
by  him  :    Nay,  farther,  there   were  neither  any   people,  nor 
any  cities,  nor  any  private  men,  who  were  to  make  provifion 
for  the  multitudes,  and  on  that  account  were  in  want  of  fup- 
port,  and  had  recourfe  to  him,  but  received  what  they  ftood 
in  need  of,  infomuch,  that  it  apppeared  upon  a  computation, 
that  the  number  of  coriof  wheat,  of  ten  attick  medknni  a 
piece,  that  were  given  to  foreigners,  amounted  to  ten  thou- 
fand, and  the  number  that  was  given  in  his  own  kingdom 
was  about  fourfcore  thoufand.      Now    it  happened  that   this 
care  of  his,  and  this  feafonable  benefaftion,  had  fuch  influ- 
e,nce  on  the  Jews,  and  was  fo  cried  up  among  other  nations, 
as  to- wipe  off  that  old  hatred  which  his  violation  of  fome  of 
their  cuftoms,  during  his  reign,  had  procured  him  among  all 
the  nation,  and  that  this  liberality  of  his  afliftance  in  this  their 
jreatett  neceflity  was  full  fatisfaftion   for  all  that  he  had  done 
of  that  nature,  as  it  alfo  procured  him  great  fame  among  for- 
eigners ;  and  it  looked  as  if  thefe  calamities  that  afflicted  hi> 
land  to  a  degree  plainly  incredible,  came  in  order  to  raife  his 
glory,  and    to  be  to  his  great  advantage,  for  the  greatnefs  of 
his  liberality  in  thele  diftrefles,  which  he  now  demonftrated 
beyond  all  expectation,  did  fo  change  the  difpofition  of  the 
multitude  towards  him,  that  they  were  ready  to  fuppofe  he 
had  been  from  the  beginning  not  fuch  an  one  as  they  had  found 
Vim  to  be  by  experience,  but  fuch  an  one  as  the  care  he  had  tak- 
en on  them  in  lupplying  their  neceflities  proved  him  now  to  be, 
VOL.  II.  D  d 


2*$  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.        [Book  XV, 

3.  About  this  time  it  was  that  he  fent  five  hundred  chofen 
men  out  of  the  guards  of  his  body  as  auxiliaries  to  Caefar, 
whom  *  ^Elius  Gailus  led  to  the  Red  Sea,  and  who  were  of 
great  fervice  to  him  there.      When  therefore  his  affairs  were 
thus  improved,  and  were  again  in  a  flourifhing  condition,  he 
built  himfelf  a  palace  in  the  upper  city,  railing  the  rooms  to 
a  very  great  height,  and  adorning  them  with  the  moft  coflly 
furniture  of  gold,  and  marble  feats,  and  beds,  and  thefe  were 
fo  large,  that   they    could  contain  very  many   companies  of 
men.     Thefe  apartments  were  alfo  of  diftincl  magnitudes,  and 
had  particular  names  given  them,  for  one  apartment  was  call- 
ed Caefar's.  anotner  Agrippa's.      He  alfo  fell  in  love  again, 
and  married  anoiher  wife,  not  fufFering  his  icafon  to  hinder 
him  from  living  as  he  pleafed.     The  occafion  of  this  his  mar- 
riage was  as  follows  :  There  was  one  Si?non,  a  citizen  of  Je- 
rufalem,  the  fon  of  one  Boethus,  a  citizen  of  Alexandria,  and 
a  prieft  of    great  note   there  :     This  man    had  a   daughter, 
who  was  efteemed   the  moft  beautiful   woman  of  that  time: 
and  when  the   people  of  Jerufalem  began  to  fpeak  much  in 
her  commendation,  it  happened  that  Herod  was  much  affeft- 
ed  with  whr-J   was  faid  of  her  :  And  when  he  faw  the  damfel, 
he  was  fmitten  with-  her  beauty,  yet  did  he  entirely  reje6t  the 
thoughts  of  ufmg  his  authority  to  abufe  her,  as  believing, 
•what  was  the  truth,  that  by  fo  doing  he  mould  be  fligmatized 
for  violence  and  tyranny,  fo  he  thought  it  beft  to  take  the  dam- 
fel  to  wife.      And  while  Simon  was  of  a  dignity  too  inferior 
to  be  allied  to  him,  but  ftill  top  confiderable  to  be  defpifed. 
he  governed  his  inclinations  after  the  moft  prudent  manner, 
by  augmenting  the  dignity  of  the  family,  and  making  them 
more  honourable  ;  fo  he  immediately  deprived  Jefus,  the  fon 
of  Phabet,  of  the  high  priefthood;  and  conferred  that  digni- 
ty on  Simon,  and  lo  joined  in  affinity  with  him  [by  marrying 
his  daughter. 1 

4.  When  this  wedding  was  over,  he  built  another  citadel  in 
that  place  where   he  had  conquered  the  Jews  when   he  was 
driven  out  of  his  government,  and   Antigonns   enjoyed  it. 
This  citadel  is  diftant  from  JerufaJem   about  threefcore  fur- 
longs.    It  was  ftrong  by  nature,  and  fit  for  fuch  a  building. 
It  is  a  fort  of  a  moderate  hill,  railed  to  a  farther  height  by  the 
hand  of  man,  till  it  was  of  the  fhape  of  a  woman's  breaft.     It 
is  encompaffed  with  circular  towers,  and  hath  a  flrait  afcent 
up  to  it,  which  afcent  is  compofed  of  fteps  of  polifhed  ftones, 
in  number  two  hundred.      Within    it  are  royal  and  very  rich 
apartments,  of  a  ftrufture  that  provided  both  for  fecurity  and 
for  beauty.     About  the  bottom  there  are  habitations  of  fuch  a 
Ifruclure  as  are  well  worth  feeing,  both  on  other  accounts,  and 

*  This  JElius  fetms  to  be  no  other  than  that  Aelius  Largus  whom  Dio  fpeaks 
of  as  conducing  an  expedition  that  was  about  this  time  made  into  Arabia  Felix, 
according  to  Petavius,  who  is  here  cited  by  Spanheim.  Sec  a  iull  account  of  this 
expedition  in  Frideaux  at  the  years  23  and  2 4, 


Chap.  IX.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS. 

alfo  on  account  of  the  water  which  is  brought  thither  from  a 
great  way  off,  and  at  vafl:  expences,  for  the  place  itfelt  is  def- 
titute  ot  water.  The  plain  that  is  about  this  citadel  is  full  of 
edifices,  not  inferior  to  any  city  in  largeneis,  and  having  the 
lull  above  it  in  the  nature  of  a  caflle. 

5.  And  now,  when  all  Herod's  defigns  had  fucceeded  ac- 
cording to  his  hopes,  he  hid  not  the  lead  fufpicion  that  any 
trouble  could  arife  in  his  kingdom,  becaufe  he  kept  his  peo- 
ple obedient,  as  well  by  the  fear  they  flood  in  ot  him,  for  he 
was  implacable  in  the  inflitHon  ot  his  punifhrrents,  as  by  the 
provident  care  he  had  (hewed  towards  them,  after  the  moft 
magnanirapus  manner,  when  they  were  under  their  diilreffes  : 
But  dill  he  took  care  to  have  external  fecurity  for  his  gov- 
ernment as  a  fortrefs  againft  his  fubjefts  ;  for  the  orations  he 
made  to  the  cities  were  very  fine,  and  full  ot  kindnefs  ;  and 
he  cultivated  a  feafonable  good  underftanding  with  their 
governors,  and  bellowed  prelents  on  every  one  of  them,  in- 
ducing them  thereby  to  be  more  friendly  to  him,  and  ufing 
iiis  magnificent  difpofition,  lo  as  his  kingdom  might  be  the 
better  fecured  to  him,  and  this  till  ali  his  affairs  were  every 
way  more  and  more  augmented.  But  then,  this  magnificent 
temper  of  his,  and  that  fubmiffive  behaviour  and  liberality 
which  he  exercifed  towards  Casfar,  and  the  moft  powerful  meu 
of  Rome,  obliged  him  to  tranfgrefs  the  cuftoms  of  his  nation, 
and  to  fet  afide  many  of  their  laws,  and  by  building  cities  af- 
ter an  extravagant  manner,  and  erefcling  temples  ;  *  not  in 
Judea  indeed,  for  that  would  not  have  been  borne,  it  being 
forbidden  to  us  to  pay  any  honour  to  images,  or  reprefenta- 
tions  of  animals  after  the  manner  of  the  Greeks,  but  ftill  he 
<lid  thus  in  the  country  [properlyj  out  of  our  bonds,  and  in 
die  cities  thereof.  The  apology  which  he  made  to  the  Jews 

*  One  may  here  take  notice,  that  how  tyrannical  and  extravagant  ioever  Herod 
were  in  himielf,  and  in  his  Grecian  cities,  as  to  thole  plays,  and  shews,  and  tem- 
ples for  idolatry,  mentioned  above  ch.  viii.  i>  i.  and  here  alfo.,  yet  durft  even  he 
introduce  very  few  of  them  into  the  cities  of  the  Jews,  who,  as  Jofephus  here  notes 
•would  not  even  then  have  borne  them,  ib  zealous  were  they  ftill  for  many  of  the 
laws  of  Mofes,  even  under  fo  tyrannical  a  government  as  this  was  of  Herod  the 
•Great  ;  which  tyrannical  government  puts  me  naturally  in  mind  of  Dean  Pri- 
deaux's  hont.-ft  reflection  upon  the  like  ambition  after  inch  tyrannical  power  in 
Pompey  and  C-efar  :  "  One  of  theie,  ['.ays  he,  at  the  year  6oJ,  could  not  bear  arj 
equal,  nor  the  other  a  fuperior  ;  and  through  this  ambitious  humour  and  thiril  af- 
ter more  power  in  thefe  two  men,  the  whole  Roman  empire  being  divided  into 
two  oppofite  faftions,  there  was  produced  hereby,  the  moil  deftru&tve  war  that  ever 
affli&edit;  and  the  like  foily  too  much  reigns  in  all  other  places.  Could  about 
thirty  men  be  perfuaded  to  live  at  hoir.e  in  peace  without  enterprizing  upon  ths 
right  of  each  other,  for  the  vain  glory  of  r.onqueft,  and  the  enlargement  of  power, 
the  whole  world  might  be  at  quiet ;  but  their  ambition,  their  follies,  and  their  hu- 
mour, leading  them  conftantly  to  encroach  upon  and  quarrel  with  each  other,  they 
involve  all  that  are  under  them  in  the  mi  tchiefs  thereof  ;  and  many  tbouiands  are 
,tbey  which  yearly  perifli  by  it ;  fo  that  it  may  almoft  raife  a  doubt,  whether  the 
benefit  which  the  world  receives  from  government  be  lufScient  to  make  amends  foi 
the  calamities  which  it  mfFers  from  the  follies,  miftakes,  and  mal-admmiftrr.. 
of  thofe  that  manage  it,'1 


220  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.       [Book  XV. 

for  thefe  things  was  this,  that  all  was  done,  not  out  of  his  own 
inclinations,  but  by  the  commands  and  injunftions  of  the  oth* 
ers,  in  order  to  pleafe  Caefar,  and  the  Romans,  as  though  he 
had  not  the  Jewifh  cuiloms  fo  much  in  his  eye  as  he  had  the 
honour  of  th$(e  Romans,  while  yet  he  had  himlelt  entirely  in 
view  all  the  while,  and  indeed  was  very  ambitious  to  leave 
great  monuments  of  his  government  to  pofterity  ;  whence  it 
•was  that  he  was  fo  zealous  in  building  fuch  fine  cities,  and 
fpent  fuch  vaft  fums  of  money  upon  them. 

6.  Now  upon  his  obfervation  of  a  place  near  the  fea,  which 
was  very  proper  for  containing  a  city,  and  was  before  called 
Strato's  Tower,  he  fet  about  getting  a  plan  for  a  magnificent 
city  there,  and  creeled  many  edifices  with  great  diligence  all 
over  it,  and  this  of  white  (tone.  He  alfo  adorned  it  with  mod 
fumptuous  palaces,  and  large  edifices  for  containing  the  peo- 
ple ;  and  what  was  the  greateft  and  moft  laborious  work  of 
all,  he  adorned  it  with  an  haven,  that  was  always  free  from 
the  waves  of  the  fea.  Its  largenefs  was  not  lefs  than  the  Py- 
raeum  fat  Athens,]  and  had  towards  the  city  a  double  Ration 
for  the  fhips.  It  was  of  excellent  workmanfhip  ;  and  this 
•was  the  more  remarkable  for  its  being  built  in  a  place  that  of 
itfelf  was  not  fuitable  to  fuch  noble  ftruclures,  but  was  to  be 
brought  to  perfeftion  by  materials  from  other  places,  and  at 
very  great  expences.  This  city  is  fituate  in  Phenicia,  in  the 
paffage  by  4ea  to  Egypt  between  Joppaand  Dora,  which  ?.re 
leffer  maritime  cities  and  not  fit  for  havens,  on  account  of 
the  impetuous  fouth  winds  that  beat  upon  them,  which  rqjl- 
jng  the  fands  that  come  from  the  fea  againft  the  (hores,  do  not 
admit  of  fhips  lying  in  their  ftation,  but  the  merchants  are 

generally  there  forced  to  ride  at  their  anchors  in  the  fea  itfelr, 
o  Herod  endeavoured  to  recYify  this  inconvenience,  and  laid 
out  fuch  a  compafs  towards  the  land  as  might  be  fufficient  for 
an  haven,  wherein  the  great  fhips  might  He  in  fafety  ;  and 
this  he  effected  by  letting  down  vaft  ftones  oi  above  fi*ty  feet 
in  length,  not  lefs  than  eighteen  in  breadth,  and  nine  in  depth, 
into  twenty  fathom  deep,  and  as  fome  were  leffer,  fo  were 
others  bigger  than  thofe  dimenfions.  This  mole  which  he 
built  by  the  iea  fide  was  two  hundred  feet  wide,  the  half  of 
which  was  oppofed  to  the  current  of  the  waves,  fo  as.  to  keep 
off  thofe  waves  which  were  to  break  upon  them,  and  fo  was 
called  Procymatia,  or  the  firft  breaker  ot  the  waves,  but  the 
other  half  had  upon  it  a  wall,  with  feveral  towers,  the  largeft 
of  which  was  named  Drufus,  and  was  a  work  of  very  great 
excellence,  and  had  its  name  from  Drufus,  the  fon-in-law  of 
Casfar,  who  died  young.  There  were  alfo  a  great  number  of 
arches  where  the  mariners  dwelt.  There  was  alfo  before  them 
a  key  [or  landing-place,]  which  ran  round  the  entire  haven, 
and  was  a  moft  agreeable  walk  to  fuch  as  had  a  mind  to  that  ex- 
ercife  ;  but  the  entrance  or  mouth  of  the  port  was  made  on 
the  north  quarter,  on  which  fide  was  the  ftillefl  of  the  winds 


Chap.   X.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  221 

of  all  in  this  place  :  And  the  bafis  of  the  whole  circuit  on  the 
left  hand,  as  you  enter  the  port,  fapported  a  round  turret, 
which  was  made  very  ftrong,  in  order  to  refift  the  greateft 
waves,  while  on  the  right  hand,  as  you  enter  flood  two  vaft 
ilones,  and  thofe  each  of  them  larger  than  the  turret,  which 
were  over  againft  them  :  Thefe  flood  upright,  and  were  join- 
ed together.  Now  there  was  edifices  all  along  the  circular 
haven,  made  ot  the  politeft  ftone,  with  a  certain  elevation, 
whereon  was  erefted  a  temple,  that  was  feen  a  great  way  off 
by  thofe  that  were  failing  for  that  haven,  and  had  in  it  two 
ftatutes  the  one  ot  Rome,  the  other  ot  CaeUr.  As  the  city 
itfelf  was  called  Cefarea,  which  was  alfo  itfelf  built  of  fine 
materials,  and  was  of  a  fine  ftrufture ;  nay,  the  very  fubter- 
ranean  vaults  and  cellars  had  no  lefs  of  architecture  bellowed 
on  them  than  had  the  building  above  ground.  Some  of  thefe 
Vaults  carried  things  at  even  diftances  to  the  haven  and  to  the 
fea,  but  one  of  them  ran  obliquely,  and  bound  all  the  reft  to- 
gether, that  both  the  rain  and  the  filth  ot  the  citizens  were  to- 
gether  carried  off  with  eafe  and  the  fea  itfelt,  upon  the  flux 
of  the  tide  from  without,  came  into  the  city  and  warned  it  all 
clean.  Herod  alfo  built  therein  a  theatre  of  ftone  ;  and  on 
the  fouth  quarter,  behind  the  port,  an  amphitheatre  alfo,  ca- 
pable ot  holding  a  vaft  number  of  men,  and  conveniently  fit- 
uated  for  a  prolpecl:  to  the  fea.  So  this  city  was  thus  fimlhed 
in  *  twelve  years  ;  during  wiiichtime  the  king  did  not  fail  to 
go  on  both  with  the  work,  and  to  pay  the  charges  that  were 
neceffary. 


CHAP.    X. 

How  Herod  fent  his  Sons  to  Rome  ;  how  alfo  he  was  accufed  by 
Zenodorus.  and  the  Gadarens,  but  was  cleared  of  what  they 
accufed  him  of,  and  withal  gained  to  himfelf  the  good  will  of 
C<zfar.  Concerning  the  Pharife.es  the  LJ}?ns>  and  Manahem. 


^  '•  \X7^^^  Herod  was  engaged  in  fuch  matters,  and 
VV  when  he  had  already  re  edified  Sebafte  [Samaria,] 
he  refolved  to  fend  his  fons  Alexander  and  Ariftobulus  to 
Rome,  to  enjoy  the  company  ot  Caefar  ;  who,  when  they  came 
thither,  lodged  at  the  houfe  of  i  Pollio  who  was  very  tond  of 
Herod's  triendmip  :  And  they  had  leave  to  lodge  in  Caefar's 
own  palace,  for  he  received  thele  fons  ot  Herod  with  all  hu- 

*  Cefarea  being  here  fa:d  to  be  rebuilt  and  adorned  in  twelve  years,  and  foon 
afterwards  in  ten  years,  Antiq  B.  XVI  ch.  v.  ^  i  thero  muft  be  a  miftake  in  one 
of  the  places  as  to  the  true  number,  but  which  of  them  it  is  hard  pofitively  to  de- 
termine. 

f  This  Pollio,  with  -vhom  Herod's  fons  Iwed  at  Rome,  was  not  Pollio  the 
Pharifee,  already  mentioned  by  Jofephus,  ch.  i.  ^  i  and  ag;iin  prefently  after  this, 
ch.  x.  §  ^.  but  Afmius  Pollio  the  Roman,  as  Spanheim  here  obierves. 


ANTIQUITIEIPOr    THE    JEWS.       [Book.  XV. 

inanity,  and  gave  Herod  .leave  to  give  his  kingdom  to  which 
ot  his  fons  he  pleafed  ;  and  befidesall  this,  he  bellowed  on  him 
Trachon  and  Batanea,  and  Auranitis,  which  he  gave  hira  on 
the'occafion  following  :  One  *  Zenodorus  had  hired  what  wac 
called  the  houfe  ot  Lyfanias,  who,  as  he  was  not  fatisfied  with, 
its  revenues,  became  a  partner  with  the  robbers  that  inhabited 
the  Trachones,  and  To  procured  hirnfelf  a  regular  income,  for 
the  inhabitants  of  thofe  places  lived  in  a  mad  way,  and  pillag- 
ed the  country  of  the  Damafcenes,  while  Zenodorus  did  not 
reftrain  them,  but  partook  of  the  prey  they  acquired.  Now, 
as  the  neighbouring  people  were  hereby  great  lufferers,  they 
complained  to  Varro,  who  was  then  prefident  [of  SyriaJ  and 
entreated  him  to  write  to  Caefar  about  this  injuftice  of  Zeno- 
dorus, When  thefe  matters  were  laid  before  Caefa>",  he  wrote 
back  to  Varro  to  deilroy  thofe  nefts  of  robbers,  and  to  give 
the  land  to  Herod,  that  fo  by  his  care  the  neighbouring  coun- 
tries might  be  no  longer  diflurbed  with  thefe  doings  of  the  Tra- 
chonites,  for  it  was  notaneafy  thing  to  reftrain  them,  fincethis 
way  of  robbery  had  been  their  ufual  praftice,  and  they  had  no 
other  way  to  get  their  Jiving,  becaufe  they  had  neither  any  ci- 
ty ot  their  own,  nor  lands  in  their  pofTeffion,  but  only  fome 
receptacles  and  dens  in  the  earth,  and  there  they  and  their  cat- 
tle lived  in  common  together  :  However,  they  had  made  con- 
trivances to  get  pools  of  water,  and  laid  up  corn  in  granaries 
for  themfelves,  and  were  able  to  make  great  refiftance,  by  if- 
fuing  out  on  the  fudden  againft  any  that  attacked  them  ;  for  the 
entrances  of  their  caves  were  narrow,  in  which  but  one  could 
come  in  at  a  time,  and  the  places  within  incredibly  large,  and 
made  very  wide  ;  but  the  ground  over  their  habitations  was 
not  very  high,  but  rather  on  a  plain,  while  the  rocks  are  alto- 
gether hard  and  difficult  to  be  entered  upon,  unlefs  any  one 
gets  into  the  plain  road  by  the  guidance  of  another,  for  thefe 
roads  are  not  llrait,  but  have  feveral  revolutions.  But  when 
thefe  men  are  hindered  from  their  wicked  preying  upon  their 
neighbours,  their  cufiom  is  to  prey  one  upon  another,  info^ 
much  that  no  fort  of  injuflice  comes  amifs  to  them.  But 
when  Herod  had  received  this  grant  from  Caefar,  and  was 
come  into  this  country,  he  procured  fkiltul  guides,  and  put  a 
{lop  to  their  wicked  robberies,  and  procured  peace  and  quiet- 
nefs  to  the  neighbouring  people. 

2.  Hereupon  Zenodorus  was  grieved,  in  the  firft  place,  be- 
caufe  his  principality  was  taken  away  from  him,  and  ftill  more 
fo,  becaufe  he  envied  Herod,  who  had  gotten  it ;  fo  he  went 
up  to  Rome  to  accufe  him.  but  returned  back  again  without 
fucrefs.  Now  Agrippa  was  [about  this  time]  fent  to  fucceed 
Caefar  in  the  government  of  the  countries  beyond  the  Ionian 

*  Thecharafter  of  this  Zenodorus  is  fo  like  that  of  a  famous  robber  of  the 
&me  name  in  Strabo,  anri  that  about  this  very  country,  and  about  this  very  time 
alfo,  that  I  think  Dr  Hudfon  hardly  need  to  have  put  a  pcrkflps  to  his  determina- 
tion that  they  were  the  lame. 


Chap.  X.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE  JEWSi 

fea,  upon  whom  Herod  light  when  he  was  wintering  about 
Mitylene,  for  he  had  been  his  particular  friend  and  compan- 
ion, and  then  returned  into  Judea  again.  However,  fome  of 
the  Gaclarens  came  to  Agrippa,  and  accufed  Herod,  whom  he 
fent  back  bound  to  the  king,  without  giving  them  the  hearing  : 
But  ftillthe  Arabians,  who  of  old  bare  ill  will  to  Herod's  gov- 
ernment, were  nettled,  and  at  that  time  attempted  to  raife  a  fe- 
dition  in  his  dominions,  and,  as  they  thought  upon  a  more  juf- 
tifiable  occafion  ;  for  Zenodorus,  defpairing  already  of  fuc- 
cefs,  as  to  his  own  affairs,  prevented  [his  enemies,]  by  felling 
to  thofe  Arabians  a  part  of  his  principality,  called  Auranitis, 
for  the  value  of  fifty  talents  ;  but  as  this  was  included  in  the 
donations  of  Caefar,  they  contefted  the  point  with  Herod,  as 
unjuitly  deprived  of  what  they  had  bought.  Sometimes  they 
did  this  by  making  incurfions  upon  him,  and  fometimes  by 
attempting  force  againft  him,  and  fometimes  by  going  to  law 
with  him.  Moreover,  they  perfuaded  the  poorer  foldiers  to 
help  them,  and  were  troublefome  to  him,  out  of  a  conftant 
hope  that  they  mould  reduce  the  people  to  raife  a  fedition ;  in 
which  defigns  thofe  that  are  in  the  moft  miferable  circumftan- 
ees  of  life,  are  Hill  the  moft  earneft  :  And  although  Herod  had 
been  a  great  while  apprifed  of  thefe  attempts-,  yet  did  not  he 
indulge  any  feverity  to  them,  but  by  rational  methods  aimed 
to  mitigate  things,  as  not  willing  to  give  any  handle  for  tu- 
mults. 

3.  Now  when  Herod  had  already  reigned  feventeen  years, Cae- 
far came  into  Syria  ;  at  which  time  the  greateft  part  ohhe  inhab- 
itants of  Gadara  clamoured  againft  Herod,  as  one  that  was 
heavy  in  his  injunctions,  and  tyrannical.  Thefe  reproaches 
they  mainly  ventured  upon  by  the  encouragement  of  Zeno- 
dorus, who  took  his  oath  that  he  would  never  leave  Herod  till 
he  had  procured  that  they  fhould  be  fevered  from  Herod's 
kingdom,  and  joined  to  Caefar's  province.  The  Gadarens 
were  induced  hereby,  and  made  no  fmall  cry  againft  him,  and 
that  the  more  boldly,  becaufe  thofe  that  had  been  delivered 
up  by  Agrippa  were  not  puniflied  by  Herod,  who  let  them 
go,  and  did  them  no  harm,  for  indeed  he  was  the  principal 
man  in  the  world  who  appeared  almoft  inexorable*in  punifh- 
ing  crimes  in  his  own  family,  but  very  generous  in  remitting 
the  offences  that  were  committed  elfewhere.  And  while  they* 
accufed  Herod  ot  injuries,  and  plunderings,  and  fubverfions 
ot  temples,  he  Rood  unconcerned,  and  was  ready  to  make  his 
defence.  However,  Caefar  gave  him  his  right  hand,  and  re- 
mitted nothing,  of  his  kindnefs  to  him,  upon  this  difturbance 
by  the  multitude  :  And  indeed  thefe  things  were  alleged  the 
lirft  day,  but  the  hearing  proceeded  no  farther  ;  for  as  the 
Gadarens  law  the  inclination  of  Caefar  and  of  his  affelTors,  and 
expected,  as  they  had  reafon  to  do,  that  they  (hould  be  deliv- 
ered up  to  die  king,  fome  ot  them,  out  of  a  dread  of  the  tor- 
ments they  might  undergo,  cut  their  own  throats  in  the  night 


324  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.        [Book  XV* 

time,  and  fome  of  them  threw  themfelvcs  down  precipices, 
and  others  of  them  caft  themfelves  into  the  river,  and  deftroy- 
ed  themfelves  of  their  own  accord  ;  which  accidents  feemed 
a  fufficient  condemnation  ot  the  rafhnefs  and  crimes  they  had 
been  guilty  of  :  Whereupon  Caefar  made  no  longer  delay,  but 
cleared  Herod  from  the  crimes  he  was  accufed  of.  Another 
happy  accident  there  was,  which  was  a  farther  great  advan- 
tage to  Herod  at  this  time  ;  for  Zenodorus's  belly  burft,  and  a 
great  quantity  of  blood  iffued  from  him  in  his  ficknefs,  and 
he  thereby  departed  this  life  at  Antioch  in  Syria  :  So  Caefar 
beflowed  his  country,  which  was  no  (mall  one,  upon  Herod  ; 
it  lay  between  Trachon  and  Galilee,  and  contained  Ulatha 
and  Paneas  and  the  country  round  about.  He  alfo  made  him 
one  of  the  procurators  of  Syria,  and  commanded  that  they 
fhould  do  every  thing  with  his  approbation  ;  and,  in  fhort,  he 
arrived  at  that  pitch  of  felicity,  that  whereas  there  were  but 
two  men  that  governed  the  vaft  Roman  empire,  firft  Caefar, 
and  then  Agrippa,  who  was  his  principal  favourite,  Caefar  pre- 
ferred no  one  to  Herod  befides  Agrippa,  and  Agrippa  made 
no  one  his  greater  friend  than  Herod  befides  Caefar.  And 
when  he  had  acquired  fuch  freedom,  he  begged  of  Caefar  a 
tetrarchy  *  for  his  brother  Pheroras,  while  he  did  himfelf  be- 
flow  upon  him  a  revenue  of  an  hundred  talents  out  ot  his  own 
kingdom,  that  in  cafe  he  came  to  any  harm  himfelf  his  broth- 
er might  be  in  fafety,  and  that  his  fons  might  not  have  domin- 
ion over  him.  So  when  he  had  conducted  Caefar  to  the  fea, 
and  was  returned  home,  he  built  him  amoft  beautiful  temple, 
of  the  whiteft  ftone,  in  Zenodorus's  country,  near  the  place 
called  Panium.  This  is  a  very  fine  cave  in  a  mountain,  un- 
der which  there  is  a  great  cavity  in  the  earth,  and  the  cavern 
is  abrupt,  and  prodigioufly  deep,  and  full  of  a  ftiil  water: 
Over  it  hangs  a  vaft  mountain  ;  and  under  the  caverns  arife 
the  fprings  of  the  river  Jordan.  Herod  adorned  this  place, 
which  was  already  a  very  remarkable  one,  ftill  farther,  by  the 
ereftion  of  this  temple,  which  he  dedicated  to  Caefar. 

4.  At  which  time  Herod  releafed  to  his  fubjefts  the  third 
part  of  their  taxes,  under  pretence  indeed  ot  relieving  them, 
after  the  dearth  they  had  had  :  but  the  main  reafon  was,  to 
recover  their  good  will,  which  he  now  wanted,  for  they  were 
uneafy  at  him,  becaufe  of  the  innovations  he  had  introduced 
in  their  practices,  of  the  didblution  of  their  religion,  and  of 
the  difufe  of  their  own  cuftoms  ;  and  the  people  every  where 
talked  againft  him,  like  thofe  that  were  ftill  more  provoked 
and  difturbed  at  his  procedure  :  Againft  which  difcontcnts  he 
greatly  guarded  himfelt,  and  took  away  the  opportunities 

*  By  tetrarchy  properly  and  originally  denoted  the  fourth  part  of  an  entire  king- 
dom or  country,  and  a  tctrarch  one  that  was  a  ruler  of  fuch  a  fourth  part,  which 
always  implies  fomewhat  lefs  extent  of  dominion  and  power  than  belonging  to  a 
kingdom  and  to  a  king. 


Chap.    X.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF   THK    JEWS.  225 

they  might  have  to  difturb  them,  and  enjoined  them  to  be  al- 
ways at  work  ;  nor  did  he  permit  the  citizens  either  to  meet 
together  or  to  walk,  or  eat  together,  but  watched  every  thing 
they  did,  and  when  any  were  caught,  they  were  feverely  pun- 
iihed  ;  and  many  there  were  who  were  brought  to  the  citadel 
Hyrcania,  both  openly  and  fecretly,  and  were  there  put  to 
death  ;  and  there  were  fpies  fet  every  where,  both  in  the  city, 
and  in  the  roads,  who  watched  thofe  that  met  together  ;  nay, 
it  is  reported,  that  he  did  not  him  felt  negleft  this  part  of  cau- 
tion, but  that  he  would  oftentimes  himfelf  take  the  habit  of  a 
private  man,  and  mix  among  the  multitude,  in  the  night  time, 
and  make  trial  what  opinion  they  had  ot  his  government;  and 
as  for  thofe  that  could  no  way  be  reduced  to  acquiefce  under 
his  fcheme  of  government,  he  profecuted  them  all  manner  of 
ways,  but  for  the  reft  of  the  multitude,  he  required  that  they 
Ihould  be  obliged  to  take  an  oath  of  fidelity  to  him,  and  at  the 
fame  time  compelled  them  to  fwear  that  they  would  bear  him 
good  will,  and  continue  certainly  fo  to  do  in  his  management 
of  the  government  ;  and  indeed  a  great  part  of  them,  either  to 
pleafe  him,  or  out  of  fear  of  him,  yielded  to  what  he  required 
of  them,  but  for  fuch  as  were  of  a  more  open  and  generous 
difpofition,  and  had  indignation  at  the  force  he  ufed  to  them, 
he  by  one  means  or  other  made  way  with  them.  He  endeav- 
oured alfo  to  perfuade  Pollio  the  Pharifee,  and  Sameas,  and 
the  greatelt  part  of  their  fcholars,  to  take  the  oath  ;  but  thofe 
would  neither  fubmit  fo  to  do,  nor  were  they  punifhed  togeth- 
er with  the  reft,  out  of  the  reverence  he  bore  to  Pollio.  The 
Effens  alfo,  as  we  call  a  fe£l  of  ours,  were  excufed  from  this 
impofition.  Thefe  men  live  the  fame  kind  of  life  as  do  thofe 
whom  the  Greeks  call  Pythagoreans,  concerning  whom  I  fhall 
difcourfe  more  fully  elfewhere.  However,  it  is  but  fit  to  fet 
down  here  the  reasons  wherefore  Herod  had  thefe  Effens  in 
fuch  honours,  and  thought  higher  of  them  than  their  mortal 
nature  required  ;  nor  will  this  account  be  unfuitabletothe  na- 
ture of  this  hiftory,  as  it  will  fhew  the  opinion  men  had  of 
thefe  Effens. 

Now  there  was  one  of  thefe  Effens,  whofe  name  was  Mana- 
hem,  who  had  this  teftimony,  that  he  not  only  conduced  his 
lite  alter  an  excellent  manner,  but  had  the  foreknowledge  ot" 
future  events  given  him  by  God  alfo.  This  man  once  faw 
Herod  when  he  was  a  child,  and  going  to  fchool,  and  ialuted 
him  as  king  of  the  Jews  ;  but  he  thinking  that  either  he  did 
not  know  him,  or  that  he  was  in  jeft,  put  him  in  mind  that  he 
was  but  a  private  man,  but  Manahem  fmiled  to  himfelf,  and 
clapped  him  on  his  backfide  with  his  hand,  and  faid,  "  How- 
ever that  be,  thou  wilt  be  king,  and  wilt  begin  thy  reign  hap- 
pily, for  God  finds  thee  worthy  of  it.  And  do  thou  remem- 
ber the  blows  that  Manahem  hath  given  thee,  as  being  a  fignal 
of  the  change  of  thy  fortune.  And  truly  this  will  be  the  rea- 
foning  ior  thee,  that  thou  love  jullice,  [towards  men,]  and  pi-. 

VOL.  II  Ee 


226  ANTIQUITIES    Or    THE    JEWS.         [Book  XV, 

ety  towards  God,  and  clemency  towards  thy  citizens  ;  yet  da 
I  know  how  thy  whole  conduct  will  be,  that  thou  wilt  not  be 
fuch  an  one,  for  thr.u  wilt  excel  «!I  men  in  happinefs,  and  ob- 
tain an  everlafcirg  reputation,  hut  wilt  torget  piety  and  right- 
coufnefs  ;  and  thefe  crimes  will  not  be  concealed'  from  God, 
at  the  couc'ufion  of  thy  life,  when  thou  wilt  find  that  he  will 
be  mindful  or  them  and  punifh  thee  for  them."  Now  at  that 
time  Herod  did  not  at  all  attend  to  what  Manahem  faid,  as  hav- 
ing no  hopes  of  fuch  advancement  ;  but  a  little  afterward. 
when  he  was  fo  fortunate  as  to  be  advanced  to  the  dignity  of 
king,  and  was  in  the  height  of  his  dominion,  hefent  for  Maria- 
hem,  and  afked  him,  how  long  he  fhould  reign  ?  Manahem. 
did  not  tell  him  the  full  length  of  his  reign,  wherefore,  upon 
that  filence  of  his,  he  afked  him  farther,  Whether  he  fhould 
reign  ten  years  or  not  ?  he  replied.  "  Yes,  twenty,  nay,  thirty 
years,"  but  did  not  aflign  the  jwli  determinate  limit  of  his 
reign.  Herod  was  fatisfied  with  thefe  replies,  and  gave  Man;>- 
iiem  his  hand  and  difmiffcd  him,  and  from  that  time  he  con- 
tinued to  honour  all  the  Effens.  We  have  thought  it  proper 
to  relate  thefe  lacls  to  our  readers,  how  ftrange  foever  they  be, 
and  to  declare  uhat  hath  happened  among  us,  becaufe  many 
of  the  Effens  have  by  their  excellent  virtue,  been  thought 
worthy  of  this  knowledge  of  divine  revelations. 

C  H  A  P.     XI. 

How  Herod  rebuift  the  Temple,  and  raifed  it  higher,  and  made 
it  more  magnificent  than  it  was  before  ;  and  alfo  concerning 
that  Tower  which  he  called  Antonia, 


9  *•  A  NB  now  Herod,  in  the  eighteenth  year  of  his  reign, 
XA  and  alter  the  a6ts  already  mentioned,  undertook  a 
very  great  work,  that  is,  to  build  of  himfelf  the  *  temple  of 
God,  and  made  it  larger  in  compafs,  and  lo  raife  it  to  a  moft 
magnificent  altitude,  as  efteeming  it  to  be  the  moft  glorious  o-f 
all  his  actions,  as  it  really  was,  ty  bring  it  to  perfection,  and 
that  this  would  be  fufficient  for  an  everlafting  memorial  of 
him  ;  but  as  he  knew  the  multitude  were  not  ready  nor  willing 
to  aflift  him  in  fo  vait  a  defign,  he  thought  to  prepare  them  full 

«   We  rnny  here  obferv?,  th?.t  the  fancy  of  the  moclern  >-ws  in  calling  this  tern- 
pie,  which  was  it-ally   ihe  thh,i  -,f  their  u-ir  ,  inple,  followed  u> 

long  by  later  Clirirtiaiis,  items  to  be  without  any  \<,]'...  [..a.iri.iriun.  The  reafort 
•why  the  Chriitians  here  follow  the  jews,  is,  becjaC,"  the  prophecy  of  Hsggai  ii. 
6  —  9  -which  they  expound  of  the  M-jS5ij:rs  tomir-  ,o  the  iecond  or  Zorobabel's 
temple,  of  which  they  fuppofe  thi^  of  Heri'l's  to  be  only  a  continuation,  which  is 
ir.rant,  I  think,  of  his  corning  to  the/WM  and  kjl  temple,  or  to  that  future  lar», 
tfl  and  moft  glorious  one  defcribed  by  E/.ekiel  :  Whence  I  take  the  former  no- 
tion, how  general  Ibevcr,  to  be  a  great  miftakc.  tec  Li:.  Acconm.  Of  proph 

0.  £4. 


Chap.   XL]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  2^7 

tiy  making  a  fpeech  to  them  and  then  fet  about  the  work  it- 
felf  ;  fo  he  called  them  together,  and  fpake  thus  to  them  :  "  I 
think  I  need  not  fpeak  to  you,  my  countrymen,  about  fuel) 
other  works  as  I  have  done  finer  I  came  to  the  kingdom,  al- 
though 1  may  fay  tlvv  !i  ive  been  performed  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner as  to  bring  more  iecurity  to  you  than  glory  to  my  felt;  tor 
1  have  neither  been  negligent  in  thernofl  difficult  times  about 
•what  tended  to  cafe  your  ncccllities,  nor  have  the  buildings  1 
have  made  been  fo  proper  to  prcferve  me  as  yourfelvei  Irom 
injuries  ;  and  1  imagine  that,  with  God's  afii fiance,  I  have  ad. 
vanced  the  nation  ot  the  Jews  to  a  degree  ot  happinefs  which 
they  never  had  before  ;  and  tor  the  particular  edifices  belong- 
ing to  your  own  country,  and  your  own  cities  that  we  have 
lately  acquired,  which  we  have  erected,  and  greatly  adorned, 
and  thereby  augmented  the-  dignity  of  your  nation,  it  feems  to 
me  a  neediefs  ta&  to  enumerate  them  to  you,  fince  you  well 
know  them  yourfelves  ;  but  as  to  that  undertaking  which  I 
have  a  mind  to  fet  about  at  prefent,  and  which  will  be  a  •work, 
ot  the  greateft  piety,  and  excellence  that  can  pofhbly  be  un- 
dertaken by  us,  I  will  now  declare  it  to  you.  Our  tathers,  in- 
deed, when  they  were  returned  from  Bab)  Ion.  built  this  tem- 
ple to  God  Almighty,  yet  does  it  want  fixry  cubits  of  its  large  - 
nels  in  altitude  ;  tor  fo  much  did  that  firft  temple  which  Solo- 
mon built  exceed  this  temple  ;  nor  let  any  one  condemn  our 
fathers  for  their  negligence  or  want  ot  piety  herein,  tor  it  w^>> 
not  their  fault  that  the  temple  was  no  higher  ;  tor  they  were 
Cyrus,  and  Danus  the  fon  ot  Hyftaipes,  who  determined  the 
rneafures  for  its  rebuilding  ;  and  it  ha.h  been  by  reafon  ot  the 
fubjection  of  thofe  lathers  ot  ours  to  them  and  to  their  pofleru 
ty,  and  atter  them  to  the  Macedonians,  that  they  had  not  the 
opportunity  to  follow  the  original  model  ot  this  pious  edifice, 
nor  could  raiie  it  to  its  ancient  altitude  ;  but  fince  I  am  now 
by  God's  will,  your  governor,  and  I  have  had  peace  a  long 
time,  and  have  gained  great  riches,  and  large  revenues,  ana 
•what  is  the  principal  thing  ot  all,  I  am  at  amity  witn,  and  well 
regarded  by  the  Romans,  who,  it  I  may  fo  fay,  are  the  rulers 
ot  the  whole  world,  1  will  do  my  endeavour  to  correct  that  im- 
perfection, which  hath  arifen  from  the  neceility  of  our  affairs, 
and  the  flavery  we  have  been  under  formerly,  and  to  make  a 
thankful  return  atter  the  molt  pious  77ianner,  to  God  for  what 
bleffings  I  have  received  from  him,  by  giving  me  this  king- 
dom, and  that  by  rendering  l\is  temple  as  complete  as  I  am  a- 
ble." 

2.  And  this  was  the  fpeech  which  Herod  made  to  them  ;  but 
ftill  this  fpeech  affrighted  many  ot  the  people,  as  being  unex- 
pected by  them,  and  becaufe  it  feemed  incredible,  it  did  not 
encourage  them,  but  put  a  damp  upon  them,  for  they  were  a- 
iraid  that  he  would  pull  down  the  whole  edifice,  and  not  be 
able  to  bring  his  intentions  to  perfection  for  its  rebuilding  ; 
and  this  danger  appeared  to  them  to  be  very  great,  and  the 


228  ANTIQUITIES   UF    THE   JEWS.       [Book  XV. 

vaftnefs  of  the  undertaking  to  be  fuch  as  could  hardly  be  ac- 
complifhed.  But  while  they  were  in  this  difpofition,  the  king 
encouraged  them,  and  told  them,  "  He  would  not  pull  down 
their  temple  till  all  things  were  gotten  ready  for  building  it 
up  entirely  again/'  And  as  he  promifed  them  this  betore 
hand,  fo  he  did  not  break  his  vord  with  them,  but  got  ready  a 
thoufand  waggons,  that  were  to  bring  {tones  tor  the  building, 
and  chofe  out  ten  thoufand  of  the  moft  fkiltul  workmen,  and 
bought  a  thoufand  facerdotal  garments  for  as  many  ot  the 
prieits,  and  had  fome  of  them  taught  the  arts  of  ftone-cutters, 
and  others  of  carpenters,  and  then  began  to  build,  but  this  not 
till  every  thing  was  well  prepared  for  the  work. 

3.  So  Herod  took  away  the  old  foundations,  and  laid  oth- 
ers, and  creeled  the  temple  upon  them,  being  in  length  an 
hundred  cubits,  and  in  height  twenty  additional  cubits,  which 
[[twenty],  upon  the  *  finking  ot  their  foundations,  fell  down  ; 
and  this  part  it  was  that  we  refolved  to  raife  again  in  the  days 
of  Nero.  Now  the  temple  was  built  ot  ftonesthat  were  white 
and  ftrong,  and  each  of  their  length  was  twenty-five  cubits, 
their  height  was  eight,  and  their  breadth  about  twelve  ;  and 
the  whole  flrufture,  as  was  alfo  the  flrutture  ot  the  royal 
cloifter,  was  on  each  fide  much  lower,  but  the  middle  was 
much  higher,  till  they  were  vitible  to  thofe  that  dwelt  in  the 
country  for  a  great  many  furlongs,  but  chiefly  to  fuch  as 
lived  over  againil  them,  and  thofe  that  approached  to  them. 
The  temple  had  doors  a(fo  at  the  entrance,  and  lintels  over 
them,  of  the  fame  height  with  the  temple  itfelf.  They  were 
adorned  with  embroidered  vails  with  their  flowers  of  purple, 
and  pillars  interwoven  ;  and  over  thefe,  but  under  the  crown- 
work,  was  fpread  out  a  golden  vine,  with  its  branches  hang- 
ing down  from  a  great  height,  the  largenefs  and  fine  work- 
nianmip  of  which  was  a  furprifing  fight  to  the  fpettators,  to 
ice  what  vaft  materials  there  were,  and  with  what  great  fkill 
the  workmanfhip  was  done.  He  alfo  encompaffed  the  entire 
lemple  with  very  large  cloifters,  contriving  them  to  be  in  a 
due  proportion  thereto;  and  he  laid  out  larger  turns  of  money 
upon  them  than  had  been  done  betore  him,  till  it  feemed  that 

*  Some  of  our  modern  ftudents  in  archite&urebave  made  a  flrange  blunder  here, 
when  they  imagine  that  Jofephus  affirms  the  entire  foundations  ot  the  temple  or 
h»ly  houle  funk  down  into  the  rocky  mountain  on  which  it  Hood  no  lefs  than  20 
cubits,  whereas  he  is  clear  that  they  were  the  foundations  of  the  additional  20  cu- 
biti  only  above  the  hundred,  (made  perhaps  weak  on  purpole,  and  only  f< 
;md  grandeur)  th;it  funk  or  fell  down,  as  Dr.  Hudfon  rightly  underftands  him  : 
Nor  \\  the  thing  itfelf  possible  in  the  other  fenfe.  Agripp^'s  preparation  fe: 
ing  the  im:er  parts  of  the  temple  20  cubits  higher,  (hiftory  of  the  War,  B  V.  ch. 
i.  fj  5.)  mutt  in  all  probability  refer  to  this  matter,  lince  Jofephus  (ays  licre.  that 
this  which  had  fallen  down  was  defigned  to  be  raikd  up  again  under,  Nero,  un- 
der whom  Agrippa  made  that  preparation.  But  what  Jofephus  fays  prei'ently, 
that  Solomon  was  the  fidl  King  of  the  Jews,  appears  by  the  parallel  place,  Aritiq. 
B.  XX.  ch.  ix.  '-;  7.  Vo!  II.  and  other  places,  to  be  meant  only  the  firil  ot  Da- 
vid's poilsrity,  aud  the  firfl  builder  of  the  temple. 


Chap.  XL]      ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE  JEWS. 

no  one  elfe  had  fo  greatly  adorned  the  temple  as  he  had  done. 
There  was  a  large  wall  to  both  the  cloifters,  which  wall  was 
idelfthe  moft  prodigious  work  that  was  ever  heard  of  by  man. 
The  hill  was  a  rocky  alcent,  that  declined  by  degrees  towards 
the  eafl  parts  ot  the  city,  till  it  came  to  an  elevated  level.  This 
hill  it  was  which  Solomon,  who  was  the  firft  of  our  kings,  by 
divine  revelation  encompaffed  with  a  wall ;  it  was  oi  excel- 
lent workmanfhip  upwards,  and  round  the  top  of  it.  He  alfo 
built  a  wall  belowj  beginning  at  the  bottom,  which  was  en- 
compafled by  a  deep  valley  ;  and  at  the  fouth  fide  he  laid 
rocks  together,  and  bound  them  one  to  another  with  lead,  and 
included  fome  of  the  inner  parts,  till  it  proceeded  to  a  great 
height,  and  till  both  the  largenefs  ot  the  fquare  edifice,  and 
its  altitude,  were  itnmenfe,  and  tril  the  vaftnefs  of  the  Hones  in 
the  front  were  plainly  vifible  on  the  putfide,  yet  fo  that  the 
inward  parts  were  faftened  together  with  iron,  and  preferved 
the  joints  immoveable  for  all  future  times.  When  this  work 
f  for  the  foundation]  was  done  in  this  manner,  and  joined  to- 
gether as  part  of  the  hill  itfelf  to  the  very  top  ot  it,  he  wrought* 
it  all  into  one  outward  lurface,  and  rilled  up  the  hollow  pla- 
ces which  were  about  the  wall,  and  made  it  a  level  on  the  ex- 
ternal upper  iurface,  and  a  fmooth  level  alfo.  This  hill  was 
walled  all  round,  and  in  compafs  tour  furlongs,  [the  diftance 
of]  each  angle  containing  in  length  a  furlong  :  But  within  this 
wall,  and  on  the  very  top  of  all,  there  ran  another  wall  ot  Hone 
alfo,  having,  on  theeaft  quarter,  a  double  cloifter,  ot  the  fame 
length  with  the  wall ;  in  the  midfl  ot  which  was  the  temple 
it  felt.  This  cloifter  looked  to  che  gates  of  the  temple  ;  and 
it  had  been  adorned  by  many  kings  in  former  times  :  And 
round  about  the  entire  temple  were  fixed  the  fpoils  taken  from 
barbarous  nations  ;  allthefe  had  been  dedicated  to  the  temple 
by  Herod,  with  the  addition  ot  thofe  he  had  taken  trorn  the 
Arabians. 

4.  Now  on  the  north  fide  [of  the  temple]  was  built  a  cita- 
del whofe  walls  were  fquare,  and  ftrong,  and  ot  extraordinary 
firmnefs.  This  citadel  was  built  by  the  kings  of  the  Afarno- 
nean  race,  who  were  alfo  high-priefts  before  Herod,  and  they 
called  it  the  Tower,  in  which  were  repofited  the  veilments  of 
the  high-prieft,  which  the  high-prieft  only  put  on  at  the  time 
when  he  was  to  offer  facrifice.  Thefe  veflments  king  Herod 
kept  in  that  place  ;  and  after  his  death  they  were  under  the 
power  of  the  Romans,  until  the  time  of  Tiberius  Casfar  ;  un- 
der whofe  reign  Yitellius,  the  prefident  of  Syria,  when  he 
once  came  to  jerufalem,  and  had  been  moft  magnificently  re- 
ceived by  the  multitude,  he  had  a  mind  to  make  them  fome 
requital  for  the  kindnefs  they  had  {hewed  him,  fo,  upon  their 
petition  to  have  thofe  holy  veftments  in  their  own  power,  he 
•wrote  about  them  to  Tiberius  Caefar,  who  granted  his  requeit : 
And  this  their  power  over  the  facerdotal  veftments  continued 
with  the  Jews  till  the  death  of  king  Agrippa  ;  but  after  that,. 


230  .         ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.      [Book.  XV. 

Caffius  Longinus,  who  was  prefident  of  Syria,  and  Cufpius 
Fadus,  who  was  procurator  of  Judea,  enjoined  the  Jews  to  re- 
pofit  thofe  veftments  in  the  tower  of  Antonia,  for  that  they 
ought  to  have  them  in  their  power,  as  they  formerly  had. 
However,  the  Jews  lent  ambalfa  lors  to  Claudius  Ca:far,  to  in- 
tercede with  him  for  them  ;  upon  whofe  coming,  king  Agrip- 
pa  jun.  being  then  at  Rome,  afked  for  and  obtained  the  power 
over  them  from  the  emperor,  who  gave  command  to  Vitelli- 
T.IS,  who  was  then  commander  in  Syria,  to  give  it  them  accor- 
dingly. Before  that  time  they  were  kept  under  the  feal  of 
the  high-prieft,  and  of  the  treafures  of  the  temple ;  which  treaf- 
ures.the  day  hefore  a  feftival,  went  up  to  the  Roman  captain 
of  the  temple  guards,  and  viewed  their  own  feal,  and  received 
the  veftments  ;  and  again,  when  the  feftival  was  over,  they 
brought  it  to  the  fame  place,  and  ihewed  the  captain  of  the 
temple  guards  their  feal  which  corrcfponded  with  his  feal, 
and  repofited  them  there.  And  that  thefe  things  were  fo,  the 
afflictions  that  happened  to  us  afterward  [about  them!  are  fuf- 
ficient  evidence  :  But  for  the  tower  itfelf,  when  Herod  the 
king  of  the  Jews  had  fortified  it  more  firmly  than  before,  in 
order  to  fecure  and  guard  the.  temple,  he  gratified  Antonius, 
\vho  was  his  friend,  and  the  Roman  ruler,  and  then  gave  it  the 
name  of  the  Tower  of  Antonia. 

5.  Now  in  the  weflern  quarters  of  the  inclofure  of  the  tem- 
ple there  were  four  gates  ;  the  firft  led  to  the  kings  palace, 
and  went  to  a  paffage  over  the  intermediate  valley,  two  more 
Jed  to  the  fuburbs  of  the  city,  and  the  lait  led  to  the  other  city, 
\vhere  the  road  defrcnded  d-jwu  into  the  valley  by  a  great 
number  of  fteps,and  thence  up  again  by  the  afcent,  for  the 
city  lay  overagainfi  the  temple  in  the  manner  of  a  theatre,  and 
•was  encompatled  with  a  deep  valley  along  the  entire  fouth 
quarter,  bu-tthe  fourth  front  of  the  temple,  which  was  fouth- 
ward,  had  indeed  itfelf  gates  in  its  middle,  as  alfo  it  had  the 
royal  closers  with  three  walks  which  reached  in  length 
from  the  eaft  valley  unto  that  on  the  weft,  for  it  was  impolii- 
ble  it  mould  reach  any  farther:  And  this  cloift«:r  d,eferves  to 
be  mentioned  better  than  any  other  under  the  fun  ;  for  while 
the  valley  was  very  deep,  and  its  bottom  could  not  be  feen, 
if  you  looked  from  above  into  the  depth,  this  farther  vaflly 
high  elevation  of  the  cloifter  flood  upon  that  height,  infomuch, 
that  if  any  one  looked  down  from  the  top  o\  the  battlements, 
or  down  both  thofe  altitudes  he  would  be  giddy,  while  his 
iight  could  not  reach  to  fuch  aa  immenfe  depth.  This  cloif- 
ter had  pillars  that  flood  in  four  rows  one  over  againft  the 
other  all  along,  for  the  fourth  row  was  interwoven  into  the 
wall,  which  L^llo  was  built  of  ftonej  ;  and  the  thicknefs  ot 
each  pillar  was  fuch,  that  three  men  might,  with  their  arms 
extended,  fathom  it  round,  and  join  their  hands  again,  while; 
its  length  wis  twenty- (even  feet,  with  a  double  fpiral  at  its 
ha.Cs ;  and  the  number  of  all  the  pillars  [in  that  court]  was 


Chap.   XI.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  2JJ 

an  hundred  and  fixty-two.     Their   chapiters  were  made  witht 
fculptures  after  the  Corinthian  order,  and  caufed  an   amaze- 
ment [to  the  fpeclatorsj.   by  reafon  of  the  grandeur  of  the 
whole.     Thefe  four  rows  of  pillars  included  three   intervals 
for  walking  in  the  middle  of  this  cioifter  ;  two  of  which  walks 
were  made  parallel  to  each  other  and  were  contrived  after  the 
fame  manner  ;  the  breadth  oi  each  of  them  was   thirty  feet, 
the  length  was  a  furlong,  and  the  height  fifty   feet,    but  the 
breadth  of  the  middle  part  of  the  cioifter  was  one  and  an  half 
of  the  other,  and  the  height  was  double,  for  it  was  much  high- 
er than  thole  on  each  fide  ;  but  the  roofs  were  adorned  with 
deep  fculptures  in  wood,  reprefenting  many  forts  of  figures? 
The  middle  was  much   higher  than  the  relt,  and  the  wall  o£ 
the  front  was  adorned  with  beams,  reiting  upon  pillars,  that 
were  interwoven   into  it,  and  that  front  was  all  of  polifhed 
Hone,  infomuch,  that  its  finenefs,  to   fuch  as  had  not  feen  it 
was  greatly  amazing.     Thus  was  the  firft  inclofure.     In  the 
midit  of  which,  and  not  iar   from  it,  was  the  fecond,  to  be 
gone  up  to  by  a  few  Heps  :  This  was  encompaffed'by  a  flone 
\vall  for  a  partition,  with  an    iniciiption,  which  forbade  any 
foreigner  to  go  in  under  pain  of  death.     Now,  this  inner  in- 
clofure had  on  its  iouthern  and  northern   quarters  three  gates 
("equally J  dittant  one  from  another  ;  but  on  the  call  quarter, 
towards   the  fun  rifing,  there  was  one  large  gate,  through 
which  fuch  as  were  pure  came  in,  together  with  their  wives, 
but  the  temple  farther  inward  in  that  gate  was  not  allowed  to 
the  women  ;  but  flill  more  inward  was  there  a  third  [court  ot 
the]  temple,   whereinto  it  was   not   lawful  for  any  but  the 
prieils  alone  to  enter.^The  temple  itfelf   was   within  this  ; 
and  before  that  templ<Avas  the  altar,  upon  which  we   offer 
our  Sacrifices  and  burnt-offerings  to  God.     Into   *  none   of 
thefe  three  did  king  Herod  enter,  for  he  was  forbidden,  be- 
caufe  he  was  not  a  prieft.      However,  he  took  care  of  the 
cloiilers,  and  the  outer  inclofures,  and  thefe  he  built  in  eight 
years. 

6.  But  the  temple  itfelf  was  built  by  the  priefts  in  a  year  and 
fix  months  :  Upon  which  all  the  people  were  full  of  joy  ;  and 
prefently  they  returned  thanks  in  the  firft  place,  to  God,  and 
in  the  next  place,  for  the  alacrity,  the  king  had  fhewed.  They 
feafted,  and  celebrated  this  rebuilding  ot  the  temple  :  And  fox' 
the  king,  he  facrificed  three  hundred  oxen  to  God,  as  did  the 
rell  every  one  according  to  his  ability  :  The  number  of  which 
facrifices  is  not  poffible  to  fet  down,  for  it  cannot  be  that  we 
ihould  truly  relate  it ;  for  at  the  fame  time  with  this  celebra- 

•  Into  none  of  thefe  three  did  King  Herod  enter,  \.  c.  i.  not  into  the  court  of  the 
priefts  ;  2.  nor  into  the  holy  hou'e  itleif ;  3.  nor  into  the  feperate  place  belonging 
to  the  altar,  as  the  words  followin  ;  imply,  for  none  but  pnefts,  or  their  attendants 
the  Lcvites,  might  come  into  any  ot  them.  See  Antiq.  B.  A'V  I  ch.  iv.  ^  6.  when 
Herod  goes  into  the  temple,  and  makes  a  i'pctch  in  it  to  the  people,  but  that  could 
only  be  Lito  the  court  of  Urael,  v/hetlcc  the  people  could  come  to  hear  him» 


<2J2  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.        [Book  XV. 

tion  for  the  work  about  ihe  temple  fell  alfo  the  day  of  the 
king's  inauguration,  which  he  kept  of  an  old  cuftom  as  a  fefti- 
val,  and  it  now  coincided  with  the  other,  which  coincidence 
of  them  both  made  the  feftival  moft  iiluftrious. 

7.  There  was  alfo  an  occult  pafTage  built  for  the  king  :  It 
led  from  Antonia  to  the  inner  temple,  at  its  eaftern  gate  ;  over 
which  he  alfo  erefted  for  himfelf  a  tower,  that  he  might  have 
the  opportunity  of  a  fubterraneous  afcent  to  the  temple,  in  or- 
der to  guard  againft  any  fedition  which  might  be  made  by  the 
people  againft  their  kings.  It  is  alfo  *  reported  that  during 
the  time  that  the  temple  was  building,  it  did  not  rain  in  the  day  - 
time,  but  that  the  fliowers  fell  in  the  nights,  fo  that  the  work 
was  not  hindered.  And  this  our  fathers  have  delivered  to  us ; 
nor  is  it  incredible,  if  any  one  have  regard  to  the  manifefta- 
tions  of  God*  And  thus  was  performed  the  work  of  the  re- 
building of  the  temple. 

*  This  tradition  which  Jofephus  here  mentions,  as  delivered  down  from  fathers 
to  their  children,  of  this  particular  remarkable  circumftance  relating  to  the  building 
of  Herod's  temple,  is  a  demonftration  that  inch  its  building  was  a  known  thing  in 
Judea  in  his  time.  He  was  born  but  46  years  after  it  is  related  to  have  been  fiuifli- 
ed,  and  might  himfelf  have  feen  and  fpoken  with  fome  of  the  builders  themfelves, 
and  with  a  great  number  of  thofs  that  had  feen  it  building.  The  doubt  therefore 
sbout  the  truth  of  this  hiftory,  of  the  pulling  down  and  rebuilding  of  this  temple 
by  Herod,  which  fome  weak  people  have  indulged,  was  not  then  much  greater 
than  it  foon  may  be,  whether  or  not  our  St.  Paul's  church  in  London  was  burnt 
down  in  the  fire  of  London  A.  D.  1666,  and  rebuilt  by  Sir  Chriftopher  Wrea 
*  little  afterward. 


Chap.  I.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS. 


BOOK    XVI. 


Containing  the  interval  of  twelve  years. 

thefinifning  of  the  Temple  by  HEROD,  to  the  Death  oj 
ALEXANDER  and  ARISTOBULUS.] 


CHAP.    I. 

A  law  of  Herod's  about  Thieves.  Salome  and  Pheroras  calum- 
niate Alexander  and  Anjlobulus,  upon  their  return  from 
Rome,  for  whom  yet  Herod  provides  Wives. 

$  I.  AS  king  Herod  was  very  zealous  in  the  adminiftration 
f~\  of  his  entire  government,  and  defirous  to  put  a  (top 
to  particular  afts  of  injuftice  which  were  done  by  criminals  a- 
bout  the  city  and  country,  he  made  a  law,  no  way  like  our 
original  laws,  and  which  he  enacled  oi  himfelf,  to  expofe 
houle-breakers  to  be  ejefted  out  of  his  kingdom  ;  which  pun- 
iftiment  was  not  only  grievous  to  be  borne  by  the  offenders, 
but  contained  in  it  a  diffolution  of  the  cuftoms  of  our  forefath- 
ers, for  this  flavery  to  foreigners,  and  fuch  as  did  not  live  af- 
ter the  manner  of  Jews,  and  this  neceffity  that  they  were  un- 
der to  do  whatfoever  fuch  men  mould  command,  was  an  of- 
fence againft  our  religious  fettlement,  rather  than  a  punifhment 
to  fuch  as  were  found  to  have  offended,  fuch  a  punifhment 
being  avoided  in  our  original  laws;  for  thofe  laws  ordain,  that 
the  thief  fhall  reftore  fourfold  :  And  that  if  he  have  not  fo 
much,  he  (hall  be  fold  indeed,  but  not  to  foreigners,  nor  fo 
that  he  be  under  perpetual  flavery,  for  he  muft  have  been  re- 
leafed  after  fix  years.  But  this  law,  thus  enafted,  in  order  to 
introduce  a  fevere  and  illegal  punifhment,  feemed  to  be  a  piece 
of  infolence  in  Herod,  when  he  did  not  aft  as  a  king  but  as  a 
tyrant,  and  thus  contemptuoufly,  and  withou^  any  regard  to 
his  fubjefts  did  he  venture  to  introduce  fuch  a  punifhment. 
Now  this  penalty,  thus  brought  into  pracHce,  was  like  Herod's 
other  aftions,  and  became  a  part  of  his  accufation,  and  an  oc- 
cafian  of  the  hatred  he  lay  under. 

2.  Now  at  this  time  it  was  that  he  failed  to  Italy,  as  very  de- 
firous to  meet  with  Caefar,  and  to  fee  his  fons  who  lived  at 
Rome  :  And  Catlar  was  not  only  very  obliging  to  him  in 
other  refpecls,  but  delivered  him  his  fons  again  that  he  might 
take  them  home  with  him,  as  having  already  completed  thera- 
felves  in  the  fciences  ;  but  as  foon  as  the  young  men  wer- 
come  from  I'aly,  the  multitude  were  very  defirous  to  fee  them, 

VOL.  II.  F  i 


5J4  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.        [Book  XVI. 

and  they  became  confpicuous  among  them  all,  as  adorned  with 
great  bleffings  of  fortune,  and  having  the  countenances  of  per- 
fons  of  royal  dignity.  So  they  foon  appeared  to  be  the  ob- 
j.->h  of  envy  to  Salome,  the  king's  (ifter,  and  to  fuch  as  had 
JVM  fed  calumnies  againft  Mariamne  ;  for  they  were  fufpicious, 
that  when  thefe  came  to  the  government,  they  Ihould  be  pun- 
iflied  for  the  wickednefs  they  had  been  guilty  of  againft  their 
mother  ;  fo  they  made  this  very  fear  of  theirs  a  motive  to  raife 
calumnies  againft  them  alfo.  They  gave  it  out  that  they  were 
not  p  leafed  with  their  father's  company,  becaufe  he  had  put 
their  mother  to  death,  as  it  it  were  not  agreeable  to  piety  to 
appear  to  converfe  with  their  mother's  murderer.  Now,  by 
carrying  thefe  ftories.  that  had  indeed  a  true  foundation  [in 
the  fatr,  |  hut  V'ere  only  built  on  probabilities,  as  to  the  pref- 
ent  accufation,  they  were  able  to  do  them  mifchief,  and  to 
make  Herod  take  away  that  kindnefs  from  his  fons  which  he 
had  before  borne  to  them,  for  they  did  not  fay  thefe  things  to 
him  openly,  but  featured  abroad  fuch  words  among  the  reft 
ot  the  multitude  ;  from  which  words,  when  carried  to  Herod, 
he  was  induced  [at  laftj  to  hate  them,  and  which  natural  af- 
feftion  itielf,  even  in  length  ot  time,  was  not  able  to  overcome  ; 
yet  was  the  king  at  that  time  in  a  condition  to  prefer  the  nat- 
ural affeclion  oi  a  lather  before  all  the  fufpicions  and  calum- 
nies his  fons  lay  under  :  So  he  refpefted  them  as  he  ought  to 
do,  and  married  them  to  wives,  now  they  w^-re  ot  an  age,  fuit- 
ahle  thereto.  To  Ariftobulus  he  gave  for  a  wife  Bernice,  Sa- 
lome's daughter,  and  to  Alexander,  Glaphyra,  the  daughter  of 
Archelaus,  king  ot  Cappadocia. 


CHAP.    II. 

How  Herod  twice  failed  to  Agrippa  ;  and  how,  upon  the  com- 
plaint oj  the  Jews  in  Ionia,  againjl  the  Greeks,  Agrippa  con* 
firmed  the  Laws  of  the  Jews  to  them. 


$  I-  TJlT^kN  Herod  had  difpatched  thefe  affairs,  and  he 
VV  underftood  that  Marcus  Agrippa  had  failed  again 
out  of  Italy  into  Afia,  he  madehafte  to  him,  and  be/ought  him 
to  come  to  him  into  his  kingdom,  and  to  partake  ot  what  he 
might  juftly  expeB  from  one  that  had  been  his  gueft,  and  was 
his  friend.  This  requeft  he  greatly  preffed,  and  to  it  Agrippa 
agreed,  and  came  into  Judea  ;  whereupon  Herod  omitted  no- 
thing that  might  pleafe  him.  He  entertained  him  in  his  new- 
built  cities,  and  (hewed  him  the  edifices  he  had  built,  and  pro- 
vided all  forts  of  the  beft  and  moft  coftly  dainties  tor  him  and 
his  friends,  and  that  at  Sebafte  and  Cefarea,  about  that  port 
lhat  he  had  built,  and  at  the  iortreffes  which  he  had  erefted  at 
Kreat  expences,  Alexandrium  and  Herodium,  and  Hyrcania. 
He  alfo  conduced  him  to  the  city  Jerufalem,  where  all  the 


Chap.   IL]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  235 

people  met  him  in  their  feftival  garments.and  received  him  with 
acclamations.  Agnppa  alfo  offered  an  hecatomb  ot  facrifices 
to  God  ;  and  fealted  tfie  people,  without  omitting  any  of  the 
greatefl  dainties  that  could  be  gotten.  He  alfo  took  fo  much 
pleafure  there,  that  he  abode  many  days  with  him,  and  would 
willingly  have  ibid  longer,  hut  that  the  feafon  of  the  year 
made  him  make  haite  away  ;  for,  as  winter  was  coming  on,  he 
thought  it  not  faFe  to  go  to  fea  later,  and  yet  he  was  ot  necef- 
fity  to  return  again  to  Ionia. 

2.  So  Agrippa  went  away,  when  Herod  had  bellowed  on 
him,  and  on  the  principal  ot  thofe  that  were  with  him,  many 
prefents  ;  but  king  Herod,  when  he  had  parTed  the   winter  ia 
his  own  dominions,  made   hafte  to  get    to  him  again  in  the 
fpring,  when  he  knew  he  defigned  to  go  to  a  campaign  at  the 
Bofphorus.     So  when  he  had  failed  by  Rhodes,  and  by  Cos, 
he  touched  at  Lefbos,  as  thinking  he  (hould  have  overtaken 
Agrippa  there,  but  he  was  taken  (hurt  here  by  a  north  wind, 
which  hindered  his  ihip  from  going  to  the  fhore  ;   fo  he  con- 
tinued many  days  at  Chins,  and  there  he  kindly  treated  a  great 
many  that  came  to  him,  and  obliged   them  by   giving  them 
royal  gifts.     And  when  he  faw  that  the  portico  of  the  city  was 
fallen  down,  which,  as  it  was  overthrown  in  the  Mithridaic 
war,  and  was  a  very  large  and    fine  building,  fo  was  it  not  fo 
eafy  to  rebuild  that  as  it  was  the  reft,  yet  did  he  furniih  a  fum 
not  only  large  enough  for  that  purpofe,    but  what  was  more 
than  fuihcient  to  fimfh  the  building  ;  and  ordered  them  not  to 
overlook  that  portico,  but  to  rebuild  it  quickly,  that   fo  the 
city  might  recover  its  proper  ornaments.  And  when  the  high 
winds  were  laid,  he  failed  to  Mitylenc,  and  thence  to  Byzan- 
tium ;  and  when  he  heard  that  Agrippa  was  failed  beyond  the 
Cyanean  rocks,  he  made  all  the  hafte  poflibleto  overtake  him, 
and  came  up  with  him  about  Sinope,  in  Pontus.    He  was  leeu 
failing  by  the  fhipinen  moft   unexpectedly,    but  appeared  to 
their  great  joy  ;  and  many  friendly  falutations  there  were  be- 
tween them,  infomuch  that  Agrippa  thought  he  had  received 
the  greateft  marks  of  the   king's  kindnefs  and  humanity  to- 
wards him  poffible,  fince  the  king  had  come  fo  long  a  voyage, 
and  at  a  very  proper  feafon  for  his  aflifbnce,  and  had  left  the 
government  of  his  own  dominions,  and  thought  it  more  worth 
his  while  to  come  to  him.     Accordingly  Herod  was  all  in  all 
to  Agrippa,  in  the  management  of  the  war,  and  a  great  aflill- 
ant  in  civil  affairs,  and  in  giving  him  counfel  as  to  particular 
matters.     He  was  alfo  apleafant  companion  tor  him  when  he 
relaxed  himfelf,  and  a  joint  partaker  with  him  in   all  things  ; 
in  troubles  becaufe  ot  his  kindnefs,  and  in  profperity  becaule 
ot  the  refpeft  Agrippa  had  tor  him.     Now  as  foon  as  thofe  af- 
fairs of  Pontus  werefinilhcd,  for  whofe  fake  Agrippa  was  fent 
thither,  they  did  not  think  fit  to  return  by  fea-,  but  patted  thro' 
Paphlagoma  and  Cappadocia  ;  they  then  travelled  thence  o- 
ver  great  Phrygia,  and  came  to  Ephefus,  and  then  they  failed 


336  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.       [Book  XVI. 

from  Ephefus  to  Samos.  And  indeed  the  king  beflowed  a 
great  many  benefits  on  every  city  that  he  came  to,  according 
as  they  flood  in  need  of  them  ;  for  as  for  thofe  that  wanted 
cither  money  or  kind  treatmtffit,  he  was  not  wanting  to  them  ; 
but  he  fupplied  the  former  himfelf  out  of  his  own  expences  : 
He  alfo  became  an  interceflbr  with  Agrippa  for  all  fuch  as 
fought  after  his  favour,  and  he  brought  things  fo  about,  that 
the  petitioners  tailed  in  none  of  their  fuits  to  him,  Agrippa 
being  himfelf  of  a  good  difpofition,  and  of  great  generofity, 
and  ready  to  grant  all  fiK h  requells  as  might  be  advantageous 
to  the  petitioners,  provided  they  were  not  to  the  detriment  of 
others.  The  inclination  of  the  king  was  of  great  weight  alfo, 
aud  ftill  excited  Agrippa,  who  was  himfelf  ready  to  do  good  ; 
for  he  made  a  reconciliation  between  the  people  of  Ilium,  at 
'.vhom  he  was  angry,  and  paid  what  money  the  people  of  Chi- 
us  owed  Caefar's  procurators,  and  difcharged  them  of  their 
tributes  ;  and  helped  all  others,  according  as  their  feveral  ne. 
ceflities  required. 

3.  But  now,  when  Agrippa  and  Herod  were  in  Ionia,  a 
great  multitude  of  Jews,  who  dwelt  in  their  cities,  came  to 
them,  and  laying  hold  ol  the  opportunity  and  the  liberty  now 
given  them,  laid  before  them  the  injuries  which  they  fuffer- 
ed,  while  they  were  not  permitted  to  life  their  own  \-\-.vs,  but 
were  compelled  to  profecute  their  law  fuits,  by  the  ill  nfage 
of  the  judges,  upon  their  holy  days  and  were  deprived  of  the 
money  they  ufed  to  lay  up  at  Jerufalem,  and  were  forced  in- 
to the  army,  and  upon  fuch  other  offices  as  obliged  them  to 
fpenci their  facred  money;  from  which  burdens  they  always 
ufed  to  be  freed  by  the  Romans,  who  had  flill  permitted  them 
to  live  according  to  their  own  laws.  When  this  clamour 
was  made,  the  king  deflred  of  Agrippa  that  he  would  hoar 
their  caufe,  and  affigned  Nicolaus,  one  of  his  friends  to 
plead  for  thofe  their  privileges.  Accordingly,  when  A- 
grippahad  called  the  principal  of  the  Romans,  and  fuch  o{ 
the  kings  and  rulers  as  were  there  to  be  his  affellors,  Nico- 
laus flood  up,  and  pleaded  for  the  Jews,  as  follows  :  '  It 
k  of  neceflity  incumbent  on  fuch  as  are  in  dillrefs  to  have  re- 
conrfe  to  thole  that  have  it  in  their  power  to  free  them 
from  thofe  injuries  they  lie  under  ;  and  for  thofe  that  now  are 
complainants,  they  approach  you  with  great  afTurance  ;  for  as 
they  have  formerly  often  obtained  your  favour,  fo  far  as  they 
have  even  wifhed  to.  have  it,  they  now  only  entreat  that  you, 
%vho  have  been  the  donors,  will  take  caie  that  thofe  favours 
you  have  already  granted  them  may  not  be  taken  away  from 
them.  We  have  received  thefe  favours  from  you,  who  alone 
have  power  to  grant  them,  but  have  them  taken  from  us  by 
fuch  as  are  no  greater  than  ourfelves,  and  by  fuch  as  we 
know  are  as  much  fubjefts  as  we  are  ;  and  certainly,  if  we 
have  been  vouchfafed  great  favours,  it  is  to  our  commen- 
dation, who  have  obtained  them,  as  having  been  found  cic- 


Chap.   II.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  237 

ferving  ot  fuch  great  favours  ;  and  if  thofe  favours  bis  but 
fmall  ones,  it  would  be  barbarous  for  the  donors  not  to  con- 
firm them  to  us  :  And  for  thofe  that  are  the  hinderance  of  the 
Jews,  and  u(e  them  reproachfully,  it  is  evident  that  they  af- 
front both  the  receivers,  while  they  will  not  allow  thofe  to  be 
worthy  men  to  whom  their  excellent  rulers  themfelves  have 
borne  their  teftimony,  and  the  donors,  while  they  defire  thofe 
favours  already  granted  may  be  abrogated.  Now  if  any  one 
fhould  afk  thefe  Gentiles  themfelves,  which  o!  the  two  things 
they  would  choofe  to  part  with,  their  lives,  or  the  cuftoms 
of  their  forefathers,  their  folemnities,  their  facrifices,  their 
fefKvals,  which  they  celebrated  in  honour  ot  thofe  they  fup- 
pofe  to  be  gods  ?  I  know  very  well  that  they  would  choofe 
to  fufTer  any  thing  whatfoever  rather  than  a  diffolution  ot  any 
of  the  cuiloms  :  of  their  forefathers  ;  for  a  great  many  of 
them  have  rather  chofen  to  go  to  war  on  that  account,  as  very 
folicitous  not  to  tranfgrefs  in  thofe  matters  :  And  indeed  we 
take  an  eftirnate  of  that  happinefs  which  all  mankind  do  now 
enjoy  by  your  means  from  this  very  thing,  that  we  are  allo>V' 
ed  every  one  to  worlhip  as  our  own  inftitutions  require,  and 
yet  to  live  [in  peace]  ;  and  although  they  would  not  be  thus 
treated  themfelves,  yet  do  they  endeavour  to  compel  others 
to  comply  with  them,  as  if  it  were  not  as  great  an  initance  ot 
impiety,  profanely  to  diflblve  the  religious  folemnities  of  a- 
ny  others,  as  to  be  negligent  in  the  obfervation  of  their  own 
toward  their  gods.  And  let  us  now  confider  the  one  of  thefe 
practices  :  Is  there  any  people  or  city,  or  community  of  men, 
to  whom  your  government  and  the  Roman  power  does  not 
appear  to  be  the  greatefl  bleffing  ?  Is  there  any  one  that  can 
defire  to  make  void  the  favours  they  have  granted  ?  No  one 
is  certainly  fo  mad  ;  for  there  are  no  men  but  fuch  as  have 
been  partakers  of  their  favours,  both  public  and  private  ;  and 
indeed  thofe  that  take  away  what  you  have  granted,  can  have 
no  affurance,  but  every  one  of  their  own  grants  made  them 
by  you  may  be  taken  from  them  alfo  ;  which  grants  of  yours 
can  yet  never  be  fufficiently  valued  ;  for  if  they  confider  the 
old  governments  under  kings,  together  with  your  prefent  gov- 
ernment, befides  the  great  number  of  benefits  which  this  gov- 
ernment hath  beftowed  on  them  in  order  to  their  happinefs, 
this  is  inffead  of  all  the  reft,  that  they  appear  to  be  no  longer 
in  a  ffate  ot  ilavery,  but  ot  freedom.  Now  the  privileges  we 
defire,  even  when  we  are  in  the  bed  circumftances,  are  not 
fuch  as  deferve  to  be  envied,  tor  we  are  indeed  in  a  profper- 
ous  ftate  by  your  means  but  this  is  only  iu  common  with 
others  ;  and  it  is  no  more  than  this  which  we  defire,  to  pre* 
ferve  our  religion  without  any  prohibition,  which,  as  it  ap- 
pears not  in  itfelf  a  privilege  to  be  envied  us,  fo  it  is  for  the 
advantage  of  thofe  that  grant  it  to  us  :  For  if  the  divinity  de- 
lights in  being  honoured,  it  muft  delight  in  thofe  that  permit 
them  to  be  honoured  ;  And  there  are  none  of  our  cuftoms 


238  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.        [Book  XVI. 

which  are  inhuman,  but  all  tending  to  piety,  and  devoted  to 
the  prefervation  of  juftice  ;  nor  do  we  conceal  thofe  injunc- 
tions of  ours,  by  which  we  govern  our  lives,  they  being  me- 
morials of  piety,  and  of  a  tnendly  converfation  among  men  : 
And  *  the  fevent.h  day  we  fet  apart  for  labour  ;  it  is  dedicat- 
ed to  the  learning  of  our  cuftorns  and  laws,  we   thinking  it 
proper  to  refleft  on  them,  as  well  as  on  any  [good]  thing  elfe, 
in  order  to  our  avoiding  ot  fin.     If  any  one   therefore   exam- 
ine into  our  observances,  he  will  find  they  are  good  in  them- 
felves,  and  that  they  are  ancient  alfo,  though  fome  think  oth- 
erwife,  infomuch,  that  thofe  who  have  received  them,  cannot 
eafily  be  brought  to  depart   from  them,  out  of  that   honour 
they  pay  to  the  length  of  time  they  have  religioufly  enjoyed 
them,  and  obferved  them.     Now  our  adverfaries  take  thefe 
our  privileges  away  in  the  way  of  injuflice  :  They  violently 
feize  upon  that  money  ot  ours  which  is  offered  to   God,  and 
called  iacred  money,    and  this  openly,  after  a   facrilegious 
manner;  and  they  impofe  tributes  upon  us,  and  bring  us  be- 
fore tribunals  on  holy  days,  and  then  require  other  like  debts 
ot  us,  not  bscaufe  the  contracts  require  it,  and   for  their  own 
advantage,  but  becaule  they  would  put  an  affront  on  our  re- 
ligion, of  which  they  are  confcious  as  well  as   we;  and  have 
indulged  themfelves  in  an  unjuft,  and,  to  them,  involuntary 
hatred,  for  your  government  over  all  is  one,  tending  to   the 
eftablifhing  of  benevolence,  and  abolifhing  o-f  ill  will  among 
fuch  as  are  difpofed  to  it.     This  is  therefore  what  we  implore 
irom  thee,  moft  excellent   Agrippa,   that  we   may   not  be  ill 
treated  ;  that  we  may  not  be  abufed  ;  that  we  may  not  be 
hindered  from  making  u(e  of  our  own  cufloms  ;  nor  be  dif- 
poiled  of  our  goods  ;  nor  be  forced  by    thefe  men  to  do  what 
we  ourfelves  force  nobody  to  do,  for  thefe  privileges  of  ours 
are  not  only  according  to  juftice    but  have  formerly   been 
granted  us  by  you  :  And  we  are  able  to  read  to  you  many  de- 
crees of  the  ienate.  and  the  tables  that  contain  them,  which 
are  ftill  extant  in  the  capitol,  concerning  thefe  things,  which 
it  is  evident  were  granted  after  you  had  experience  ot  our  fi- 
delity towards  you,  which  ought  to  be  valued,  though  no 
fuch  fidelity  had  been  ;  for  you  have  hitherto  preferved  what 
people  were  in  pofleffion  of,  not  to  us   only,  but  almoft  to  all 
men,  and  have  added  greater  advantages  than  they  could  have 
hoped  for,  and  thereby    your  government  is  become  a  great 
advantage  to  them.     And  it  any  one  were  able  to   enumerate 
the  profperity  you  have  conferred  on  every    nation,  which 
they  poffefs  by  your  means,  he  could  never  put  an  end  to  his 
difcourfe  ;  but  that  we  may  demonilrate  that  we  are  not  un- 

*  We  may  here  oblerve  the  ancient  praftice  of  the  Jews,  of  dedicating  the  Sab- 
bath-day not  to  id lenefs,  br.t  to  the  learning  their  facred  rites  and  religious  cuf- 
toms,  and  to  the  meditation  on  the  law  of  Moies.  The  like  to  which  we  m«e£ 
with  clfcwhefe  in  jolephus  alib  agsiaft  Apion,  B.  I.  §  22. 


Chap.    II.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  JJJJ 

worthy  of  all  thofe  advantages  we  have  obtained,  it  will  be 
fufficient  for  us  to  fay  nothing  of  other  things,  but  to  fpeak 
freely  of  this  king  who  now  governs  us,  and  is  now  one  of 
thy  affeifors  :  And  indeed  in  what  inftan  eot  good-will,  as  to 
your  houfe,  hath  he  been  deficient  ?    What  mark  of  fidelity 
to  it  hath  he  omitted  ?    What  token  of  honour  hath  he  not  de- 
vifed  ?    What  occafion  for  his  affiftance  of  you  hath  he  not 
regarded  at  the  very   firft  ?    What  hindereth,  therefore,  but 
that  your  kindneffes  may  be  as  numerous  as  his  fo  great  bene- 
fits to  you  have  been.     It  may  alfo  perhaps  be  fit  not  here  to 
pafs  over  in  filence  the  valour  of  his  father  Antipater,  who, 
when  Casfar  made  an  expedition  into  Egypt,  aflifted  him  with 
two  thoufand  armed  men,  and  proved  inferior  to  none,  nei- 
ther in  the  battles  on  land,  nor  in  the  management  of  the  na- 
vy ;  and  what  need  I  fay  any  thing  of  how  great  weight  thofe 
foldiers  were  at  that  juntture  ?  or  how  many,   and  how  great 
prefents  they  were  vouchfafed  by  C^efar  ?  And  truly  I  ought 
before  now  to  have  mentioned  the  epiftles  which  Csefar  wrote 
to  the  fenate  ;  and  how  Antipater  had  honours,  and  the  free- 
dom of  the  city  of  Rome,  beftowed  upon  him,  for  thefe  are 
demonftrations    both  that   we   have    received  thefe    favours 
by  our  own  deferts,  and  do   on   that  account  petition  thee 
for  thy  confirmation  of  them,  from  whom  we  had  reafon  to 
hope  for  them,  though  they  had  not  been  given  us  before,  both 
out  of  regard  to  our  king's  difpofition  towards  you,  and  your 
difpofition  towards  him.     And  farther,  we  have  been  inform- 
ed by  thofe  Jews  that  were  there,  with  what  kindnefs   thou 
came  into  our  country,  and  how  thou  offered  the  moftperfeft 
facrifices  to  God,  and  honoured  him  with  remarkable  vows, 
and  how  thou  gave  the  people  a  feaft,  and  accepted  of  their 
own  hofpitable  prefents  to  thee.     We  ought  to  efteem  all  thefe 
kind  entertainments  made  both  by  our  nation  and  our  city,  to  a 
man  who  is  the  ruler  and  manager  of  fo  much  of  the  public  af- 
fairs, as  indications  of  that  triendfliip  which  thou  haft  returned 
to  the  Jewifh  nation,  and  which  hath  been  procured  them  by 
the  family  of  Herod.     So  we  put  thee  in  mind  oi  thefe  things 
in  the  prefenceoftheking,  now  fitting  by  thee,  and  make  our 
requeft  for  no  more  but  this,    that  what  you  have  given  us 
yourfejves,  you  will  not  fee  taken  away  by  others  from  us." 

5.  When  Nicolaus  had  made  this  fpeech,  there  was  no  op- 
pofmonmadetoit  by  the  Greeks,  for  this  was  not  an  inquiry 
.made,  as  in  a  court  of  juftice,  but  an  interceffion  to  prevent  vi- 
olence to  be  offered  to  the  Jews  any  longer ;  nor  did  the  Greeks 
make  any  defence  of  themfelves,  or  deny  what  it  was  fuppof- 
ed  they  had  done.  Their  pretence  was  no  more  than  this, 
that  while  the  Jews  inhabited  in  their  country  they  were  en- 
tirely unjuft  to  them,  [in  not  joining  in  their  worfhip]  but 
they  demonflrated  their  generofity  in  this,  that  though  they 
worfbipped  according  to  their  own  inftitutions  they  did  no- 
thing that  ought  to  grieve  them.  So  when  Agrippa  perceived 


24-  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.       [Book.  XVI. 

that  they  had  been  oppreffed  by  violence,  he  made  this  anfwer : 
"  That  on  account  of  Herod's  good  will  and  friendfhip,  he  was 
ready  to  grant  the  Jews  whatsoever  they  fhould  afkhim.and 
that  their  requefts  Teemed  to  him  in  themfelves  juft  ;  and  that  if 
they  requefted  any  thing  farther  he  fhould  not  fcruple  to  grant 
it  them,  provided  they  were  no  way  to  the  detriment  of  the  Ro- 
man government ;  but  that,  while  their  requeft  was  no  more  than 
this,  that  what  privileges  they  had  already  given  them  might  not 
be  abrogated,  he  confirmed  this  to  them,  that  they  might  con- 
tinue in  the  obfervation  of  their  own  cufloms  without  any  one's 
offering  them  the  leaft  injury,"  And  when  he  had  faid  thus, 
he  diflblved  the  affembly  :  Upon  which  Herod  flood  up,  and 
faluted  him,  and  gave  him  thanks  for  the  kind  difpofition  he 
(hewed  to  them.  Agrippa  alfo  took  this  in  a  very  obliging 
manner, and  faluted  him  again, embraced  him  in  his  arms  ;  after 
which  he  went  away  from  Lefbos,  but  the  King  determined  to 
fail  from  Samos  to  his  own  country  ;  and  when  he  had  taken  his 
leave  of  Agrippa,  he  purfued  his  voyage,  and  landed  at  Cefarea 
in  a  few  day's  time  as  having  favourable  winds;  from  whence 
he  went  to  Jerufalem,  and  there  gathered  all  the  people  together 
to  an  aflfembly,  not  a  few  being  there  out  of  the  country  alfo. 
So  he  came  to  them,  and  gave  them  a  particular  account  of  all 
his  journey,  and  of  the  affairs  of  all  the  Jews  in  Afia  how  by 
his  means  they  would  live  without  injurious  treatment  for  the 
time  to  come.  He  alfo  told  them  of  the  entire  good  fortune  he 
had  met  with,  and  how  he  had  adminiftered  the  government, 
and  had  not  neglecled  any  thing  which  was  for  their  advantage : 
And  as  he  was  very  joy  ful,  he  now  remitted  to  them  the  fourth 
part  of  their  taxes  for  the  laft  year.  Accordingly  they  were  fa 
pleaTed  with  his  favour  and  fpeech  to  them,  that  they  went  their 
ways  with  great  gladnefs,  and  wiflied  the  King  all  manner  of 
happinefs. 

CHAP.    Ilf. 

How  great  Difturbances  arofe  in  Herod's  Family  on  his  prefer- 
ring  Antipater,  his  Eldejl  Sont  before  the  reft,  till  Alexander 
took  that  Injury  very  heinoujly. 


now  the  affairs  in  Herod's  family  were  in  more 
diforder,  and  became  more  fevere  upon  him,  by  the 
hatred  of  Salome  to  the  young  men  [Alexander  and  Ariftobu- 
lus].  which  defcended  as  it  were  by  inheritance  [from  their 
mother  MariamneJ  :  And  as  fhe  fully  had  fucceeded  againft 
their  irother  fo  fhe  proceeded  to  that  degree  of  madnefs  and  in- 
folence,  as  to  endeavour  that  none  of  her  poflerity  might  be 
left  alive,  who  mi^ht  have  it  in  their  power  to  revenge  her  death. 
The  young  men  had  alfo  fomewhat  of  a  bold  and  uneafy  difpo- 
fition towards  their  father,  occafioned  by  the  remembrance  of 


Chap.   III.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    TUB   JEWS.  2^ 

\vhat  their  mother  had  unjuftly  differed,  and  by  their  own 
affefcration  of  dominion  The  old  grudge  was  alfo  renewed  ; 
and  they  cafl  reproaches  on  Salome  and  Pheroras,  who  re- 
quited the  young  men  with  malicious  defigns  and  actually 
laid  treacherous  inares  for  them.  Now,  as  for  this  hatred,  it 
was  equal  on  both  (ides,  hut  the  manner  of  exerting  that  hat- 
red was  different  :  For,  as  for  the  young  men  they  were  ram, 
reproaching  and  affronting  the  others  openly,  and  were  unex- 
perienced enough  to  think  it  the  moft  generous  to  declare 
their  minds  in  that  undaunted  manner  ;  but  the  others  did  not 
take  that  method,  but  made  ufe  of  calumnies  after  a  fubtils 
and  a  fpiteful  manner,  ftill  provoking  the  young  men,  and 
imagining  that  their  boldnefs  might  in  time  turn  to  the  offer- 
ing violence  to  their  father,  for  inafmuch  as  they  were  not 
afhamed  of  the  pretended  crimes  of  their  mother,  nor  thought 
fhe  luffered  jultly,  thefe  fuppofed  that  might  at  length  exceed 
all  bounds  and  induce  them  to  think  they  ought  to  be  aveng- 
ed on  their  father,  though  it  were  but  difpatchihg  him  with 
their  own  hands.  At  length  it  came  to  this,  that  the  whole 
city  was  full  of  thefe  difcourfes,  and,  as  is  ufual  in  fuch  Con- 
tefls,  the  unfkilfulnefs  of  the  young  men  was  pitied,  but  the 
contrivance  of  Salome  was  too  hard  for  them,  and  what  im- 
putations (he  laid  upon  them  came  to  be  believed,  by  means 
of  their  own  conduct,  for  they  who  were  fo  deeply  affected 
with  the  death  of  their  mother,  that  while  they  faid  both  fhe 
and  themfelves  were  in  a  miferable  cafe,  they  vehemently- 
complained  of  her  pitiable  end  which  indeed  was  truly  fuch, 
and  faid  that  they  were  ttiemfelves  in  a  pitiable  cafe  alfo,  be- 
caufe  they  were  forced  to  live  with  thofe  that  had  been  her 
murderers,  and  to  be  partakers  with  them.  . 

2.  Thefe  difordersmcreafed  greatly,  and  the  king's  abfence 
abroad  had  afforded  a  fit  opportunity  for  that  increafe  ;  but 
as  foon  as  Herod  was  returned,  and  had  made  the  fore-men- 
tioned fpeech  to  the  multitude,  Pheroras  and  Salome  let  fall 
words  immediately  as  if  he  were  in  great  danger,  and  as  it 
the  young  men  openly  threatened  that  they  would  not  fpare 
him  any  longer,  but  revenge  their  mother's  death  upon  him. 
They  alfo  added  another  circumftance,  that  their  hopes  were 
fixed  on  Archelaus,  the  king  of  Cappadocia  that  they  ihould 
be  able  by  his  means  to  come  to  Casiar,  and  accufe  their  fa- 
ther. Upon  hearing  fuch  things^  Herod  was  immediately 
difturbed  j  and  indeed  was  the  more  aftonifhed,  becaufe  the 
fame  things  were  related  to  him  by  fome  others  alfo.  He  then 
called  to  mind  his  former  calamity,  and  confidered  that  the 
diforders  in  his  family  had  hindered  him  from  enjoying  any 
comfort  from  thofe  that  were  deareft  to  him,  or  from  his  wife 
whom  he  loved  fo  well ;  and  fufpecting  that  his  future  troubles 
would  foon  be  heavier  and  greater  than  thofe  that  were  paft, 
he  was  in  great  confufionof  mind,  for  divine  providence  had 
in  reality  conferred  upon  him  a  great  many  outward  advantan 

VOL.  II.  G  g 


14-  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book   XV I, 

ges  for  his  happinefs,  even  beyond  his  hopes,  but  the  troub- 
les he  had  at  home  were  fuch  as  he  never  expecied  to  have 
met  with  and  rendered  him  unfortunate  ;  nay,  Loth  forts  came 
upon  him  to  fuch  a  degree  as  no  one  could  nragine  an')  made 
it  a  doubtful  queftion,  whether,  upon  the  comparifon  of  both, 
he  ought  to  have  exchanged  fo  great  a  fuc  <  e's  ol  <  utward  good 
things  for  fo  great  misfortunes  at  home,  or  whether  he  ought 
not  to  have  --hoien  to  avoid  the  calamities  relating  to  his  fam- 
ily, though  he  had  for  a  compen^a»ion,  never  been  poffelled 
of  the  admired  grandeur  of  a  kingdom. 

3.  As  he  was  thus  difturbed  and  afflifted.  in  order  to  deprefs 
thefe  young  men,  he  Brought  to  court  another  ot  his 
that  was  born  to  him  when  he  was  a  private  w.an  :  His  name 
was  Antipater  ;  yet  did  he  not  then  ii.uulge  him  as  he  did  af- 
terwards when  he  was  quite  overcome  by  him,  and  let  him 
do  every  thing  as  hepleafed,  but  rather  with  a  defign  o'  cle- 
prefling  the  infok'nce  oi  the  fons  of  Mariamne,  and  ir.anaging 
this  elevation  of  his  fo  that  it  might  be  for  a  warning  to  them, 
lor  this  bold  behaviour  ot  theirs  [he  thoughtj  wouiii  not  be  fo 

freat,  if  they  were  once  perluaded,  that  the  fucceffion  to  the 
in'jdom  did  not  appertain  to  them  alone,  or  muff  o'  m  cefiity 
come  to  them.  So  he  introduced  Antipater  as  their  aniago- 
nift,  and  imagined  that  he  made  a  good  provifion  for  difccur- 
agirg  their  pride,  and  that  after  this  was  dtnc- to  the  y<  in<g 
men,  there  might  he  a  proper  feafon  for  expecting  tht  le  to 
be  of  a  better  diipofitioH  :  But  the  event  proved  others  iie 
than  he  intended,  tor  the  young  men  thought  he  did  them  a 
very  great  injury  ;  and  3s  Antipater  was  a  ihrewd  man,  when 
he  had  once  obtained  this  degree  of  freedom,  and  began  to 
expeft  greater  things  tllan  he  had  before  hoped  for,  he  had  but 
one  fingle  defign  in  his  head,  and  that  vas  to  diflrefs  hii  breth- 
ren, and  not  at  all  to  yield  to  them  the  pre-eminence,  but  to 
keep  clofe  to  his  father,  who  was  already  alienated  from  them 
by  the  calumnies  he  had  heard  about  them,  and  ready  to  be 
wrought  upon  in  any  way  his  zeal  againft  them  fhould  advife 
him  to'purfue,  that  he  might  be  continually  more  and  more 
fevere  againft  them.  Accordingly  all  the  reports  that  ueie 
fpread  abroad  came  from  him,  while  he  avoided  himieli  the 
iuipicion  as  if  thofe  discoveries  proceeded  from  him  but  he 
rather  chofe  to  make  ufe  of  thofe  perlons  for  his  affifiants  ihat 
were  unfu'pe6ied,  and  fuch  as  might  he  believed  to  fpeak 
truth  by  realon  of  the  good  will  lie  bore  to  the  king  ;  and  in- 
deed there  were  already  not  a  ew  »  ho  cultivated  a  triendihip 
•with  Antipater  in  hopes  of  gaining  (omewhat  by  him,  and 
thefe  were  the  men  who  moil  of  alt  peiiuaded  Herod  becaufe 
they  appeared  to  fpeak  thus  cut  of  their  good  will  to  him: 
And  while  thefe  joint  arcufations.  which  from  various  foun- 
dations lupported  one  another's  veracity,  the  young  men 
themfelves  afforded  farther  oci  afioi.s  to  Antipater  alfo  :  For 
they  were  obferved  to  Ihed  tears  otteu,  on  account  ot"  the  in~ 


Chap.   IV.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE  JEWS.  2^ 

jury  that  was  offered  them,  and  had  their  mother  in  their 
m  iu as,  and  among  their  friends  they  ventured  to  reproach 
their  father,  as  not  atling  juftly  by  them  !  All  which  things 
were  with  an  evil  intention  referved  in  memory  by  Antipater 
againft  a  proper  opportunity  ;  and  when  they  were  told  to 
Hero  1,  with  aggravations,  increafed  the  diiorders  io  much, 
that  it  bruught  a  great  tumult  into  the  family  ;  tor  while  the 
king  was  very  angry  at  the  imputations  tiiat  were  laid  upon 
the  irms  "f  Mjyidiane,  and  was  defirous  to  humble  them,  he 
.ci"afe;t  the  honour  that  he  had  bellowed  on  Antipater  ; 
an  i  was  at  laft  fo  overcome  by  hisperfuafions,  that  he  brought 
his  mother  to  court  aifo.  He  a  lib  wrote  frequently  to  Caviar 
in  favour  of  him,  and  more  earneftly  recommended  him  to 
his  care  particularly.  And  when  Agrippa  was  returning  to 
R;>ir,:j  after  he  had  finiihed  his  ten  *  years  government  in 
Alia,  Herod  failed  from  Judea  ;  and  when  he  met  with  him, 
he  had  none  with  him  hut  Antipater,  whom  he  delivered  to 
Agrippa,  that  he  might  take  him  along  with  him,  together 
with  many  prefenfs,  that  fo  he  might  become  Caefar's  tiiend, 
infoKju  h,  that  things  already  looked  as  if  he  had  all  his  fa* 
thei's  favour,  and  that  the  young  men  were  entirely  rejette4 
from  any  hopes  ot  the  kingdom. 


CHAP.    IV. 

ffora  during  Antipater 's  abode  at  Rome,  Herod  brought  Altx- 
ander  and  Anjlobulus  be] ore  Cajar  and  Accufed  them.  Al- 
exander s  De/ence  oj  himfelj  before  Ca/ar,  and  Reconcilia- 
tion to  Ins  Father. 

$  i.  A  NO  now  what  happened  during  Antipater's  abfence 
x\  augmented  the  honour  to  winch  he  had  bajn  pro- 
moted, and  ins  apparent  eminence  above  his  brethren,  for  he 
had  made  a  great  figure  in  Rome,  becatife  Herod  had  fent 
recommendations  of  him  to  all  his  friends  there,  only  he  was 
grieved  that  he  was  not  at  home,  nor  had  proper  opportuni- 
ties of  perpetually  calumniating  his  brethren  ;  and  his  chief 
tear  was,  left  his  father  Ihould  alter  his  mind,  and  entertain  a 
mod  favourable  opinion  of  the  ions  of  Mariainne  ;  and  as  he 
had  this  in  his  mind,  he  did  not  defift  from  his  purpoie,  but 
continually  fent  from  Rome  any  fuch  (tones  as  he  hoped 
might  gneve  and  irritate  his  father  againft  his  brethren,  un- 
der pretence  indeed  of  a  deep  concern  tor  his  prefervation, 
but  in  truth,  inch  as  his  malicious  minfl  diftated,  in  order  to 
purchafe  a  greater  hope  of  the  fuccellion,  which  yet  was  al- 

*  This  interval  of  ten  years  for  the  duration  of  Marcus  Agrippa's  government 
in  Afia,  feems  to  be  true,  aod  agreeable  to  the  Roman  hiftory.  iiee  Ufher's  An? 
aals  at  A.  M.  330,2 . 


244  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.        [BookXVl. 

ready  great  in  itfelf  :  And  thus  he  did  till  he  had  excited  fuch 
a  degree  of  anger  in  Herod,  that  he  was  already  become  very 
ill  difpofed  towards  the  young  men  ;  but  (till,  while  he  de- 
layed to  exercsfe  fo  violent  a  difguft  agaii-ft  them,  and  that 
he  might  not  either  be  too  remifs,  or  too  raih,  and  fb  offend, 
he  thought  it  bell  to  fail  to  Rome,  ami  there  accule  his  fons 
before  C«efar.  and  not  indulge  himfelf  in  any  mcli  crime  as 
might  be  heinous  enough  to  be  fufpected  ot  impiety  ;  but  as 
he  was  going  up  to  Rome,  it  happened  that  he  made  fuch 
hafte  as  to  meet  with  C«efar  at  the  *  ciiy  Aquilei  :  So  when 
Le  came  to  the  fpeech  ot  C^efar,  lie  afked  for  a  tune  for  hear- 
ing this  great  caufe,  wherein  he  thought  himielt  very  miler- 
able,  and  preferited  his  fons  there,  and  accufed  them  ot" 
their  mad  actions,  and  of  their  attempts  againit  him  :  That 
*'  they  were  enemies  to  him  ;  and  by  all  the  means  the)  were 
able,  aid  their  endeavours  to  (hew  their  hatred  to  their  own  fa- 
ther, and  would  take  away  his  Hie,  and  fo  obtain  his  kingdom, 
after  the  moft  barbarous  manner ;  that  he  had  power  Iroin  CiE- 
far  to  difpofe  of  it,  not  by  neceffity  but  by  choice,  to  him 
who  mail  exercife  the  greatest  piety  towards  him,  while  ihde 
my  fons  are  not  fo  defirous  of  ruling,  as  they  are,  upon  a  tuf- 
appointment  thereof,  to  expofe  their  own  life,  if  lo  be  they 
may  >>ut  deprive  their  father  of  his  life,  lo  wild  and  polluted 
is  their  mind  by  time  become  out  of  their  hatred  to  him  ;  that 
whereas  he  had  a  long  time  borne  this  his  misfortune,  he  wiis 
now  compelled  to  lay  it  before  Cae/ar,  and  to  pollute  his  ears 
with  fuch  language  while  he  himfelf  wants  to  know  what  it- 
verity  they  have  ever  iuffered  from  him  ?  Or  wnat  hardiLips 
he  hath  ever  laid  upon  them  to  make  them  complain  o\  him  ? 
And  how  they  can  think  it  juft  that  lie  Ihould  not  be  lord  oi 
tint  kingdom,  which  he  in  a  long  time,  and  with  great  dan- 
gers had  gained,  and  not  allow  him  to  keep  it  and  difpofe  oi" 
it  to  him  who  Ihould  deferve  heft  ?  And  tins  with  other  advan- 
tages, he  propoies  as  a  reward  for  the  piety  ot  fuch  an  one  as 
will  hereafter  imitate  the  caie  he  hath  taken  of  it,  and  that 
fuch  an  one  may  gain  lo  great  a  requital  as  that  is  :  And  tr.at 
it  is  an  impious  thing  tor  them  to  preieud  to  meddle  with  it  be- 
ioie  hand,  lor  he  who  hath  ever  the  kingdom  in  his  view,  at 
the  iame  time  reckons  upon  procuring  the  death  of  his  father, 
becaufe  otherwife  he  cannot  come  at  the  government  ;  that  as 
f  r  himfelf,  he  had  hitherto  given  them  all  that  he  was  able, 
and  what  was  agreeable  to  fuch  as  are  lubject  to  the  royal  au- 

*  Although  Herod  met  Auguftus  at  Aquilei,  yet  was  this  accufationof  i 
deferred  till  they  came  to  Ro  tie,  as  ^  gaflurei  us,  and  as  we  are  particularly  ii,_ 
formed  in  the  hiftory  of  the  War,  B.  1.  ch  xxiii.  ^3  vol.  III.  though  what  I:c 
here  lavs  belonged  diihnftly  to  Alexander  the  eider  brother,  I  mean  his  being 
brought  to  Rome,  is  here  juftly  extended  to  bolh  the  brothers,  and  that  not  only  i;» 
our  copies,  but  in  that  of  Zoriiras  alio  ;  2Jor  is  there  leaion  to  doubt  but  they  were 
both  at  this  Iblemri  hearing  by  Auguflus,  although  the  defence  were  made  by  A. 
Jtxander  a'toue,  -who  wai  ihe eldcil  brciLer,  and  ouc  ifct  could  fpcak  very  well. 


Chap.  IV.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  24$ 

thority,  and  the  Tons  of  a  king  ;  what  ornaments  they  wanted, 
with  fervants  and  delicate  fare,  and  had  married  them  into  the 
m  ft  iliuftrious  families,  the  one  [Anftobulus]  to  his  (liter's 
daughter,  but  Alexander  to  the  daughter  of  king  Archelaus  : 
And  what  was  the  greateft  favour  of  all,  when  their  crimes 
were  fo  very  bad  and  he  had  authority  to  puni(h  them,  yet 
had  he  not  made  ufe  of  it  againfl  them,  but  had  brought  them 
before  Caefar  their  common  benefactor,  and  had  not  ufed  the 
feverity  which  either  as  a  father  who  had  been  impioufly  a- 
bufed,  or  as  king  who  had  been  affaulted  treacheroufly,  he 
might  have  done,  he  made  them  ftand  upon  the  level  with  him 
in  judgment ;  that,  however,  it  was  neceffary  that  all  this  fhould 
not  ue  patted  over  without  punilhment,  nor  himfelf  live  in  the 
greateft  fears  ;  nay,  that  it  was  not  for  their  own  advantage 
to  fee  the  light  of  the  fun  after  wnat  they  have  done,  although 
they  fhouid  efcape  at  this  time,  fince  they  had  done  the  vileft 
things,  and  would  certainly  fuffer  the  greateft  punifhments 
that  ever  were  known  among  mankind." 

2.  Thefe  were  the  accufations  which  Herod  laid  with  great 
vehemency  againft  his  fons  before  Caefar.      Now,  the  young 
men.  both  while  he  was  Ipeaking    and  chiefly  at  his  conclud- 
ing, wept,  and  were  in  <onfufion       Now,  as  to  themfelves, 
they  kne.v  in  their  own  confcierce  they  were   innocent,   but 
becaufe  they  were  accufed  by  their  fattier  they  were  fenfible. 
as  the  truth  was,  that  it  was  hard  for  them  to  make  their  apol- 
ogy,  1m  e,  though  they  were  a,t  liberty  to  fpeak  their  minds 
ireely  as  the  occafion   required,  and   might  with  force  and 
earneftnefs  refute  the  accufation,  yet  was  it  not  now  decent 
fo  to  do.      There  was  therefore  a  difficulty   how  they  Ihould 
be  able  to  fpeak,  and  tears,  and  at  length  a  deepgioan  follow. 
ad,  while  they  were  afraid,  that  if  they    faid  nothing,  they 
fhouid  feem  to  be  in  this  difficulty  from  a  confciouinefs  of 
guilt,   nor  had  they  any   defence   ready,  by    reafon  of  their 
youth,  and  the  dilorder  they  were  under  ;  yet  was  not  ^siar 
unapprifed,  when  he  looked  upon  them  in  the  contufion  they 
were  in,  that  their  delay  to  make  their  defence  did  not  ariie 
from  any    confcioufnels  of  great  enormities,  but   from  their 
unfkilfulnefs  and  modefty.     They  were  alfo  commiferated  by 
thofe  that  were  there  in  particular,  and  they  moved  their  fa- 
ther s  affeaions  in  earneft  till  he  had  much  ado  to  conceal 
them. 

3.  But  when  they   faw  there  was  a  kind  difpofition  arifea 
both  in  him  and  in  Caefar,  and  that  every  one  of  the  reft  did 
either  fhed  tears,  or  at  leaft  did  all  grieve  with  them,  the  one 
of  them,  whofe  name  was  Alexander  >  called  to  his  father,  and, 
attempted  to  anfwer  his  accufation,  and  faid,  "  O  father,  the 
benevolence  thou  haft  fhewed  to  us  is  evident,  even  in  this 
very  judicial  procedure,  for  hadft  thou  had  any  pernicious 
intentions  about  us  thou  hadft  not  produced  us  here  before  the 
common  faviour  of  ftW,  for  \\  ms  jfl  thy  power,  both  as  * 


246  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.        [Book  XVI, 

king,  and  as  a  father,  to  punifh  the  guilty,  but  by*  thus  bring- 
ing us  to  Rome,  and  making  Caefar  himfelf  a  witnefsto  what 
is  done,  thou  mti-nateft  that  thou  intended  t  >  fave  us,  for  no 
one  that  hath  a  defign  to  fliy  a  man  will  bring  him  to  the  tem- 
ples, and  to  the  altars  ;  yet  are  our  circumftances  ftill  worfe, 
for  we  cannot  endure  to  live  ourfelves  any  longer,  ii  u  be  be- 
lieved that  we  have  injured  fuch  a  father;  nay,  perhaps  it  would 
be  worfe  for  us  to  live  with  this  fufpicion  upon  us,  that  we  have 
injured  him,  than  to  die  widiout  fuch  guilt  :  And  if  our  open 
clefenre  may  be  taken  to  be  true  \ve  lhall  be  happy,  both  in 
pacifying  thee.  and  in  efcaping  the  danger  we  are  in,  but  if 
this  calumny  fo  prevails,  it  is  more  than  enough  for  us  that 
we  have  (een  the  fun  this  day  ;  which  why  (hould  we  fee,  if 
this  fufpicion  be  fixed  upon  us  ?  Now  it  is  eafy  to  fay  of  young 
men  that  they  defire  to  reign  ;  and  to  fay  farther,  that  this  e- 
vil  proceeds  from  the  cafe  of  our  unhappy  mother.  This  is 
abundantly  (ufficient  to  produce  our  misfortune  out  of  the 
former:  But  confider  well  whether  fuch  an  accufation  does 
not  fuit  all  fuch  young  men,  and  may  not  be  faid  of  them  all 
promifcuoufly  ?  For  nothing  can  hinder  him  that  reigns,  if 
he  have  children,  and  their  mother  be  dead,  but  the  father 
may  have  a  fufpicion  upon  all  his  fons,  as  intending  fome 
treachery  to  him  :  But  a  fufpicion  is  not  fufficient  to  prove 
fuch  an  impious  practice.  Now  let  any  man  fay,  whether  we 
have  afckially  and  infolently  attempted  any  fuch  thing,  where- 
by a^ions  otherwife  incredible  ufe  to  be  made  credible  ?  Can 
any  body  prove  that  poifon  hath  been  prepared  ?  Or  prove  a 
confpiracy  of  our  equals,  or  the  corruption  of  fervants,  or 
letters  written  againd  thee  ?  Though  indeed  there  are  none  of 
thofe  things  but  have  fometimes  been  pretended  by  way  of  ca- 
lumny, when  they  were  never  done  ;  for  a  royal  family  that 
is  at  variance  with  itfelf  is  a  terrible  thing  ;  and  that  which 
thpu  called  a  reward  of  piety,  often  becomes,  among  very 
wicked  men.  fuch  a  foundation  of  hope,  as  makes  them  leave 
no  fort  of  mifchief  untried  :  Nor  does  any  one  lay  any  wick- 
ed praftices  to  our  charge  ;  but  as  to  calumnies,  by  hearfay, 
how  can  he  put  an  end  to  them,  who  will  not  hear  what  we 
have  to  fay  ?  Have  we  talked  with  too  great  freedom  ?  Yes  ; 
but  not  againfi  th-e,  for  that  would  be  unjuft,  but  againft 
thofe  that  never  conceal  any  thing  that  is  fpoken  to  them. 
Hath  either  of  us  lamented  our  mother  ?  Yes;  but  not  becaufe 
lh"  is  dead,  but  becaufe  ihe  was  evil  fpoken  of  by  thofe  that 
had  no  reafon  fo  to  do.  Are  we  defirous  of  that  dominion 
which  we  know  our  father  is  polfelled  of  ?  For  what  reafon 
can  we  do  fo  ?  If  we  already  have  royal  honours,  as  we  have, 
(hould  not  we  labour  in  vain  ?  And  if  we  have  them  not,  yet, 
are  not  we  in  hopes  of  them  ?  Or  fuppofuig  that  we  had  kill- 
ed thee,  could  we  expecl  to  obtain  thy  kingdom  ?  While  nei- 
ther the  earth  would  let  us  tread  upon  it,  nor  the  fea  let  us  fail 
upon  it,  alter  fuch  an  aftion  as  that :  Nay,  the  religion  ot  all. 


Chap.    IV.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  247 

your  fubjecls,  and  the  piety  of  the  whole  nation,  would  have 
prohibited  parricides  from  afluming  the  government,  and  'rom 
*  entering  into  that  moft  holy  temple  which  was  built  by  thee. 
But  iuppoie  we  had  made  light  of  other  dangers  Cdn  any 
murderer  go  off  unpunilhed,  while  Caefar  is  alive  ?  We  are 
thy  ions,  and  not  fo  impious,  or  fo  thoughtlefs  as  that  comes 
to,  though  perhaps  more  unfortunate  than  is  convenient  tor 
thee.  But  in  cafe  thou  neither  findeft  any  caufes  of  com- 
plaint, nor  any  treacherous  del-gns,  what  fuffioent  evidence 
haft  thou  to  make  fuch  a  wickednefsof  ours  credible  ?  Our 
mother  is  dead  indeed,  but  then  what  beiel  her  might  be  an 
inftruttion  to  us  to  caution  and  not  an  incitement  to  wicked- 
nefs.  We  are  willing  to  make  a  laiger  apology  for  ourlelves, 
but  actions  never  done  do  not  admit  ot  di.courfe  :  Nay  we 
will  make  this  agreement  with  thee,  and  that  before  Ca?far, 
the  lord  of  all,  who  is  now  a  mediator  Between  us,  if  thou, 
O  father,  canft  bring  thyielf,  by  the  evidence  of  truth,  to 
have  a  mind  tree  from  fufpicion  concerning  us,  let  us  live, 
though  even  then  we  ihall  live  in  an  unhappy  way,  for  to  be 
aecuied  of  great  acts  of  wickednels,  though  falfely,  is  a  ter- 
rible thing  ;  but  if  thou  haft  any  tear  remaining,  continue 
thou  on  in  thy  pious  life,  we  will  give  this  realon  for  our 
own  conduct,  our  lile  is  not  fo  deferable  to  us  as  to  defire  to 
have  it,  if  it  tend  to  the  harm  of  our  father  who  gave  it  us." 

4  When  Alexander  had  thus  fpoken,  Caefar,  who  did  not 
beiore  believe  io  grofs  a  calumny,  was  flili  more  moved  by  it, 
and  looked  intently  upon  Herod,  and  perceived  he  was  a  lit- 
tle contounded,  the  perfons  there  prefent  were  under  an  anx- 
iety about  the  young  men.  and  the  fame  that  was  fpread  a- 
broad  made  the  king  hated,  for  the  very  inci edibility  of  the 
calumny,  and  the  commiferation  which  the  flower  of  youth, 
the  beauty  of  body,  which  were  in  the  young  men  pleaded 
for  afliitance,  and  the  more  fo  on  this  account,  that  Alexander 
had  made  their  defence  with  dexterity  and  prudence  ;  nay, 
they  did  not  themf elves  any  longer  continue  in  their  former 
countenances,  which  had  been  bedewed  with  tears,  and  caft 
downwards  to  the  ground,  but  now  there  arole  in  them  hope 
et  the  belt :  And  the  king  lumfelf  appeared  not  to  have  had 
foundation  enough  to  build  fuch  an  accufation  upon,  he  hav- 
ing no  real  evidence  wherewith  to  convi£i  them.  Indeed  he 

*  Since  iome  prejudiced  men  have  indulged  a  wild  fufpicion,  as  we  have  fup- 
poied  already,  Antiq  ii  XV.  ch.  xi.  k  7.  tliut  Jofcphus's  hillory  ot  Herod's  re- 
building t^e  temple  is  iio  better  than  a  fable,  it  may  iu;f  Deamifs  to  take  notice  ot 
Ihis  occalioaal  clauic  in  the  ipe-cb  of  Alexander  before  his  lather  Herod,  in  his 
and  his  brother's  vindication,  which  mentions  the  temple  as  kuov>n  uy  every  .- 
fo  have  been  built  by  Herod.  See  John  ii  20  See  alto  another  Jperch  of r  Herod's 
own  to  the  young  men  that  pul.tc  ;um  tru- ir:;;:  oi  the 

temp;e,  wheiv  .V  UNI-S  notice,  ••  H«w  the  building  of  the  temple  coil  him  a  vaft 
ium  ;  and  thai  ihc  Alamoneans,  in  thole  125  years  they  held  the  government  were 
not  able  to  per*  rm  in  .  to  ihe  bououi  gf  Ccd.  as  this  was."  Anti<j» 

B.  XVII.  cb,.vi.  §3.  vol.  II. 


ANTiq'JITIfcS    OF    TH£  JEWS.      [Book.  XVf; 

wanted  fnme  apology  for  making  theaccufation  ;  but  Czefar, 
after  feme  detay.  laid,  That  "  although  young  men  were 
thoroughly  innocent  of  that  f,>r  which  thsy  were  calumniated, 
yet  had  'hry  been  fo  far  to  blame,  that  they  had  not  demeaned 
themselves  towards  their  father  foas  to  prevent  that  fufpiciort 
which  was  fpread  abroa.l  concerning  them.  He  alfo  exhort- 
ed Herod  to  lay  al!  fuch  fu'rpicions  afide,  and  to  be  reconcil- 
ed to  his  fons,  for  that  it  was  not  juft  to  give  any  credit  to 
fuch  reports  concerning  his  own  children  ;  and  that  this  re- 
pentance on  both  fides  might  (till  heal  thofe  breaches  that  had 
happened  between  them,  and  might  improve  that  their  good 
will  to  one  another,  whereby  thofe  on  both  fides  exculing  the 
ralhnefs  of  their  fufpicions,  might  refolve  to  bear  a  greater 
degree  of  affection  towards  each  other  than  they  had  before. 
After  Caefar  had  given  them  this  admonition,  he  beckoned  to 
the  young  men.  When  therefore  they  were  dirpofed  to  tall 
down  to  make  iriferceflion  to  their  father,  he  took  them  up  and 
embraced  them,  as  they  were  in  tears,  and  took  each  of  them 
diftintHy  in  his  arm's,  till  not  one  of  thole  that  were  prefent, 
whether  freeman  or  flave,  but  was  deeply  affecled  with  what 
they  law, 

5.  Then  did  they  return  thanks  to  CWar,   and  went  away 
together  ;  and  with  them  went  Antipater,  with  an  hypocrit- 
ical pretence  that  he  rejoiced  at  this  reconciliation.     And   in 
the  laft  days  they  were  with  Caefar,  Herod  made  him  a  pref- 
ent of  three  hundred  talents,  as  he  was  then  exhibiting  fliows 
and  largefles  to  the  people  of  Rome  :    And  Casfar  made   him 
a  prefent  of  half  the  revenue  of  the  copper  mines  in  Cyprus, 
and  committed  the  care  of  the  other  halt  to  him,  and  honour- 
ed him  with  other  gifts  and  incomes :  And  as  to  his  own  king- 
dom, he    left  it  in  his  own  power  to   appoint  which   of  his 
fons  he  pleated  for  his  fucceflbr,  or  to  diltnbute  it  in  parts  to 
every  one,  that  the  dignity  might  thereby  come  to  them  all. 
And  when  Herod  was  difpoied  to  make  fuch  a  fettlement  im- 
mediately, Caefar  faid,  "  He  would  not  give  him  leave  to  de- 
prive himfelf,    while  he  was  alive,  ot    the  power  over  his 
kingdom,  or  over  his  fons  " 

6.  After  this  Herod  returned  to  Judea  again  :    But  during 
his  abfence  no  fmall  part  of  his  dominions  about  Trachon  had 
revolted,  whom  yet  the  commanders  he  left  there  had  van- 
quifhed,  and  compelled  to  a  fubmilTron  again.     Now,  as  Her- 
od was  failing  wiih  his  fons,  and  was  come  over  agamft  Cili- 
cia,  to  |  the  idand]  Eleufa,  which  hath  now  changed  its  name 
for  Sebaffe,  he  met  with  Archelaus,    king  of   Cappadocij, 
who  received  him  kindly,  as  rejoicing  that  he  was  reconciled 
to  his  fons,  and  that  the  accufation  againft  Alexander,  who 
had  married  his  daughter,  was  at  an  end.     They  allo  made  one 
another  fuch  prefents  as  it  became  kings  to  make.     From 
thence  Herod  came  to  Judea  and  to  the  temple,  where  hemade 
a  fpeech  to  the  people,  concerning  what  had  been  done  in  this 


Chap.    V.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  249 

his  journey  :  "  He  alfo  difcourfed  them  about  Caefar's  kind- 
nefs  to  him,  and  about  as  many  of  the  particulars  he  had  done, 
as  he  thought  it  tor  his  advantage  other  people  mould  be  ac- 
quainted with.  At  laft  he  turned  his  fpeech  to  the  admoni- 
tion ot  his  Tons  ;  and  exhorted  thofe  that  lived  at  court,  and 
the  multitude,  to  concord  :  And  informed  them,  that  his  fons 
were  to  reign  alter  him  ;  Antipater  firft,  and  then  Alexander 
arid  Ariftobulus,  the  Tons  of  Mariarnne  ;  but  he  defired  that  at 
prefent  they  (hould  all  have  regard  to  himftlf,  and  efteem  him 
king  and  lord  of  all,  fince  he  was  not  yet  hindered  by  old 
age,  but  was  in  that  period  of  life  when  he  muft  be  the  molt 
fkilful  in  governing  ;  and  that  he  was  not  deficient  in  other 
arts  of  management  that  might  enable  him  to  govern  the  king- 
dom well,  and  to  rule  over  his  children  alfo.  He  farther  told 
the  rulers  under  him,  and  the  foldiery,  that  in  cafe  they  would 
look  upon  him  alone,  their  life  would  be  led  in  a  peaceable 
manner,  and  they  would  make  one  another  happy."  And 
when  he  had  faid  this,  he  difmiffed  the  affembly.  Which 
fpeech  was  acceptable  to  the  greateft  part  of  the  audience,  but 
not  fo  to  them  all,  for  the  contention  among  his  fons,  and  the 
hopes  he  had  given  them,  occafioned  thoughts  and  defires  pf 
innovations  among  them. 


CHAP.    V. 

How  Herod  celebrated  the  Games  that  were  to  return  every  fifth 
year,  upon  tht  building  of  Cefarea  ;  and  how  he  built  and  a- 
domed  many  other  places  after  a  Magnificent  manner  ;  and 
did  many  other  actions  glorioujly. 

$  i-  A  BOUT  this  time  it  was  that  Cefarea  Sebafte,  which 
/"\  he  had  built,  was  finifhed.  The  entire  building  be- 
ing accomphfhed  in  the  tenth  year,  the  folemnity  of  it  fell  in- 
to the  twenty-eighth  year  of  Herod's  reign,  and  into  the  hun- 
dred and  ninety-fecond  olympiad  :  There  was  accordingly  a 
great  feftival,  and  moft  fumptuous  preparations  made  prefent- 
ly,  in  order  to  its  dedication  ;  for  he  had  appointed  a  conten- 
tion in  mufic,  and  games  to  be  performed  naked  :  He  had  al- 
fo gotten  ready  a  great  number  of  thofe  that  fight  fingle  com- 
bats, and  of  beafts  for  the  like  purpofe  ;  horfe  races  alfo,  and 
the  moft  chargeable  of  fuch  fports  and  mows  as  ufed  to  be  ex- 
hibited at  Rome,  and  in  other  places.  He  confecrated  this 
combat  to  Cielar  and  ordered  it  to  be  celebrated  every  fifth 
year.  He  alfo  fent  all  forts  of  ornaments  for  it  out  ot  his  own 
furniture,  that  it  might  want  nothing  to  make  it  decent :  Nay 
Julia,  Caefar's  wite,  lent  a  great  part  of  her  molt  valuable  fur- 
niture [from  Rome,]  infomuch  that  he  had  no  want  of  any 
thing  :  The  fum  of  them  all  was  eftimated  at  five  hundred  tal- 
ents. Now  when  a  great  multitude  was  come  to  that  city, 
VOL.  11.  Hh 


25-5  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVI, 

to  fee  the  (hows,  as  well  as  the  ambaffadors  whom  other  peo- 
ple fent,  on  account  of  the  benefits  they  had  received  [from 
Herod,]  he  entertained  them  all  in  the  public  inns  and  at  pub- 
lic tables,  and  with  perpetual  teafts,  this  folemnity  having  in 
the  day-time  the  diverfions  of  the  fights,  and  in  the  night-  time 
fuch  merry  meetings  as  coftvaft  fums  of  money,  and  publicly 
demonftrated  the  generofity  of  his  foul,  for  in  all  his  under- 
takings he  was  ambitious  to  exhibit  what  exceeded  whatfoev- 
er  had  been  done  before  of  the  fame  kind.  And  it  is  related 
that  Caeiar  and  Agrippa  often  faid,  That  "  the  dominions  of 
Herod  were  too  little  for  the  greatnefs  o  his  foul,  for  that  he 
deferved  to  have  both  all  the  kingdom  of  Syria,  and  that  of 
.Egypt  alfo." 

2.  After  this  folemnity  and  thefe  feftivals  were  over,  H^rocl 
creeled  another  city  in  the  plain  called  Capharfoba,  where  he 
chofe  out  a  fit  place,  both  for  plenty  of  water,  and  goodnefs 
of  foil,  and  proper  tor  the  production  of  what  was  there  plant- 
ed, where  a  river  encompaffed  the  city  itfelf,  and  a  grove  of 
the  befl  trees  for  magnitude  was  round  about  it  :  This  he 

ed  Antipatris  from  his  father  Antipater.  He  alfo  built  upon 
another  fpot  of  ground  above  Jericho  of  the  fame  name  with 
his  mother,  a  place  of  great  fecurity,  and  very  pleafant  for 
habitation,  and  called  it  Cypros.  He  alfo  dedicated  the  fin- 
eft  monuments  to  his  brother  Phafaelus,  on  account  of  the 
great  natural  affe6tion  there  had  been  between  them,  by  erecl- 
ing  a  tower  in  the  city  itfelf,  not  lefs  than  the  tower  of  Pharos, 
which  he  named  Phafaelus,  which  was  at  once  a  part  of  the 
flrong  defences  of  the  city,  and  a  rremorial  tor  him  that  was 
deceafed,  becaufe  it  bare  his  name.  He  alfo  built  a  city  of 
the  fame  name  in  the  valley  of  Jericho,  as  you  go  from  it 
northward,  whereby  he  rendered  the  neighbouring  country- 
more  fruitful,  by  the  cultivation  its  inhabitants  introduced  ; 
and  this  alfo  he  called  Phajadis. 

3.  But  as  for  his  other  benefits    it  is  impoffible  to  reckon 
them  up,  thofe  which  he   bellowed  on  cities,   both   in  Syria 
and  in  Greece,  and  in  all  the  places  he  came  to   in  his 

ages  ;  for  he  feems  to  have  conferred,  and  that  after  a  molt 
plentiful  manner,  what  would  minifter  to  many  neceflities, 
and  the  building  of  public  works  and  gave  them  the  money 
that  was  neceffary  to  fuch  works  as  wanted  it,  to  hipport  them 
upon  the  failure  of  their  other  revenues  :  But  what  was  the 
greateft  and  moil  illuftrious  of  all  his  works,  he  creeled  Apol- 
lo's temple  at  Rhodes,  at  his  own  expences,  and  gave  them  a 
great  number  of  talents  of  filver  for  the  repair  ot  their  fleet. 
He  alfo  built  the  greateft  part  of  the  public  edifices  for  the  in- 
habitants of  *  Nicopolis,  at  Actium  :  And  for  the  Anlioch- 

*  Dr.  Hudfon  here  gives  us  the  words  of  Suetonius  concerning  this  Nicopolis, 
when  Auguftus  rebuilt  it  :  "  And  that  the  memory  of  the  viftory  at  A&ium  might 
be  celebrated  the  more  afterward,  he  built  Nicopolis  at  Aftium,  and  appointed 
f  ublic  fliows  to  be  Uwre  «xhibit«d  ev^ry  fifth  year."  In  Augufl  \  i  8. 


Chap.   V.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.  25! 

ians,  the  inhabitants  of  the  principal  city  ot  Syria,  where  a 
broad  ftreet  cuts  through  the  place  lengthways,  he  built  cloif- 
ters  along  it  on  both  fides  and  laid  the  open  road  with  polifh- 
ed  (lone,  and  was  ot  very  great  advantage  to  the  inhabitants. 
And  as  to  the  olympic  games,  which  were  in  a  very-  low  con- 
dition by  reafon  ot  the  failure  of  their  revenues,  he  recover- 
ed their  reputation,  and  appointed  revenues  for  their  mainten- 
ance, and  made  that  folemn  meeting  more  venerable,  as  to  the 
Sacrifices  and  other  ornaments  :  And  by  reafon  ot  this  vaft 
liberality,  he  was  generally  declared  in  their  infcriptions  te  be 
one  of  the  perpetual  managers  of  thofe  games. 

4.  Now  fome  there  are  who  Hand  amazed  at  the  diverfity  of 
Herod's  nature  and  purpofes  ;  tor  when  we  have  refpe6lto  his 
magnificence,  and  the  benefits  which  he  beftowed  on  all  man- 
kind, there  is  no  poffibility  tor  even  thofe  that  had  the  leaft 
refpeft  tor  him,  to  deny,  or  not  openly  to  confeis  that  he  had 
a  nature  vaftly  beneficent  ;  but  when  any  one  looks  upon  the 
punilhments  he  iaflicied,  and  the  injuries  he  did,  not  only  to 
his  fubjecls,  but  to  his  neareft  relations,  and  takes  notice  ot  his 
fevere  and  unrelenting  difpofition  there,  he  will  be  forced  to 
allow,  that  it  was  brutifh,  arid  a  ftranger  to  all  humanity  ;  in- 
fomuch,  that  thefe  men  fuppofe  his  nature  to  be  different,  and 
fometimes  at  contradiction  with  itfeii  :  But  lam  myfelf  of 
another  opinion,  and  imagine  that  the  occasion  of  both  thefe 
fort  of  actions  was  one  and  the  fame  ;  tor  being  a  man  ambi- 
tious ot  honour,  and  quite  overcome  by  that  paffion,  he  was 
induced  to  be  magnificent,  wherever  there  appeared  any  hopes 
of  a  tuture  memorial,  or  of  reputation  at  preient  ;  and  as  his 
expences  were  beyond  his  abilities,  he  was  neceffitated  to  be 
harih  to  his  fubjetts,  for  the  perfons  on  whom  he  expended 
his  money  \wre  fo  many ,  that  they  made  him  a  very  bad  procur- 
er ot  it  :  And  becanfe  he  wasconfcious  that  he  was  hated  by 
thofe  under  him,  for  the  injuries  he  did  then),  he  thought  it 
not  an  eafy  thing  to  amend  his  offences,  tor  that  was  inconven- 
ient for  his  revenue,  he  therefore  ftrove  on  the  other  fide  to 
make  their  ill  will  an  occafion  ot  his  gains.  As  to  his  own 
court,  therefore,  if  any  one  was  not  very  obfequious  to  uim  in 
liis  language,  and  would  not  contcfs  himfelf  to  be  his  flave,  or 
but  feemed  to  think  ot  any  innovation  in  his  government,  he 
was  not  able  to  contain  himielt,  but  profecuted  his  very  kin- 
dred and  friends,  and  puniihed  them  as  if  they  were  enemies  ; 
and  this  wickednefs  he  undertook  out  ot  a  defire  that  he  might 
be  himfelt  alone  honoured.  Now  for  this  my  afTertion  about 
that  paffion  of  his,  we  have  the  greateft  evidence,  by  what  he 
did  to  honour  Caefar  and  Agrippa,  and  his  other  friends  ;  for 
with  what  honours  he  paid  his  refpecls  to  them  who  were  his 
fuperiors,  the  fame  did  he  defire  to  be  paid  to  himfelt  ;  and 
what  he  thought  the  moft  excellent  present  he  could  make 
another,  he  difcovered  an  inclination  to  have  the  like  prefent- 
ed  to  himfelt.  But  now  the  Jewifli  nation  is  by  their  law  a 


252  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.       [Book.  XVI. 

flranger  to  all  fuch  things,  and  accuftomed  to  prefer  righteouf- 
nefs  to  glory  ;  tor  which  reafon  that  nation  was  not  agreeable 
to  him,  becaufe  it  was  out  of  their  power  to  flatter  the  king's 
ambition,  with  ftatutes  or  temples,  or  any  other  fuch  perform- 
ances. And  this  feems  to  me  to  have  been  at  once  the  oc- 
cafion  of  Herod's  crimes  as  to  his  own  courtiers  and  counfel- 
lors,  and  of  his  benefactions  as  to  foreigners  and  thole  that  had 
no  relation  to  them. 


CHAP.    VI. 

An  embajjage  of  the  Jews  in  Cyrene  and  Afia  to  Catfar,  concern- 
ing the  complaints  they  had  to  make  againft  the  Greeks  :  With 
copies  of  thi  epijlks  which.  Cajar  and  Agrippa  wrote  to  the 
cites  J or  them. 

§  l-  XTOW  tne  cities  ilj  "eated  the  Jews  in  Afia,  and  all 
-L_\  thole  alfo  of  the  fame  nation  which  lived  in  Libya, 
which  joins  to  Cyrene,  \vhile  the  former  kings  had  given 
th^rn  equal  privileges  with  the  otber  citizens ;  but  the  Greeks 
affronted  them  at  this  time,  and  that  fo  far  as  to  take  away 
their  facred  money,  and  to  do  them  mifchief  on  other  particu- 
lar occafions.  When  therefore  they  were  thus  afflicted,  and 
found  no  end  of  their  barbarous  treatment  they  met  with  a- 
mong  the  Greeks,  they  fent  ambaffadors  to  Caefar  on  thofe 
accounts  ;  who  gave  them  the  fame  privileges  as  they  had  be- 
iore.and  fent  letters  to  the  fame  purpofe  to  the  governors  of 
the  provinces,  copies  of  which  1  fubjoin  here,  as  teftimonials 
of  the  ancient  favourable  difpofuion  the  Roman  emperors  had 
towards  us. 

2.  "  Caefar  Auguftus,  high  priefl,  and  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple, ordains  thus  :  Since  the  nation  of  the  Jews  hath  been 
iound  greatiul  to  the  Roman  people,  not  only  at  this  time, 
but  m  time  pail  alfo,  and  chiefly  Hyrcanus  the  high  prieft, 
under  my  *  father  C^efar  the  emperor,  it  feemed  good  to  me 
and  n;y  counsellors,  according  to  the  fentence  and  oath  of 
the  people  ot  Rome,  that  the  Jews  have  liberty  to  make  ufe 
of  their  own  cuffoms,  according  to  the  law  of  their  fathers,  as 
they  made  ufe  of  them  under  Hyrcanus  the  high  prieft  of  Al- 
mighty God  ;  and  that  their  facred  money  be  not  touched, 
but  be  fent  to  Jerufak-m,  and  that  it  be  committed  to  the  care 
of  the  receivers  at  Jerufalem  :  And  that  they  be  not  obliged 
to  go  betore  any  judge  on  the  Sabbath-day,  nor  on  the  t  day 

*  AuguRus  h  re  calls  Julius  Casfar  his  father,  though  by  birth  he  was  only  hia 
account  of  his  adoption  by  him  See  the  fame,  Antiq.  B.  XIV.  ch. 
xiv.  \  4. 

i  i  ii. i  is  authentic  evidence,  that  the  Jews,  in  the  days  of  Anguftus,  began  to 
prepare  tor  t!.-  <••  ;t  imt;or,  o(  the  Sabbath  at  the  ninth  hoar  OB  Friday,  as  the  Ua- 
ditien  of  the  elders  did,  k  leems,  then  require  of  them. 


Chap.  VI.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE  JEWS.  253 

of  the  preparation  to  it,  after  the  ninth  hour  :  But  if  any  one 
be  caught  fteaiing  their  holy  books,  or  their  facred  money, 
whether  it  be  out  of  the  fynagogue  or  public  fchool,  he  (hall 
be  deemed  a  facrilegous  perfon,  and  his  goods  (hall  be  brought 
intothe  public  trealury  ot  the  Romans.  And  I  g<ve  order, 
that  the  teftimonials  which  they  have  given  me,  on  account  of 
my  regard  to  that  piety  which  I  exercife  toward  all  mankind, 
and  out  of  rega'd  to  Caius  Marcus  Cenforinus,  together  with 
the  prefent  decree  he  propofrd  in  that  moft  eminent  place  which 
hath  been  canfecrated  to  me  by  the  community  of  Afia  at  An- 
cyra.  And  if  any  one  tranfgrefs  any  part  >f"  what  is  above 
decreed,  he  (hall  be  feverely  punfhed."  This  was  infcribed 
upon  a  pillar  in  the  temple  of  Caefar. 

3.  "  Caefar  to  Norbanus  Flacus,  fendeth  greeting  :  Let  thofe 
Je  vs,  how  many  foever  they  be,  who  have  !>een  ufed,  accor- 
ding to  their  ancient  cuftom,  to  fend  their  facred  money    to 
Jerufalemdo  the  fame  freely. "Thefe  were  thedecreesot  Caefar. 

4.  Agrippa  alfo  did  himfelf  write  after  the  manner  follow- 
ing,   on  behalf  oi  the  Jews:  "  Agrippa    to  the   magi  ftrates, 
fenate  and  people  ot  the  Ephefians,  fendeth  greeting  ;    I  >vill 
that  the  care  and  cuftody  of  the  facred  money  that  is  carried 
to  the  temple  at  Jenifalem  be  left  to  the  Jews  oi  Afia,  to  do 
with  it  according  to  their  ancient  cuftom  ;  and  that  fuch  as 
fteal  that  facred  money  of  the  Jews,  and   fly  to  a  fanctuary, 
fhall  be  taken  thence  and  delivered  to  the  Jews,  by  the   fame 
law  that  facrilegious  perfons  are  taken  thence.     I  have  alto 
written  to  Sylvanus  the  pretor,  that  no  one  compel  the  Jews 
to  come  before  a  judge  on  the  Sabbath-day.'' 

5.  "  Marcus  Agrippa,  to  the  magiftrates,  fenate,  and  peo- 
ple of  Cyrene,  fendeth  greeting  :  The  Jews  of  Cyrene  have 
interceded  with  me  for  the  performance  of  what  Auguftus 
fent  orders  about  to  Flavius    the  then  pretor  of  Libya,  and 
to  the  other  procurators  of  that  province,  that  the  facred  mon- 
ey may  be  fent  to  Jerufalem  freely,  as  hath  been  their  cuftom 
from  their  forefathers,  they  complaining  that  they  are  abuled 
by  certain  informers,  and  under  pretence  of  taxes  which  were 
not  due,  are  hindered  trom  (ending  them,  which  I  command 
to  be  reftored  without  any  diminution  or  difturhance  given  to 
them  :  And  it  any  ot  that  facred  money  in  the  cities  be  taken 
from  their  proper  receivers,  1  farther  enjoin,  that  the  fame  be 
exaftly  returned  to  the  Jews  in  that  place." 

6.  '   Caius  Norbanus  Flaccus  proconful,  to  the  magiftates 
of  the  Sardians,  fendeth  greeting  ;  Caefar  hath  written  tome, 
and  commanded  me  not  to  forbid   the  Jews,  how  many  foev- 
er they  be,  from  aflembling  together  according  to  the  cuftom. 
of  their  foreiathers    nor  trom  (ending  their  money   to  Jerufa- 
lem :  I  have  therefore  written  to  you,  that  you  may  know  that 
both  Caefar  and  I  would  have  you  act  accordingly." 

7.  Nor  did  Julius  Antonius  the  proconful  write  otherwife 
To  the  magiftrates,  fenate,  and  people  ot  the  Ephefians  fend*" 


2,54  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.        [Book  XVI. 

ethgreeting;  as  I  was  difpenfing  juftice  at  Ephefus,  on  the 
ides  of  February,  the  jews  that  dwell  in  Afia  demonftrated  to 
me,  that  Auguftus  and  Agrippa  had  permitted  them  to  ufe 
their  own  laws  and  cuftoms,  and  to  offer  thofe  their  firft  fruits 
which  every  one  of  them  freely  offers  to  the  Deity  on  account 
oi  piety  and  to  carry  them  in  a  company  together  to  Jerufa- 
lem  without  difturbance.  They  alfo  petitioned  me,  that  I  al- 
fo  would  confirm  what  had  been  granted  by  Auguftus  and  A- 
grippa  by  my  own  fanftion.  I  would  therefore  have  you 
take  notice,  that  according  to  the  will  ot  Auguftus  and  Agrip. 
pa  J  permit  them  to  uie  and  do  according  to  the  cuitoms  of 
their  forefathers  without  difturbance." 

8.  1  have  been  obliged  to  fet  down  thefe  decrees  becaufe  the 
prefent  hiftory  of  our  own  a6rs  will  go  generally  among  the 
Greeks  ;  and  I  have  hereby  demonftrated  to  them  that  we 
have  formerly  been  in  great  elteem,  and  havt  not  been  prohibited 
by  thofe  governors  we  were  under  from  keeping  any  of  the  laws 
oi  our  forefathers ;  nay,  that  we  have  been  lupported  by  them, 
while  we  tollowedourown  religion, and  the  worfhip  wepayed  to 
God:  And  1  frequently  make  mention  oi  thefe  decrees,  in  order 

toreconcile  other  peopletous,  and  to  take  away  the  caufes  of  that 
hatred  which  unreafonable  men  bear  to  us.  As  tor  our  *  cuf- 
toms, their  is  no  nation  which  always  makes  ufe  of  the  fame 
and  in  every  city  almoft  we  meet  with  them  different  irom 
one  another ;  but  natural  juftice  is  moft  agreeable  to  the  ad- 
vantage ot  all  men  equally,  boih  Greeks  and  Barbarians,  to 
which  our  laws  have  the  greateft  regard,  and  thereby  render 
us,  if  we  abide  in  them  after  a  pure  manner,  benevolent  and 
friendly  to  all  men  :  On  which  account  we  have  reafon  toex- 
pett  the  like  return  from  others,  and  to  inform  them  that  they 
ought  nottoefteem  difference  of  pofitive  institutions  a  fuffi- 
cient  caule  ot  alienation,  but  [join  with  us  in]  the  purfuit  ot 
virtue  and  probity,  tor  this  belongs  to  all  men  in  common, 
and  ot  itielt  alone  is  fufficient  for  the  prefervation  ot  humaa 
lite.  1  now  return  to  the  thread  of  my  hiftory. 

CHAP.    VII. 

How  upon  Herod's  going  down  into  David's  fepulchre,  thtf edi- 
tion in  his  Jaimly  greatly  increased. 

$  i.  A  S  for  Herod,  he  had  fpent  vaft  fums  about  the  cit- 
r\  ies,  both  without  and  within  his  own  kingdom  : 
And  as  he  had  before  heard  that  Hyrcanus,  who  had  been  king 
before  him,  had  opened  David's  fepuchre,  and  taken  out  of  it 
three  thoufand  talents  of  filver,  and  that  there  was  much  great- 


*  The  rem 

natural  jui 


maining  part  of  this  chapter  is  a  remarkable  one,  as  juRly  diftiriguifliing 
.ice,  religion,  and  moraiity,  from  pofilive  inftitiuions  m  all  countries! 


Chap.   VI.]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  2^ 

er  a  number  left  behind,  and  indeed  enough  to  fuffice  all  his 
wants,  he  had  a  great  while  an  intention  to  make  the  attempt ; 
and  at  this  time  he  opened  that  fepulchre  by    night  and  went 
into  it,  and  endeavoured  that  it  mould  not  be  at  all  known  in 
the  city,  but  took  only  his  molt  faithful  friends  with  him.    As 
for  any  money,  he  found  none,  as  Hyrcanus  had  done,  but 
that  furniture  of  gold,  and  thoie  precious  goods  that  were  laid 
up  there,  all  which  betook  away.     However,  he  had  a  great 
defire  to  make  a  more  diligent  fearch,  and  to  go  farther  in,  e- 
ven  as  far  as  the  very  bodies  of  David  and  Solomon  ;  where 
two  of  his  guards  were  ilain,  by  a  flame  that  burft  out  upon 
thofe  that  went  in,  as  the  report  was.     So  he  was  terribly  af- 
frighted, and  went  out,  and  built  a  propitiatory  monument  of 
that  fright  he  had  been  in,  and  this  of  white  (tone  at  the  mouth 
of  the  fepulchre.,  and  that  at  great  expence   alfo.     And   even 
*  Nicolaus  his  hiftoriographer  makes  mention  of  this   monu- 
ment built  by  Herod,  though  he  does  not  mention  his  going 
down  into  the  fepulchre,  as  knowing  that  aclion  to  be  of   ill 
repute  ;  and  many  other  things  he  treats  ot  in  the  fame  man- 
ner in  his  book  ;  for  he  wrote  in  Herod's  lifetime,  and  under 
his  reign,  and  fo  as  to  pleafe  him,  and  as  a  fervant  to  him, 
touching  upon  nothing  but  what  tended  to  his  glory,  and  o- 
penly  excufmg  many  of  his  notorious  crimes,  and  very  dili- 
gently concealing  them.     And  as  he  wasdefirous  to  put  hand- 
iome  colours  on  the  death  of  Mariamne,  and  her  fons,  which 
•were  barbarous  aftions  in  the  king,  he  tells  falfehood-s  about 
the  incontinence  of  Mariamne,  and  the  treacherous  defigns  ot 
his  fons  upon  him  ;  and  thus  he  proceeded  in  his  whole  work, 
making  a  pompous  encomium  upon   what  juft  aftions  he  had 
done,  but  earneftly  apologizing  for  his  unjuft  ones.     Indeed 
a  man,  as  I  faid,  may  have  a  great  deal  to  fay  by  way  of  ex- 
cufe  for  Nicolaus  ;  for  he  did  not  fo  properly  write  this  as  an 
hiftory  for  others,  as  fomewhat  that  might  be  fubfervient  to 
the  king  himfelf.     As  for  ourfelves,  who  come  ot  a  family 
nearly  relied  to  the  Afmonean  kings,  and  on  that  account  have 
an  honourable  place,  which  is  the  priefthood,  we  think  it  in-1 
decent  to  fay  any  thing  that  is  falfe  about  them,  and  accord- 
ingly we  have  defcribed  their  aftions  after  an  unblemifhed  and 
upright  manner.     And  although  we  reverence  many  of  Her- 

and  evidently  preferring  the  former  before  the  latter,  as  did  the  true  prophets  of 
God  always  under  the  Old  Teftament,  and  Chrifl  and  his  Apoftles  always  under 
the  Xe\v  ;  whence  om  leems  to  have  be;n  at  this  time  nearer  Chriu 

than  were  the  Scribes  and  Pharifces  of  his  age,  who,  as  we  know  from  the  New 
Teftament,  were  entirely  of  a  different  opinion  and  pra&ice. 

*  It  is  here  worth  cr.:r  obfervation,  how  careful  Jof- phus  vasas  to  the  difcovery 
»f  truth  in  Herod's  hiftory,  fince  we  would  mitCol.ow  Nicolaus  of  Damalcus  him- 
felf, fo  great  an  hiftorian,  where  there  was  great  reafon  to  fufpeft  that  he  flattered 
Herod  ;  which  impartiality  in  hiftory  Jofephus  here  loiemnly  profefTes,  and  of 
which  impartiality  he  has  given  more  demouttrations  than  almoft  any  hiftorian 
vvhomfoever  :  Butasio  Herod's  taking  tfreat  wealth  out  of  David's  fepulchre,  the'  I 
wnnot  prove  it,  yet  do  I  ftrongiy  fulp«tl  it  from  ihis  v«ry  biliary. 


556  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.         [Book  XVI. 

od's  pofterity,  who  ftill  reign,  yet  do  w  pay  a  greater  re- 
gar:;  to  truth  lhan  to  them,  and  this  though  it  fometimes  hap- 
pens that  we  incur  their  difpleafure  by  fo  doing. 

2.  And  indeed  Herod's  troubles  in  his  family  feemed  to  be 
augmented,  by  reafon  ot  this  attempi  he  made  upon  David's 
fepulchre,  whether  divine  vengeance  increafed  the  calamities 
he  lay  under,  in  order  to  render  them  incurable,  or  whether 
fortune  made  an  afTault  upon  him,  in  thole  cafes,  wherein  the 
feafonablenefs  of  the  cauie  made  it  ftrongly  believed  that  the 
calami) ies  came  upon  him  for  his  impiety,  for  the  tumult  was 
like  a  civil  war  in  his  palace,  and  their  hatred  towards  one  a- 
nother  was  like  that  where  each  one  ftrove  to  exceed  another 
in  calumnies.     However,  Antipater  ufed  ftratagetns  perpetu- 
ally againft  his  brethren,  and  that  very  cunningly  :  While  a- 
broad  he  loaded  them  with  accufations.  but  ftill  took  upon 
him  frequently  to  apologize  for  them,  that  this  apparent  be- 
nevolence to  them  rright  make  him  be  believed,  and   forward 
his  attempts  againft  them,  by  which  means  he,  after  various 
manners   circumvented  his  father,  who  believed  that  all  he  did 
was  for  his  prefervation.    Herod  alfo  recommended  Ptolemy, 
who  was  a  great  direftor  ot  the  affairs  of  his  kingdom  to  An- 
tipater  ;  and  confulted  with  his  mother  about  the  public  affairs 
alfo.  And  indeed  thefe  were  all  in  all  and  did  what  they  pleaf- 
ed,  and  made  the  king  angry  againft  any  other  perfons,  as  they 
thought  it  might  be  to  their  own  advantage  :  But  ftill  the  fons 
of  Manamne  were  in  a  worfe  and  worfe  condition  perpetual- 
ly  arid  while  they  were  thraft  out,  and  fet  in  a   more  difhon- 
ourable  rank,  who  yet  by   birth,   were  the  moft  noble,  they 

'  could  not  bear  the  difhonour.  And  for  the  women,  Glaphy- 
ra,  Alexander's  wi^e,  the  daughter  of  Archelaus,  hated  Salo- 
me, both  becaufe  of  her  love  to  her  hufband,  and  becaufe  Gla- 
phyra  feemed  to  behave  herfelf  fomewhat  infolently  towards 
Salome's  daughter,  who  was  the  wife  of  Afiftobulus,  which 
equality  of  hers  to  herfelf  Glaphyra  took  very  impatiently. 

3.  Now,  bcfides  this  feuond  contention  that  had   fallen  a- 
mong  them,  neither  did  the  king's  brother  Pheroras  keep  him- 
iieii  out  of  trouble,  but  had  a  particular  foundation  for  fufpi- 
cion  and  hatred  ;  for  he  was  overcome  with  the  charms  of  his 
wile,  to  fuch  a  degree  of  madnefs   that  he  defpifed  the  king's 
daughter,  to  whom  he  had  been  betroathed,  and  wholly  bent 
his  mind  to  the  other,  who  had  been  but  a  fervant.     Herod 
alfo  was  grieved  by  the  difhonour  that  was  done  him,  becaufe 
he  had  bellowed  many  favours  upon  him,  and  had  advanced 
him  to  that  height  of  power  that  he  was  almoil  a  partner  with 
him  in  the  kingdom,  and  faw  that  he  had  not  made  him  a  due 
return  tor  his  favours,  and  efteemed  himfelt  unhappy  on  that 
account.     So  upon  Pheroras's  unworthy  refufal,  he  gave  the 
damfel  to  Phafaelus's  fon  ;  but  after  fome  time,  when  he  tho't 
the  heat  of  his  brother's  affeftions  was  over,  he  blamed  him  for 
his  former  conduct,  and  defired  him  to  take  his  lecond  daugh- 


Chap.   VII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  2,5) 

ter,  whofe  name  was  Cypros.  Ptolemy  alfo  advifed  him  to 
leave  off  affronting  his  brother,  and  to  forfake  her  whom  he 
had  loved,  tor  that  it  was  a  bafe  thing  to  be  fo  enamoured  o£ 
a  fervant,  as  to  deprive  himfelf  ot  the  king's  good  will  to  him, 
and  become  an  occafion  of  his  trouble,  and  make  himfelt 
hated  by  him.  Pheroras  knew  that  this  advice  would  be  for 
his  own  advantage,  particularly  becaufe  he  had  been  accufed 
before,  and  forgiven  ;  fo  he  put  his  wife  away  although  he 
already  had  a  {'on  by  her,  and  engaged  to  the  king,  that  he 
would  take  his  fecond  daughter,  and  agreed  that  the  thirtieth 
day  after  mould  be  the  day  of  marriage  ;  and  fware  he  would 
have  no  farther  converfation  with  her  whom  he  had  put  away  ; 
but  when  the  thirty  days  were  over,  he  was  fuch  a  flave  to 
his  affections,  that  he  no  longer  performed  any  thing  he  had 
promifed,  but  continued  ftill  with  his  former  wife.  This  oo 
cafioned  Merod  to  grieve  openly,  and  made  him  angry,  while 
the  king  dropped  one  word  or  other  againft  Pheroras  perpetu- 
ally ;  and  many  made  the  king's  anger  an  opportunity  for 
raifing  calumnies  againft  him.  Nor  had  the  king  any  longer 
a  fingle  quiet  day  or  hour,  but  occafions  of  one  ire(h  quarrel 
or  another  arofe  among  his  relations,  and  thole  that  were  dear- 
eft  to  him  ;  for  Salome  was  ot  an  harm  temper,  and  ill-natured 
to  Mariamne's  fons  ;  nor  would  (he  fufier  her  own  daughter, 
who  was  the  wife  of  Ariftobulus,  one  ot  thofe  young  men  ta 
bear  a  good  will  to  her  hufband,  but  perfuaded  her  to  tell  her> 
it  he  (aid  any  thing  to  her  in  private,  and  when  any  mifun- 
derftandings  happened,  as  is  common,  (he  raifed  a  great  ma- 
ny fufpicions  outof  it  :  By  which  means  (he  learned  all  their 
concerns,  and  made  the  damfel  ill-natured  to  the  young  man* 
Andinorderto  gratity  her  mother,  fhe  often  aid,  that  the 
young  men  ufed  to  mention  Mariamne  when  they  were  by 
themfrives  ;  and  that  they  hated  their  father,  and  were  contin- 
ually threatening,  that  if  they  had  once  got  the  kingdom,  they 
would  make  Herod's  fons  by  his  other  wives  country  fchool- 
mailers,  for  that  the  prefent  education  which  was  given  them, 
and  their  diligence  in  learning,  fitted  them  tor  fuch  an  em- 
ployment. And  as  for  the  women,  whenever  they  faw  them 
adorned  with  their  mother's  clothes,  they  threatened,  that  in- 
flcad  ot  their  prefent  gaudy  apparel,  they  (hould  be  clothed 
in  fackeloth,  and  confined  fo  clofely  that  they  Ihould  not  fea 
the  light  of  the  fun.  Thefe  {lories  were  preiently  carried  by 
Salome  to  the  king,  who  was  troubled  to  hear  them,  and  en- 
deavoured to  make  up  matters  :  But  thefe  fulpicions  affli&ed 
him,  and  becoming  more  and  more  uneafy,  he  believed  every- 
body againft  every  body.  However,  upon  his  rebuking  hfs- 
fons,  and  hearing  the  defence  they  made  for  themfelves,  he 
was  eafier  for  a  while,  though  a  little  afterwards  much.worfe 
accidents  came  upon  him. 

4.  For  Pheroras  came  to  Alexander,  thehufband  of  Glaphy- 
ra,  who  was  the  daughter  ot  Archelaus,  as  we  haVe  already 

VOL,  II.  Ii 


*5&  ANTfOUITISS  OP    THE   JEWS.       [Book  XV!,, 

told  you,  arid  faid,  that  he  had  heard  from  Salome,  'hat  Herod- 
was  enamoured  on  Glaphyra.  and  that  his  r^ffion  fi;r  her  was 
incurable.  When  Alexander  heard  that,  he  was  all  on  fire, 
from  his  youth  and  jealonfv  ;  --ind  he  interpreted  the  inflances- 
of  Herod's  obliging  behaviour  to  her,  which  were  very  fre- 
quent, for  the  worfe,  which  came  from  thofe  fufpicions  he 
had  on  account  of:  that  word  which  fell  from  Pheroras  ;  nor 
eould  he  conceal  his  grief  at  the  thing,  but  informed  him 
what  words  Pheroras  had  faid.  Upon  which  Herod  was  in  a 
greater  diforder  than  ever ;  and  not  hearing  fuch  a  falfe  calum- 
ny, which  was  to  his  fhame,  was  much  difturbed  at  it:  And! 
often  did  he  lament  the  wickednefs  of  his  domeftics,  and  how 
good  he  had  been  to  them,  and  how  ill  requitals  they  had 
made  him.  5>o  he  fent  for  Pheroras,  and  reproached  him, 
and  faid..  "  Thou  vileft  of  all  men  !  art  thou  come  to  that  un- 
meafurable  and  extravagant  degree  of  ingratitude,  as  not  only 
to  fuppofe  fuch  things  of  me,  but  to  fpeak  of  them  ?  I  now 
indeed  perceive  what  thy  intentions  are  :  It  is  not  thy  only 
aim  to  reproach  me,  when  thou  ufeft  fuch  words  to  my  fonr 
but  thereby  to  perfuade  him  to  plot  againft  me,  and  get  me 
deftroyed  by  poifon.  And  who  is  therer  if  he  had  not  a  good! 
'genius  at  his  elbow,  as  hath  my  fon,  but  would  not  bear  fuch 
a  fufpicion  of  his  father,  but  would  revenge  himfeH  upon  him  ? 
Doftthou  fuppofe  that  thou  haft  only  dropped  a  word  for  him: 
to  think  of,  and  not  rather  haft  put  a  fword  into  his  hand  to 
flay  his  father  ?  And  what  doft  thou  mean,  when  thou  really 
hateft  both  him  and  his  brother,  to  pretend  kindnefs  to  them, 
only  in  order  to  raife  a  reproach  againft  me,  and  talk  of  fuch 
ihings  as  no  one  but  fuch  an  impious  wretch  as  thou  art  could 
either  devife  in  their  mind,  or  declare  in  their  words.  Be 
gone,  thou  art  fuch  a  plague  to  thy  benefactor,  and  thy  broth- 
er, and  may  that  evil  conscience  of  thine  go  along  with  thee  • 
while  I  ftill  overcome  my  relations  by  kindnefs,  and  am  f>-  far 
from  avenging  myfelf  of  them,  as  they  deferve,  that  I  beftow 
greater  benefits  upon  them  than  they  are  worthy  of." 

5.  Thus  did  the  king  fpeak.  Whereupon  Pheroras,  who 
was  caught  in  the  very  aft  of  his  villany,  faid.  That  "  it  was 
Salome  who  was  the  framer  of  this  plot,  and  that  the  words 
came  from  her."  But  as  foon  as  fhe  heard  that,  for  fhe  was  at 
hand,  fhe  cried  out,  like  one  that  would  be  believed,  that  no 
iuch  thing  ever  came  out  of  her  mouth:  That  they  all  car- 
neftly  endeavoured  to  make  the  king  hate  her,  and  to  make 
her  away,  becaufe  of  the  good  will  fne  bore  to  Herod,  and 
becaufe  Jhe  was  always  forefeeing  the  dangers  that  were  com- 
ing upon  him,  and  that  at  prefent  there  were  more  plots  againft 
him  than  ufual  ;  for  while  fhe  was  the  only  perfon  who  per- 
fuaded  her  brother  to  put  away  the  wife  he  now  had,  and  to 
take  the  king's  daughter,  it  was  no  wonder  if  (he  were  hated 
By  him.  As  (he  faid  this,  and  often  tore  her  hair,  and  ottert 
beat  her  breait,  her  countenance  made  her  denial  to  be  be* 


Chap.  VII.]     ANTIQUITIES    OP    THE   JEWS.  25$ 

Keved,  but  the  perverfenefs  of  her  manners  declared  at  the 
fame  time  her  diffimulation  in  thefe  proceedings  :  But  Phe- 
roras  was  caught  between  them,  and  had  nothing  plaufible  to 
offer  in  his  own  defence,  while  he  conlefTed  th.it  he  had  faid 
•what  was  charged  upon  him,  but  was  not  believed  when  he 
faid  he  had  heard  it  from  Salome  :  So  the  confufion  among 
them  was  increafed,  and  their  quarrelfome  words  one  to 
another.  At  laft  the  king,  out  of  his  hatred  to  his  brother 
and  fifter,  fent  tnem  both  away  ;  and  when  he  had  commend- 
ed the  moderation  of  his  fan.  and  (hat  he  had  himfelf  told  him 
of  the  report,  he  went  in  the  evening  to  retreih  himfelf.  .'  f- 
ter  fuel]  a  conceit  as  this  had  fallen  out  among  them,  Salome'* 
reputation  fuffered  greatly  fince  (he  was  fuppofed  to  have  firft 
railed  the  calumny  ;  and  the  king's  wives  were  grieved  at  her, 
as  knowing  fhe  was  a  very  ill  naturcd  woman,  and  would 
lometimes  be  a  friend,  and  (ornetimes  an  enemy  at  different 
feafons  :  So  they  perpetually  faid  one  thing  or  another  againft 
her,  and  fomewhat  that  now  fell  out  made  them  the  bolder  in 
fpeaking  againft  her. 

6.  There  was  one  Obodus,   king  of  Arabia,  an  inaftive  and 
flothful  man  in  his  nature  ;  but  Sylleus  managed   moft  ot    his 
Affairs  to  him.     He  was  a  fhrewd  man,   although  he  were   but 
youiig    and  was handfome  withal.     This  Sylleus,  upon  fome 
OCcafion  coming  to  Herod,  ana  Tupping  with  him,  faw  Salome, 
and  fet  his  heart  upon  her  ;  and  understanding  that  (he  was  a 
widow    he  difcourfed  witii  her.     Now  becaule  Salome  was  at 
this  time  lefs  in   favour  with  her  brother,   fhe  looked  upon 
Sylieus  witn  fome  paifi  ;n,  and  was  very  earneit  to  be  marri- 
ed to  him  ;  and  on  tne  days  following  there   appeared   many, 
and  thofe  very  great  indications  ot   their  agreement  together. 
Now  the  women  carried  this  news  to  the  king,  and  laughed  at 
the  indecency   ot  it ;   whereupon   Herod  enquired   about   it 
iarther  of  Plieroras,  and  deli  red  him  to  obferve  them  at  fup- 
per,  how  their  behaviour  was  one  toward  another  ;    who   told 
him,  that  oy  the  figiuls  which  came  from  their  heads  and  their 
eyes,  they  both  were  evidently  in   love.     After  this    Sylleus 
the  Arabian  being  fulpeoted,  went  away,  but  came  again  two 
or   three  months  afterwards,  as  it  were  on   that  very    dcfign, 
and  ipake  to  Herod  about  it,  and  defied   that    Salome   might 
be  given  him  to  wife,  for  that  his  affinity  might  not  be  difad- 
vamageous  to  his  affairs,  by  an  union  with  Arabia,  the   gov- 
ernment ot   which  country  was  already  in  efTeft  under   his 
power,  and  more  evidently  would  he  his  hereafter.     Accor- 
dingly when  Herod  difcourfed  with  his  fifter  about  it,  and 
afked  her,  whether  fhe  were  difpofed  to  this  match  ?  She  im- 
mediately agreed  to  it.  But  when  Sy  ileus  was  defired  to  come 
over  to  the    jewifh  religion,  and  then  he  -fliould  marry    her, 
and  that  it  was  impofhble  to  do  it  on  any  orher  terms  he  would 
not  bear  that  propofal,  and  went  his  way  ;  for  he  faid    tint  it 
he  flaould  do  lo,  he  (hould  be  Honed  by  the  Arabs.     Then  did 


ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.        [Book  XVI. 

Phero^as  reproach  Salome  for  her  incontinency,  as  did  the 
•women  much  more;  and  faid,  that Sylleus had  debauched  her. 
As  for  that  damfel,  which  the  king  had  betrothed  to  his  bro»- 
ther  Pheroras,  but  he  had  not  taken  her,  as  I  have  before  re- 
lated, becaufehe  was  enamoured  on  his  former  wife,  Salome 
defired  of  Herod  (he  might  be  given  to  her  fon  by  Coflob  i  us  ; 
which  match  he  was  very  willing  to,  but  was  difluaded  trotrT 
it  by  Pheroras,  who  pleaded,  that  this  young  man  would  not 
be  kind  to  her,  fince  nis  father  had  been  flain  by  him,  and 
that  it  was  more  juft  that  his  fon,  who  was  to  be  his  fucccffor 
in  the  tetrarchy,  fhould  have  her  :  So  he  begged  his  pardon, 
and  perfuaded  him  to  do  fo.  Accordingly  the  damfel,  upon 
this  change  of  her  efpoufals,  was  difpoled  of  to  this  young 
man,  the  fon  of  Pheroras,  the  king  giving  for  her  portion  3H 
hundred  talents. 


CHAP.    VIII. 

How  Herod  took  up  Alexander,  and  bound  him  ;  whom  yet 
Archelaus,  King  of  Cappadocia,  reconciled  to  his  father 
Herod  again. 

§  I.  "D  UT  Hill  the  affairs  of  Herod's  family  were  no  better, 
JC)  but  perpetually  more  troublefome.  Now  this  acci» 
dent  happened,  which  arofe  Irom  no  decent  occafion,  but  pro- 
ceeded fo  far  as  to  bring  great  difficulties  upon  him.  There 
was  certain  eunuchs  which  the  king  had,  and  on  account  ©t 
their  beauty  was  very  fond  of  them  ;  and  the  care  of  bringing 
him  drink  was  entrufted  to  one  of  them,  of  bringing  his  iup- 
per  to  another,  and  of  putting  him  to  bed  to  the  third,  who 
alfo  managed  the  principal  affairs  of  the  government  :  And 
there  was  one  told  the  king  that  thefe  eunuchs  were  corrupt- 
ed by  Alexander  the  king's  Ton,  with  great  fums  of  money  : 
And  when  they  were  afked,  whether  Alexander  had  had  crim- 
inal converfation  with  them  ?  They  confeffed  it,  but  /aid  they 
Jknew  of  no  farther  mifchief  of  his  againlt  his  father  ;  but 
•when  they  were  more  feverely  tortured,  and  were  in  the  urmoil 
extremity,  and  the  tormentors,  out  of  compliance  with  An- 
tipater,  ftretched  the  rack  to  the  very  utmoll,  they  faid,  that 
Alexander  baregreat  ill-will  and  innate  hatred  to  his  father;  and 
that  he  told  them,  that  Herod  defpaired  to  live  much  longer  ; 
and  that  in  order  to  cover  his  great  age.  he  coloured  his  hair 
black,  and  endeavoured  to  conceal  what  would  difcover  how 
old  he  was  ;  but  that  if  he  would  apply  himfelf  to  him,  when 
he  fhould  attain  the  kingdom,  which,  in  fpite  of  his  father, 
could  come  to  no  one  eHe,  he  fhould  quickly  have  the  firft 
place  in  that  kingdom  under  him,  for  that  he  was  now  ready 
to  take  the  kingdom,  not  only  as  his  birth-right,  but  by  the 
preparations  he  had  made  for  obtaining  it,  becaufe  a  great  raa- 


Chap.   VIII.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  a$i 

ny  of  the  rulers,  and  a  great  many  of  his  friends,  were  of  his 
fide,  and  thofe  no  ill  men  neither,  ready  both  to  do  and  to  ful- 
ler whatfoever  fliould  come  on  that  account. 

2.  When  Herod   heard  this  confeffion,  he  was  all  over  an- 
ger and  tear,  fome  parts  feeming  to  him  reproachful,  and  fome 
made  him  fufpicious  of  dangers  that  attended  him,  infomuch, 
that  on  both  accounts  he  was  provoked,  and  bitterly   afraid 
left  fome  more  heavy  plot  was  laid  againft  him  than  heftiouid 
be  then  able  to  efcape  trom  ;  whereupon  he  did  not  now  make 
an  open  fearch.  but  lent  about  fpies  to  watch  fuch  as  he  fuf.. 
pelted,  for  he  was  now  over-run  with  fuipicion  and  hatred  a* 
gainft  all  about  him  ;  and  indulging  abundance  ot  thofe  fuf. 
picions,  in  order  to  bis  preservation,  he  continued  to  fufpecl 
thofe  that  were  guiltlels  ;  Nor  did  he  fet  any  bounds  to  him- 
felf .  but  fuppofing  that  thofe  who  ftaid  with  him  had  the  moft 
power  to  hurt  him,  they  were  to  him  very  frightful ;  and  tor 
thofe  that  did  not  ufe  to  come  to  him,  it  feemed  enough  to 
name  them  |  to  make  them  fufpefted.j  and  he  thought  himfelf 
iatcr  when  they  were  deftroyed  :   And  at  laft  his   domeftics 
were  come  to  that  pa!s,  that  being  no  way  fecure  of  efcaping 
themfelves,  they  tell  to  accufing  one  another,  and  imagining 
that  he  who  firft  accufed  another  was  moft  likely  to  lave  him- 
felf ;  yet,  when  any  had  overthrown  others  tney  were  hated, 
and  they  were  thought  to  luffer  juftly,  who  unjuftly   accufed 
others,  and  they  only  thereby  prevented  their  own  accufa- 
tion  ;  nay,  they  now  executed  their  own  private  enmities  by  this 
means,  and  when  they  were   caught,  they  were  punifhed  in 
the  fame  way.     Thus  thefe  men  contrived  to  make  ufeot  this 
opportunity  as  an  inftrument  arid  a  fnare  againft  their  enesnies, 
yet  when  they  tried  it,  were   themfelves  caught  alfo  in   the 
fame  fnare  which  they  laid  for  others  :  And  the  king  foon  re- 
pented ot  what  he  had  done,  becaufe  he  had  no  clear  evidence 
of  the  guilt  oi  thofe   whom  he  had  flain  ;  and  yet  what  was 
ftill  more  fevere  in  him,  he  did  not  make  ufe  ot  his  repent- 
ance, in  order  to  leave  off  doing  the  like  again,  but  in  order 
to  inflift  the  fame  punilament  upon  their  accufers. 

3.  And  in  this  ftate  ot  diforder  were  the  affairs  of  the  palace  : 
And  he  had  already  told  many  ot  his  friends  direfcily,  that  they 
ought  not  to  appear  before  him,  nor  to  come  into  the  palace  ; 
and  the  reafon  ot  this  injunction  was,  that  [when  they  were 
there]  he  had  lefs  freedom  of  a&ing.  or  a  greater  reftramt  on 
himfell  on  their  account  :  For  at  this  time  it  was  that  he  ex- 
pelled Andromachus  and  Gemellus,men  who  had  of  old  been 
his  friends, *and  been  very  ufcful  to  him  in  the  affairs  of  his 
kingdom,  and  been  of  advantage  to  his  family,  by  their  am- 
baffages  and  counfels  ;  and  had  been  tutors  to  his  Ions,  and 
had  in  a  manner  the  firft  degree  of  freedom  with  him.      He 
expelled  Andromachus,    becaufe  his  fon   Demetrius    was  a 
companion  to  Alexander  ;  and  Gemellus,  becaule  he  knew 
that  he  wifhed  him  well,  which  arofe  from  his  having  been 


*6*  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.      [Book.  XV I, 

with  him  in  his  youth,  when  he  was  at  fchool,  and  abfent  at 
.Rome.  Thefe  he  expelled  out  of  his  palace,  and  w^s  willing 
enough  to  have  done  worfe  by  them  ;  but  that  he  might  not 
feem  to  take  fuch  liberty  againft  men  of  io  great  reputation, 
he  contented  himlelf  with  depriving  them  ot  their  dignity, 
and  ot  their  power  to  hinder  his  wicked  proceedings. 

4.  Now  it  was  Antipater,  who  was  the  caufe  ot  all  this  ; 
who  when  he  knew  whdt  a  mad  and  licentious  way  ot  afchng 
his  father  was  in,  and  had  been  a  great  while  one  of  his  coun- 
fellors,  he  hurried  him  on,  and  then  thought  he  (hould  bring 
him  to  do  fomewhat  to  purpofe,  when  every  one  that  could 
oppofe  him  was  taken  away.  When  therefore  Andromachus 
and  his  friend*  were  driven  away,  and  had  no  diicourfe  nor 
ireedom  with  the  king  any  longer,  the  king,  m  the  firit  place, 
examined  by  torture  all  whom  he  thought  to  be  faithful  to  Al- 
exander, whether  they  knew  ot  any  of  his  attempts  again  it. 
him  ;  but  thefe  died  without  having  any  thing  to  lay  u  aiat 
matter  which  made  the  king  more  zealous  ("after  diu  .vents,] 
when  he  rould  not  find  out  what  evil  proceedings  ae  nif^ect- 
ed  them  of.  As  for  Antipater,  he  was  very  lagaaous  iu  raite 
a  calumny  againft  thofe  that  were  really  innocent,  <>&  it  their 
denial  was  only  their  conftancy  and  fidelity  [to  AlexanaerJ 
and  thereupon  provoked  Herod  to  diicover  by  the  torture  ot 
great  numbers,  what  attempts  were  Uiil  concealed.  Now  there 
was  a  certain  perfon  among  the  many  that  were  tortured,  who 
faid  that  he  knew  that  the  young  man  had  often  laid,  that 
•when  he  was  commended  as  a  tall  man  in  his  body,  and  a 
fkilful  markfman,  and  that  in  his  commendable  ex^rcifes  he 
exceeded  all  men,  th'-fe  quahfications  given  him  by  nature, 
though  good  in  th.:infelves,  wtre  not  advantageous  to  mm, 
becaufe  his  father  was  grieved  at  them,  and  envied  him  tor 
them  ;  and  that  when  he  walked  along  with  his  father,  he  en- 
deavoured to  deprefs  and  fhorten  hitnfelf,  that  he  might  not 
appear  too  tall  ;  and  that  wiien  he  (hot  any  thing  as  lie  was 
hunting,  when  Ins  father  was  by,  he  miffed  ins  mark  on  pur- 
pofe, tor  he  knew  how  ambitious  his  father  was  ot  being  fu- 
perior  in  iuch  exeicifes.  80  when  the  man  was  tormented  a- 
bout  this  faying,  and  had  cafe  given  his  body  after  it,  he  ad- 
ded, that  he  had  his  brother  Ariitobulus  for  his  afliltance,  and 
contrived  to  lie  in  w^it  for  their  father  as  they  were  nun- ing, 
and  kill  him  ;  and  when  they  had  done  Io,  to  fly  to  Rome, 
and  defire  to  have  the  kingdom  given  them  There  were  alio 
letters  of  the  young  man  found,  written  to  his  brother,  where- 
in he  complained,  that  his  father  did  not  act  juitiy  in  givi  g 
Antipater  a  country,  whofe  [yearly]  revenues  amounixu  io 
two  hundred  talents.  Upon  tbete  conteflions  Herod  pre:.  nt- 
ly  thought  he  had  fomewhat  to  depend  on,  in  his  ownopi  iion 
as  to  his  fufpicion  about  his  fons  :  So  he  took  up  Alexander 
and  bound  him  :  Yet  did  he  ftill  continue  to  be  uneaiy,  an-d 
was  not  quite  fatisned  oi  the  truth  of  vvhat  he  had  heard  ;  and. 


Chap.   VIII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THS    JEWS. 

when  he  came  to'  recolleft  himfelf,  he  found  that  they 
had  only  made  juvenile  complaints  and  that  it  was  an  incred- 
ible thing,  that  when  his  fon  fhould  have  flain  him  he  (hould 
openly  go  to  Rome  [to  beg  the  kingdom  ]  fo  he  was  defirous 
to  have  fome  furermark  of  his  fon'swickednefs.and  was  very 
foliritous  about  it,  that  he  might  not  appear  to  have  condemn- 
ed him  to  be  put  in  prifon  too  ralhly  :  So  he  tortured  the  prin- 
cipal of  Alexander's  friends,  and  put  not  a  few  of  them  to 
death,  without  getting  any  of  the  things  out  of  them  which 
he  fufpefted.  And  while  Herod  was  very  bufy  about  this 
matter,  and  the  palace  was  full  >f  terror  and  trouble,  one  of 
the  younger  fort,  when  he  was  in  the  utmofl  agony,  confefT- 
ed  that  Alexander  had  fent  to  his  friends  at  Rome,  and  defir- 
ed  that  he  might  be  quickly  invited  thither  by  Czefar,  and 
that  he  could  difcover  a  plot  againft  him,  that  Mithridates  the 
king  of  Parthia,  was  joined  in  friendihip  with  his  father  a- 
gainfl  the  Romans,  and  that  he  had  a  polfonous  potion  rea»!y 
prepared  at  Afkelon. 

5.  To  thefe  accufations  Herod  gave   credit,  and  enjoyed 
hereby,  in  his  miferable  cafe  fome  fort  of  confolation,  in  ex- 
cufe  of  his  rafhnefs,  as  flattering  himfelf  with   finding  things 
in  fo  bad  a  condition  :  But  as  tor  the  poifonous  potion,  which 
he  laboured  to  find,  he  could  find  none.      As  for  Alexander, 
fee  was  very  defirous  to  aggravate  the  vaft  misfortunes  he  was 
under,  fo  he  pretended  not  to  deny   the  accufations,  but  pun- 
ifh  the  rafhnefs  of  his  father  with  a'greater  crime  of  his  own  j 
and  perhaps  he  was  willine  to  make  his  father  afhamed  ot  his 
eafy  belief  of  fuch  calamities  :    He  aimed  efpecially    if  he 
could  gain  belief  to  his  flory   to  plrigue  him,  and  his  whole 
kingdom  ;  for  he  wrote  four  letters  and  fent  them  to  him,  that 
"  he  did  not  need  to  torture  any  more  perfons,  for  he  had 
plotted  againft  him  ;  and  that  he  had  for  his  partners  Pheroras, 
and  the  moft  faithful  o!  his  friends  :  And  that  Salome  came  in 
to  him  by  night,  and  that  (he  lay  with  him  whether  he  would 
or  no  ;  and  that  all  men  were  come  to  be  of  one  mind,  to  make 
away  with  him  as  foon  as  they  could,  and  fo  get  clear  of  the 
continual  fear  they  were  in  from  him."      Among  thefe  were 
accufed  Ptolemy,  and  Sapinnius,  who  were  the  moft  faithful 
friends  to  the  king.      And  what  more  can  he  faid,  but  that 
thofe  who  betore  were  the  molt  intimate  friends  were  become 
wild  beafts  to  one  another,  as  it  a  certain  ma-^nefs  had  fallen 
upon  them,  while  there  was  no  room  for  defence  or  refuta- 
tion, in  order  to  the  difcovery   of  the  truth,  but  all  were  at 
random  doomed  to  deitrucfion  ;  fo  that  fome  lamented  thofe 
that  were  in  prifon,  fome  thofe  that  were  put  to  death,  and 
others  lamented  that  they  were  in  the  expectation  of  the  fame 
rniferies  ;  and  a  melancholy  lolitude  rendered  the  kingdom 
deformed    and  quite  the  reverfe  to  that  happy  itate  it  was  for- 
merly in.^    Herod's  own  life  alfo  was  entirely  di [tut bed  ;  and 
tecaufe  he  could  trull  no  body,  he  was  foicly  puniihcd  by 


264  ANTIQUITIES    O?    THE    JEXVS;        [BookXVl, 

the  expectation  of  farther  mifery,  for  he  often  fancied  in  hia 
imagination,  that  his  fort  had  fallen  upon  him,  or  flood  by 
him  with  a  fword  in  his  hand  ;  and  thus  was  his  mind  night 
and  day  intent  upon  this  thing,  and  revolved  it  over  and  over, 
no  otherwife  than  if  he  were  under  a  diftrattion.  And  this 
was  the  fad  condition  Herod  was  now  in. 

6.  But  when  Archelaus,  king  of  Cappadocia,  heard  of  the 
ftate  that  Herod  was  in,  and  being  in  great  diftrefs  about  his 
daughter,  and  the  young  man  [her  bufbaudj,  and  grieving 
with  Herod,  as  with  a  man  that  was  his  friend,  on  account  of 
fo  great  a  difturbance  as  he  was  under  he  came  [to  Jerufa- 
lemj  on  purpofe  to  compofe  their  differences  ;  and  when  he 
found  Herod  in  such  a  temper,  he  thought  it  wholly  unfea.'on- 
able  to  reprove  him,  or  to  pretend  that  he  had  done  any  thing 
rafhly  for  that  he  mould  thereby  naturally  bring  him  to  dit- 
pute  the  point  with  him,  and  by  flill  more  and  more  apologi- 
zing for  himfelf'  to  be  the  more  irritated,  he  went  therefore 
another  way  to  work,  in  order  to  correct  the  former  misfor- 
tunes, and  appeared  angry  at  the  young  man,  and  faid,  that 
Herod  had  been  fo  very  mild  a  man  that  he  had  not  a6ifed  a 
rafh  part  at  all.  He  alfo  faid,  he  would  diffplve  his  daughter's 
marriage  with  Alexander,  nor  could  in  juftice  fpare  his  own 
daughter,  if  (he  were  confcious  ot  any  thing,  and  did  not  in- 
form Herod  of  it.  When  Archelaus  appeared  to  be  of  this 
temper,  and  otherwile  than  Herod  expected  or  imagined,  and 
for  the  main,  took  Herod's  part,  and  was  angry  on  his  ac- 
count, the  king  abated  of  his  hat  fhnefs,  and  took  occafion  from 
his  appearing  to  have  acted  juilly  hitherto,  to  come  by  degrees 
to  put  on  the  affection  of  a  father,  and  was  on  both  fides  to  be 
pitied  ;  for  when  fome  perfons  refuted  the  calumnies  that 
were  laid  on  the  young  man  he  was  thrown  intot  a  paflion, 
but  when  Archelaus  joined  in  the  accufation,  he  was  diUolved 
into  tears  and  forrow  after  an  affectionate  manner.  According- 
fy  he  defired  that  he  would  no,,  diflulve  his  fon's  marriage,  and 
became  not  fo  angry  as  before  for  his  offences.  So  when  Ar- 
chelaus had  brought  him  to  a  more  moderate  temper,  he  trans- 
ferred the  calumnies  upon  his  friends;  and  faid,  it  muft  be 
owing  to  them  that  fo  young  a  man,  and  one  unacquainted 
with  malice,  was  corrupted,  and  he  fuppofed  that  there  wa§ 
more  realbn  to  fufpeci  the  brothei* than  the  fon.  Upon  which 
Herod  was  very  much  difpleafedat  Pheroras,  who  indeed 
now  had  no  one  that  could  make  a  reconciliation  between 
him  and  his  brother.  So  when  he  faw  that  Archelaus  had  the 
greateft  power  with  Herod,  he  betook  himfelf  to  him,  in  the 
habit  ot  a  mourner,  and  like  one  that  had  all  the  figns  upcn 
him  of  an  undone  man.  Upon  this  Archelaus  did  not  over- 
look the  intcrceffion  he  made  to  him,  nor  yet  did  he  under- 
take to  change  the  King's  diipofition  towards  him  immediate- 
ly ;  and  he  laid,  that  it  was  better  for  him  to  come  himfelt  to 
the  King,  and  confefs  himfelf  the  occafion  ot  all,  that  this 


Chap.  IX.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  26$ 

would  make  the  king's  anger  not  to  be  extravagant  towards 
him,  and  that  then  he  would  be  prefent  to  affift  him.  When 
he  had  perfuaded  him  to  this,  he  gained  his  point  with  both  ot 
them  ;  and  the  calumnies  raifed  againft  the  young  man  were, 
beyond  all  expectation,  wiped  off.  And  Archelaus,  as  foon 
as  he  had  made  the  reconciliation,  went  then  away  to  Cappa- 
docia,  having  proved  at  this  junftureot  time  the  mod  accepta- 
ble perfon  to  Herod  in  the  world  ;  on  which  account  he  gave 
him  the  richeft  prefents,  as  tokens  of  his  refpefts  to  him,  and 
being  on  other  occafions  magnanimous,  he  efleemed  him  one 
of  his  deareft  fiiends.  He  alfo  made  an  agreement  with  him 
that  he  would  go  to  Rome,  becaufe  he  had  written  to  Ca^far 
about  thele  affairs  ;  fo  they  went  together  as  far  as  Antioch, 
and  there  Herod  made  a  reconciliation  between  Archelaus  and 
TitHs,  the  prefident  of  Syria,  who  had  been  greatly  at  vari- 
ance, and  fo  returned  back  to  Judea. 


CHAP.    IX. 

Concerning  the  revolt  of  the  Trachonites  :  How  Sy Ileus  accufed 
Herod  before  Ccejar  :  And  how  Herod,  when  Ccefar  was  an* 
gry  at  him,  Rejoined  to  fend  Nicolaus  to  Rome. 

§  I.  TX7HEN  Herod  had  been  at  Rome,  and  was  come 
V  V  back  again,  a  war  arofe  between  him  and  the  Ara- 
bians, on  the  occafion  following  :  The  inhabitants  of  Trach- 
onites, after  Caefar  had  taken  the  country  away  from  Zenodo- 
rus,  and  added  it  to  Herod,  had  not  now  power  to  rob,  but 
were  forced  to  plough  the  land,  and  to  live  quietly,  which 
was  a  thing  they  did  not  like  :  And  when  they  did  take  that 
pains,  the  ground  did  not  produce  much  fruit  tor  them.  How- 
ever, at  the  firfl  the  king  would  not  permit  them  to  rob,  and 
fo  they  abftained  from  that  unjuft  way  of  living  upon  their 
neighbours  which  procured  Herod  a  great  reputation  for  his 
care  :  But  when  he  was  failing  to  Rome,  it  was  at  that  time 
when  he  went  to  accufe  his  fon  Alexander,  and  to  commit  An- 
tipater  to  Csefar's  protection,  the  Trachonites  fpread  a  report 
as  if  he  were  dead,  and  revolted  from  his  dominion,  and  be- 
took themfelves  again  to  their  accuftomed  way  of  robbing 
their  neighbours  ;  at  which  time  the  king's  commanders  fub- 
dued  them  during  his  abfence,  but  about  forty  of  the  princi- 
pal robbers,  being  terrified  by  thofe  that  had  been  taken,  left 
rhe  country,  and  retired  into  Arabia,  Sy  Ileus  entertaining 
them,  after  he  had  miffed  of  marrying  Salome,  and  gave  them 
a  place  ot  flrength,  in  which  they  dwelt.  So  they  overran 
not  only  Judea,  but  all  Celefyria  alfo,  and  carried  off  the  prey, 
while  Sylleus  afforded  them  places  of  protection  and  quiet- 
nefs  dining  their  wicked  practices.  But  when  Herod  came 
back  from  Rome,  he  perceived  that  his  dominions  had  greatly 
VOL.  II.  Kk 


$66  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THS   JEWS.      [Book  XVI, 

fuffered  by  them,  and  fmce  he   could  not  reach  the  robbers 
themfelves,  becaufe  of  the  fecure  retreat  they  had  in  that  coun- 
try, and  which  the  Arabians  government  afforded   them,   and 
yet  being  very  uneafy  at  the  injuries  they  had  done  him    he 
went  all  over  Trachonites,  and  flew  their  relations ;  whereup- 
on thefe  robbers  were  more  angry  than  before,  it  being  a  law 
among  them  to  be  avenged  on  the  murderers  of  their  relations 
by  all  poflible  means,  fo  they  continued  to  tear  and  rend  every 
thing  under  Herod's  dominion  with  impunity  :  Then    did  he 
difcourfe  about  thefe  robberies  to  Saturninusand  Volumnius, 
and  required  that  they  fhoald  be  punilhed  ;   upon  which  oc- 
cafion  they  ftill  the  more  confirmed  themlelves  in  their  rob- 
beries, and  became  more  numerous  ;  and  made  very  great  dif- 
turbances,  laying  wafte  the  countries  and  villages  that  belong- 
ed to  Herod's  kingdom,  and  killing  thofe  men  whom  they 
caught,  till  thefe  unjult  proceedings   came  to  be  like  a  real 
war,  for  the  robbers  were  now  Become  about  a  thoufand.     At 
which  Herod  was  fore  difpleafed,  and  required  the   robbers, 
as  well  as  the  money  which  he  had  lent  Obodas,  by  Sylieus, 
which  was  fixty  talents,  and   fince  the  time  of  payment  was 
now  part,  he  defired  to  have  it  paid  him  ;   but  Sylieus,   who 
had  laid  Obodas  afide,  and  managed  all  by  himfelf,  denied  that 
the*  robbers  were  in  Arabia,  and  put  off  the  payment  of  the 
money  ;  about  which  there  was  an  hearing  before  *  Saturnin- 
usand Volumnius,  who  were  then  the  prefidents  or  Syria. 
At  lad,  he,  by  their  means,  agreed    that  within   thirty  day'g 
time  Herod  fhould  be  paid  his  money,  and  that  each   of  them 
fhould  deliver  up  the  others   fubjefls  reciprocally.     Now,  as 
to  Herod,  there  was  not  one  of  the  other  fubjecls  found   in 
his   kingdom,   either  as  doing   any  injuftice,  or  on  any  other 
account,  but  it  was  proved  that  the  Arabians  had  the  robbers 
among  them. 

2.  When  this  day  appointed  for  payment  of  the  money  was 
paft,  without  Sylleus's  performing  any  part  oi  his  agreement, 
and  he  was  gone  to  Rome,  Herod  demanded  the  payment  oi 
the  money,  and  that  the  robbers  that  were  in  Arabia  fhould  be 
delivered  up  ;  and,  by  the  permiffion  of  Saturninus  and  Vol- 
umnius, executed  the  judgment  himfclt  upon  thofe  that  were 
rcUatlory.  He  took  an  army  that  he  had,  and  led  it  into  A- 
rabia,  and  in  three  day's  time  marched  feven  manfions  ;  and 
when  he  came  to  the  garrifon  wherein  the  robbers  were,  he 
made  an  affault  upon  them,  and  took  them  all,  and  demolifhed 
the  place,  which  was  called  Raepta,  but  did  no  harm  to  any 
others  ;  but  as  the  Arabians  came  to  their  afiiftance,  under 
Naceb  their  captain,  there  enfued  a  battle,  wherein  a  few  of 
Herod's  foldiers,  and  Naceb,  the  captain  of  the  Arabians,  and 

*  Thefe  joint  prefidents  of  Syria,  Saturninus  and  Volumnius,  were  noSrperhaps 
»f  equal  authority,  but  the  latter  like  a  procurator  under  the  former,  as  the  very 
karoed  Noris  and  Pagi,  and  with  them  Dr,  Hudibn,  determine. 


Chap.  IX.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  267 

about  twenty  of  his  foldiers  fell,  while  the  reft  beijok  them- 
felves  to  flight.  So  when  he  had  brought  thefeto  punifhment, 
he  placed  three  thoufand  Idumeans  in  Trachonitis,  and  there- 
by reiirained  the  robbers  that  were  there.  He  alfo  Cent  an  ac- 
count to  the  captains  that  were  about  Phenicia,  and  demon- 
ftrated  that  he  had  done  nothing  but  what  he  ought  to  d;>  in 
punifhing  the  refraftory  Arabians,  which,  upon  an  exafct  in- 
quiry they  found  to  be  no  more  than  what  was  true. 

3.  However,  rneflengers  were  halted  away  to  Sylleus  to 
Rome,  and  informed  him  what  had  been  done, and,  as  is  ufual, 
aggravated  every  thing.     Now  Sylleus  had  already  in  (nutated 
himfeif  into  the  knowledge  of  Ceefar,  and  was  then  about  the 
palace  :  and  foon  as  he  heard  of  thefe  things,  he  changed  his 
habit  into  black,  and  went  in,  and  told  C<ciar,  That  "  Ai  ibia 
was  afflicted  with  war,  and  that  all  his  kingdom  was  in  great 
confufion,  upon  Herod's  laying  it  waite  with  his  army  ;  and 
he  faid,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  that  two  thoufand  five  hundred 
of  the  principal  men  among  the  Arabian.-;  had  been  deftroyed, 
and  that  their  captain  Nacabus,  his  familiar  friend  and  kinf- 
man,  was  (lain  ;  ana  that  the  riches  that  were  at  Raepta  \ven- 
carried  off;  and  that  Obodas  was  defpifed,  whoie  infirm  ftate 
of  body  rendered  him  unfit  for  war  ;  on    which  account  nei- 
ther he,  nor  the  Arabian  army,  were  prefent."     When  Sylle- 
us faid  fo,  and  added  invidioufly,  That  "  he  would  not  him- 
feif have  come  out  of  the  country,  unlefs  he  had  believed  that 
Cielar  would  have  provided  that  they  Ihould  all  have  peace 
one  with  another,  and  that,  had  he  been  there,  he  would  have 
taken  care  that  the  war  Ihould  not  have  been  to  Herod's  ad- 
vantage."    Caefar  was  provoked  when  this  was  faid  ;  and  afk- 
ed  no  more  than  this  one  queftion,  both  of  Herod's  friends 
that  were  there,  and  of  his  own  friends,  who  were  come  from 
Syria,  "  Whether  Herod  had  led  an  army  thither  ?"  and  when 
they  were  forced  to  contefs  fo  much,  Cajfar,   without  ftaying 
to  hear  for  what  reafon  he  did  it,  and  how  it  was  done,  grew 
very  angry,  and  wrote  to  Herod  fharply.     The  fum   of  his  e- 
piftle  was  this  :  That  "  whereas  of  old  he  had  uied  him  as  his 
friend,  he  fhould  now  ufe  him  as  his  iubject."     Sylleus  alfo 
wrote  an  account  of  this  to  the  Arabians  ;  who  were  fo  elevat- 
ed with  it,  that  they  neither  delivered  up  the  robbers  that  had 
fled  to  them,  nor  payed  the  money    that  was  due  :  They  re- 
tained thofe  paftures  alfo  which  they  had  hired,  and  kept  them 
without  paying  their  rent,  and  all  this  becauie  the  king  of  the 
Jews  was  now  in  a  low  condition,  by  reafon  of  Caefar's  anger 
at  him.     Thofe  of  Trachonitis  alfo  made  uie  of  this  opportu- 
nity, and  rofe  up  againfl  the  Idumean  garrifon,  and  followed 
the  fame  way  of  robbing  with  the  Arabians,  who  had  pillaged 
their  country,  and  were  more  rigid  in  their  unjufl  proceed- 
ings, not  only  in  order  to  get  by  it,  but  by   way  of,  revenge 
alio. 

4.  Now  Herod  was  forced  to  bear  all  this,  that  confidence  oi 


^68  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.       [Book.  XVI. 

his  being  quite  gone  with  which  Caefar's  favour  ufed  to  in- 
fpirehim  ;  for  Csefar  would  not  admit  fo  much  as  an  ambaf- 
fage  from  him,  to  make  an  apology  for  him  :  And  when  they 
came  again,  he  fent  them  away  without  fuccefs  :  So  he  was 
call  into  fadnefs  and  fear  ;  and  Sy  Ileus's  circumftances  griev- 
'ed  him  exceedingly,  who  was  now  believed  by  Caefar,  and 
was  prefent  at  Rome,  nay  iometimes  afpiring  higher.  Now 
it  came  to  pals  that  Obodas  was  dead  :  And  Eneas,  whofe 
name  was  afterward  changed  to*Aretas,  took  the  govern- 
ment, tor  Sylleus  endeavoured  by  calumnies  to  get  him  turn- 
ed out  of  his  principality,  that  he  might  himfelf  take  it  ;  with 
which  defign  he  gave  much  money  to  the  courtiers,  and  prom- 
ifed  much  money  to  Caefar,  who  indeed  was  angry  that  Are- 
tas  had  not  fent  to  hir?  fii  ft  before  he  took  the  kingdom,  yet 
did  Eneas  fend  an  epidleand  prefents  to  Caslar,  and  a  golden 
crown  of  the  weight  ol  many  talents.  Now  that  epiflle  ac- 
cufed  Sylleus  as  having  been  a  wicked  fervant,  and  having 
killed  Obodas  by  poifon  ;  and  that  while  he  was  alive,  he  had 
governed  him  as  he  pleafed  ;  and  had  alfo debauched  the  wives 
of  the  Arabians  ;  and  had  borrowed  money,  in  order  to  obtain 
the  dominion  for  himfelf;  yet  did  not  Caefar  give  heed  to 
thefe  accufations,  but  fent  his  ambafladors  back,  without  re- 
ceiving  any  of  his  piefents  :  But  in  the  mean  time  the  affairs 
of  Judea  and  Arabia  became  worfe  and  worfe,  partly  becaufe 
of  the  anarchy  they  were  under,  and  partly  becaufe,  as  bad 
us  they  were  nobody  had  power  to  govern  them,  for  of  the 
two  kings,  the  one  was  not  yet  confirmed  in  his  kingdom,  and 
fo  had  not  authority  fufficient  to  reltrain  the  evil  doers ;  and  as 
for  Herod,  Casiar  was  immediately  angry  at  him,  for  having  a- 
venged  himfelf,  and  fo  he  was  compelled  to  bear  all  the  injuries 
that  were  offered  him.  At  length,  when  he  faw  no  end  of  the 
mifchiet  which  furrounded  him  he  refolved  to  fend  ambafTa- 
dors  to  Rome  again,  to  fee  whether  his  friends  had  prevailed 
to  mitigate  Caeiar,  and  toaddrefs  themfelves  to  Cuefar  himfelf : 
and  the  ambalfador  he  fent  thither  was  Nicolaus  of  Damafcus. 


CHAP.    X. 

How  Eurydes  falfely  accufed  Heroes  fans  ;  and  how  their  Fa- 
their  bound  them,  and  wrctt  to  Cafar  about  them.  OJ  Sylleus , 
and  how  he  was  accufed  by  Nicolaus. 

$  i.  HPHE  diforders  about  Herod's  family  and  children  a- 
X    bout  this  time  grew  much  worfe  ;  for  it  now  appear- 
ed certain,  nor  was  it  unforefeen  before  hand,  that  fortune 

*  This  Aretas  was  now  become  fo  fflablifhed  a  name  for  the  kings  of  Arabia, 
[at  Petra  and  Damafcus,]  that  when  the  cro  \a  came  to  this  Eneas,  he  changed  hl» 
name  to  Aretas^  as  Havercamp  here  juft'y  obferves.  See  Antiq.  B.  XIII.  ch,  xv. 
is.  vol.  II. 


Chap.   X.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  2.6} 

threatened  the  greateft  and  moft  unfupportable  misfortunes 
poffible  to  his  kingdom.  Its  progrefs  and  augmentation  at 
this  time  aroie  on  the  occafion  following  :  One  Eurycles,  a 
Lacedemonian  (aperfon  of  note  there,  but  a  man  of  aperverfe 
mind,  and  fo  cunning  in  his  ways  of  voluptuoufnefs  and  flat- 
tery, as  to  indulge  both,  and  yet  feem  to  indulge  neither  of 
them),  came  in  his  travels  to  Herod,  and  made  him  prefents, 
but  fo  that  he  received  moreprefents  from  him.  Healfo  took 
fuch  proper  feafons  tor  insinuating  himfelf  into  his  triendfhip, 
that  he  became  one  of  the'moil  intimate  of  the  king's  friends. 
He  had  his  lodging  in  Amipater's  houfe  ;  but  he  had  not  on- 
ly accefs,  but  free  converfation  with  Alexander  as  pretend- 
ing to  him  that  he  was  in  great  favour  with  Archelaus,  the 
king  of  Cappadocia  ;  whence  he  pretended  much  refpeft  to 
Glaphyra,  and,  in  an  occult  manner,  cultivated  a  hiendihip 
with  them  all,  but  always  attending  to  what  was  faid  and  done, 
that  he  might  be  furnifhed  with  calumnies  to  prels  them  all. 
In  fhort,  he  behaved  himfelf  fo  to  every  body  inhis  converfa- 
tion as  to  appear  to  be  his  particular  friend,  and  he  made  oth- 
ers believe  that  his  being  any  where  was  for  that  perfon's  ad- 
vantage. So  he  won  upon  Alexander,  who  was  but  young  ; 
and  perfuaded  him,  that  he  might  open  his  grievances  to  him 
with  adurance,  and  with  nobody  elfe.  So  he  declared  his 
grief  to  him,  how  his  father  was  alienated  from  him.  He  related 
to  himalfo  the  affairs  of  his  mother,  and  of  Antipater;  that  he 
had  driven  them  from  their  proper  dignity,  and  had  the  pow- 
er over  every  thing  hiinlelt  ;  that  no  part  of  this  was  tolerable, 
lince  his  father  was  already  come  to  hate  them  ;  and  he  added, 
that  he  would  neither  admit  them  to  his  table,  nor  to  his  con- 
verfation Such  were  the  complaints,  as  was  but  natural,  of 
Alexander  about  the  things  that  troubled  him  :  And  thefe  dif- 
courfes  Eurycles  carried  to  Antipater  ;  and  told  him,  he  did 
not  inform  him  of  this  on  his  own  account,  but  that  being  o- 
vercome  by  his  kindnefs,  the  great  importance  of  the  thing 
obliged  him  to  do  it :  And  he  warned  him  to  have  a  care  of 
Alexander,  for  that  what  he  faid  was  Ipoken  with  vehemen- 
cy,  and  that,  in  confequence  of  what  he  faid,  he  would  cer- 
tainly kill  him  with  his  own  hand.  Whereupon  .Antipater, 
thinking  him  to  be  his  friend  by  this  advice,  gave  him  pref- 
ents  upon  all  occafions,  and  at  length  perfuaded  him  to  inform 
Herod  of  what  he  had  heard.  So  when  he  related  to  the  king, 
Alexander's  ill  temper,  as  difcoyered  by  the  words  he  had 
heard  him  fpeak,  he  was  cafily  believed  by  him,  and  he  there- 
by brought  the  king  to  that  pafs,  turning  him  about  by  his 
words,  and  irritating  him,  till  he  increafed  his  hatred  to  him, 
and  made  him  implacable,  which  he  (hewed  at  that  very  time, 
for  he  immediately  gave  Eurycles  a  prefent  of  fifty  talents  ; 
who,  when  he  had  gotten  them,  went  to  Archelaus,  king  of 
Cappadocia,  and  commended  Alexander  before  him,  and 
told  him  that  he  had  been  many  way*  of  advantage  to  him,  in 


2^0  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    J  BWS.        [Book  XVI. 

making  a  reconciliation  between  him  and  his  father.  So  he 
got  money  from  him  alfo,  and  went  away,  before  his  perni- 
cious practices  were  found  out :  But  when  Eurycles  was  re- 
turned to  Lacedemon,  he  did  not  leave  off  doing  mifchief,  and 
fo,  for  his  many  afts  of  injuilce,  he  was  banimed  from  hi* 
•wn  country. 

2.  But  as  for  the  king  of  the  Jews,  he  was  not  now  in  the 
temper  he  was  in  formerly  towards  Alexander  and  Ariftobu- 
lus,  when  he  had  been  content  withth-  hearing  their  calum- 
nies when  others  told  himol  them,  but  he  was  now  come  to 
that  pafs  as  to  hate  them  himfelf,  and  to  urge  men  to  ipeak  a- 
gaift  them,  though  they  did  not  do  it  of  th  :mfeives.     He  allo 
obferved  all  that  was  faid  and  pu»  qiu-i'tions,  and  gave  ear  to 
every  one  that  would  but  fp<-ak.  it    they  could  but  fay   any 
thing  againll  them,  till  at  length  he  heard  that  Euaratusut  Cos 
was  a  c  jnipiiaror  with  Alexander  ;  which  thing  to  Herod  was 
the  moft  agreeable  and  fweeteft  news  imaginable. 

3.  But  iliil  a  greater  misfortune  came  upon  me  young  men  ; 
while  the  calumnies  againft  them  were  continually  increafed, 
and,  as  a  man  may  fay,  one  wouid  think  it  was  every  one's 
endeavour  to  lay  fome  grievous  thing  to  their  charge,  v 
might  appear  to  be  lor  the  king's  preservation.     There   were 
two  guards  of  Herod's   body,   who  were  in  great   efteem  for 
their  iheagth  and  tallnefs,  Jucundus  and  Tyranus ;  thefe  men 
had  been  caft  off  by  Herod,  who  w<is  difpleafed  at  them  ;  tht-fe 
now  ufed  to  ride  along  with  Alexander    and  for  their  fk.il  1  in 
their  exercifes  were  in  great  efteem  with   him,  and  had  lome 
gold  and  other  gifts  bellowed  on  them.     Now   the  king   hav- 
ing an  immediate  fufpicion  of  thofe  men,  had  them  tortured; 
who  endured  the  torture  courageoudy  for  a  long  time,  but  at 
laft  conteffed,  that  Alexander  would  have  perfuaded  them  to 
kill  Herod,  when  he  was  in  purfuit  of  the  wild  beafts  ?  that  it 
might  be  faid  he  fell  from  his  horfe,and  was  ran  through  with 
his  own  Ipear,  for  that  he  had  once  inch  a  misfortune  former- 
ly.    They  alfo  mewed  where  there  was  money  hidden  in  the 
ftable  under  ground,  and  thefe  convitied  the  king's  chief  hun- 
ter, that  he  had  given  the  young  men  the  royal  hunting  fpears 
and  weapons  to  Alexander's  dependents,  at  Alexander's  com- 
mand. 

4.  After  thefe  the  commander  of  the  garrifon  of  Alexandn- 
um  was  caught  and  tortured  ;  for  he  was  accufed  to  have  prora- 
ted to  receive  the  young  men  into  his  fortrefs,  and  to  fupply 
them  with  that  money  of  the  king's  which  was  laid  up  in  that 
fortrefs,  yet  did  not  he  acknowledge  any  thing  of  it  himfelf  ; 
but  his  fon  came  in,  and  faid,  it  was  fo,  and  delivered  up  the 
writing,  which,  fo  far  as  could  begueffed,  was  in  Alexander's 
hand.     Its  contents  were   thefe  :  "  When   we  have  fimfhed, 
by  God's  help,  all  that  we  have  propofed  to  do,  we  will  coine 
to  you  ,  but  do  your  endeavours,  as  you  have  promifed,  to 
receive  us  into  your  fortrefs."    After  this  writing  was  pro- 


Chap.   X.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE  JEWS.  27! 

duced,  Herod  had  no  doubt  about  the  treacherous  defigns  of 
his  fons  againft  him.  But  Alexander  faid,  that  Diophantus 
the  fcribe,  had  imitated  his  hand,  and  that  the  paper  was  ma- 
licioufly  drawn  up  by  Antipater;  for  Diophantus  appeared 
to  be  very  cunning  in  fuch  practices  and  as  he  was  afterward 
convicted  of  forging  other  papers,  he  was  put  to  death  for  it. 

5.  So  the  king  produced  thofe  that  had  been  tortured  before 
the  multitude  at  Jericho,  in  order  to  have  them  accufe  the 
young  men  ;  which  accufers  many  of  the  people  ftoned   to 
death  ;  and  when  they  were  going  to  kill  Alexander  and  Arif- 
tobulus  likewife,  the  king  would  not  permit  them  to  do  fo, 
but  retrained  the  multitude,  by  the  means  ot   Ptolemy   and 
Pheroras.  However,  the  young  men  were  put  under  a  guard, 
and  kept  in  cuftody,  that  no  body  might  come   at  them;  and 
all  that  they  did  or  faid  was  watched  ;  and  the  reproach  and 
fear  they  were  in  was  little  or  nothing  different  from  thofe  ot 
condemned  criminals  :  And  one  ot  them,  who  was  fo  deeply 
affe.'-ted,  that  he  brought  Salome,  who  was  his  aunt,  and  his 
mother-in-law    to  lament  with  him  for  his  calamities,  and  to 
hate  him  who  had  fuffered  things  to  come  to  that  pafs ;  when 
he  faid  to  her,  "  Art  not  thou  in  danger  of   deftruftion   alfo, 
while  the  report  goes  that  thou  hadft  difclofed  before  hand  all 
our  affairs  to  Sy Ileus    when  thou  waft  in  hopes  oi  being  mar- 
ried to  him  ?"     But  (he  immediately  carried  thofe  words  to 
her  brother  :  Upon  this  he  was  out*  ot  patience,  and  gave 
command  to  bind  him  ;  and  enjoined  them  both,  now  they 
were  kept  feparate  one  from  the  other,  to  write  down  the  ill 
things  they  had  done  againft  their  father,  and  bring  the  writ- 
ings to  him.     So  when  this  was  enjoined  them,  they  wrote  this, 
that  they  had  laid  no  treacherous  defigns,  nor  made  any  pre- 
parations againft  their  father,  but  that  they  had  intended  to  fly 
away  ;  and  that  by  the  diftrefs  they  were  in,  their  lives  being 
now  uncertain  and  tedious  to  them. 

6.  About  this  time  there  came  an  ambaffador  out  of  Cappa- 
docia  from  Archelaus,  whofe  name  was  Melas  :  He  was  one 
of  the  principal  rulers  under  him.     So  Herod  being  defirous 
to  (hew  Archelaus's  ill-will  to  him,  called  for  Alexander,  as 
he  was  in  his  bonds,  and  afked  him  again  concerning  his  flight, 
whether  and  how  they  had  refolved  to  retire  ?     Alexander  re- 
plied,   '   To  Archelaus,  who  had  promifed  to  fend  them  away 
to  Rome,  but  that  they  had  no  wicked  nor  mifchievous  defigns 
againft  their  father,  and  that  nothing  ot  that  nature  which  their 
adverfaries  had  charged  upon  them  was   true  ;  and  that  their 
defire  was,  that  he  might  have  examined  Tyrannus,  and  Ju- 
cundus  more  flriaiy,  but  that  they  had   been    fuddenly  flair* 
by  the  means  of  Antipater,  who  put  his  own  friends  among 
the  multitude  [tor  that  purpofej." 

7.  When  this  was  faid,  Herod  commanded  that  both  Alex- 
ander  and  Melas  fhould  be  carried  to  Glaphyra,  Archelau'a 
daughter,  and  that  ihe  flioiildbe  afked,  whether  me  did  not 


572  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.        [Book  XVI, 

know  fomewhat  of  Alexander's  treacherous  defigns  again  ft 
Herod  ?  Now  as  foon  as  they  were  come  to  her,  and  (he  law 
Alexander  in  bonds,  fhebeat'her  head,  and,jn  a  great  confter- 
nation,  gave  a  deep  and  a  moving  groan.  The  young  man  al- 
fo  tell  into  tears.  This  was  fo  miferable  a  fpeftacle  to  thofe 
prefent.  that,  for  a  great  while,  they  were  not  able  to  {ay  or 
to  do  any  thing;  but  at  length  Ptolemy,  who  was  ordered  to 
bring  Alexander,  bid  him  fay,  whether  hi  wife  were  confcious 
of  his  aaions  ?  He  replied,  "  How  is  it  goffible  that  (he,  whom 
J  love  better  than  my  own  foul,  and  by  whom  1  have  had 
children,  mould  not  know  what  I  do  ?  Upon  which  fhe  cri- 
ed out.  That  "  (he  knew  of  no  wicked  defigns  of  his  ;  but  <hat 
yet,  if  her  accufing  herfelf  falfely  would  tend  to  his  preferva- 
tion,  (he  would  confefs  it  all."  Alexander  replied,  "  There 
is  no  fuch  wickednefs  as  thoTe  (who  ought  the  leaft  of  all  fo  to 
do)  fufpeft,  which  either  1  have  imagined,  orthou  knoweftof, 
but  this  only,  that  we  had  refolvedto  retire  to  Archelaus,  and 
from  thence  to  Rome."  Which  fhe  alfo  con feiTed. Upon  which 
Herod,  fuppofing  that :  Archelaus 's  ill-will  to  him  was  fully 
proved,  he  fent  a  letter  by  Olympus  and  Volummus,  and 
bid  them,  as  they  failed  by.  to  touch  at  Eleufa  of  Cilicia,  and 
gave  Archelaus  the  letter.  And  that  when  they  had  expof- 
tula?ed  with  him,  that  he  had  an  hand  in  his  fon's  treacherous 
defign  againft  him,  they  (hould  from  thence  fail  to  Rome  ; 
and  that,  in  cafe  they  found  Nicolaus  had  gained  any  ground, 
and  that  Caefar  was  no  longer  difpleafed  at  him,  helhouldgive 
his  letters,  and  the  proofs  which  he  had  ready  to  fhew  againfl 
the  young  men.  As  to  Archelaus,  he  made  this  defence  for 
himfelf,  That  "  he  had  promifed  to  receive  the  young  men, 
becaufe  it  was  both  for  their  own  and  their  father's  advantage 
fo  to  do,  left  fom  too  fevere  procedure  fhould  be  gone  upon  in 
that  anger  and  diforder  they  were  in  on  occafionof  the  prefent 
fufpicions;  but  that  ftill  he  had  not  promifed  to  fend  them  to 
Caefar ;  and'that  he  had  not  promifed  any  thing  elfe  to  the  young 
men  that  could  fhew  ill-will  to  him." 

8.  When  thefeambaffadors  were  come  to  Rome,  they  had  a 
fit  opportunity  of  delivering  their  letters  to  Caefar:  Becaufe 
they  found  him  reconciled  to  Herod  ;  for  the  circumftances  of 
Nicolaus's  ambaffage  had  been  as  follows :  As  foon  as  he  was 
corne  to  Rome,  and  was  about  the  court,  he  did  not  firft  of  all  fet 
about  what  he  was  come  for  only,  but  he  thought  fit  alfo  to  ac- 
cufeSy Ileus.  Now  the  Arabians,  even  before  he  came  to  talk 
with  them,  were  quarrel  ling  one  with  another;  and  fomeof  them 
left  Sylleus's  party,  and  joining  themfelves  to  Nicolaus,  in- 
formed him  of  all  the  wicked  things  that  had  been  done  :  And 
produced  to  him  evident  demonftrations  of  the  Daughter  of  a 
great  number  of  Obodas's  friends  by  Sylleus,  for  when  thefe 
men  left  Sylleus  they  had  carried  off  with  them  thofe  whereby 
they  could  convict  him.  When  Nicolaus  faw  fuch  an  oppor- 
tunity afforded  him,  he  made  ufe  of  it,  in  order  to  gain  his  own 


thap.   X.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  273 

/ 

point  afterward,  and  endeavoured  immediately  to  make  a 
reconciliation  between  Caefar,  and  Herod  ;  for  he  v/as  hilly 
fatisfied  that  it  he  mould  defire  to  make  a  defence  tor  Her- 
od direflly,  he  mould  not  be  allowed  that  liberty  ;  but  that 
if  he  defired  to  accufc  Sylleus,  there  would  an  occafion  pre- 
fent  it  elf  ot  fpeaking  on  Herod's  behalf.  So  when  the  caufe 
was  ready  ior  a  hearing  and  the  day  was  appointed,  Nicolaus. 
whik-"  Aretas's  ambaffadors  were  prefent,  accufcd  Sylleus,  and 
faid,  That  "  he  imputed  to  him  the  definition  of  the  king 
fObodasj,  and  ot  many  others  ot  the  Arabians  :  That  he  had 
borrowed  moiiey  tor  no  good  delign  ;  and  he  proved  that  he 
had  been  guilty  ot  adal  ery,  not  only  with'the  Arabians,  but 
Rom-m  women  alfo."  And  he  added,  That  "  above  all  the 
reft  he  had  alienated  Caelar  from  Herod  ;  and  that  all  that  he 
had  faid  about  the  actions  ot  Herod  were  *alfities."  When 
Nicolaus  was  come  to  this  topic,  Csefar  flopped  him  trom 
going  on  ;  and  defired  him  only  to  fpeak  to  this  affair  ot  Her- 
od's ;  and  to  >hcjw  that  "  he  had'  not  led  an  army  into  Arabia, 
nor  (lain  two  thou'and  five  hundred  men  there,  nor  taken 
prifoners,  nor  pillaged  the  country."  To  which  Nicolaus 
made  this  anfwer,  "  I  (hall  principally  demonftrate  that  ei- 
ther nothing  at  all,  or  but  a  very  little  ot  thofe  imputations 
are  true,  ot  which  thoa  halt  been  informed,  for  had  they  been 
true,  thou  mighteit  juitly  have  been  fttll  more  angry  at  Her- 
od." At  this  itrange  aifertion,  C^efar  was  very  attentive  : 
And  Nicolaus  faid,  That  "  there  was  a  debt  due  to  Herod  of 
five  hundred  talents,  and  a  bond,  wherein  it  was  written,  that 
it  the  time  appointed  be  elapfed,  it  (hould  be  law'ul  to  make 
a  feizure  out  of  any  part  of  his  country.  As  tor  the  pietend- 
ed  army,  he  faid,  it  was  no  army,  but  a  party  fent  out  to  re- 
quire the  juft  payment  ot  the  money  :  That  this  was  not  fent 
immediately,  nor  fo  foon  as  the  bond  allowed,  but  that  Syl- 
leus had  trequently  come  before  Saturninus,  and  Volumnius, 
the  prefidents  ot  Syria  ;  and  that  at  laft  he  had  fworn  at  Bery- 
tus,  *  by  the  fortune,  that  he  would  certainly  pay  the  money 
within  thirty  days,  and  deliver  up  the  fugitives  that  were  un- 
der his  dominion.  And  that  when  Sylleus  had  performed  no- 
thing ot  this,  Herod  came  again  t.efore  the  prefidents  ;  and 
upon  their  permiflion  to  make  a  feizure  ot  his  money,  he  with 
difficulty,  went  out  ot  his  country  with  a  party  of  foidiers 
for  that  purpoie.  And  this  is  all  the  war  which  thefe  men  fo 
tragically  defcribe  ;  and  this  is  the  affair  of  the  expedition 
into  Arabia.  And  how  can  this  be  called  a  war  ?  When  thy 
prefidents  permitted  it ;  the  covenants  allowed  it  ;  and  it  was 
not  executed  till  thy  name,  O  Casfar,  as  well  as  that  ot  ths 
other  gods,  had  been  profaned.  And  now  I  muft  fpeak  in 
order  about  the  captives.  There  were  robbers  that  dwelt  m 

*  This  oath,  by  the  fortune  ofC'far,  was  put  to  Polycarpj  a  bithop  of  Smyrna, 
by  the  Roman  governor,  to  try  wheJier  he  were  a  Chriftiaa,  as  they  were  thea  e£« 
ccemed  who  refufcd  tu  hvear  that  oath.  Martyr,  f^lycarp,  $  9, 

VOL.  IJ.  LI 


2'74  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book.  XVL 

Tracbonitis  :  At  firft  their  number  was  no  more  than  forty, 
but  they  became  more  afterwards,  and  they  efcaped  the  pun- 
ifhment  Herod  would  have  inflicud  on  them,  by  making  Ara- 
bia their  refuge.  Sylleus  received  them,  and  fupported  them 
with  food,  that  they  might  be  mifehievous  to  all  mankind, 
and  gave  them  a  country  to  inhabit,  and  himfelf  received  the 
gains  they  made  by  robbery  ;  yet  did  he  promrfe  that  he  would 
deliver  up  thefe  men,  and'that  by  the  fame  oaths,  and  fame 
time  that  he  fware  and  fixed  for  payment  of  his  debt  :  Nor 
can  he  by  any  means  fhew  (hat  any  other  perfqns  have  at  this- 
time  been  out  cf  Arabia  befides  theft-,  and  indeed  not  all 
thefe  neither,  but  only  fo  many  as  could  not  conceal  them- 
felves.  And  thus  does  the  calumny  of  the  captives,  which 
hath  been  fo  odioufly  reprefented  appear  to  be  no  better 
than  a  fiction  and  a  lie  made  on  purpofe  to  provoke  thy  in- 
dignation ;  tor  I  venture  to- affirm,  that  when  the  forces  cf 
the  Arabians  came  upon  us,  and  one  or  two  of  Herod's  party 
fell,  he  then  only  defended  himfelf,  and  there  teil  Nacebus 
their  general,  and,  in  all,  about  twenty -five  others,  and  no 
more  ;  whence  Sylleus,  by  multiplying  every  fingle  foldier 
to  an  hundred,  he  reckons  the  flain  to  have  been  two  thou- 
fanci  five  hundred." 

7.  This  provoked  Caefar  more  than  ever  :  So  he  turned  to 
Sylleus  full  of  rage,  and  afked  him  how  many  of   the   Arabi- 
ans were  flain  ?  Hereupon  he  hefitated,  and  faid  he  had  been 
impofed  upon,     The  covena-nts  alfo  were  read  about  the  mo- 
ney he  had   borrowed,  and  the  letters  of  the  prefidents  at 
Syria,  and  the  complaints  of  the  feveral  cities,  fo  many  as  had 
been  injured  by  the  robbers.-    The   conclufion  was  this,  that 
Sylleus  was  condemned  to  die,  and  that  Caefar  was  reconcil- 
ed to  Herod,  and  owed  his  repentance  for  what  fevere  things 
he  had  written  to  him,  occafioned   by   calumny,   infomuch, 
that  he  told  Sylleus  that  he  had  compelled  him,  by  his  lying 
account  of  things,  to  be  guilty  oi   ingratitude  againft  a  man 
that  was  his  friend.     At  the  laft  all  came  to  this,   Sylleus  was 
lent  away  to  anfwer  Herod's  fuit,  and  to  repay  the  debt  that 
he  owed,  and  after  that  to  be  puniihed   fwith   death]  :     But 
ftill  Caefar  was  offended  with  Aretas.  that  he  had  taken  upon 
himfelf  the  government,  without  his  confent  firft  obtained, 
for  he  had  determined  to  beftow  Arabia  upon  Herod  ;  but 
that  the  letters  he  had  fent  hindered  him  from  fo  doing,  tor 
Olympus  and  Volumnius  perceiving  that  Caefar  was  now  be- 
come favourable  to  Herod,  thought  fit  immediately  to  deliver 
him  the  letters  they  were  commanded  by  Herod  to  give  him 
concerning  his  fons.     When  Caefar  had  read  them,  he  thought 
it  would  not  be  proper  to  add  another  government  to  him, 
now  he  was  old,  and  in  an  ill  ftate  with  relation  to  his  fons,  fo 
he  admitted  Aretas's  ambafladors ;    and  after  he  had  jutt  re- 
proved him  for  his  rafhnefs,  in  not  tarrying  till  he   received 
the  kingdom  from  him,  he  accepted  of  his  prefents,  and  coa- 
firmed  him  in  his  government. 


Chap.    XI.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS. 


CHAP.    XI. 

How  Herod,  by  per  mijfion  from  Cafar,  accufed  his  Sons  before, 
an  Affembly  of  Judges  at  Berytus  ;  and  what  Ttro  fujfered 
j^r  ujing  a  boundlefs  and  military  Liberty  oj  Speech.  Con- 
cerning alfo  the  Deatli  oj  ike  Young  Men,  and  tkeir  burial  at 
Alexandra  um. 

$  I.  QO  Crcfar  was  now  reconciled  to  Herod  ;  and  wrote 
O  thus  to  him,  That  "  he  was  grieved  for  him  on  ac- 
fiount  ot  his  ions  ;  and  that  in  cafe  they  had  been  guilty  oi 
any  profane  and  mfoient  crimes  ^gamlt  him,  it  would  behove 
him  to  punilh  them  as  parricides,  for  which  he  gave  him 
power  accordingly  ;  but  it  they  had  only  contrived  to  fly 
away,  .he  would  have  him  give  them  an  admonition,  and  not 
proceed  to  extremity  with  them.  He  alfo  advifed  htm  to  get 
an  affembly  t  gether,  and  to  appoint  iome  place  near  *  Bery- 
tus, which  is  a  city  belonging  to  the  Romans,  and  to  take  the 
prcfidents  ot  Syria,  and  Archelaus  king  of  Cappadocia,  and 
as  many  more  as  he  thought  to  be  iUuttrious,  tor  their  triend- 
Ihip  to  him,  and  the  dignities  tiiey  were  in,  and  determine 
what  Ihould  be  done  by  their  approbation.'1  Thele  were  the 
•directions  that  Cacfar  gave  him.  Accordingly  Herod,  when 
the  letter  was  brought  to  hirn  was  immediately  very  glad  ot 
Casfar's  reconciliation  to  him,  and  very  glad  alfo  that  he  had 
a  complete  authority  given  him  over  His  ions.  And  it  Ibange- 
Jy  came  about,  that  whereas  before  in  his  advcrfity,  though 
he  had  indeed  Ihewed  hirafelt  ievere,  yet  had  he  not  been  very 
rafh,  nor  hafty  in  procunng  the  deftrudion  of  his  Ions,  he 
now,  in  his  profpenty.  took  advantage  ot  this  change  for  the 
be'ter,  and  the  freedom  he  now  had,  to  exercife  his  hatred 
againit  them,  after  an  unUeard-ot  manner  ;  he  thereiore  fent 
and  called  as  many  as  ne  thought  fit  to  this  aUembly,  except- 
ing Archelaus,  tor  as  tor  him  he  either  hated  him,  f'o  that  he 
would  not  invite  him,  or  he  thought  he  would  be  an  obftacle 
to  Ins  defigns. 

2  Wnen  the  prefidents,  and  the  reft  that  belonged  *o  the 
cities,  were  come  to  Berytus  he  kept  his  fons  in  a  certain 
village  belonging  to  Sidon,  called  Platana,  but  near  to  this 
ci'y,  that  if  they  were  called  he  might  produce  them,  for  he 
did  not  think  fit  to  bring  them  betore  theatfetr.bly  :  And  when 
there  were  one  hundred  and  fifty  aflellbrs  preient,  Herod  came 

*  What  Jofephus  relates  Auguftus  to  have  here  faid,  that  Berytus  was  a  city  be- 
longing to  (he  Romans,  is  confirmed  by  Spanhcim's  notes  here.  "  It  was,  fays  he, 
a  colony  placed  there  by  Auguftus.  Whence  Ulpian,  De  cenf.  bet.  L.  T.  Xlr  Tht 
colony  pf  BtTjtus  was  rendered  famous  by  the  brnefits  ofLefar  :  And  th  nee  it  is  th^t. 
among  the  coins  of  Auguftus,  we  meet  with  iome  having  this  inicription  :  Thf 
kapfy  colony  pf  Augujlut  at  £er\tus." 


276  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.        [Book  XVI, 

by  himfelf  alone  and  accufed  his  fons,  and  that  in  fuch  away 
as  it  it  were  not  a  melancholy  accufation,  and  not  made  I  ut 
out  of  neceffity,  and  upon  the  misfortunes  he  was  under;  in- 
deed in  fuch  a  way,  as  was  very  indecent  for  a  lather  to  ac- 
cufe  his  fons,  tor  he  was  very  vehement,  and  diiordered, 
when  he  came  to  the  demonftration  of  the  crime  they  were 
accufed  of,  and  gave  the  greateft  figns  ol  paffion  and  barbari- 
ty :  Nor  would  he  differ  the  aileiibrs  to,  confider  of  the  weight 
of  the  evidence,  but  aflerted  them  to  be  true  f>y  his  own  au- 
thority, alter  a  manner  moft  indecent  in  a  father  aeamft  his 
fons,  and  read  him'elf  what  they  themfelves  had  written, 
wherein  there  was  no  conieiFion  of  any  plots  or  contriv^-ccs 
againft  him.  But  only  how  they  had  contrived  to  fly  away, 
and  containing  withal  certain  reproaches  againft  him,  on  ac- 
count ot  the  ill-will  he  bare  them  ;  and  when  he  came  to  thole 
reproaches,  he  cried  out  molt  oi  all,  and  exaggerated  what 
they  (aid,  as  if  they  had  confefTed  the  defign  againft  him,  and 
took  his  oath  that  he  had  rather  lofe  his  life  than  hear  fuch  re- 
proachful words.  At  laft  he  faid,  That  "  he  had  fufficient 
authority  both  by  nature,  and  by  Caefar's  grant  to  him  [to. 
do  what  he  thought  fit].  He  alio  added  an  allegation  oi  a  law 
of  their  country,  which  enjoined  this.  Th.tt  it  parents  laid 
their  hands  on  the  head  of  him  that  was  accufed,  the  {bnders, 
by  were  obliged  to  caft  ftones  at  him,  and  thereby  to  flay  him  ? 
Which  though  he  were  ready  to  do  in  his  own  countiy  and 
kingdom,  yet  did  he  wait  for  their  determination,  that  yet 
they  came  thither  not  fo  much  as  judges,  to  condemn  them 
for  fuch  manifeft  defigns  againft  him,  whereby  he  hadalmoft 
perifhed  by  his  Ion's  means,  but  as  perfons  that  had  an  oppor- 
tunity of  (hewing  their  deteftatjon  of  fuch  practices,  ancl  de- 
claring how  unworthy  a  thing  it  muft  be  in  any,  even  the 
moft  remote,  to  pafs  over  fuch  treacherous  defigns  [without 
punifhment."j 

3.  When  the  king  had  faid  this,  and  the  young  men  had 
rot  been  produced  to  make  any  detence  for  themfelves,  the 
affeflbrs  perceived  there  was  no  room  for  equity,  reconcilia- 
tion, fo  they  confirmed  his  authority.  And  in  the  firit  place, 
Saturninus,  a  perfon  that  had  been  conful,  and  one  ot  great 
dignity,  pronounced  his  fentence,  but  with  great  moderation, 
and  trouble  ;  and  faid,  That  "  he  condemned  Herod's  (ons, 
but  did  not  think  they  fliould  be  put  to  death.  He  had  fons 
ot  his  own,  and  to  put  one's  fon  to  death,  is  a  greater  misfor- 
tune than  any  other  that  could  befal  him  by  their  means." 
After  him  Saturninus's  fons,  for  he  had  three  fons  that  follow- 
cd  him,  and  were  his  legates,  pronounced  the  fame  fentence 
with  their  father  :  On  the  contrary,  Volumnius's  fentente 
was,  to  inflift  death  on  fuch  as  had  been  fo  impiotifiy  undu- 
titul  to  their  father  ;  and  the  greateft  part  of  the  reft  laid  the 
fame,  infomuch  that  the  conclufion  feemed  to  be,  that  the 
young  men  were  condemned  to  die.  Immediately  alter  thia 


Chap.  XI.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  2?7 

Herod  came  away  from  thence,  and  took  his  fons  to  Tyre, 
\vhere  Nicolaus  met  him  in  his  voyage  from  R  _>me  ;  oi  whom 
he  enquired,  aiter  hehadrelated  to  him  what  had  palled  at  Bery- 
tus,  what  his  ientiments  were  about  his  fons,  and  what  his 
friends  at  Rome  thought  ot  that  matter  ?  His  anfwer  was, 
"  That  what  they  had  determined  to  do  to  thee  was  impious, 
and  that  thou  oughteft  to  keep  them  in  prilon  ;  and  it  thou 
thinkeft  any  thing  farther  neceilary,  thou  mayeft  indeed  fo 
puni(h  them,  that  thou  mayeft  not  appear  to  indulge  thy  an- 
ger more  than  to  govern  thyfeli  by  judgement  ;  but  ii  thou 
inclined  to  the  milder  fide,  thou  mayeit  abfolve  them,  left 
perhaps  thy  misfortunes  be  rendered  incurable  :  And  this  is 
the  opinion  ot  the  greatelt  part  ot  thy  inends  at  Rome  allo." 
Whereupon  Herod  was  filent,  and  in  great  thoughttulnefs, 
and  bid  Nicolaus  fail  along  with  him. 

4.  Now  as  they  came  to  Cefarea  every  body  was  there  talk- 
ing ot  Herod's  Ions,  and  the  kingdom  was  in  fu  (pence,  and 
the  people  in  great  expectation  ot  what  would  become  ot  them, 
for  a  terrible  tear  (eized  upon  all  men,  lelt  the  ancient  difor- 
ders  ot  the  family  mould  come  to  a  fad  conclulion,  and  they 
were  in  great  trouble  about  their  fufferings  ;  nor  was  it  with- 
out danger  to  fay  any  rafh  thing  about  tnis  matter,  nor  even 
to  hear  another  faying  it,  but  rnens  pity  was  forced  to  be  ihut 
up  in  themieives,  which  rendered  the.excets  of  their  (arrow 
very  irkfome,  but  very  filent  ;  yet  was  there  an  old  foldier  of 
Herod's,  whofe  name  was  '1'ero,  who  had  a  fon.ot  the  fame 
age  with  Alexander,  and  his  friend,  who  was  fo  very  free,  as 
openly  to  fpcak.  out  what  others  (ilently  thought  about  that  mati 
ter  ;  and  was  forced  to  cry  out  oilen  among  the  multitude, 
and  faid,  in  the  molt  unguarded  manner,  "  That  truth  was 
periihed,  and  juftice  taken  away  fro:n  men,  while  lies  and  ill 
will  prevailed,  and  brought  fuch  a  miff  before  public  affairs. 
that  the  offenders  were  not  able  to  fee  the  greateft  miichiels 
that  can  belal  men."  And  as  he  was  fo  bold,  he  feemed  not 
to  have  kept  himlelf  out  of  danger,  by  fpeaking  (o  freely  ; 
but  the  reaionablenefs  of  what  he  laid,  moved  men  to  regard 
him,  as  having  behaved  himlelf  with  great  manhood  and 
this  at  a  proper  time  allo,  tor  which  reafon  every  one  heard 
what  he  laid  with  pleafure  ;  and  although  they  firft  took  care 
of  their  own  iatety,  by  keeping  filent  themieives,  yet  did 
they  kindly  receive  the  great  freedom  he  took,  for  the  expec- 
tation they  were  in  of  fo  great  an  affliction,  put  a  force  upon 
them  to  fpeak  of  Tero  whatfoever  they  pleafed. 

5.  This  man  had  thruft  himlelf  into  the  king's  prefence  with 
the  greateft  freedom,  and  defiredto  fpeak  with  him  by  himfelt 
alone,  which  the  king  permitted  him  to  do,  where  he  laid  this : 
*'  Since  I  am  not  able,  O  king,  to  bear  up  under  fo  great  a  con- 
cern as  I  am  under,  1  have  preferred  the  life  of  this  bold  lib- 
erty that  I  now  take,  which  may  be  for  thy  advantage,  it 
thou  mind  to  get  any  profit  by  it,  belore  my  own  iatety. 


£7S  ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE  JEWS.      [Book  XVI. 

Whither  is  thy  underftanding  gone,  and  left  thy  foul  empty  ? 
Whither  is  that  extraordinary  fagacity  of  thine  gone,  where- 
by thou  haft  performed  fo  many  and  fuch  glorious  atf ions  ? 
Whence  comes  this  folitude,  and  defertion  of  thy  Iriends  and 
relations  ?  OF  which  I  cannot  but  determine,  that  they  are 
neither  thy  friends  nor  relations,  while  they  overlook  fo  hor- 
rid wickcdnefs  in  thy  on- p  happy  kingdom.  Doft  not  tnou 
perceive  what  is  doing  ?  Wilt  thou  fl,*y  theietwo  young  men, 
born  of  thy  queen,  who  are  accoos  pi  idled  with  every  virtue 
in  the  higheft  degree,  and  leave  thvfclf  deflitute  in  thy  old 
age,  but  expofed  to  one  fon,  who  hath  very  ill  managed  the 
hopes  thou  haft  given  him.  and  to  relations,  whofe  death  thou 
haft  fo  often  refolved  on  thyfelf  ?  Doft  not  thou  take  notice 
that  the  very  filence  of  the  multitude  at  once  fees  the  crime, 
and  a!>hors  the  fa 61  ?  The  whole  army  and  the  officers  have, 
<ommiicration  on  the  poor  unhappy  youths,  and  hatred  to 
thofe  that  are  the  actors  in  this  nastier."  Thcfe  worls  the 
king  heard,  and  for  fome  time  with  .good  temper.  Buf  what 
can  one  fay  ?  When  Tero  plainly  touched  upon  the  bad  be- 
havour  and  perfidioufneTs  of  his  domeftics,  he  was  moved  at 
it  ;  but  Tero  went  on  iarther,  and  by  degrees  ufed  an  un- 
bounded military  freedom  of  fpcech,  nor  was  he  (o  well  dif- 
ciplined  as  to  accommoaate  himfelf  to  the  time  :  So  Herod 
was  greatly  difturbed,  and  ieeming  to  be  rather  reproached 
by  this  ipeech.than  to  be  hearing  what  was  for  his  advantage, 
•while  he  learned  hereby,  thu  both  the  folcliers  abhorred  the 
thing  he  was  about  and  the  officers  hid  indignation  at  it,  he  gave 
order  that  all  whom  Tero  had  uaraed,  and  Tero  himfelf,  ihould 
be  bound  and  kept  in  prilon. 

6.  When  this  was  over,  one  Trypho,  who  was  the  king's 
barber,  took  the  opp  j  tunity  and  came  and  told  the  king,  that 
Tero  would  often  have  periuaded  him,  when  he  trimmed  him 
vrith  a  razor,  to  cut  his  t.'ir.ur,  tor  that  by  this  means  ne  fhould 
t>e  among  the  chief  of  Alexander's  friends,  and  receive  groat 
rewards  irom  him.  \Vaea  he  had  faid  tnis,  the  king  gave 
order  that  Tero,  and  his  fon  and  the  barber,  ihould  be  tortur- 
ed, which  was  done  accordingly  ;  but  while  Tero  bore  up 
himfelf,  his  fon,  feeing  his  father  already  in  a  fad  cafe,  and 
had  no  hope  of  deliverance,  and  perceiving  what  would  be 
the  confequence  of  his  terrible  fufferings,  laid,  that  "  it  the 
king  would  free  him  and  his  father  from  thefe  torments,  for 
what  he  ihould  fay  he  would  tell  the  truth."  And  when  the 
king  had  given  his  word  to  do  fo,  he  faid  that  "  there  was  an 
agreement  made,  that  Tero  ihould  lay  violent  hands  on  the 
king,  becaufe  it  was  eafy  for  him  to  come  when  he  was  alone; 
and  that  if,  when  he  had  done  the  thing,  he  thould  fuffer  death 
for  it,  as  was  not  unlikely,  it  would  be  an  act  of  generofity 
done  in  favour  of  Alexander."  This  was  what  1'ero's  fon 
faid,  and  thereby  freed  his  hither  from  the  diitreis  ne  was  in  ; 
but  uncertain  it  is  whether  he  rrad  been  thus  forced  to  fpeat 


Chap.    XL]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS. 

what  was  true,  or  whether  it  were  a  contrivance  of  his,  in  or- 
der to  procure  his  own  and  his  father's  deliverance  from  their 
miferies. 

7.  As  for  Herod,  if  he  had  before  any  doubt  about  the 
flaughter  of  his  fons  there  was  now  no  longer  any   room  left 
in  his  foul  for  it,  but  he  had  banillied  away  wh.atfoev.er  might 
afford  him  the  lead  fuggeltion  of  realoning  better  about  this 
matter,  fo  he  already  msde  hafte  to  bring  his  purpofe  to  a 
conclufion.      He  alfo  brought  out  three  hundred  ot  the  offi- 
ce s  that  were  under  an  accufaticm,  as  alfo  Tero  and  his  fon, 
and  the  barber  that  accufed  them,  before  an  aflembly,  and. 
brought  an  acculation  againd  them  all  •  whom  the  multitude 
ftonned  with  whatfoevor  cimeto  hand,  and  thereby  (lew  them.' 
Alexander  alfo  aod   Ariftobirlus  were     r^'ight  to  Sebafte  by 
their  father's   command,  andthe--    *!.•:•;•   -i-   hut   their  dead 
bo  lies  were  in  t'.ie  nig  it  ti'm-  carried  to  Ale%:andrium,  where 
their  uncle  by  tite  mothf,  ,:nd  the  greatell  part  oi  their 
anceftors,  had  been  dc; . . 

8.  *  And  n  w  pe>  >t  feem 'urreufunaMfi  to  frne, 
that  fuch  an  inv  fera  e  'nitreu  might  increafe  fo  much  [OP 
fides,  |  as  to  proceed   farther,   and  overco 

may  juffly  ddierve  conuMeration.  whether  it  be  to  be  laid  to 
the  charge  of  the  young  men,  that  they  gave  fuch  an  occa- 
f;  ;u  10  their  lather's  anger,  and  led  him  to  do  what  he  did, 
and  by  going  on  long  in  the  fa-r,e  way,  put  things  pafl  rem- 
edy, and  brought  him  to  ufe  tiicm  fo  unmercifully  ;  or  w;  ath- 
er  it  be  to  br  laid  to  the  father's  charge,  that  he  was  (o  hard 
hearted,  and  fo  very  tender  in  thv-  defire  of  government,  and 
of  other  things  that  would  tenxl  to  his  gbry.  that  he  would 
take  no  one  into  a  partnerlhip  with  him,  that  fo  whatioeverhe 
would  have  done  himfelf  might  continue  immoveable;  or 
indeed,  whether  fortune  have  not  g--e.iter  power  than  all  pru- 
dent reafonings  :  Whence  we  are  porftndcd  that  human  ac- 
tions are  thereby  determined  before  hand  by  an  inevitable  ne- 
ceffity,  and  we  call  her  Fate,  bee .1  ufe  there  is  nothing  which 
is  not  done  by  her  ;  wherefore  I  luppofe  it  will  be  iufficient 
to  compare  this  notion  with  that  other,  winch  attributes  fome- 
what  to  to  ourfelves,  and  renders  men  not  unaccountable  tor 
the  different  conducts  of  their  lives,  which  notion  is  no  oth- 
er than  the  philofophical  determination  of  our  ancient  law. 
Accordingly  of  the  two  other  caufes  of  this  fad  event,  any- 
body may  lay  the  blame  on  the  young  m;  n,  who  acted  by- 
youthful  vanity,  and  pride  of  their  royal  birth,  that  they  Ihould 
bear  to  hear  the  calumnies  that  were  railed  ag:iinit  their  father, 
while  certainly  they  were  not  equitable  judges  or  the  actions 
of  his  lile,  but  ill-natured  in  fufpecting  aaJ  intemperate  m 

*  The  reader  is  here  to  note,  that  this  eighth  leftion  is  ei.fircly  wanting  in  the 
old  Latin  veriion,  as  Spanhcun  truly  obkrves  ;  nor  b  there  u.y  othst  (CalOB  fw 
a,  I  £uppoi'e,  thaa  the  great  dif£;ulty  of  an  maft  uanfktwu. 


2&0  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.        [Book  XVL 

{peaking  of  it,  and  on  both  accounts  eafily  caught  by  thofe 
that  obferved  them,  and  revealed  them  to  gain  favour  ;  yet 
cannot  their  father  be  thought  worthy  of  excufe.  as  to  that 
horrid  impiety  which  he  was  guihy  of  about  them,  while  he 
ventured,  without  any  certain  evidence  of  their  treacherous 
deiignsagainft  him,  and  without  any  proofs  that  they  had  made 
preparation  tor  luch  attempt  to  kill  his  own  Ions,  who  were 
of  very  comely  bodies,  and  the  great  darlings  of  other  men, 
and  no  way  deficient  in  their  condutr,  whether  it  wer.e  in 
hunting,  or  in  warlike  exerciles,  or  in  fpeaking  upon  occa- 
iional  topics  of  difcourfe  ;  tor  in  all  thefe  they  were  fkilfui, 
and  efpecially  Alexander,  who  was  the  eldefl ;  tor  certainly 
it  had  been  fufficient,  even  though  he  had  condemned  them, 
to  have  kept  them  alive  in  bonds,  or  to  let  them  live  at  a  dii- 
tance  from  his  dominions  in  baniihment,  while  he  was  fur- 
rounded  by  the  Roman  torces,  which  were  a  ftrong  fecurity 
to  him  whofe  help  would  prevent  his  fuffering  any  thing  by  a 
iudden  onfet,  or  by  open  force,  but  for  him  to  kill  them  on 
the  fudden,  in  order  togratily  a  paffion  that  governed  him, 
was  a  demonftrati  n  of  infufferaHle  impiety  :  He  alfo  was 
guilty  of  fo  great  a  crime  in  his  elder  age  ;  nor  will  the  delays 
that  he  made,  and  the  length  of  time  in  which  the  thing  was 
done  plead  at  all  tor  his  excu'e;  for  when  a  man  is  on  a  fud- 
den amazed,  and  in  commotion  of  mind,  arid  then  commits  a 
wicked  a£Hon,  although  this  be  an  heavy  crime,  yet  is  it  a 
thing  that  frequently  happens,  but  to  do  it  upon  deliberation, 
and  aiter  frequent  attempts,  and  as  frequent  puttings  off,  to 
undertake  it  at  laft,  and  accomplish  it,  was  the  attion  of  a 
murderous  mind  and  fuch  as  was  not  eafily  moved  from  that 
which  is  evil  :  And  this  temper  he  (hewed  in  what  he  did  af- 
terward, when  he  did  not  fpare  thofe  that  feemed  to  be  the 
beft  beloved  of  his  friends  that  were  left,  wherein,  though 
the  juftice  of  the  punifhment  caufed  thofe  that  perifhed  to  be 
the  lefs  pitied,  yet  was  the  barbarity  of  the  man  here  equal,  in 
that  he  did  not  abflain  from  their  (laughter  alfo  :  But  of  thofe 
perfons  we  fhali  haveoccafion  to  difcourle  more  hereafter. 


Chap.   1.3         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  2&I 

BOOK    XVII. 
Containing  the  interval  of  fourteen  years. 

\fromthe  death  of  ALKXANDER  and  ARISTOBULUS,  to 
the  banijhmtnt  oj  ARCHELAUS.J 

CHAP.    I. 

How  Antipate?  war  hated  by  all  the  nation  [of  tht  Jews]  jof 
the  Jlaughter  of  his  brethren  ;  and  flow,  for  that  reafon,  he. 
got  into  peculiar  jav  our  with  his  friends  at  Rome,  by  giving 
them  many  prejents  ;  as  he  did  aijo  with  Satuminus  the  pref- 
rdent  of  Syria,  and  the  governors  who  were  nnder  him  ;  and 
concerning  Herod's  wives  and  children. 

§  I,  "\X7HEN  Antipater  had  thus  taken  offhis  hrethren, 
VV  and  had  brought  his  father. into  the  higheft  degree 
of  impiety,  till  he  was  haunted  with  furies  tor  what  he  had 
Hone,  his  hopes  did  not  fucceed  to  his  mind,  as  to  the  reft  of 
his  life  ;  for,  although  he  was  delivered  irom  the  fear  of  his 
brethren  being  his  rivals  as  to  the  government,  yet  did  he  find 
it  a  very  hard  thing  and  almoft  impracticable,  to  come  at  the 
kingdom,  becauie  the  hatred  of  the  nation  againft  him  on  that 
account  was  become  very  great  :  And,  befides  this  very  dif- 
agreeable  circumftance,  the  affair  of  the  ibldiery  grieved  him 
ftill  more  who  were  alienated  from  him,  from  which  yet  theie 
kings  derived  all  the  faiety  which  they  had,  whenever  they 
iound  the  nation  defirous  of  innovation  :  And  all  this  danger 
was  drawn  upon  him  by  his  destruction  ot  his  brethren.  How- 
ever, he  governed  the  nation  jointly  with  his  father,  being 
indeed  no  other  than  a  king  already  ;  and  he  was  for  that  very 
reafon  trufted,  and  the  more  firmly  depended  on,  tor  the 
which  he  ought  himfelf  to  have  been  put  to  death,  as  appear- 
ing to  have  betrayed  his  brethren  out  ot  his  concern  tor  the 
preservation  of  Herod,  and  not  rather  out  of  his  ill-will  to  them, 
and,  before  them,  to  his  father  himfelf ;  and  this  was  the  a<  - 
curfed  ftate  he  was  in.  Now,  all  Antipater's  contrivances 
tended  to  make  his  way  to  take  off  Herod,  that  he  might  have 
nobody  to  accufe  him  in  the  vile  practices  he  was  devifing  ; 
and  that  Herod  might  have  no  refuge,  nor  any  to  afford  him, 
their  alTiftance,  fince  they  maft  thereby  have  Antipater  for 
their  open  enemy  ;  infomuch  that  the  very  plots  he  had  laid 
againft  his  brethren,  were  occasioned  by  the  hatred  he  bore 
his  father.  But  at  this  time  he  was  more  than  ever  fct  upon 
VOL.  II.  M  m 


1%%  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.      [Buok  XVlI. 

tha  execution  of  his  attempts  againft  Herod,  becaufe  if  he 
were  once  dead,  the  government  would  now  be  firmly  fecur- 
ed  to  him  ;but  it  he  were  fuffered  to  live  any  longer,  he  mold 
be  in  danger  upon  a  difcovery  of  that  wickednefs  of  which  he 
had  been  the  contriver,  and  his  father  would  of  necefTity  then 
become  his  enemy.  And  on  this  account  it  was  that  he  be- 
came very  bounteful  to  his  father's  friends,  and  beftowed 
great  fums  on  feverai  of  them,  in  order  to  furprife  men  with 
his  good  deeds,  and  take  off  their  hatred  againft  him.  And  he 
fent  great  prefents  to  his  friends  at  Rome,  particularly,  to  gain 
their  good  will  ;  and  above  all  the  reft  to  Saturniuns,  the 
prefident  of  Syria,  He  alfo  hoped  to  gain  the  favour  of  Satur- 
ninus's  brother  with  the  large  prefents  he  beftowed  on  him  ;  as 
alfo  he  ufed  the  fame  art  to  [Salornej  the  king's  fifter,  who 
had  married  one  of  Herod's  chief  friends.  And,  when  he 
counterfeited  friendfhip  to  thofe  with  whom  he  converfed,  he 
•was  very  fuhtle  in  gaining  their  belief,  and  very  cunning  to 
hide  his  hatred  againft  any  that  he  really  did  hate.  But  he 
could  not  impofe  upon  his  aunt,  win  underftood  him  of  a 
longtime,  and  was  a  woman  not  eafily  to  be  deluded;  efpe- 
cially  while  (he  had  already  ufed  all  poflibiy  caution  in  pre- 
venting his  pernicious  defigns.  Although  Antipater's  uncle 
by  th*  mother's  fide,  were  married  to  her  daughter,  and  this 
by  his  own  connivance  and  management,  while  (he  had  be- 
fore been  married  to  Ariftobulus,  and  while  Salome's  other 
daughter  by  that  hufband  were  married  to  the  fon  ot  Calleas. 
But  that  marriage  was  no  obftacle  to  her,  who  knew  how 
•wicked  he  was,  in  her  difcovering  his  defigns,  as  her  former 
kindred  to  him  could  not  prevent  her  hatred  of  him.  Now 
Herod  compelled  Salome,  while  (he  was  in  love  with  Sy  Ileus 
the  Arabian,  and  had  taken  a  fondnefs  for  him,  to  marry  Al- 
exas ;  which  match  was  by  her  fubrnitted  to  at  the  inftance  of 
Julia,  who  perfuaded  Salome  not  torefufe  it,  left  (he  (hould 
herfelf  be  their  open  enemy,  fince  Herod  had  fworn  that  he 
would  never  be  friends  with  Salome,  if  (he  would  not  accept 
of  Alexas  for  her  hufband ;  fo  ihe  fubrnitted  to  Julia  as  being 
Caefar's  wife,  and,  beiides  that,  as  (lie  adviied  her  to  nothing 
hut  what  was  very  much  lor  her  own  advantage.  At  this  time 
alfo  it  was  that  Herod  fent  back  king  Archelaus's  daughter, 
who  had  been  Alexander's  wife,  to  her  father,  returning  the 
portion  he  had  with  her  out  ot  his  own  eitate,-that  there  might 
be  no  difpute  between  them  about  it. 

2.  Now  Herod  brought  up  his  fon's  children  with  great  care: 
for  Alexander  had  two  fons  by  Glaphyra  ,  and  Ariftobulus 
had  three  fons  by  Bernice  Salome's  daughter,  and  two  daugh- 
ters :  And,  as  his  friends  were  one  with  him.  he  prefented  the 
children  before  them  ;  and  deploring  the  hard  fortune  ot  his 
own  fons,  he  prayed  that  no  fuchill  fortune  might  befal  thefe 
•Who  were  their  children,  but  that  they  might  improve  in  vir- 
tue, and  obtain  what  they  juftly  deierved,  and  might  make 


Chap.   I.]  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS. 

him  amends  for  his  care  of  their  education.  He  alfo  accufed 
them  to  be  betrothed  agamftthey  {hould  come  to  the  proper 
age  of  marriage  ;  the  elder  ot  Alexander's  tons  to  Pherora's 
daughter,  and  Antipater's  daughter  to  Ariftobulus's  elded 
fon.  He  alfo  allotted  one  of  Ariltobulus's  daughter  to  Anti- 
pater's  fon  and  Ariftobulus's  other  daughter  to  Herod,  a 
fon  of  his  own,  who  was  born  to  him  by  the  highprieft's 
daughter  ;  for  it  is  the  ancient  pra6tice  among  us  to  have  ma- 
ny wives  at  the  fame  time.  Now  the  king  made  thefe  eipou- 
fals  tor  the  children,  out  of  commiferation  ot  them  now  they 
were  tatherlefs,  as  endeavouring  to  render  Antipater  kind  to 
them  by  thefe  intermarriages.  But  Antipater  did  not  fail  to 
bear  the  fame  temper  of  mind  to  his  brother's  children,  which 
he  had  borne  to  his  brothers  them  (elves  ;  and  his  father's  con- 
cern about  them  provoked  his  indignation  againft  them  upon 
this  fuppofal,  that  they  would  become  greater  than  ever  his 
brothers  had  been  ;  while  Arche'.aus,  a  king,  would  fupport 
his  daughter's  Ions  and  Phcroras,  a  tetrarch,  would  accept 
ot  one  ot  the  daughters  as  a  wife  to  his  fon.  What  provoked 
him  alfo  was  this,  that  all  the  multitude  would  fo  commiferate 
thefe  fatherlefs  children,  and  fo  hate  him,  [for  making  them 
fatherlefs],  that  all  would  come  out,  fince  they  were  no  ftran- 
gers  to  his  vile  difpofition  towards  his  brethren.  He  contrived 
therefore  to  overturn  his  father's  fettlements,  as  thinking  it  a 
terribler  thing  that  they  mould  be  fo  related  to  him,  and  be  fo 
powerful  witha).  So  Herod  yielded  to  him,  and  changed  his 
refolution  at  his  entreaty  ;  and  the  determination  now  was, 
that  Antipater  himfelf  ihould  many  Ariftobulus's  daughther, 
and  Antipater's  fon  (hould  marry  Pheroras's  daughter.  So  the 
efpoufals  tor  the  marriages  were  changed  after  this  manner,  e- 
ven  without  the  king's  real  approbation. 

3.  Now  Herod  the  king  had  at  this  time  nine  wives  ;  one  of 
them  Antipater's  mother,  and  another  the  highprieft's  daugh- 
ter, by  whom  he  had  a  fon  of  his  own  name.  He  had  alfo 
one  who  was  his  broiher£s  daughter,  and  another  his  filler's 
daughter  ;  which  two  had  no  children.  One  of  his  wives  al- 
fo was  ot  the  Samaritan  nation,  whofe  fons  were  Antipas  and 
Archelaus,  and  whole  daughter  was  Olympias ;  which  daugh- 
ter was  afterward  married  to  Jofeph,  the  king's  brother's  fon  ; 
but  Archelaus  and  Antipas  were  brought  up  with  a  certain 
private  man  at  Rome.  Herod  had  alfo  to  wife  Cleopatra  of 
Jerufalem,  and  by  her  he  had  his  fons  Herod  and  Philip  ; 
which  la  ft  was  al(o  brought  up  at  Rome:  Pallas  alfo  was  one 
of  his  wives  which  bare  him  his  fon  Phafaelus.  And  befides 
thefe,  he  had  for  his  wives  Phedra  and  Elpis,  by  whom  he 

*  Thofe  who  have  a  mind  to  know  all  the  family  and  defendants  of  Antipater 
the  Idumean,  and  of  Herod  the  Great,  his  ion,  and  have  a  memor.y  to  preltne 
them  all  diftinftly,  may  coniult  Joiepbus,  Antiq.  B.  XVIII.  ch.  v.  ^  4.  vol.  II, 
and  Of  the  War,  B.  I.  ch  xxviii.  i  4.  vol.  Ill,  and  Noldius  in  Havercamp's 
edition,  p.  336.  «u:d  Snanheim,  ib  .  P.  492 — 405.  and  Roland,  PalefUn.  Part  J. 
p.  175,  976. 


284  ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE   JEWS.       [BookXVII. 

had  his  daughters  Roxana  and  Salome.  As  for  his  elder  daugh- 
ters by  the  fame  mother  with  Alexander  and  Ariftobulus,  arid 
whom  Pheroras  negletted  to  marry,  he  gave  the  one  in  marriage 
to  Antipater  the  king's  filter's  Ion,  and  the  other  to  Phaiaelus, 
his  brother's  fon.  And  this  was.  the  pofterity  of  Herod. 


CHAP.    II. 

Concerning  Zamaris,  the  Babylonian  Jew.  Concerning  the  plots 
laid  by  Antipater  againjt  his  father  ;  andfomtiukat  about  the 
Pharifees. 

§  i.  \  ND  now  it  was  that  Herod,  being  defirous  of  fccur* 
Y~lL  mg  himfelt  on  the  lide  of  the  Treachonites,  reioiv- 
ed  to  build  a  village,  as  large  as  a  city  tor  the  Jews,  in  the 
middle  <>t  that  country,  which  might  make  his  own  country 
difficuic  to  be  aflaulted,  and  whence  he  might  be  at  hand  to 
make  (allies  upon  them,  and  do  them  amifchiet.  According- 
ly, when  he  underftood  that  there  was  a  man  that  was  a  Jew 
come  out  of  Babylon  with  five  hundred  horfemen,  all  of 
whom  could  (hoot  their  arrows  as  they  rode  on  horfeback,  and 
with  an  hundred  of  his  relations,  had  pafled  over  Euphrates, 
and  now  abode  at  Antioch  by  Daphne  of  Syria,  where  Satur- 
ninus,  who  was  then  prefident  had  given  them  a  place  for  hab- 
itation, called  Valatha.  he  fent  for  this  man,  with  the  multitude 
that  followed  him,  and  promifed  to  give  him  land  in  the  to- 
parchy  called  Batanca,  which  country  is  bounded  with  Trach- 
onites  as  defirous  to  make  that  his  habitation  a  guard  to  hirrir 
felf.  He  alfo  engaged  to  let  him  hold  the  country  tree  from 
tribute  and  that  they  fhouid  dwell  entirely  without  paying 
iuch  cultoms  as  ufcd  to  be  paid,  and  gave  it  him  tax-free. 

2.  The  Babylonian  was  induced  by  thefe  offers  to  come  hi- 
ther ;  fo  he  took  pofleflion  of  the  land  and  built  in  itfortrefles 
and  a  village,  and  named  it  Bathyra.  Whereby  this  man  be- 
came a  lafeguard  to  the  inhabitans  againft  the  Trachonites,  and 
preferved  thofe  Jews  who  came  out  o^  Babylon,  to  offer  their 
iacrifices  at  Jerulalem,  from  being  hurt  by  the  Trachonite 
robberies ;  10  that  a  great  number  came  to  him  from  all  thofe 
parts  where  the  ancient  jewifh  laws  were  obferved,  and  the 
country  became  full  ot  people,  by  reafori  of  their  univerfal 
ireedom  from  taxes.  This  continued  during  the  life  of  Her- 
od ;  but  when  Philip,  who  was  [tetrarch  I  atter  him,  took  the 
government,  he  made  them  pay  fome  fmall  taxes,  and  that  for 
a  little  while  only  ;  and  Agrippa  the  Great,  and  his  fon  of  the 
fame  name,  although  they  harraffed  them  greatly,  yet  would 
they  not  take  their  liberty  away.  From  whom  when  the  Ro- 
mans have"  now  taken  the  government  into  their  own  hands, 
they  Hill  gave  them  the  privilege  of  their  freedom,  but  op- 
prefs  them  entirely  with  the  impofition  of  taxes.  Qt  which 


Chap.  II.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS,  5?5 

matter  I  (hall  treat  more  accurately  in  the  progrefs  of  this  hif- 


*. 

3.  At  length  Zamaris,  the  Babylonian,  to  whom  Herod  had 
given  that  country  tor  apoflellion,  died  ;  having  lived  virtu- 
oufly,  and  lett  children  ot  a  good  character  behind  him:  One 
of  which  was  Jacim,  who  was  famous  for  his    valour,  and 
taught  his  Babylonians  how  to  ride  their  horfes  ;  and  a  troop 
ot  them  were  guards  to  the  torementioned  kings.    And  when 
Jacim  was  dead  in  his  old  age,  he  lett  a  ion  whofe  name  was 
rhilip,  one  ot  great  llrength  in  his  hands,  and  in  other  refpecls 
alfo  more  eminent  tor  his  valour  than  any  of  his  cotempora- 
ries  ;  on  which  account  there  was  a  confidence  and  firm  friend- 
Ihip  between  him  and  King  Agrippa.     He  had  alfo  an  army, 
\vhicu  he  maintained,  as  great  as  that  of  a  King  ;  which  he  ex- 
erciled  and  led  wherefoever  he  had  occafion  to  march. 

4.  When  the  affairs  ot  Herod  were  in  the  condition  I  have 
delcribed,  all  the  public  affairs  depended  upon  Antipater  ;  and 
his  p  ^wer  was  fucli,  that  iie  could  do  good  turns  to  as  many 
as  he  pleafed,  and  this  by  his  father's  conceflion,  in  hopes  of 
his  good  will  and  fidelity  to  him  ;  and  this  tHl  he  ventured  to 
ufe  his  power  liiil  tanner,  becauie  his  wicked  defigns  were 
concealed  from    his    father,  and  he  made  him  believe  every 
thing  he  faid.     He  was  allo  formidable  to  all,  not  io  much  on 
account  ot  the  power  an  1  authority  he  had,  as  for  the  fhrewd- 
nefs  of  his  vile  attempts  betore-hand  ;  But  he  who  principal- 
ly cultivated  a  friendship  with  him  was  Pheroras,  who  receiv- 
«?:!  the  like  marks  of  his  triendlhip  ;  while  Antipater  had  cun- 
ningly encompat'Ied    him  about  by   a   company   ot  women, 
whom  he  placed  as  guardsabout  him  :  For  Pheroras  was  great- 
ly enflaved  to  his  wife,  and  to  her  mother,  and  to  her  filter  ; 
and  this  notwithttanding  the  haired  he  bare  them,  for  the  in- 
dignities they  had  offered  to  his  virgin  daughters.     Yet  he  did 
hare  them,  and  nothing  was  to  be   done  without  the  women, 
who  had  got  this  man  into  their  circle,  and  continued  ftill  to 
affiit  each  other  in  all  things    infomuch  that  Antipater  was 
entirely  addicted  to  them,  both  by  himfelt,  and  by  his  moth- 
er ;  i'or  thefe  four  women  t  faid  all  one  and  the  fame  thing  ; 
but  the  opinions  of  Pheroras  and  Antipater  were  different  in 
fotne  points  ot  no  confequence.     But  the  king's  fifter  [Salo- 
mej  was  their  antagonilt,  who  for  a  good  while  had   looked 
about  all  their  affairs,  and  was  apprized  that  this  their  friend- 
ihip  was  made  in  order  to  do  Herod  fome  mifchief,  and  was 

led  to  inform  the  king  of  it.  And  fince  thefe  people 
knew  that  their  Iriendfhip  was  very  difagreeable  to  Herod,  as 
tending  to  do  him  a  mifchiet,  they  contrived  that  their  meet- 
ings (hould  not  be  difcovered  ;  fo  they  pretended  to  hate  one 
another,  and  to  abufe  one  another  when  time  ferved,  and  ef- 

isnow  wanting. 
1   !'"  .•  and  her  itiot'r.er,  and  filler,  and  Doris,  Antipater's  mother, 


286  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS.      [Book  XVII. 

pecially  when  Herod  was  prefent,  or  when  any  one  was  there 
that  would  tell  him  ;  but  ftill  their  intimacy  was  firmer  than 
ever,  when  they  were  private.  And  this  was  the  courfe  they 
took  ;  but  they  could  not  conceal  from  Salome  neither  their 
firft  contrivance,  when  they  fct  about  thefe  their  intentions, 
nor  when  they  had  made  fome  progrefs  in  them  :  But  (lie 
fearched  out  every  thing  ;  and,  aggravating  the  relations  to 
her  brother,  declared  to  him,  "  As  well  their  fecret  affemblies 
and  compotations,  as  their  counfels  taken  in  a  clandeftine 
jnanner,  which,  it  they  were  not  in  order  to  deftroy  him,  they 
might  well  enough  have  been  open  and  public.  But  to  ap- 
pearance, they  are  at  variance,  and  (peak  about  one  another  as 
if  they  intended  one  another  a  mifchief,  but  agree  fo  well  to- 
gether when  they  are  out  of  the  light  ot  the  multitude  ;  for 
when  they  are  alone  by  themfelves  they  a£t  in  concert,  and 
profefs  that  they  will  never  leave  off  their  triendfhip,  but  will 
fight  againft  thofe  from  whom  they  conceal  their  defigns." 
And  thus  did  me  fearch  out  thefe  things,  and  get  a  perfe6l 
knowledge  of  them,  and  then  told  her  brother  ot  them,  who 
underftood  alfo  of  [limfelf  a  great  deal  of  what  Ihe  faid,  but 
ftill  durft  not  depend  upon  it,  becaufe  of  the  fufpicions  he  had 
of  his  fitter's  calumnies.  For  there  was  a  certain  feel  oi  mea 
that  were  Jews,  who  valued  themfelves  highly  upon  the  exaft 
fkill  they  had  in  the  law  of  their  fathers,  and  made  men  believe 
they  were  highly  favoured  by  God,  by  whom  this  fet  of  wo- 
men were  inveighled.  Thefe  are  thofe  that  are  called  the  feft 
of  the  Pharifees,  who  were  in  a  capacity  ot  greatly  oppofing 
kings.  A  cunning  fe£i  they  were,  and  foon  elevated  to  a  pitch 
of  open  fighting,  and  doing  mifchief.  Accordingly,  when  all 
the  people  of  the  Jews  gave  affurance  of  their  good-will  to 
Caefar,  and  to  the  king's  government,  thefe  very  men  did  not 
fwear.  being  above  fix  thoufand  ;  and  when  the  king  impofed 
a  fine  upon  them.  Pheroras's  wife  paid  their  fine  for  them. 
Jn  order  to  requite  which  kindnefs  of  her's,  fince  they  were 
believed  to  have  the  foreknowledge  ot  things  to  come  by  di- 
vine inspiration,  they  foretold  how  God  had  decreed,  that  Her- 
od's government  fhould  ceafe,  and  his  pofterity  fhould  be  de- 
prived ot  it  ;  but  that  the  kingdom  (hould  come  to  her  and 
Phemras,  and  to  their  children.  Thefe  piedictions  were  not 
concealed  from  Salome,  but  were  told  the  king  ;  as  alfo  how 
they  had  perverted  fome  perfons  about  the  palace  itfelf  ;  fo 
the  king  flew  fuch  ot  the  Pharifess  as  were  principally  accuf- 
ed  and  Bagoasthe  eunuch,  and  one  Carus,  who  exceeded  all 
men  of  that  time  in  comeiinefs,  and  one  that  was  his  catamite. 
He  flew  alfo  all  tttofe  of  his  own  family  who  had  confented 
to  what  the  Pharifees  foretold  :  And  for  Bagoas,  he  had  been 
puffed  up  by  them,  as  though  he  mould  be  named  the  father 
and  the  benela6ior  of  him  who,  by  the  prediftion,  was  fore- 
told to  be  their  appointed  king  ;  for  that  this  king  would  have 
all  things  in  his  power,  and  would  °nable  Bagoas  to  marry, 
and  to  have  children  of  his  own  body  begotten. 


Chap.  III.]    ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE  JEWS. 


CHAP.      III. 

Concerning  the  enmity  between  Herod  and  Pheroras :  How  Her- 
cd  lent  Antipater  to  Cctfar  ;  and  oj  the  Death  of  Pheroras. 

§  I.  TT7HEN  Herod  had  punifhed  thofe  Pharif<fes  who  had 
V  V   been  convi6ted  of  the  foregoing  crimes,  he  gathered 
anafTembly  together  of  his  friends,  and  accufed  Pheroras'sw; 
and  alcribing  the  abufes  ot  the  virgins  to  the  impudence  o! 
that  woman,  brought  an  accufation  againfl  her  for  the  difhon- 
our  fhe  had  brought  upon  them  :  That  "  ilie  had  ftudioufly  in- 
troduced a  quarrel  between  him  and  his  brother,  and,  by  her 
ill  temper,  had  brought  them  into  a  ftate  of  war,  both  by  her 
words  and  a6tions  ;  that  the  fines  which  he  had  laid  had  not 
been  paid,  and  the  offenders  had  efcaped  punifhment  by   her 
means  ;  and  that  nothing  which   had  of  late  been  done  had 
been  done  without  her  :  For  which  reafon  Pheroras  would  do 
well,  if  he  would,  of  his  own  accord,  and  by   his  own  com- 
mand, and  not  at  my  entreaty,  or  as   following  my  opinion, 
put  this  his  wife  away,  as  one  that  will  ftill  be  the  occafion  ot" 
war  between  thee  and  me.     And  now  Pheroras,  if  thou  valu- 
eft  thy  relation  to  me,  put  this  wife  of 'thine  away  ;  for  by  this 
means  thou  wilt  continue  to  be  a  brother  to  me,  and  wilt  abide 
in  thy  love  to  me."     Then  faid  Pheroras,  (although   he  were 
prefled  hard  by  the  former  words,)  that  "  As  he  would  not  do 
fo  unjuft  a  thing  as  to  renounce  his  brotherly  relation  to  him, 
fo  would  he  not  leave  off  his  affe&ion  for  his  wife  :  That  he 
would  rather  choofe  to  die  than  to  live,  and  be  deprived  of  a 
wife  that  was  fo  dear  unto  him."     Hereupon  Herod  put  off 
his  anger  againft  Pheroras  on  thefe  accounts,  although  he 
himfelt  thereby  underwent  a  very  uneafy  punilhment.  How- 
ever, he  forbade  Antipater  and  his  mother  to  have  any  con- 
verfation  with  Pheroras,  and  bid  them  to  take  care  to  avoid 
the  aflemblies  of  the  women  :  Which  they  promifed  to  do  ; 
but  ftill  got  together  when  occafion  ferved,  and  both  Phero- 
ras and  Antipater  had  their  own  merry  meetings.   The  report 
went^alfo,  that  Antipater  had  criminal  converfation  with  Phe- 
roras's  wife  ;  and  that  they  were  brought  together  by  Antipa- 
ter's  mother. 

2.  But  Antipater  had  now  a  fufpicion  of  his  father,  and  was 
afraid  that  the  effe6ls  ot  his  hatred  to  him  might  increafe  :  So 
he  wrote  to  his  friends  at  Rome,  and  bid  them  to  fend  to  Her- 
od, that  he  would  immediately  lend  Antipater  to  Caefar  ; 
•which,  when  it  was  done,  Herod  fent  Antipater  thither,  and 
fent  moft  noble  prefents  along  with  him  ;  as  alfohis  teftament, 
•wherein  Antipater  was  appointed  to  be  his  fuceeflbr  :  And 
that  it  Antipater  fhould  die  firft,  [Herod  Philip]  fon  by  the 
high-priefl's  daughter,  Ihc-uld  facceed.  And,  together  witb 


28&  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THJS   JEWS.       [Book.  XV 11. 

Antipater,  there  went  to  Rome,  Sylieus  the  Arabian,  although 
he  had  done  nothing  of  all  that  C<eiar  had  enjoined  him.  An- 
tipater alfo  accufed  him  of the   lame  crimes  of  which  he  had 
been  formerly  accufed  by  Herod.     Sy liens  was  alfo   accufed 
by  Aretas,  that  without  his  confent,  he  had  (lain   many  of  the 
chief  of  the  Arabians  at   Peira  ;  and  particularly  Soemus,  A 
man  that  deferved  to  be  honoured  by  ail  men,  and  that  he  had 
flain  Fabatus,  a  fervant  of  Caefar's,     Thele  were  the  things  ok 
which  Sylieus  was  accufed,  and  that  on  the  occafion  follow- 
ing :  There  was  one  Corinthus   belonging  to  Herod,  of  the 
guards  ot  the  king's  body,  and  one  who  was  greatly  ti  lifted  by 
him.     Sylieus  had  perfuaded  this  man  with  the  offer  of  a  great 
fum  of  money,  to  kill  Herod  ;  and  he  had  promiied  to  do  it. 
When  Fabatus  had  been  acquainted  with  tnis,  for  Sylieus  hau 
himfelf  told  him  of  it,  he  informed  the  king  of  it  ;  who  caught 
Corinthus  and  put  him  to  the  torture,  and  thereby  got  out   of 
him  the  whole  confpiracy.     He  alfo  caught  two  other  Ara- 
bians, who  were  difcovered  by  Corinthus  ;  the  one  the  head 
«f  a  tribe,  and  the  other  a  friend  to  Sylieus,  who  both  were  by 
the  king  brought  to  the  torture,  and  conieiled,  that  they  were 
come  to  encourage  Corinthus  not  to  fail  of  doing  what  he  had 
undertaken  to  do  ;  and  to  affift  him  with  their  own  hands  in 
the  murder,  if  need  mould  require  their  afliftance.     So  Satur- 
ninus,  upon  Herod's  difcovenng  the  whole  to  him,  fent  them/ 
to  Rome. 

3.  At  this  time,  Herod  commanded  Pheroras  that  fince  he 
was  foobftinate  in  his  affettion  for  his  wife,  he  mould  retire 
into  his  own  tetrarchy  ;  which  he  did  very  willingly,  and 
fware  many  oaths  that  he  would  not  come  again,  till  he  heard 
that  Herod  was  dead.  And  indeed,  when,  upon  a  ficknefs  of 
the  king's,  he  was  defired  to  come  to  him  belore  he  died,  that 
he  might  intruft  him  with  lomeof  his  injunctions, he  had  fuch 
a  regard  to  his  oath  that  he  would  not  come  to  him  :  Yet  did 
not  Herod  fo  retain  his  hatred  to  Pheroras,  but  remitted  of  his 
purpofe  [not  to  fee  him,J  whicn  he  before  had,  and  that  for 
fuch  great  caufes  as  have  been  already  mentioned  :  But  as 
foon  as  he  began  to  be  ill,  he  came  to  him,  and  this  without 
being  fent  for  ;  and  when  he  was  dead,  he  took  care  ot  his 
funeral,  and  had  his  body  brought  to  Jerufalem  and  buried 
there,  and  appointed  a  folemn  mourning  tor  him.  This  |  death 
of  Pherorasj  became  the  origin  ot  Antipater's  misfortunes, 
although  he  were  already  iailed  for  Rome,  God  now  being  a- 
bout  to  punifh  him  for  the  murder  of  his  brethren.  I  will  ex- 
plain the  hiftory  of  this  matter  very  diftinctly,  that  it  may  be 
for  a  warning  to  mankind,  that  they  take  care  of  conducting 
their  whole  hyes  by  the  rules  oi  virtue. 


Chap.  IV.]     ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS. 


CHAP.     IV. 

Pheroras's  Wife  is  accuftd  by  his  Freed  Men,  as  guilty  of  poi- 
foning  him  ;  and  how  Herod,  upon  Examination  oj  the  mat- 
ter by  lorturc,  jound  the  Poifon;  but  fo  that  it  had  been 
prepared  for  himfelf  by  his  fon  Antipater :  And,  upon  an 
enquiry  by  Torture,  he  difcovered  the  dangerous  dejigns  of 
Antipater, 

$  i.  AS  foon  as  Pheroras  was  dead,  and  his  funeral  was 
-t~\.  over,  two  ot  Pheroras's  treed  men  who  were  much 
efteemed  by  him,  came  to  Herod,  and  entreated  him  not  to 
leave  the  murder  of  his  brother  without  avenging  it,  but  to 
examine  into  fuch  an  unreafonable  and  unhappy  death.  When 
he  was  moved  with  thefe  words,  tor  they  feemed  to  him  to  be 
true,  they  faid,  That  "  Pheroras  fupped  with  his  wife  the  day 
before  he  fell  fick,  and  that  a  certain  potion  was  brought  him 
in  fuch  a  fort  of  tood  as  he  was  not  ufed  to  ea.t ;  but  that  when 
he  had  eaten  he  died  ot  it  :  That  this  potion  was  brought  out 
of  Arabia  by  a  woman,  under  pretence  indeed  as  a  love  po- 
tion, tor  that  was  its  name,  but  in  reality  to  kill  Pheroras  ; 
for  that  the  Arabian  women  are  fkilful  in  making  fuch  poifons  : 
And  the  woman  to  whom  they  aicribe  this,  was  confeffedly  a 
mofl  intimate  friend  of  one  ot  Sylleus's  miflreffes  ;  and  that 
both  the  mother  and  the  fifter  of  Pheroras's  wite  had  been  at 
the  places  where  fhe  lived,  and  had  perfuaded  her  to  fell  them 
this  potion  ;  and  had  come  back  and  brought  it  with  them  the 
day  before  that  his  f  up  per."  Hereupon  the  king  was  pro- 
voked, and  put  the  women  flaves  to  the  torture,  and  fome 
that  were  free  with  them  :  And  as  the  fa£l  did  not  yet  appear, 
becaufe  none  of  them  would  confefs  it ;  at  length  one  of  them, 
under  her  utmofl  agonies,  faid  no  more  but  this,  That  "  fhe 
prayed  that  God  would  fend  the  like  agonies  upon  Anti pater's 
mother,  who  had  been  the  occafion  of  thefe  miferies  to  all  of 
them."  This  prayer  induced  Herod  to  increafe  the  women's 
tortures,  till  thereby  all  was  difcovered:  "  Their  merry  meet- 
ings, their  fecret  aifemblies,  and  the  difclofing  of  what  he 
had  faid  to  his  fon  alone,  unto  Pheroras's  *  women.1'  (Now 
what  Herod  had  charged  Antipater  to  conceal  was,  the  gjft 
of  an  hundred  talents  to  him  not  to  have  any  conversation 

*  His  wife,  her  mother  and  fitter. 

It  ieeniito  me,  by  this  whole  {lory  put  together,  that  Pheroras  was  not  himfeif 
poiloned,  as  is  commonly  fuppoted  ;  for  Antipater  had  periuaded  him  to  poiioii 
Heiod,  ch.  v.  ^  i.  which  would  fall  to  the  ground,  if  he  were  himfelf  poii'oned  ; 
nor  couid  the  poifoningof  Pheioras  ferve  any  defign  that  app  ars  now  going  foi- 
ward,  it  was  only  the  luppofalof  two  of  his  freed  men,  that  this  love-potion,  or 
poifon,  which  they  knew  was  brought  to  Phrroras's  ••vife,  was  made  utc  of  fcr 
pollening  him  ;  whereas  it  appears  to  have  been  brought,  for  her  husband  to  p«;- 
ion  Herod  withal,  as  L:;  future  examinations  dsmoullr4tc. 

VOL.  II.  N  n 


Itp  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.       [Book  XVlL 

with  Pheroras.)  "  And  what  hatred  he  bore  to  his  father ;  and; 
that  he  complained  to  his  mother  how  very  icrig  his  father 
lived  ;  and  that  he  was  himfelt  almoft  an  old  man,  infomiich, 
that  it  the  kingdom  mould  come  to  him,  it  would  not  afford 
him  any  great  pleafure  ;  and  that  there  were  a  great  many  ot 
his  brothers,  or  brother's  children,  bringing  up,  that  migh£ 
have  hopes  of  the  kingdom  as  well  as  himfelt,  all  which,  made 
his  own  hopes  of  it  uncertain  ;  for  that  even  now  if  he  fhould 
himfelt  not  live,  Herod  had  ordained  that  the  government 
fhould  be  contened  not  on  his  fon  but  rather  on  a  brother.  He 
alfo  had  accufed  the  king  of  great  barbarity,  and  of  the  flaugh- 
ter  of  his  Ions  ;  and  that  it  was  out  of  the  fear  he  was  under,, 
left  he  fhould  do  the  like  to  him,  that  made  him  contrive  this 
his  journey  to  Rome,  and  Pheroras  contrive  to  go  to  his  own 
tetrarchy." 

^2.  Thefe  confeffions  agreed  with  what  hi*  flfler  had  told 
him,  and  tended  greatly  to, corroborate  her  teflimony,  and  to 
free  her  from  the  fufpicion  of  her  unfaithfulnefs  to  him.  So 
the  king  having  fatisfied  himfelt  of  the  fpite  which  Doris, 
Antipater's  mother,  as  well  as  himfelf,  bore  to  him,  took  a- 
way  from  her  all  her  fine  ornamems,  which  were  worth  ma- 
ny talents  ;  and  then  feni  her  away,  and  entered  into  friend- 
fhip  with  Pheroras's  women.  But  he  who  moft  of  all  irritated 
the  king  againft  his  fon.  was  one  Antipater,  the  procurator  of 
Antipater  the  king's  fon,  who  when  he  was  tortured,  among 
other  things  faid.  That  Antipater  had  prepared  a  deadly  poriou 
and  given  it  to  Pheroras,  with  his  defire  that  he  would  give 
it  to  his  father  during  his  abfence,  and  when  he  was  too  remote 
to  have  the  leaff  fufpicion  caft  upon  him  thereto  relating  ;  that 
Antiphilus,  one  ot  Antipater's  friends  brought  that  potion  out 
of.  Egypt  ;  and  that  it  was  fent  to  Pheroras  by  Theudion,  the 
brother  of  the  mother  ot  Antipater  the  king's  fon,  and  by  that 
means  came  to  Pheroras's  wife,  her  hufband  having  given  it 
her  tc  keep.  And  when  the  king  afked  her  about  it,  fhe  con- 
ieffed  it  ;  ami  as  fhe  was  running  to  fetch  it,  fhe  threw  herfelf 
down  from  the  houfe  top ;  yet  did  fhe  not  kill  herfelf  becaufe 
Ihe  fell  upon  her  feet  :  By  which  means,  when  the  king  had 
comforted  her,  and  had  promifed  her  and  her  domeftics  par- 
don, upr-n  condition  of  their  concealing  nothing  of  the  truth 
from  him,  but  had  threatened  her  with  the  utmoft  miferit-s  it 
fhe  proved  ungrateful,  [and  concealed  any  thingj  ;  fo  fhe 
promifed  and  I  wore  that  fhe  would  fpeak  out  every  thing,  and 

tell  after  what  manner  every  thing  was  done  ;  and  faid  what 
many  took  to  be  entirely  true,  that  "  the  potion  was  brought 
out  ot  1-^ypt  by  Antiphilus  ;  and  that  his  brother,  who  was  a 
phyfician  had  procured  it ;  and  that  when  Theudion  brought 
it  us,  fhe  kept  it  upon  Pheroias's  committing  it  to  her  ;  and 
that  it  was  prepared  by  Antipater  for  thee.  When,  therefore, 
JJi,ci  a  vas  tallen  fick,  and  thou  camedft  to  him  and  took. 
tfdft  care  ot  him,  and  when  lie  faw  the  Jundnefs  thou  hadfl  io* 


I    "."]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  ?.()*, 

}>  nind  was  overborne  thereby."     So  he  called  me  to 

}       .  '   o  me,    "  O  woman  !    Antipater  hath   circum- 

aflair  o1  his  father  and  my  brother,  by  per- 
fiuiing  me  u,  have  a  murderous  intention  to  him,  and  procur- 
ing a  potion  to  e  tubfervient  thereto  :  Do  thou,  therefore,  go 
an.!  fete  -  ion,  (fince  my  brother  appears  to  have  fhll 

die  id-ne  Vina  ,us  diipofition  towards  me  which  he  had   for- 
merly, am.  :     -)  nor  expect  to  live  long  myfelf,   and  that  I 
may  ,uot  dej/ie  my  forefathers  by  the  murder  of   a  brother) 
an  I  burn  it  oe fore  my  face  :  That  accordingly  (he  immediate- 
ly   .r0ught  it,  and  di-1  as  her  hulband  bade  her  ;  and   that    fhe 
burnt  the  greateft  part  of  tiie  potion  ;  but  that  a  little  of  it  was 
left,  that  it   the  king,  alter  Pheroras's  death,    mould  treat  her 
ill,  (he  might  poilon   herfeif,   and  thereby  get   cle?ir   of   her 
miferies."     Upon  her  faying  thus,  )he  brought  out  the  potion, 
and  the  box  in  which  it  was  before  them  all.     Nay,  there  was 
another  brother  of  Antiphilus's,  and  his  mother  alfo,  who  by 
the  extremity  of  pain  and  torture,  con  felled  the  fame  things, 
and  owned  the  box  |  to  be  that  v/'.nc.n  had  been  brought  out  of 
Kgyptj.     The  high-prielf's  daughter  alfo,  who  was  the  king's 
wife,  was  accufed  to  have  been  confcious  of  all  this,  and  had 
refolved  to  coneal  it  ;  for  which  reafon  Herod   divorced  her, 
and  blotted  her  fon  out  of  his  teilament,   wherein  he  had  been 
mentioned  as  one  that  was  to  reign  after  him  ;    and   he   took 
the  high  priefthooa  away  from  his  iather-m-law,    Simeon  the 
fon  of  Boethus,  and  appointed  Matthias  the  fon  of   Theophi- 
lus,  who  was  born  at  jerufa!em,io  he  high  prieft  in  his  room. 
3    While  this  was  doing,  $athyilus,  alib  Antipater's  treed- 
jtun  came  from  R;>me,  and,  upon  the  torture,  was  found  to 
have  brought  another  potion,  to  give  it  into  the  hands  of  An- 
tipater's mot'.ier,  and  of    Pheroras,  that   if  the  former  potion 
rivi  n  »t  operate  upon  the  king,  tins  at  leaft  might  carry    him 
off.     These  came  alfo  letters  from  Herod's  'friends  at    KG 
by  the  approbation  and  si  thefi^geition  ol  Antipater  to  accult 
Archeuius  and  Philip,  as  it  they  calumniated  their  father  oi» 
ycc-iiint  of  tfie  ilauglner  of  Alexander  and  Ariffobulus.  and  as 
if  they  commilera  ed  their  deaths,  and  HS  if,  becaule  they  were 
lent  tor   home,  (!or  their  father  had  already   recalled    them), 
they  concluded  they  vs  ere  themfelves  allo  to  be   deftroyed. 
Theie  letters  had  been  procured  by  great  rewards,  by  Antipa- 
ter's fnencis  ;  bin  Antipater  himfelf  wrote  to  his  father  about 
them,  and  laid  the  heavieft  things  to  their  charge  ;    yet  did  he 
entirely  excufe  them  of  any   guilt,  and   faid,   they    were  but 
young  men,  and  fo  imputed  their  words  to  their  youth.     But 
he  iaid,  that  he  had  himfelf  been  very  bufy  in  the  affair  IT 
ing  to  Sylleus,  and  in  getting  interelt  among  the  great  men  ; 
and  on  taat  account  had  bought  iplen did  ornaments  to  prek-.nt 
them  withal,  which  coft  him  two  hundred  talents.     Now. 
may  wonder  how  it  came  about,  that  while  fo  many  accula- 
us  were  laid  againft  him  in  Judea  during  feven  months  b-°- 


£9?  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.      [Book.  XVIL 

fore  this  time,  he  was  not  made  acquainted  with  any  of  them. 
The  caufes  of  which  were,  that  the  roads  were  exactly  guard- 
ed, and  that  men  hated  Antipater  ;  for  there  were  no  body 
who  would  run  any  hazard  himfelf,  to  gain  him  any  advan- 
tages. 


CHAP.    V, 

Antipater 's  Navigation  jrom  Rome  to  his  Father  ;  and  how  ht( 
was  accujed  by  AicolausoJ  Damafcus,  and  condemned  to  die 
by  his  Father ,  and  by  Quintilius  Varus,  who  was  then  Preji- 
dcnt  of  Syria  ;  and  how  he  was  then  bound  till  Cajdrjliould. 
be  informed  oj  his  Caufe.. 

&  I.  1VTOW  Herod,  upon  Antipater's  writing  to  him,  that 
JJN  having  done  allthat  he  w-is  to  do,  and  this  in  the 
manner  he  was  to  do  it,  he  would  fuddenly  come  to  him,  con- 
cealed his  anger  againfl  him,  and  wrote  back  to  him,  and  bid 
him  not  delay  his  journey,  left  any  harm  (hould  betal  himfelf. 
in  his  ahfence.  At  the  lame  time  alfo  he  made  fome  little 
complaint  about  his  mother,  but  promifed.  that  he  would  lay 
thok-  complaints  ai.de  when  he  flxould  return.  He  withal  ex- 
preiled  his  entire  affection  for  him,  as  fearing  left  he  Ihould 
have  iome  fufpicion  of  him,  and  defer  his  journey  to  him  ; 
and  left  while  he  lived  at  Rome  he '{hould  lay  plots  lor  the 
kingdom,  and  moreover,  do  fomewhat  againft  himfelf.  This 
letter  Antipater  met  with  in  Cilicia  ;  but  had  received  an  ac- 
count of  Pheroras's  death  beiore  at  Tarernnm.  This  laftnews 
affefted  him  deeply  ;  not  out  ot  any  affection  for  Pheroras, 
but  becaufe  he  was  dead  without  having  murdered  his  father, 
which  he 'had  promifed  him  to  do.  And  when  he  was  at  Cel- 
endens  in  Cilicia,  he  began  to  deliberate  with  nimfelt  about 
his  failing  home,  as  being  much  grieved  with  the  ejection  of 
his  mother.  Now  fome  of  his  friends  advifed  him  that  he 
Ihould  tarry  a  while  iomewhere,.  in  expectation  ot  farther  in- 
formation. But  others  advifed  him  to  fail  home  without  de- 
lay ;  for  that  if  he  were  once  come  thither,  he  would  foon 
put  an  end  to  all  acculations,  and  that  nothing  afforded  any 
wvight  to  his  accufers  at  prefent  but  his  abfence.  He  was 
perluaded  by  the'fe  laft,  asd  failed  on,  and  landed  at  the  haven 
called  Sebaft'us  which  Herod  had  built  at  vaft  expences  in  ho- 
nour G\  Caefar  and  called  Sebaftus.  And  now  was  Antipater 
evidently  in  amilerable  condition,  while  no  body  came  to  him 
> or  (aimed  him,  as  they  didat  his  goingaway,  with  good  wifh- 
es  or  joy  titl  acclamations  ;  nor  was  there  now  any  thing  to  hin- 
der them  from  entertaining  him,  on  the  contrary,  wish  bitter 
rurfes,  while  they  fuppofed  he  was  come  to  receive  his  pun- 
jthment  for  the  murder  of  his  brethren. 

2.  Now  Quintilius  Varus  was  at  this  time  at  Jerufalem,  be- 


Chap.  V.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  293 

ing  fent  tofucceed  Saturninus,  asprcfident  of  Syria,  and  wa$ 
come  as  an  afleffor  to  Herod,  who  had  defired  his  advice  in 
his  prefent  affairs  ;  and  as  they  were  fitting  together,  Antipa- 
ter  came  upon  them,  without  knowing  any  thing  of  the  mat- 
ter ;  fo  he  came  into  the  palace  clothed  in  purple.  The  port- 
ers indeed  received  him  in.  but  excluded  his  friends.  And 
now  he  was  in  great  diforder,  and  preiently  underftood  the 
condition  he  was  in,  while  upon  his  going  to  falute  his  father, 
he  was  repulfed  by  him,  who  called  him  a  murderer  ot  his 
brethren,  and  a  plotter  of  deftrutHon  againit  himielf,  and  told 
him  that  Varus  fliouldbe  his  auditor  and  ins  judge  ihe  very 
next  day  ;  fo  he  found,  that  what  misfortune  he  now  heard  of 
was  already  upon  him,  with  the  greatnefs  ot  which  he  went 
away  in  contufion;  upon  which  his  mother  and  his  wife  met 
him,  (which  wite  was  the  daughter  oi  Antigonus  who  was 
king  of  the  Jews  before  Herodj,  from  whom  he  learned  all 
circumftances  which  concerned  him,  and  then  prepared  him- 
felt  for  his  trial. 

3.  On  the  next  day  Varus  and  the  king  fat  together  in  judg- 
ment, and  both  their  friends  were  alfo  called  in,  as  alfo  the 
king's  relations,  with  his  fifter  Salome,  and  as  many  as  could 
difcover  any  thing,  and  fuch  as  had  been  tortured  ;  and  beiides 
•thefe,  (ome  flaves  of  Antipater's  mother,  who  were  taken  up  a 
little  betore  Antipater's  coming,  and  brought  with  them  a  writ- 
ten letter,  the  Turn  of  which  was  this,  that  "  he  (hould  not  come 
back  becaufe  ail  was  come  to  his  father's  knowledge  ;  and 
that  Cieiar  was  the  only  refuge  he  had  left  to  prevent  both 
his  and  her  delivery  into  his  father's  hands."  Then  did  An- 
tipater  fall  down  at  his  tather's  feet,  and  befought  him  "  not  to 
prejudge  his  caufe,  but  that  he  might  be  firft  heard  by  his  ia- 
ther  and  that  his  father  would  keep  him  Hill  unprejudiced." 
So  Herod  ordered  him  to  be  brought  into  the  mirtlt,  and  then 
"  lamented  himfelf  about  his  children,  from  whom  he  had  fut* 
fered  iuch  great  misfortunes  ;  and  becaufe  Antipater  tell  up- 
on him  in  his  old  age.  He  alfo  reckoned  up  what  mainte- 
nance, and  what  education  he  had  given  them  ;  and  what  fea- 
fonable  f applies  ot  wealth  he  had  afforded  them,  according  to 
their  own  defires,  none  of  which  favours  had  hindered  them 
from  contriving  againit  him,  and  from  bringing  his  very  life 
into  danger,  in  order  to  gain  his  kingdom,  after  an  impious 
inanner,  by  taking  away  his  life  before  the  courfe  of  nature, 
their  tather's  wilhes,  or  juftice,  required  that  that  kingdom 
fhould  come  to  them  ;  and  that  he  wondered  what  hopes  could 
elevate  Antipater  to  iuch  a  pafs  as  to  be  hardy  enough  to  at- 
tempt fuch  things;  that  he  had  by  his  teiiament  in  writing 
declared  him  his  fucceffor  in  the  government ;  and"  while  he 
\vas  alive  he  was  in  no  refpect  interior  to  him,  either  in  his 
illuftrious  dignity,  or  in  power  and  authority,  he  having  no 
lets  than  fitly  talents  tor  his  yearly  income,  and  had  receiv- 
ed for  his  journey  to  Rome  no  fewer  than  thirty  talents.  He 


994  'ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.     [Book  XVII, 

alfo  objected  to  him  the  cafe  of  his  brethren  whom  he  had  acr 
cufed  ;  and  it  they  were  guilty,  he  had  imitated  their  exam- 
pie;  and  it  not,  he  had  brought  him  groundlefs  accufations 
againft  his  near  relations  ;  for  that  he  had  been  acquainted 
with  all  thofe  things  by  him,  and  by  no  body  elfe,  and  had 
done  what  was  done  by  his  approbation,  and  whom  he  now 
aofolved  from  all  that  was  criminal,  by  becoming  the  inheri- 
tor ot  the  guilt  of  luch. their  parricide." 

4.  When  Herod  had  thus  fpoken,  he  fell  a  weeping,  and  was 
not  able  to  fay  any  more;  but  at  his  defireNicolaus  of  Damaf- 
cu,  being  the  king's  friend,  and  always  converfant  with  him, 
and  acquainted  with  whatfoever  he  did,  and  with  the  circum- 
itances  ot  his  affairs,  proceeded  tp  what  remained,  and  explain- 
ed all  that  concerned  the  demonftrations,  and  evidences  oi  the 
fafts.  Upon  which  Amipater,  in  order  to  make  his  legal  de- 
fence, turned  himfelf  to  his  father,  and  "  enlarged  upon  the 
raany  indications  he  had  given  of  his  good  will  to  him;  and  in- 
itanced  in  the  honours  that  had  been  done  him,  which  yet  had 
not  been  done,  had  he  not  deferved  them  by  his  virtuous  con- 
cern about  him  ;  for  that  he  had  made  provifion  tor  every 
thing  that  was  fit  to  be  torefeen  before  hand,  as  to  giving  him 
his  wifeft  advice  ;  and  whenever  there  was  occafion  for  the  la- 
bours ot  his  own  hands,  he  had  not  grudged  any  fuch  pains 
ior  him.  And  that  it was  almoft  impoffible  that  he,  who  had 
delivered  his  lather  from  fo  many  treacherous  contrivances 
laid  againft  him,  Ihould  be  himfeU  in  a  plot  againft  him,  and 
iolofeall  the  reputation  he  had  gained  tor  his  virtue,  by  his 
\vickednefs  which  fucceeded  it  ;  and  this  while  he  had  nothing 
to  prohibit  him,  who  had  already  appointed  his  fucceflbr,  to 
enjoy  the  royal  honour  with  his  father  alfo  at  prefent,  and  that 
there  was  no  likelihood  that  a  perfon  who  had  the  one  half  of 
that  authority  without  any  danger,  and  with  a  good  character, 
ihould  hunt  after  the  whole  infamy  and  danger,  and  this  when 
it  was  doubtful  whether  he  could  obtain  it  or  not ;  and  when 
be  faw  the  fad  example  of  his  biethren  before  him,  and  was 
both  the  informer  and  the  arcufer  againft  them,  at  a  time  when 
they  might  not  otherwife  have  been  discovered  ;  nay,  was  the 
author  ot  the  puniihment.  mflitted  on  them,  when  it  appeared 
evidently  that  they  were  guilty  of  a  wicked  attempt  againft 
their^iather;  and  that  even  the  contentions  there  were  in  the 
king's  family  were  indications  that  he  had  ever  managed  affairs 
out  ot  the  fmcereit  affection  to  his  father.  And  as  to  what  he 
had  done  at  Rome,  Casfar  was  a  witnefs  thereto ;  who  yet  was 
no  more  to  be  invpofed  upon  than  God  himfelf  :  Of  whofe  o- 
pmions  his  letters  lent  hither  arefufficient  evidence  ;  and  that 
it  was  not  reafonable  to  prefer  the  calumnies  of  fuch  as  pro- 
poled  to  raife  difturbam.es,  before  thofe  letters  ;  the  greateft 
part  of  which  calumnies  had  been  raifed  during  his  abfence, 
which  gave  (cope  to  bis  enemies  to  forge  them,  which  they 
had  not  Deen  able  to  do  it  he  had  J>een  there."  Moreover  he 


Chap.  V.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  295 

fhewed  the  weaknefs  of  the  evidence  obtained  by  torture, 
which  was  commonly  falfe  ;  becaufe  the  .diftrefs  men  are  in 
under  fuch  tortures  naturally  obliges  them  to  fay  many  things 
in  order  to  pleafe  thofe  that  govern  them.  He  alfo  offered 
himielt  to  the  torture. 

5.  Hereupon  there  was  a  change  obferved  in  the  avTembly, 
while  they  greatly  pitied  Antipater,  who  by  weeping  and  put- 
ting on  a  countenance  (uitable  to  his  fad  cafe,  made  them  com-' 
mifevate  the  fame  ;  infomuch  that  his  very  enemies  were  mo-, 
ved  to  companion  ;  and  it  appeared  plainly  that  Herod  himfelf 
was  affected  in  his  own  mind,  although  he  was  not  willing  it 
ihould  be  taken  notice  of.  Then  didNicolaus  begin  to  profe- 
cute  what  the  king  had  begun,  and  that  with  great  bitternefs ; 
and  fummed  up  all  the  evidence  which  arofe  from  the  tortures, 
or  from  the  teftimonies.  "  He  principally  and  largely  cried  up 
the  king's  virtues,  which  he  had  exhibited  in  the  maintenance 
and  education  of  his  Ions  ;  while  he  could  never  gain  any  ad- 
vantage thereby,  but  ftill  fell  from  one  misfortune  to  another. 
Although  he  owned,  that  he  was  not  fo  much  furprifed  with 
that  thoughtlefs  behaviour  of  his  former  fons,  who  were  but 
young,  and  were  befides  corrupted  by  wicked  counfellors, 
who  were  the  occafions  of  their  wiping  out  of  their  minds  the 
righteous  dictates,  of  nature,  and  this  out  of  a  defire  of  coming 
to  the  government  iooner  than  they  ought  to  do  ;  yet  that  he 
could  not  but  j'uftly  ftand  amazed  at  the  horrid  wickednefs  of 
Antipater,  who  although  he  had  not  only  had  great  benefits 
bellowed  on  him  by  his  father,  enough  to  tame  his  reafon,  yet 
could  not  be  more  tamed  than  the  moft  envenomed  ferpents  ; 
whereas  even  thofe  creatures  admit  of  fome  mitigation,  and 
will  not  bite  their  benefa6iors,  while  Antipater  hath  not  let 
the  misfortunes  of  his  brethren  be  any  hindrance  to  him,  but 
he  hath  gone  on  to  imitate  their  barbarity  notwithftanding. 
Yet  waft  thou,  O  Antipater,  fas  thou  haft  thyfelf  confefled  ) 
the  informer  as  to  what  wicked  a&ions  they  had  done,  and  the 
fearcher  out  of  the  evidence  againft  them,  and  the  author  of 
the  punishment  they  underwent  upon  their  detection.  Nor' 
do  we  fay  this  as  accufing  thee  for  being  fo  zealous  in  thy  an- 
ger againft  them,  but  are  aftonifhed  at  thy  endeavours  to  imi- 
tate their  profligate  behaviour  ;  and  we  difcover  thereby,  that 
thou  did  not  act  thus  for  the  fafety  of  thy  .father,  but  for  the 
deftruction  of  thy  brethren,  that  by  fuch  outfide  hatred  of  their 
impiety,  thou  mighteft  be  believed  a  lover  of  thy  father,  and 
mighteft  thereby  get  thee  power  enough  to  do  mifchief  with 
the  greateft  impunity  ;  which  defign  thy  actions  indeed  demon- 
Itrate.  It  is  true,  thou  tookefl  thy  brethren  off  becauie  thou 
didft  convict  them  of  their  wicked  defigns  :  But  chou  didft  not 
yield  up  to  juftice  thofe  who  were  their  partners  ;  and  there- 
by didft  make  it  evident  to  all  men,  that  thou  rhadeft  a  cove- 
nant with  them  againft  thy  father,  when  thou  chofeft  to  be 
the  accufer  ef  thy  brethren,  as  defiraus  toguia  ig  thyfelf  alone 


296  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.       ["Book     XVlL 

this  advantage  of  laying  plots  to  kill  thy  father,  and  fo  to  en- 
joy  double  plealure,  which  is  truly  worthy  of  thy  evil  difpofi- 
tion.  which  thou  halt  openly  (hewed  againftthy  brethren  ;  on 
which  account  thoa  didft  rejoice,  as  having  done  a  moft  famous 
exploit,  nor.was  that  behaviour  unworthy  of  thee.  But  it 
thy  intention  were  other  wife  thou  art  worfe  than  they  ;  while 
thou  didft  contrive  to  bide  thy  tre?chery  again  ft  thy  father, 
thou  didft  hate  them,  not  as  plotters  againft  thy  father,  tor  in. 
that  cafe  thou  hadft  not  thyfelf  fallen  upon  the  like  crime, 
but  as  fucceifcr  of  his  dominions,  and  more  worthy  of  that 
fucceffion  than  thyfelt.  Thou  wouldeft  kill  thy  father  after 
thy  brethren,  lelt  thy  lies  railed  againft  them  might  be  dete£t- 
ed  ;  and  left  th  u  (houldeft  fuffer  what  punilhment  thou  hadft 
deferved,  thou  hadft  a  mind  to  exatt  that  puniihment  of  thy 
unhappy  father,  and  didft  devifefuch  a  fort  oi  uncommon  par- 
ricide as  the  world  never  yet  faw.  For  thoU  who  art  his  ion 
did  not  only  lay  a  treacherous  defign  againft  thy  father,  and 
didft  it  while  he  loved  thee  and  had  been  thy  benefa6tor,  had" 
made  thee  in  reality  his  partner  in  the  kingdom,  and  had  open- 
ly declared  thee  his  fucceifor,  while  thou  waft  not  forbidden 
to  tafte  the  fweetnefs  of  authority  already,  and  hadft  the  firm' 
hope  of  what  was  future  by  thy  father's  determination,  and 
the  fecurity  of  a  written  teftament.  But  for  certain,  thou 
didft  not  meafure  thefe  things  according  to  thy  father's  vari- 
ous difpofition,  but  according  to  thy  own  thoughts  and  incli- 
nations ;  and  waft  defirous  to  take  the  part  that  remained  a- 
way  from  thy  too  indulgent  father,  and  foughteft  to  de.ft.roy 
him  with  thy  deeds,  whom  thou  in  words  pretendedft  to  pre- 
ferve.  Nor  waft  thou  content  to  be  wicked  thyfelf,  but  thou 
filledft  thy  mother's  head  with  thy  devices,  and  raifed  diflur- 
bances  among  thy  brethren,  and  hadft  the  boldnefs  to  call  thy 
father  a  wild  bcail ;  while  thou  hadft  thyfelf  a  mind  more  cruel 
than  any  ferpent,  whence  thou  fendeft  out  that  poifon  among  thy 
neareft  kindred  and  greatefi  benefaftors,  and  invitedft  them  to 
aflift  thee  and  guard  thee,  and  didft  hedge  thyfelf  in  on  all 
fides  by  the  anifices  of  both  men  and  women,  againft  an  old 
man  ;  as  though  that  mind  of  thine  was  not  iufficient  of  itfelf 
to  fupport  fo  great  an  hatred  as  thou  baredft  to  him.  And  here 
thou  appeared  after  the  tortures  of  free  men,  of  domeftics,  of 
men  and  women,  which  have  been  examined  on  thy  account, 
and  after  the  informations  of  thy  fellow  confpirators,  as  ma- 
king hafte  to  contradict  the  truth  ;  and  haft  thought  on  ways 
not  only  how  to  take  thy  father  out  of  the  world,  but  to  dif- 
annul  that  written  law  which  is  againft  thee,  and  the  virtue 
of  Vaius,  and  the  nature  of  juftice  ;  nay,  fuch  is  that  impu- 
dence of  thine  on  which  thou  confide!*,  that  thou  defireft  to  be 
put  to  the  torture  thyfelf,  while  thou  allegeft,  that  the  tor- 
tures of  thofe  already  examined  thereby  have  made  them  tell 
lies  ;  that  thofe  that  have  been  the  deliverers  of  thy  father,  may 
not  be  allowed  to  have  fpoken  the  truth ;  but  that  thy  torture* 


Chap.  V.]       ANTIQUITIES   Of    THE  JEWS.  2^ 

may  be  efteerned  the  difcoverers  of  truth.  Wilt  not  thou,  O 
Varus  deliver  the  king  from  the  injuries  of  his  kindred  ?  Wilt 
not  thou  deftroy  this  wicked  wild  bead,  which  hath  pretended 
kindnefs  to  his  father,  in  order  to  deftroy  his  brethren  ;  while 
yet  he  is  himfelf  alone  ready  to  carry  off  the  kingdom  imme- 
diately, and  appears  to  he  the  moft  bloody  butcher  to  hJm  of 
them  all  ?  For  thou  art  fenfible,  that  parricide  is  a  general  in- 
j-ury  both  to  nature  and  to  common  life  ;  and;  that  the  inten- 
tion of  parricide  is  not  inferior  to  its  preparation  ;  and  he  who 
does  not  pumfh  it,  is  injurious  to  nature  itfelf." 

6.  Nicolaus  added  farther  what  belonged  to  Antipater's  mo- 
ther,  and  whatfoever  (he  had  prattled  like  a  woman  ;  as  alia 
about  the  predictions  and  the  facrifices  relating  to  the  king  ; 
and  whatfoever  Antipater  had  done  lafciviouily  in  his  cups 
and  his  amours  among  Pheroras's  women  ;  the  examination 
upon  torture  ;  and  whatfoever  concerned  the  teftimonies  ot 
the  witneffes,  which  were  many,  and  of  various  kinds  ,  fome 
prepared  before  hand,  and  others  werefudden  anfwers,  which 
farther  declared  and  confirmed  the  foregoing  evidence.  For 
thofe  men  who  were  not  acquainted  with  Antipater's  practices, 
but  had  concealed  them  out  of  fear,  when  they  law  that  he  was 
expofed  to  the  accufations  of  their  former  witnefTes,  and  that 
his  great  good  fortune,  which  had  fupported  him  hitherto, 
had  now  evidently  betrayed  him  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies, 
who  were  now  infatiable  in  their  hatred  to  him,  told  all  they 
knew  of  him.  And  his  ruin  was  now  battened,  not  fo  much 
by  the  enmity  of  thofe  that  were  his  accufers,  as  by  his  grofs, 
and  impudent,  and  wicked  contrivances,  and  'by  his  ill-will 
to  his  father  and  his  brethren  ;  while  he  had  filled  their  houfe 
with  diflurbance,  and  caufed  them  to  murder  one  another  ; 
and  was  neither  fair  in  his  hatred,  nor  kind  in  his  friendihip, 
but  juft  fo  far  as  ferved  his  own  turn.  Now,  there  were  a 
great  number  who  for  a  long  time  before  hand  had  feen  all 
this,  and  efpecially  fuch  as  were  naturally  difpofed  to  judge 
of  matters  by  the  rules  of  virtue,  becaufe  they  were  ufed  to 
determine  about  affairs  without  paffion,  but  had  been  reibain- 
ed  from  making  any  open  complaints  before  ;  thefe,  upon  the 
leave  now  given  them,  produced  all  that  they  knew  before  the 
public.  The  demonftrations  alfo  of  thefe  wicked  fa  els  could 
no  way  be  difproved  :  Becaufe  the  many  witnefles  there  were 
did  neither  {peak  out  of  favour  to  Herod,  nor  were  they  o- 
bliged  to  keep  what  they  had  to  fay  filent,  outot  fufpicion  of 
any  danger  they  were  in  ;  but  they  fpake  what  they  knew, 
becaufe  they  thought  fuch  actions  very  wicked,  and  that  An- 
tipater deferved  the  greateft  puniihment  ;  and  indeed  not  fo 
much  for  Herod's  lately,  as  on  account  ot  the  man's  own 
wickednefs.  Many  things  were  alfo  faid,  that  thofe  by  a  great 
number  of  perfons,  who  were  no  way  obliged  to  fay  them  j 
infomuch,  that  Antipater,  who  ufed  generally  to  be  very 
fhrewd  in  his  lies  and  impudence,  was  not  able  to  fay  one 

VOL.  II.  O  o 


word  to  the  contrary.  When  Nicplaus  had  left  off  (peaking, 
and  had  produced  the  evidence,  Varus  bid  Antipater  to  be- 
take himfelf  to  the  making  his  defence,  it  he  had  prepared 
any  thing  whereby  it  might  appear  that  he  was  not  guilty  oi 
the  crimes  he  was  accufed  of  ;  for  that,  as  he  was  himfelf  de- 
firous,  fo  did  he  know  that  his  father  was  in  like  manner  de- 
iirous  alfo  to  have  him  found  entirely  innocent.  But  Antipa- 
ter fell  down  on  his  face,  and  appealed  to  God,  and  toall  men, 
for  teilimonials  of  his  innocency,  defining  that  God  would 
declare  by  fome  evident  fignala,  that  he  had  not  laid  any  plot 
againft  his  father.  This  being  the  ufual  method  ot  all  men 
deftitute  of  virtue,  that  when  they  fet  about  any  wicked  un- 
dertakings, they  fall  to  work  according  to  their  own  inclina- 
tions, as  if  they  believed  that  God  was  unconcerned  in  human 
affairs  ;  but  when  once  they  are  found  out,  and  are  in  danger 
of  undeigoing  the  punifhment  due  to  their  crimes,  they  en- 
deavour  to  overthrow  all  the  evidence  againft  them,  by  ap- 
pealing to  God  ;  which  was  the  very  thing  which  Antipater 
now  did  :  For  whereas  he  had  done  every  thing  as  if  there 
•were  no  God  in  the  world,  when  he  was  on  all  fides  diftrefled 
by  juftice,  and  when  he  had  no  other  advantage  to  expe£t 
from  any  legal  proofs,  by  which  he  might  difprove  the  accu- 
fations  laid  againft  him,  he  impudently  abufed  the  majefty  of 
God,  and  afcribed  it  to  his  power,  that  he  had  been  preferved 
hitherto  ;  and  produced  before  them  all.  what  difficulties  he 
had  ever  undergone  in  his  bold  afting  for  his  father's  prefer- 
vation. 

7.  So  when  Varug,  upon  afking  Antipater  what  he  had  to 
fay  for  himfelf,  found  that  he  had  nothing  to  fay  befides  his 
appeal  to  God,  and  law  that  there  was  no  end  of  that,  he  hid 
them  bring  the  potion  before  the  court,  that  he  might  fee 
what  virtue  ftill  remained  in  it  ;  and  when  it  was  brought, 
and  one  that  was  condemned  to  die  had  drank  it  by  Varus's 
command,  he  died  prefently.  Then  Varus  got  tip,  and  de- 
parted out  of  the  court,  and  went  away  the  day  following  10 
Antioch,  where  his  ufual  residence  was,  becaufe  that  was  the 
palace  of  the  Syrians  ;  upon  which  Herod  laid  his  fon  in 
bonds.  But  what  were  Varus's  difcourfes  to  Herod,  was  not 
known  to  the  generality,  and  upon  what  words  it  was  that  he 
went  away  ;  though  it  was  alfo  generally  fuppofed,  thatwhat- 
Jbever  Herod  did  afterward  about  his  fon,  was  done  with  his 
approbation.  But,  when  Herod  had  bound  his  fon,  he  fent 
letters  to  Rome  to  Csefar  about  him,  and  fuch  mefferigers 
withal  as  fhould,  by  word  of  mouth,  inform  Caefar  of  Antipa- 
fer's  wickednefs.  Now,  at  this  very  time  there  was  feized  :•* 
letter  of  Antiphilus,  written  to  Antipater  out  of  Hgypt  (for  he 
lived  there  ;)  and,  when  it  was  opened  by  the  king,  it  was 
found  to  contain  what  follows  :  "  I  have  fent  thee  Acme's 
letter,  and  hazarded  my  own  life  ;  for  thou  knoweft  that  I  am 
in  danger  from  two  families,  if  I  be  discovered.  I  wifh  thee 


Chap.  V.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  299 

good  fuccefs  in  thy  affair."  Thefe  were  the  contents  of  this 
letter  ;  but  the  king  made  enquiry  about  the  other  letter  alfo, 
for  it  did  not  appear,  and  Antiphilus's  flave,  who  brought  that 
letter  which  had  been  read,  denied  that  he  had  received  the 
other.  But  while  the  king  was  in  doubt  about  it,  one  of  Her- 
od's friends  feeing  a  feam  upon  the  inner  coat  of  the  flave, 
and  a  doubling  of  the  cloth  (for  he  had  two  coats  on,)  he 
guefled  that  the  letter  might  be  within  that  doubling,  which 
accordingly  proved  to  be  true.  So  they  took  put  the  letter, 
and  its  contents  were  thefe  :  *'  Acme  to  Antipater.  I  have 
written  fuch  a  letter  to  thy  father  as  thou  defirefl  me.  I  have 
alfo  taken  a  copy,  and  fent  it,  as  if  it  came  from  Salome  to 
niy  lady  [Livia  ;J  which,  when  thou  readeft,  I  know  that 
Herod  will  punilh  Salome,  as  plotting  againft  him."  Now 
this  pretended  letter  of  Salome's  to  her  lady  was  compofed  by 
Antipater,  in  the  name  of  Salome,  as  to  its  real  meaning,  but 
in  the  words  ol  Acme.  The  letter  was  this  :  "  Acme  to  king 
Herod.  I  have  done  my  endeavour  that  nothiag  that  is  done 
againft  thee  mould  be  concealed  from  thee.  So,  upon  my 
finding  a  letter  of  Salome  written  to  my  lady  againft  thee.  I 
have  written  out  a  copy,  and  fent  it  thee ;  with  hazard  to  my- 
felr,  but  for  thy  advantage.  The  reafon  why  fhe  wrote  it  wa* 
this,  that  fhe  had  a  mind  to  be  married  to  Sylleus.  Do  thou 
therefore  tear  this  letter  in  pieces,  that  I  may  not  come  into 
danger  of  my  life."  Now  Acme  had  written  to  Antipater 
himfelf,  and  informed  him  that,  in  compliance  with  his  com- 
mand, Hie  had  both  herfelf  written  to  Herod  as  if  Salome  had 
laid  a  fudden  plot  entirely  againft  him,  and  had  herfelf  fent  a 
copy  of  an  epiftle,  as  coming  from  Salome  to  her  lady.  Now 
Acme  was  a  Jew  by  birth,  and  a  fervant  to  Julia,  Caefar's 
wive  ;  and  did  this  out  of  her  Iriendlhip  for  Antipater,  as  hav- 
ing been  corrupted  by  him  with  a  large  prefent  ot  money,  to 
aflift  in  his  pernicious  defigns  againft  his  father  and  his  aunt. 
8.  Hereupon  Her^d  was  fo  amazed  at  the  prodigious  wick- 
ednefs  of  Antipater,  that  he  was  ready  to  have  ordered  him  to 
be  flain  immediately,  as  a  turbulent  perfon  in  the  moft  import- 
ant concerns,  and  as  one  that  had  laid  a  plot  not  only  againft 
himfelf,  but  ag.iinft  his  filler  alfo,  and  even  corrupted"  Ciefar's 
own  domeftics.  Salome  alfo  provoked  him  to  it,  beating  her 
breaft,  and  bidding  him  kill  her,  if  he  could  produce  any 
credible  teftimony  that  fhe  had  afted  in  that  manner.  Herod 
alfo  lent  for  his  fon  and  afked  him  about  this  matter,  and  bid 
him  contradi6l  it  if  he  could,  and  not  fupprefs  any  thing  he 
had  to  fay  for  himfelf  ;  and,  when  he  had  not  one  word  to  fay, 
he  afked  him,  fince  he  was  every  way  caught  in  his  villany, 
that  he  would  make  no  farther  delay,  but  diicover  his  alfoci- 
ates  in  thefe  his  wicked  defignS.  So  he  laid  all  upon  Antiphi- 
lus  ;  but  difcovered  nobody  elfe.  Hereupon  Herod  was  in 
4uch  great  grief,  that  he  was  ready  to  fend  his  fon  to  Rome  to 
there  to  give  an  account  of  thefe  his  wicked  contriv- 


ANTIQUITIES    OP   THE   JEWS.       [Book  XVII, 

gnces.  But  he  loon  became  afraid,  left  he  might  there,  by 
the  affiftance  of  his  friends,  efcape  the  danger  he  was  in  :  So 
he  kept  him  hound  as  before,  and  Tent  more  ambaffadors  and 
letters  fto  Rome]  to  accufe  his  fon,  and  an  account  of  vviiat 
affiftance  Acme  had  given  him  in  his  wicked  defigns,  with 
copies  of  the  epiftles  before  mentioned. 


CHAP,    VI, 

Concerning  the  Diftaft  that  Herod  fell  into,  and  the  Sedition 
which  tlie  Jews  raifed  thereupon  ;  with  the  PuwJJiment  of  the 
Seditious. 


$  *'  ^JOW  Herod's  ambaffadors  made  hafte  to  Rome  ;  but 
1  >l  went  as  inftru':ted  before  hand  what  anfwers  they 
were  to  make  to  the  queftions  put  to  them.  They  alfo  carried 
the  epiftles  with  them.  But  Herod  no-v  fell  into  a  diitemper, 
and  made  his  will,  and  bequeathed  his  kingdom  to  f  Antipasl 
his  youngeft  fon  ;  and  this  out  of  that  hatred  to  Archelaus  and 
Philip,  which  the  calumnies  ot  Antipater  had  raifed  againft 
them.  He  alfo  bequeathed  a  thoufand  talents  to  Caefar,  and 
five  hundred  to  Julia,  Caefar's  wife,  t©  Caefar's  children 
friends  and  freed  men.  He  alfo  diftributed  among  his  fons 
and  their  fons  his  money,  hij  revenues  and  his  lands.  He  al- 
fo made  Salome  his  fift^r  very  rich,  becaufe  the  ha:!  continued 
faithful  to  him  in  alibis  circurnftances,  and  was  never  fo  rafh 
as  to  do  him  aiiy  harm  :  And  as  he  defpaired  of  recovering, 
tor  he  was  about  the  (eventieth  year  of  his  age,  he  grew  fierce, 
and  indulged  the  bitterefl  anger  upon  all  occafions  ;  the  cauie 
whereof  was  this,  that  he  thought  himfelf  defpifed,  and  that  the 
nation  was  pleafed  with  his  misfortunes  ;  befides  which,  he 
refented  a  ledition  which  fome  ot  the  lower  fort  of  men  excit- 
ed againfl  him,  the  occafion  of  which  was  as  follows. 

2.  There  was  one  Judas,  the  fon  of  Saripheus,  and  Mat- 
thias, the  fon  of  Margalothus,  two  of  the  moft  eloquent  men 
among  the  Jews,  and  the  moft  celebrated  interpreters  ot  the 
Jewilh  laws,  and  men  well  beloved  by  the  people,  becaufe 
of.  their  education  of  their  youth  ;  for  all  thofe  that  were  itti- 
dious  of  virtue,  frequented  their  leclures  every  day.  Thefe 
men,  when  they  found  that  the  king's  Hiflemper  was  incura- 
ble, excited  fhe  young  men  that  they  would  pull  down  all 
thofe  works  which  the  king  had  ere£led  contrary  to  the  law  oi 
their  fathers,  and  thereby  obtain  the  rewards  which  the  law 
\\'ill  confer  on  them  for  fuch  aclions  ot  piety  ;  for  that  it  was 
truly  OH  account  ot  Herod's  rafhnefs  in  making  fuch  things  as 
the  law  had  forbidden  that  his  other  misfortunes,  and  this 
diftemper  alfo,  which  was  fo  unufual  among  mankind,  and 
with  which  he  was  now  afflicled,  came  upon  him  :  For  Her- 
od  had  caufed  fuch  things  to  be  made,  which  were  contrary 


Chap.  VI.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  3*1 

to  the  law,  of  which  he  was  accufed  by  Judas  and  Matthias ; 
for  the  .king  had  ere£ted  over  the  great  gate  of  the  temple  a 
large  golden  eagle,  of  great  value,  and  had  dedicated  it  to  the 
temple.  Now  the  law  forbids  thofe  that  prppofe  to  live  accor- 
ding to  it,  to  creel  images  *  or  reprefentations  ot  any  Hying 
creature.  So  thefe  wife  men  perfuaded  [their  fcholars  |  to 
pull  down  the  golden  eagle  ;  alledging,  That  "  although  they 
fhould  incur  any  danger,  which  might  bring  them  to  their 
deaths,  the  virtue  of  the  action  now  propofed  to  them,  would 
appear  much  more  advantageous  to  them  than  the  pleafuresof 
life ;  fince  they  woulddie  for  the  prefervation  and  observation 
ot  the  law  of  their  fathers  ;  fince  they  would  alfo  acquire  an 
everlafting  fame  and  commendation  ;  fince  they  would  be 
both  commended  by  the  prefent  generation,  and  leave  an  ex- 
ample of  lif"  that  would  never  be  forgotten  to  pofterity  ;  fince 
that  common  calamity  ot  dying  cannot  be  avoided  by  our 
living  fo  as  to  efcape  any  fuch  dangers  ;  that  therefore  it  is  a 
right  thing  for  thofe  who  are  in  love  with  a  virtuous  conduct, 
to  wait  tor  that  tatal  hour  by  fuch  a  behaviour  as  may  carry 
them  out  of  the  world  with  praife  and  honour  ;  and  that  this 
will  alleviate  death  to  a  great  degree,  thus  to  come  at  it  by  the 
performance  of  brave  a -(ions,  which  bring  us  into  danger  oi 
it  ;  and  at  the  fame  time,  to  leave  that  reputation  behind  them  to 
their  children,  and  to  all  their  relations,  whether  they  be  men 
or  women,  which  will  be  ot  great  advantage  to  them  after- 
ward." 

3.  And  with  fuch  difcourfes  as  this  did  thefe  men  excite 
the  young  men  to  this  action  ;  and  a  report  being  come  to 
them  that  the  king  was  dead,  this  was  an  addition  to  the  wife 
men's  perfuafions  ;  fo,  in  the  very  middle  ot  the  day,  they 
got  upon  the  place,  they  pulled  down  the  eagle,  and  cut  it 
into  pieces  with  axes  while  a  great  number  of  the  people  were 
in  the  temple.  And  now  the  king's  captain,  upon  hearing 
what  the  undertaking  was,  and  fuppofing  it  was  a  thing  ot  a 
higher  nature  than  it  proved  to  be,  came  up  thither,  having  a 
great  band  of  foldiers  with  him,  luch  as  was  furficient  to  put 
aftoptothe  multitude  ot  thofe  who  pulled  down  what  was 
dedicated  to  God  :  So  he  tell  upon  them  unexpectedly,  and 
as  they  were  upon  this  bold  attempt,  in  a  ipohih  prefumption 
rather  than  a  cautious  circumfpeftion,  as  is  ufual  with  the 
multitude,  and  while  they  were  in  diforder,  and  incautious 
of  what  was  tor  their  advantage  ;  fo  he  caught  no  fewer  than, 
forty  of  the  young  men,  who  had  the  courage  to  flay  behind 
when  the  reft  ran  away,  together  with  the  authors  of  this  bold 
attempt,  Judas  and  Matthias,  who  thought  it  an  ignominious 
thing  to  retire  upon  his  approach,  and  led  them  to  the  king. 
And  when  they  were  come  to  the  king,  and  he  had  afked 

*  That  the  making  of  images,  without  an  intention  to  worfliip  them,  was  not 
unlawful  to  the  jews,  fee  the  note  on  Aati^.  B.  VIII.  ch.  vii.  *  5.  Vol.  I. 


-oi  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XVII, 

them  if  they  had  been  fo  bold  as  to  pull  down  what  he  had 
dedicated  to  God  ?    "  Yes  (faid  they),  what  was  contrived, 
we  contrived,  and  what  had  been  performed,  we  performed 
it,  and  that  with  fuch  a  virtuo.us  courage  as  becomes  men  ;  for 
we  have  given  our  affiftance  to  thofe  things  which  were  dedi- 
cated to  the  majefty  ot  God,  and  we  have  provided  for  what 
we  have  learned  by  hearing  the  law  ;  and  it   ought   not  to  be 
wondered  at,  if  we  efteem  thofe  laws  which   Mofes  had  fug- 
gefted  to  him,  and  were  taught  him  by    God.^and    which  he 
wrote  and  left  behind  him,  more  worthy  of  obfervation  than 
they  commands.     Accordingly    we  will  undergo   death,  and 
all  forts  of  punifhment  which  thou  canft  inflicl  upon  us,  with 
pleafure,  fince  we  are  confcious  to  ourfelves  that  we  fhall  die, 
not  for  any  unrighteous  actions,  but  for  our  love  to  religion." 
And  thus  they   all   faid,  and   their  courage  was  ttill  equal  to 
their  profeflion,  and  equal  to  that  with  which  they  readily  fet 
about   this   undertaking.     And  when   the  king  had  ordered 
them  to  be  bound,   he   lent  them  to  Jericho,  and   called  to- 
gether the  principal  men  among  the  jews  ;  and  when   they 
were  come,  he  made  them  affemble  in  the  theatre,    and  be- 
caufe  he  could  not  himfelt  ftand,  he  lay  upon  a  couch,  and 
"  enumerated  the  many  lobours  that  he  had  long  endured  on 
their  account,  and  his  building  of  the  temple  and  what  a  vaft 
charge  that  was  to  him  ;  while  the  Afomoneans,  during  the 
hundred  twenty-five  years  of  their  government,  had  not^  been 
able  to  pcitorrn  any  fo  great  a  work  for  the  honour  ot  God  as 
that  was  :  That  he  hadalfo  adorned  it  with  very  valuable  do- 
nations  ;  on  which  account  he  hoped  that  he  had  left   himfelf 
a  memorial    and  procured  himfeli  a  reputation  after  his  death. 
He  then  cried  out,  that  thefe  men  had  not  abftained  from  at- 
fronting  him,  even  in  his  lite-time,  but  that  in  the  very   day- 
time, and  in  the  fight  of  the  multitude,  they  had  abufed  him 
to  that  degree,  as  to  tall  upon  what  he  had  dedicated,  and  in 
that  way  of  abufe,  had  pulled  it  down  to  the  ground.     They 
pretended,  indeed  that  they  did  it  to  affront  him  ;  but  it   any 
one,  confidering  the  thing  truly,  they  will  find  that  they  were 
guilty  of  facrilegeagainit  God  therein." 

4.  But  the  people,  on  account  of  Herod's  barbarous  tem- 
per, and  for  tear  he  (hould be  fo  cruel  as  to  inflift  punifhment  on 
them,  faid,  "  What  was  done,  was  done  without  their  appro- 
bation, and  that  it  feemed  to  them  that  the  aftors  might  well 
he  punifhed  for  what  they  had  done,'5  But  as  for  Herod,  he 
dealt  more  mildly  with  others  [ot  the  affemblyj  ;  but  he  de- 
prived Matthias  of  the  high-priefthood,  as  in  part  an  occafion 
of  this  action,  and  made  Joazar,  who  was  Matthias's  wife's 
brother,  high-priett  in  his  ftead.  Now  it  happened  that  dur- 
ing the  time  ot  the  high-prielthoodof  this  Matthias,  there  was 
another  perion  made  high-prieft  for  a  fmgle  day,  that  very 
day  which  the  Jews  obferved  as  afaft.  The  occafion  was  this  : 
Matthias  the  high-prieft,  on  the  night  before  that  day,  when 


Chap.  VI]      ANTIQUITIES  OF    THE    JEWS.  303 

the  faft  was  to  be  celebrated,  feeraed,  in  a  dream  *,  to  have 
converiation  with  his  wile  ;  and  becaufe  he  could  not  officiate 
himfelf  on  that  account,  Jofeph,  the  fon  of  Ellemus,  his  kinf- 
rnan5aflilted  him  in  that  facred  office.  But  Herod  deprived 
this  Matthias  of  the  high-priefthood,  and  burnt  the  other  Mat* 
thias,  who  had  raifed  the  {edition  with  his  companions,  alive. 
And  that  very  night  there  was  an  eclipfe  of  the  moon  t. 

5.  But  now  Herod's  diflemper  greatly  increafed  upon  him 
after  a  fevere  manner,  and  this  by  God's  judgment  upon  him 
tor  his  fins  ;  for  a  fire  glowed  in  him  (lowly,  which  did  not  fo 
much  appear  to  the  touch  outwardly,  as  it  augmented  his 
pains  inwardly  ;  for  it  brought  upon  him  a  vehement  appetite 
to  eating,  which  he  could  not  avoid  to  fupply  with  one  fort  of 
food  or  other.  His  entrails  were  alfo  exulcerated,  and  the 
chief  violence  of  his  pain  lay  on  his  colon  ;  an  aqueous  and 
tranfparent  liquor  alfo  had  fettled  itfelf  about  his  feet,  and  a 
like  matter  afflifted  him  at  the  bottom  of  his  belly.  Nay,  far- 
ther, his  privy-member  was  putrified  and  produced  worms  ; 
and  when  he  fat  upright,  he  had  a  difficulty  of  breathing,  which 
was  very  loathfome,  on  account  of  the  ftench  of  his  breath, 
and  the  quicknefs  of  its  returns :  He  had  alfo  ConvuKions  in 
all  parts  of  his  body,  which  increafed  his  flrength  to  an  un- 
fufferable  degree.  It  was  faid  by  thofe  who  pretended  to  di- 
vine, and  who  were  endued  with  wifdom  to  foretel  fuch  things, 
that  God  inffifted  this  punifhment  on  the  king,  on  account  ot 
his  great  impiety  j  yet  was  he  ftill  in  hopes  of  recovering, 
though  his  afflictions  feemed  greater  than  any  one  could  bear. 
He  alfo  fent  for  phyficians.  and  did  not  refufe  ta  follow  what 
they  prefcribed  for  his  affiftance,  and  went  beyond  the  river 
Jordan,  and  bathed  himfelf  in  the  warm  baths  that  were  at  Cal- 
lirrhoe,  which,  befides  their  other  general  virtues,  were  alfo 
fit  to  drink  ;  which  v/ater  runs  into  the  lake  called  Afphaltitis. 
And  when  the  phyficians  once  thought  fit  to  have  him  bathed 
in  a  veffel  full  of  oil,  it  was  luppofed  that  he  was  juft  dying  ; 

*  This  faft,  that  one  Jofeph  was  made  high-pricft.  for  a  fingle  day,  on  occafion 
of  the  aftion  here  (pecified,  thnt  befel  Matthias,  the  real  high-pried,  in  his  fleep,  the 
ai^ht  before  the  great  day  of  expiation,  is  attefted  to  both  in  the  Mifhna  and  Tal- 
raud,  as  Dr.  Hud (0:1  here  informs  us.  And  indeed,  from  this  faft,  this  fully  «t- 
tefted,  we  may  confute  that  pretended  rule  in  the  Talmud  here  mentioned,  and  en- 
deavoured to  be  exculed  by  Reland,  that  the  high-prieft  was  not  fuffered  to  fleej* 
the  night  before  that  great  day  of  expiation  ;  which  watching  would  furely  rather 
unfit  him  for  the  many  important  duties  he  was  to  perform  on  that  foletnn.  day, 
than  difpole  him  duly  to  perform  them.  Nor  do  fuch  Talniudical  rules,  when 
uniupported  by  better  evvdence,  much  lels,  when  contradicted  thereby,  feem  to  me 
of  weight  enough  to  cLlerve  that  fo  great  a  man  as  Reland  fhould  !pend  his  time 
in  endeavours  at  their  vindication. 

+  This  eclipie  of  the  moon  (which  is  the  only  ecliple  of  either  of  the  luminaries 
mentioned  by  our  Jofephus  in  any  of  his  writings.)  is  of  the  greateft  confequenca 
for  the  determination  of  the  time  for  the  death  of  Herod  and  Antipater,  and  tor  the 
birth  and  entire  chronology  of  Jefus  Chrifl  It  happened  March  131)1,  in  the  year 
of  the  Julian  period  47  to,  and  the  4th  year  before  the  Chriftian  jera.  See  its  calcu- 
lation by  the  rules  of  ailronomy,  at  the  Mul  of  the  Aftroncl ogical  Le&ures,  «<Ji5. 
Lat.  page  45 1,452. 


304  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.       [Book  XVll. 

but,  upon  the  lamentable  cries  of  his  domeflics,  he  revived  J 
and  having  no  longer  the  leatt  hopes  of  recovering,  he  gave 
orrler  that  every  foldier  (hould  be  paid  fifty  drachmas  ;  and  he 
alfo  gave  a  great  deal  to  their  commanders  and  to  his  friends, 
and  came  again  to  Jericho,  where  he  grew  fo  choleric,  that  it 
brought  him  to  do  all  things  like  a  madman  ;  and  though  he 
were  near  his  death,  he  contrived  the  following  wicked  defigns. 
He  commanded  that  all  the  principal  men  of  the  entire  Jew- 
ifh  nation,  wherefoever  they  lived,  fhould  be  called  to  ni?r;. 
Accordingly,  they  were  a  great  number  that  came,  becaufe 
the  whole  nation  was  called,  and  all  men  heard  of  this  call,  and 
death  was  the  penalty  of  fuch  as  mould  defpife  the  epiftles  that 
were  fent  to  call  them.  And  now  the  king  was  in  a  wild  rage 
againft  them  all,  the  innocent  as  well  as  thofe  that  had  afforded 
ground  for  accufations;  and  when  they  were  come,  he  order- 
ed them  to  be  all  (hut  up  in  the  hippodrome  *  and  fent  for  his 
lifter  Salome,  and  her  hufband  Alexis, and  fpake  thus  to  them  : 
*'  I  fhall  die  in  a  little  time,  fo  great  are  my  pains,  which 
death  ought  to  be  cheerfully  borne,  and  to  be  welcomed  by  all 
inen  ;  but  what  principally  troubles  me  is  this,  that  I  (hall 
die  without  being  lamented;  and  without  fuch  mourning  as 
men  ufually  expeftat  a  king's  death.  For  that  he  was  not  un- 
acquainted with  the  temper  of  the  Jews,  that  his  death  would 
be  a  thing  very  defirable  and  exceedingly  acceptable  to 
them  ;  becaufe  during  his  lifetime  they  were  ready  to  revolt 
from  him,  and  to  abule  the  donations  he  had  dedicated  to  God  : 
That  it  therefore  xvas  their  bufinefs  to  refolve  to  afford  him 
fome  alleviation  of  his  great  forrows  on  this  occafion  ;  for  that, 
if  they  do  not  refufe  him  their  confent  in  what  he  defires,  he 
fhall  have  a  great  mourning  at  his  funeral,  and  fuch  as  never 
any  king  had  before  him  ;  for  then  the  whole  nation  wduid 
rnourn  from  their  very  foul,  which  otherwife  would  be  done 
in  fport  and  mockery  only.  Hedefired  therefore  that  as  foon 
as  they  fee  he  hath  given  up  the  ghoft,  they  lhall  place  foldiei  s 
round  the  hippodrome,  while  they  do  not  know  that  he  is  dead  ; 
and  that  they  fhall  not  declare  his  death  to  the  multitude  till 
this  is  done,  but  that  they  lhall  give  orders  to  have  thofe  that 
are  in  cuftpdy  (hot  with  their  darts  ;  and  that  this  (laughter  of 
them  all  will  cauie  that  he  fhall  not  miis  to  rejoice  on  a  doub- 
le account.  That  as  he  is  dying,  they  will  make  him  fecure 
that  his  will  fhall  be  executed  in  what  he  charges  them  to  do; 
and  that  he  fhall  have  the  honour  of  a  memorable  mourning  at 
his  funeral.  So  he  deplored  his  condition,  with  tears  in  his 
eyes,  and  obtefted  them  by  the  kindnefs  due  from  them,  as  of 
his  kindred,  and  by  the  faith  they  owed  to  God,  and  begged  of 
them  that  they  would  not  hinder  him  of  this  honourable  mour- 
ning at  his  funeral."  So  they  promifed  him  not  to  tranfgrefs 
his  commands. 

*  A  place  for  tbehorfe-ract?. 


Chap.    VII.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  305- 

6.  Now  any  one  may  eafily  clifcov/er  £he  temper  of  this  man's 
mind,  which  not  only  took  pFeahire  in  doing  what  he  had  done 
formerly  againft  his  relations,  out  ot  the  love  of  hie,  but  by 
thofe  commands  of  his  which  favoured  of  no  humanity  :  Since 
he  took  care,  when  he  was  departing  out  of  this  lite,  that  the 
whole  nation  fhould  be  put  into  mourning,  and  indeed  made 
defolate  ot  their  -rleareft  kindred,  when  he  gave  order  that  one 
out  ot  every  family  fhould  be  (lain,  although  they  had  done 
nothing  that  was  unjuft,  Or  that  was  againft  him,  nor  were 
they  accufed  of  any  other  crimes  ;  while  it  is  ufual  tor  thofe 
who  have  any  regard  to  virtue,  to  lay  afide  their  hatred  at 
fuch  a  time,  even  with  refpeft  to  thofe  they  juftly  eUeemcd 
their  enemies. 


C  H  A  P.    VII. 

lltrod  has  thoughts  of  Killing  himfdf  with  his  own  hand;  and 
a  little  ajterzvards  he  orders  Antipater  to  bejlam. 

S  he  was  giving  thefe  commands  to  his  relations^ 
.  there  came  letters  from  his  ambaffadors,  who  had 
been  fent  to  Rome  unto  Ciefar,  which  when  they  were  read, 
their  purport  was  this  :  That  "  Acme  was  flain  by  Caefar,  out 
of  his  indignation  at  what  hand  (he  had  in  Antipater's  wicked 
practices  ;  and  that  as  to  Antipater  him  (elf,  Caefar  left  it  to 
Herod  to  aft  a?  became  a  father  and  a  king,  and  either  to  ban- 
ifh  him,  or  take  away  his  lite,  which  he  pleafed."  When 
Herod  heard  this,  he  was  fomewhat  better,  out  of  the  pleafure 
he  had  from  the  contents  of  the  letters,  and  wall  elevated  at 
th«  death  of  Acme,  and  at  the  power  that  was  given  him  over 
his  ton ;  hut  as  his  pains  were  become  very  great,  he  was 
now  ready  to  taint  for  want  ot  fomewhat  to  eat  ;  fo  he  called 
for  an  apple,  and  a  knite  ;  for  it  was  his  cuflom  formerly  to 
pare  the  apple  himfelf,  and  foon  atterwards  to  cut  it^  and  eat 
it.  When  he  had  got  the  knite,  he  looked  about,  and  had  a 
mind  to  ftabhimfelt  with  it  ;  and  he  had  done  it,  had  not  his 
firfl  coufin  Achiabus  prevented  him,  and  held  his  hand,  and 
cried  put  loudly .  Whereupon  a  woful  lamentation  echoed 
through  the  palace,  and  a  great  tumult  was  made,  as  it  tl. ta- 
king were  dead.  Upon  which  Antipater,  who  veri'y  believ- 
ed his  father  was  deceafed,  grew  bold  in  his  diicourfe,  as  hop- 
ing to  be  immediately  and  entirely  releafed  trom  his  bonds,  - 
and  to  take  the  kingdom  into  his  hands,  without  any  more  ado  ; 
fo  he  difcourfed  with  the  jailor  about  letting  him  go,  and  i<i 
that  cafe  promiled  him  great  things,  both  now  and  hereaftcj, 
as  it  that  were  the  only  thing  now  in  queftion.  But  thejailor 
did  not  only  refufe  to  do  what  Antipater  would  have  him,  bu^ 
informed  the  kiag  of  his  intentions,  and  how  many  folicita- 
tions  he  had  had  from  bimfof  that  nattwe  I.  Hereupon  Herad. 
VOL.  II.  P  p 


•506-  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book   XVlL 

who  had  formerly  no  affe£lion  nor  good  will  towards  his  (an 
1o  reftrain  him,  when  he  heard  what  the  jailor  faid,  he  cried 
out,  and  beat  his  head,  although  he  was  at  death's  door,  and 
raifed  himfelt  upon  his  elbow,  and  lent  for  fome  of  his  guards, 
and  commanded  them  to  kill  Antipater  without  any  farther 
delay,  and  to  do  it  prefently,  and  to  bury  him  iu  an  ignoble 
manner  at  Hyrcania. 


CHAP.    VIII. 
Concerning  Herod's  Death ,  and  Teftament,  and  Burial. 

§  I.  A  ND  now  Herod  altered  his  teftament  upon  the  alter- 
/!L  ation  ot  his  mind  ;  for  he  appointed  Antipas,  to 
whom  he  had  before  leh  the  kingdom,  to  be  tetrarch  of  Galilee 
and  Perea,  and  granted  the  kingdom  to  Archelaus.  He  alfo 
gave  Gaulonitis,  and  Trachonitis,  and  Paneas  to  Philip,  who 
was  his  fon,  but  own  brother  *  to  Archelaus,  by  the  name  of 
tetrarchy  ;  and:  bequeathed  Jainnia,  and  Afhdod,  and  Phafae- 
lis,to  Salome  his  filter,  with  five  hundred  thoufand  (drachmas] 
of  filver  that  was  coined.  He  alfo  made  provifion  for  all  the 
reft  of  his  kindred,  by  giving  them  (urns  ot  money  and  annu- 
al revenues,  and  fb  left  them  all  in  a  wealthy  condition.  He 
bequeathed  alfo  to  Caefar  ten  millions  Tot  drachmae  |  of  coined 
money,  befides  both  vcffels  of  gold  and  filver,  and  garments 
exceeding  coftly,  to  Julia,  Casfai  s  wife  ;  and  to  certain  oth- 
ers, five  millions.  When  he  had  done  thele  things,  he  died, 
the  fifth  day  after  he  had  caufed  Antipater  to  be  (lain  ;  having 
reigned,  fince  he  had  procured  Antigonus  t  to  be  flain,  thirty- 
four  years ;  but  fince  he  had  been  declared  king  by  the  Ro- 
mans, thirty-fevcn.  A  man  he  was  of  great  barbarity  towards 
all  men  equally,  and  a  flave  to  hispaffion  ;  but  above  the  con- 
federation ot  what  was  right  :  Yet  was  he  favoured  by  tortune 
;is  much  as  any  marl  ever  waj,  for,  from  a  private  man  he  be- 
came a  king  ;  and  though  he  were  encompaffed  with  ten  thou- 
fand dangers,  he  got  clear  of  them  all,  and  continued  his  lite 
till  a  very  old  age.  But  then,  as  to  the  affairs  ot  his  family 

*  When  it  is  here  (aid  that  Philip  the  tetrarch,  and  Archelaus  the  king,  or  eth- 
tarch,  \\eie  KO&Qot  yinjo-Ku,  or  genuine  brothers,  if  thofe  words  mean  own 
brothers,  or  born  ot'thx  umie  fat!-;tr  and  mother,  there  muft  be  here  fome  miftake  ; 
becaufe  they  had  indeed  the  lame  father,  Herod,  but  different  mothers;  the  former 
Cleopatra,  and  Archelaus  Malthace.  They  were  indeed  brought  up  altogether  pri- 
-.stcly  at  Rome  like  own  brothers  ;  and  Philip  was  Archelaus's  deputy  when  hr. 
v;enttohave  his  kingdom  confirmed  to  him  at  Rome  ;  ch.  ix,  §  3.  and  Of  the 
War,  B.  II.  ch.  ii.  ^  t.  Vol.  III.  which  intimacy  is  perhaps  ail  that  Jofephus  in- 
tended by  the  words  before  us 

t  Thefe  numbers  of  years  for  Herod's  reign,  34.  and  37,  are  the  very  fame  with 
thore  of  the  War,  B.  I.  ch.  xxxiii.  ^8.  Vol.  III.  and  are  among  the  principal 
chronological  characters  belonging  to  tlie  reign  or  death  of  -Herod.  See  Herm.  of 
vaug.  pa^c  150— 155. 


Chap.  VIIL]      ANTIQUITIES  «F   THE   JEWS.  307 

and  children  in  which  indeed,  according  to  his  own  opinion, 
he  was  alfo  very  fortunate,  becaufe  he  was  able  to  conquer 
his  enemies,  yet,  in  ray  opinion,  he  was  herein  very  unfor- 
tunate. 

2.  But  when  Salome  and  Alexis,  before  the   king's  death 
was  made  known,  difmiffed  thofe  that  werefhut  up   in  the 
hippodrome,  and  told  them  that  the  king  ordered  them  to  go 
away  to  their  own  lands,  and  take  care  ot  their  own    affairs, . 
•which  was  efteemed  by  the  nation  a  great  benefit.     And  now 
the  king's  death  was  made  public,   when  Salome  and  Alexis 
gathered  the  foldiery  together  in  the  amphitheatre  at  Jericho  ; 

and  the  firit  thing  tjiey  did  was,  they  read  Herod''s  letter, 
written  to  the  foldiery,  thanking  them  for  their  fidelity  and 
good  will  to  him,  and  exhorting  them  to  afford  his  fon  Ar- 
chelaus, whom  he  had  appointed  tor  tbeir  king,  like  fidelity 
and  good  will.  After  which  Ptolemy,  who  had  (he  king's 
feal  entrufted  to  him,  read  the  king's  teftament,  which  was  to 
be  of  force  no  otherwife  than  as  it  mould  fland  when  Casfar 
]iad  infpectedit :  So  there  was prefently  an  acclamation  made 
to  Archelaus,  as  king,  and  the  foldiers  came  by  bands,  and 
their  commanders  with  them,  and  promifed  the  fame  good 
will  to  him,  and  readinefs  to  ferve  him,  which  they  had  ex- 
hibited to  Herod  ;  and  they  prayed  God  to  be  affiflant  to  him. 

3.  Aiter  this  was  over,  they  prepared  for  his  funeral,  it  be- 
ing Avchelaus's  care  that  the  proceffion  to  his  father's   fepul- 
chre  fhould  be  very   fumptuous.     Accordingly    he  brought 
out  all  his  ornaments  to  adoin  the  pomp  of  the   funeral.     The  * 
body  was  carried  upon  a  golden  bier,  embroidered  with  very 
precious  ftones  of  great  variety,  and  it  was  covered  over  with 
puiple,  as  well  as  the  body  itfelf:  He  had  a  diadem  upon  his 
head,  and  above  it  a  crown  of  gold  ;  he  aifo  had  a  fceptre  in 
his  right  hand.     About  the  bier  were  his   Ions  and  his  nume- 
rous relations  ;  next  to  thefe  was  the   foldiery,   diftingtafhed 
according  to  their  feveral  countries  and  denominations  ;  and 
they  were  put  into  the  following  order  :    Firft  ot  all  went  his 
guards  ;  then  the  band  ot  Thracians  ;  and  after  them  the  Ger- 
mans ;  and  next  the  band  ot   Galatians,  every  one  in  their 
habiliments  ot  war;  and  behind  thefe  marched  the  wholearmy 
in  the  fame  manner  as  they  uicd  to  go  out  to  war,  and  as.  they 
ufed  to  be  put  in  array  by  their  mu  Her- matters  and  centuri- 
ons;  thefe  were  followed  by  five  hundred  of  his   domeftics, 
carrying  fpices.     So  they  went  eight  furlongs*,  to  Herodium  ; 
tor  there,  by  his  own  command,  lie.  was  to  be  buried.     And 
thus  did  Herod  end  his  Hie. 

4.  Now  Archelaus  paid  him  fo  much  refpecX  as  to  continue 
his  mourning  till  the  feventh  day  ;  for  io  many  days  are  ap- 

*  At  ci^htjijtiia  or  furlongs  a-day,  as  h.  re,  Herod's  funeral,  conduced  to  He- 
rodium  (which  hp  at  (he  diftancc  from  Josicho,  where  lie  died,  ot  200  jtadia  or 
luriongs  ;  Ot  the  War,  B.  I.  cli  xxxm.  <j  9.  Vok  III),  m-il  have  ia.-.c:i  up  r.j 
•lots  ttan  twenty-five  days. 


308  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.        [BookXVII. 

pointed  for  it  by  the  law  of  our  fathers.  And  when  he  had 
given  a  treat  to  the  multitude,  and  left  off  his  mourning,  he 
•went  up  into  the  temple  ;  he  had  alfo  acclamations  and  piVifes 
given  him,  which  way  foeverhe  went,  every  oneftriving  Vith 
the  reft  who  fhould  appear  to  ufe  the  loudefi  acclamations.  So 
he  afcended  an  high  elevation  made  for  him,  and  took  hi 
in  a  throne  made  of  gold,  and  fpake  kindly  ID  the  rnui' 
and  declared,  "  with  what  joy  he  received  their  acclamations, 
and  the  marks  of  the  good  will  they  fhewedtohim  ;  at.c!  return- 
ed them  thanks  that  they  did  not  remember  the  injuries  hi-  la- 
ther had  done  them,  to  his  difadvantage  ;  and  promifed  thtm, 
he  would  endeavour  not  to  be  behind  hand  with  them  in  re- 
warding their  alacrity  in  his  fervice,  after  a  luitable  manner  ; 
but  that  he  fhould  abftain  at  prefent  from  the  name  of  king, 
and  that  he  fhould  have  the  honour  of  that  dignity,  if  Caefar 
Ihould  confirm  and  fettle  that  teftament  which  his  father  had 
made  ;  and  that  it  was  on  this  account,  that  when  the  army 
\vould  have  put  the  diadem  on  him  at  Jericho,  he  would  not 
accept  of  that  honour,  which  is  ufually  fo  much  defired,  be- 
caufe  it  was  not  yet  evident  that  he  who  has  to  be  principally 
concerned  in  bellowing  it,  would  give  it  him  ;  although,  by 
his  acceptance  of  the  government,  he  mould  not  want  the  abil- 
ity of  rewarding  their  kindnefs  to  him  ;  and  that  it  fhould  be 
his  endeavour,  as  to  all  things  wheiein  they  were  concerned, 
to  prove,  in  every  refpecr,  better  than  his  fathe/."  Where- 
upon the  multitude,  as  it  is  ufual  with  them,  fuppofed  that  the 
firit  days  of  thofe  that  enter  upon  fuch  governments,  declare 
the  intentions  of  thofe  that  accept  them  ;  and  fo  by  how  much 
Archelaus  fpake  the  more  gently  and  civilly  to  them,  by  fo 
much  did  they  more  highly  commend  him,  and  made  applica- 
tion to  him  for  the  grant  o{  what  they  defired.  Some  made  a 
clamour  that  he  would  eafe  them  of  lomeot  their  annual  pay- 
me'nts  ;  but  others  deCred  him  to  releafe  thofe  that  were  put 
into  prifon  by  Herod,  who  were  many,  and  had  been  put  there 
at  feveral  times ;  others  of 'them  required  that  he  would  take 
away  thofe  taxes  which  had  been  feverely  laid  upon  what  was 
publicly  fold  and  bought.  So  Archelaus  contradicted  them 
in  nothing,  fince  he  pretended  to  do  all  things  fo  as  to  get  the 
good  will  of  the  multitude  to  him,  as  looking  upon  that  good 
•will  to  be  a  great  flep  towards  his  preservation  of  the  govern- 
ment. Hereupon  he  went  and  offered  facrifice  to  God,  and 
then  betook  himfdf  to  fe&ft  with  his  friends. 


Chap.  IX.]     ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  309 


CHAP.    IX. 

Hffw  the  People  raifed  a  Sedition  againjl  Archelaus,  and  how 
he  Sailed  to  Rome. 

$  i.  AT  this  time  alfo  it  was,  that  fome  of  the  Jews  got 
./JL  together,  out  of  a  defire  of  innovation.  They  la- 
mented Matthias,  and  thofe  that  were  flain  with  him  by  Her- 
od, who  bad  not  any  refpeft  paid  them  by  a  funeral  mourn- 
ing, out  ot  the  fear  men  were  in  of  that  man  ;  they  were 
thofe  who  had  been  condemned  for  pulling  down  the  golden 
eagle.  Trie  people  made  a  great  clamour  and  lamentation 
hereupon,  and  caft  out  foroe  reproaches  againft  the  king  alfo, 
as  it  Uiat  tended  to  alleviate  the  naileries  of  the  deceafed. 
Thefe  people  affembled  together,  and  defired  of  Archelaus, 
that,  in  way  of  revenge  on  their  account,  he  would  inflict 
punifhment  on  thofe  who  had  been  honoured  by  Herod  ;  and 
that,  in  the  firlt  and  principal  place,  he  would  deprive  that 
high-prieft  whom  Herod  had  made,  and  would  chpofe  one 
more  agreeable  tg  the  law,  and  of  greater  purity,  to  officiate 
as  high-prieft.  This  was  granted  by  Archelaus,  although  he 
was  mightily  offended  at  their  importunity,  becaufe  he  pro- 
poie-d  to  himfelt  to  go  to  Rome  immediately,  to  look  aher 
Caefar's  determination  about  him.  However,  he  fent  the  gen- 
eral ot  his  torces  to  ufe  periuafions.  and  to  tell  them  that  the 
death  which  was  inflicled  on  their  friends,  was  according  to 
the  law ;  and  to  reprefent  to  them,  that  their  petitions  about 
thefe  things  were  carried  to  a  great  height  of  injury  to  him  ; 
that  the  time  was  not  now  proper  tor  iuch  petitions  but  re- 
quired their  unaniruity  until  fuch  time  as  he  (hould  be  eftab- 
lifhed  in  the  government  by  the  confent  of  Cajfar,  and  fhould 
then  be  come  back  to  them  ;  lor  that  he  would  then  confulc 
with  them  in  common  concerning  the  purport  of  their  peti- 
tions, but  that  they  ought  at  prefent  to  be  quiet,  left  they  mould 
feem  feditious  perfons. 

2.  So  when  the  king  had  fuggefted  thefe  things,  and  in- 
flrucled  his  general  in  what  he  was  ito  fay,  he  fent  him  away 
to  the  people  ;  but  they  made  a  clamour,  and  would  not  give 
him  leave  to  fpeak,  and  put  him  in  danger  of  hie  life,  and  as 
many  more  as  were  defirous  to  venture  upon  faying  openly  a- 
ny  thing  which  might  reduce  them  to  a  lober  mind,  and  pre- 
vent their  going  on  in  their  prefent  courfes  ;  becaufe  they 
had  more  concern  to  have  all  their  own  wills  performed,  than 
to  yield  obedience  to  their  governors  ;  thinking  it  to  be  a 
thing  infufferable,  that,  while  Herod  was  alive,  they  Ihould 
lofe  thofe  that  were  the  moft  dear  to  them,  and  that  when  he 
was  dead,  they  could  not  get  the  actors  to  be  puni(hed.  So 
they  went  on  with  their  defigns  alter  a  violent  manner,  aavi 


310  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVII. 

thought  all  to  be  lawful  and  right  which  tended  to  pleafe  them, 
and  being  unfkiiful  in  fprefeeing  what  dangers  they  incurred  ; 
and  when  they  had  fulpicion  of  fuch  a  thing,  yet  did  the 
prefent  pleafure  they  took  in  the  punilhment  of  thofe  they 
deemed  their  enemies,  overweigh  all  fuch  confederations  ;  and 
although  Archelaus  fent  many  to  fpeak  to  them,  yet  they 
ireated  them  not  as  meffengers  fent  by  him,  but  as  perfons  that 
came  oi  their  own  accord  to  mitigate  their  anger,  and  would 
not  let  one  of  them  fpeak.  The  fedition  alfo  was  made  by 
fuch  as  were  in  a  great  puflion  ;  and  it  was  evident  that  they 
were  proceeding  farther  in  feditious  practices,  by  the  multi- 
tude's running  fo  faft  upon  them. 

3.  Now  upon  the  approach  oi  that  feaft  oi  unleavened  bread, 
which  the  law  of  their  iathers  had  appointed  tor  the  Jews  at 
this  time,  which  feafl  is  called  the  Paflbver,  *  and  is  a  memo- 
rial ot  their  deliverance  out  of  Egypt  (when  they  offer  facri- 
fices  with  great  alacrity,  and  when  they  are  required  to  flay 
more  facrifices  in  number  than  at  any  other ieftival  ;  and  when 
an  innumerable  multitude  came  thither  out  of  the  country, 
nay  from  beyond  its  limits  alfo,  in  order  to  worlhip  God  ;) 
the  feditious  lamented  Judas  and  Matthias,  thole  teachers  of 
the  laws,  and  kept  together  in  the  temple,  and  had  plenty  oi 
food,  becaule  thefe  feditious  perfons  were  not  adiamed  to  beg 
it.  And  as  Archelaus  was  afraid  lelt  iome  terrible  thing  fhould 
ipring  up  by  means  oi  thefe  mens  iradnefs,  he  fent  a  regi- 
ment of  armed  men,  and  with  them  a  captain  oi  a  thouiand, 
to  fupprefs  the  violent  efforts  of  the  feditious,  before  the  whole 
multitude  fhould  be  infe&ed  with  the  like  madnefs  ;  and  gave 
them  this  charge,  that  if  they  iound  any  much  more  openly 
feditious  than  others,  and  more  Luiy  in  tumultuous  practices, 
they  Ihould  bring  them  to  him.  But  thofe  that  were  feditious 
on  account  of  thole  ccacheis  of  the  law,  irritated  the  people 
by  the  noife  and  clamours  they  ufcd  to  encourage  the  people 
in  their  deugns ;  fo  they  made  an  aiTatilt  upon  the  foldiers,  and 
came  up  to  them,  and  ftoned  the  gicateil  part  oi  them,  although 
fome  oi  them  ran  away  wounded,  and  their  captain  among 
them  ;  and  when  they  had  thus  done,  they  returned  to  the 
facrifices  which  were  already  in  their  hands.  Now  Archelaus 
thought  there  was  no  way  to  prelerve  the  entire  government, 
but  by  cutting  off  thofe  who  made  this  attempt  upon  it ;  fo 
he  fent  out  the  whole  army  upon  them,  and  fent  the  horfemen 
to  prevent  thofe  that  had  their  tents  without  the  temple,  from 
affifting  thofe  that  were  within  the  temple,  and  to  kill  fuch 
as  ran  away  from  the  footmen,  when  they  thought  themfelves 
outof  danger,  which  horfemen  flew  three  thoufand  men,  while 
the  reft  went  to  the  neighbouring  mountains.  Then  did  Ar- 
chelaus order  proclamation  to  be  made  to  them  all,  that  they 

*  This  paffover,  \vhenthe  feciition  here  mentioned  \vas  moved  againft  Arche- 
Jaus,  \vjsn3tone,  but  thirteen  mouths  after  the  eclipie  ot  tltf  moon  already  men- 


Chap.   IX.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  3T2 

fhouH  retire  to  their  own  homes ;  fo  they  went  away,  and  left 
the  feftival  out  ot  fear  of  fomewhat  worfe  which  would  fol- 
low, although  they  had  been  fo  bold  by  reafon  erf  their*  want 
of  inftruflion.     So  Archelaus  went  down  to  the  fea  witrT  his  * 
mother,  and  took  with  him  Nicolaus  and  Ptolemy,  and  many 
others  ol  his  friends,  and  left  Philip  his  brother  as 'governor 
of  all  things  belonging  both  to  his  own  family  andto  tpe  pub- 
lic.     There  went  out  alfo   with  him  Salome,  Hero'd's  fift»r, 
who  took  with  her  her  children,,  and  many  of  her  kindfflS 
were  with  her;  which  kindred  of  hers  went,  as  they  pretend 
ed,  to  airlift  Archelaus  in  gaining  the  kingdom,  Hut  in  reality 
tooppofe  him,  and  chiefly  to   make  loud  complaints  of  what 
he  had  done  in  the  temple.     But  Sabinus,  Caeiar's  fteward  tov 
Syrian  affairs,  as  he  was  making  hade  into  Judea,  to  preferve' 
Herod's  effecls    met  with  Archelaus  at  Ccefarea  ;  but  Varus 
(prefident  of  Syria)  came  at  that  time,  and  reftrained  him  from, 
meddling  with  them,  tor  he  was  there  as  fent  for  by  Archela- 
us, by  the  means  of  Ptolemy.     And  Sabinus,  out  of  regard 
to  Varus,  did  neither  feize  upon  any  of  the  catties  that  were 
among  the  Jews,  nor  did  he  leal  up  the  treafures  in  them,  but 
permitted  Archelaus  to  have  them,  until  Caefar  fhould  declare 
his  refolution  about  them  ;  fo  that,  upon  this  his  promile,  he  tar- 
ried ftill  at  Caefarea.     But  after  Archelaus  was  failed  for  Rome, 
and  Varu>  was  removed  to  Antioch,  Sabinus  went  to  Jerufa- 
lem,  and  leized  on  the  king's  palace.      He  alfo   fent  for  the 
keepers  of  the  garrifons,  and  for  all  thofe  that  had  the  charge 
of  Herod's  effetts,  and  declared  publicly,  that  he  (bould  re- 
quire them  to  give  an  account  of  what  they  had  ;  and  he  dif- 
pofed  of  the  cailles  in  the  manner  he  pleafed  ;  but  thofe  who 
kept  them  did  not  neglect  what  Archelaus  had  given  them   in- 
command,  but  continued  to  keep  all   things  in  the  manner 
that  had  been  enjoined  them;  and  their  pretence   was,  that 
they  kept  them  all  for  Casfar. 

4.  At  the  fame  time  alfo  did  Antipas,  another  of  Herod's 
fons,  i'ail  to  Rome,  in  order  to  gain  the  government ;  being 
buoyed  up  by  Salome  with  promifes,  that  he  fhould  take  that 
government ;  and  that  he  was  a  much  honefler  and  fitter  man 
than  Archelaus,  for  that  authority  ;  fince  Herod  had,  in  his 
former  teftament,  deemed  him  the  worthiefl  to  be  made  king, 
which  ought  to  be  eiteemed  more  valid  than  his  latter  tefta- 
ment. Antipas  alfo  brought  with  him  his  mother,  and  Ptole- 
my the  brother  of  Nicolaus,  one  that  had  been  Herod's  molt 
honoured  friend,  and  was  now  zealous  for  Autipas  :  But  it 
was  Ireneus  the  oiator,  and  one  who,  on  account  of  his  rep- 
utation for  fagacity,  was  entrufted  with  the  affairs  of  the  king- 
dom, who  mofi  of  all  encouraged  him  to  attempt  to  gain  the 
kingdom  ;  by  whole  means  it  was,  that  when  fome  advifed 
him  to  yield  to  Archelaus,  as  to  his  elder  brother,  and  who 
had  been  declared  king  by  their  father's  laft  will,  he  woul-cl 
not  fubmit  fo  to  do.  And  v/hen  he  was  come  to  Rome,  ali 


312  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVII. 

his  relations  revolted  to  him  ;  not  out  of  their  good  will  to 
him,  but  out  of  their  hatred  to  Archeiaus  ;  though  indeed 
they  were  molt  of  all  defirous  of  gaining  their  liberty,  ami  to 
be  put'under  a  Roman  governor  ;  but,  if  there  were  too  great 
an  oppofition  made  to  that,  they  thought  Antipas  preferable  to 
Archeiaus,  and  fo  joined  with  him.  in  order  to  procure  the  king- 
dom for  him.  Sabinus  alfo  by  letters,  accufed  Archeiaus  to 
Czrfar. 

.•45-  Now  when  Archeiaus  had  lent  in  his  papers  to  Cjefar, 
wherein  he  pleaded  his  right  to  the  kingdom,  and  his  father's 
teftament,  with  the  accounts  ot  Herod's  money,  and  with  Pto- 
lemy, who  brought  Herod's  feal,  he  fo  expected  the  event  ; 
but  when  Caefar  had  read  thefe  papers,  and  Varus's  and  Sabi- 
nus's  letters,  with  the  accounts  of  the  money,  and  what  were 
the  annual  incomes  of  the  kingdom,  and  underftood  that  An- 
tipas  had  alfo  fent  letters  to  lay  claim  to  the  kingdom,  he  ir.m- 
moned  his  friends  together,  to  know  their  opinions,  and  with 
them  Caius,  the  fon  of  Agrippa,  and  of  Julia  his  daughter, 
whom  he  had  adopted,  and  took  him,  and  made  him  fit  firfl  ot 
all,  and  defired  fuch  as  plealecl  to  {peak  their  minds  about  the 
affairs  now  before  them.  Now  Antipater,  Salome's  fon,  a 
very  fubtle  orator,  and  a  bitter  enemy  to  Archeiaus,  i'pake 
firfl  to  this  purpole  :  That  ''  it  was  ridiculous  in  Archeiaus 
fo  plead  now  to  have  the  kingdom  given  him,  flnce  he  had, 
in  reality,  taken  already  the  power  over  it  to  himfelf  before 
Caefar  had  granted  it  to  him  ;  and  appealed  to  thofe  hold 
acHonsof  his,  in  deftroying  fo  many  at  the  Jewifh  teftival  ; 
and,  if  the  men  had  afted  unjuftly,  it  was  but  fit  the  pun- 
ifhing  them  mould  have  been  relerved  to  thofe  that  were 
out  of  the  country  but  had  the  power  to  punifh  them,  and 
not  been  executed  by  a  man.  that  if  he  pretended  to  be  a 
king,  he  did  an  injury  to  Czefar,  by  ufurping  that  author- 
ity before  it  was  determined  for  him  by  Czefar  ;  but,  it  he 
owned  himfelf  to  be  a  private  perfon*  his  cafe  was  much 
worfe,  fince  he  who  was  putting  in  for  the  kingdom,  could 
by  no  means  expeft  to  have  that  power  granted  him,  ot 
which  he  had  already  deprived  Caefar  [by  taking  it  to  himfelf.] 
He  alfo  touched  lharply  upon  him,  and  appealed  to  his  chang- 
ing the  commanders  in  the  army,  and  his  fitting  in  the  royal 
throfie  beforehand,  and  his  determination  of  law  fuits  ;  ail 
done  as  if  he  were  no  other  than  a  king.  He  appealed  alfo 
to  hisconceflions  to  thofc  that  petitioned  him  on  a  publick ac- 
count, and  indeed  doing  fuch  things,  than  which  he  cauld 
devife  no  greater  if  he  had  been  already  fettled  in  the  king- 
dom by  Casfar.  He  alfo  afcribed  to  him  the  releafing  of  the 
prifoners  that  were  in  the  hippodrome,  and  many  other  thing*, 
that  either  had  been  certainly  done  by  him,  or  were  believed 
to  be  done,  and  eafily  might  be  believed  to  have  been  done, 
becaufe  they  were  ot  fuch  a  nature  as  to  be  ufually  done  by- 
young  men,  and  by  fuch  as  out  of  a  defire  ot  ruling,  ieize 


Chap.    IX.]          ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE   JEWS.  313 

upon  the  government  too  foon.  He  alfo  charged  him  with 
his  neglecl  of  the  funeral  mourning  for  his  father,  and  with 
having  merry  meetings  the  very  night  in  which  he  died  ;  and 
that  it  was  thence  the  multitude  took  the  handle  of  railing  a 
tumult  ;  and  if  Archelaus  could  thus  requite  his  dead  father, 
who  had  beftowed  fuch  benefits  upon  him,  and  bequeathed 
fuch  great  things  to  him,  by  pretending  to  (hed  tears  for  him 
in  the  day  time,  like  an  actor  on  the  itage,  but  every  night 
making  mirth  for  having  gotten  the  government,  he  would 
appear  to  be  the  fame  Archelaus  with  regard  to  Cccfar,  if  he 
granted  him  the  kingdom,  which  he  hath  been  to  his  father  ; 
fince  he  had  then  dancing  and  ringing,  as  though  an  enemy  or." 
his  were  fallen,  and  not  as  though  a  man  were  carried  to  his 
funeral,  that  was  (o  nearly  related,  and  had  been  fo  great  a 
benefaftor  to  him.  But  he  faid  that  the  greateft  crime  of  all 
was  this,  that  he  came  now  before  Csefar  to  obtain  the  king- 
dom by  his  grant,  while  he  had  before  afted  in  all  things  a? 
he  could  have  afcted  if  Csefar  himfelf,  who  ruled  all,  had  fixed 
him  firmly  in  the  government.  And  what  he  moft  aggravat- 
ed in  his  pleading,  was  the  (laughter  of  thofe  about  the  tem- 
ple, and  the  impiety  of  it,  as  done  at  the  teftival  ;  and  how 
they  were  flain  like  facrifices  themfelves,  fome  of  whom  were 
foreigners,  and  others  of  their  o-vrt  Country,  till  the  temple 
was  full  of  dead  bodies  :  And  all  this  was  done,  not  by  an  al- 
ien, but  by  one  who  pretended  to  the  lawful  title  of  a  king, 
that  he  might  complete  the  wicked  tyranny  which  his  natuni 
prompted  him  to,  and  which  is  hated  by  all  men.  On  which 
account  his  father  never  fo  much  as  dreamed  of  making  him 
his  fucceflbr  in  the  kingdom,  when  he  was  of  fo  found  a  mimi, 
becaute  he  knew  his  dilpofmon  ;  and,  in  his  former  and  more 
authentic  teftament,  he  appointed  his  antagonift  Antipas  to  fuc- 
ceed  ;  but  that  Archelaus  was  called  by  his  father  to  that  dig- 
nity, when  he  was  in  a  dying  condition,  both  of  body  am! 
mind,  while  Antipas  was  called  when  he  was  ripefl  in  his  judg- 
ment, and  of  fuch  ftrength  of  body  as  made  him  capable  ot 
managing  his  own  affairs  :  And  if  his  father  had  the  like  no- 
tion of  him  formerly  that  he  hath  now  (hewed,  yet  hath  he 
given  a  fufficient  (pecimen  what  a  king  he  is  likely  to  be, 
when  he  hath  [in  effeclj  deprived  Csefar  of  that  power  of  dif- 
pofmg  of  the  kingdom,  which  he  juftly  hath,  and  hath  not  ab- 
ftamed  from  making  a  terrible  (laughter  of  his  fellow  citizens 
in  the  temple,  while  he  was  but  a  private  perfon." 

6.  So  when  Anti pater  had  made  this  fpeech,  and  had  con- 
firmed what  he  had  faid  by  producing  many  witnefles  from 
among  Archelaus's  own  relations,  he  made  an  end  of  his  plead- 
ing. Upon  which  Nicolaus  arofe  up  to  plead  for  Archelaus, 
and  faid,  "  That  what  had  been  done  at  the  temple  was  rather 
to  be  attributed  to  the  mind  of  thofe  that  had  been  killed,  than 
to  the  authority  of  Archelaus  ;  for  that  thofe,  who  were  the 
authors  of  fuch  things  are  not  only  wicked  in  the  injuries  they 

VOL,  II.  Q  q 


314  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.       [Book  XVII, 

do  of  themfelves,  bat  in  forcing  foberperfons  to  avenge  them- 
felves  upon  them.  Now  it  is  evident,  that  what  thefe  did  in 
way  of  oppofition  was  done  under  pretence  indeed  againft 
Archelaus,  but  in  reality  againft  Cacfar  himfelf,  tor  they  after 
an  injurious  manner,  attacked  and  flew  thofe  who  were  fent 
by  Archelaus,  and  who  came  only  to  put  a  flop  to  their  do- 
ings. They  had  no  regard,  either  to  God  or  to  the  feftival, 
whom  Anfipater  yet  is  not  afhamed  to  patronize,  whether  it  be 
out  of  his  indulgence  of  an  enmity  to  Archelaus,  or  out  of  his 
hatred  of  virtue  and  juftice.  For  as  to  thofe  who  begin  fuch 
tumults,  and  firft  fet  about  fuch  unrighteous  aftions.  they  are 
the  men  who  force  thofe  that  punifh  them  to  betake  them- 
felves to  arms  even  againft  their  will.  So  that  Antipater  in 
eflfeft  afcrihes  the  reft  of  what  was  done  to  all  thofe  who  were 
of  counfel  to  the  accufers,  for  nothing,  which  is  here  accufed 
of  injuftice  has  been  done  but  what  was  derived  from  them  as 
its  authors;  nor  are  thofe  things  evil  in  themfelves,  but  fo 
repVefented  only  in  order  to  do  harm  to  Archelaus.  Such  is 
thefe  mens  inclinations  to  do  an  injury  to  a  man  that  is  ot  their 
kindred,  their  father's  benefaclpr,  and  familiarly  acqaainted 
•with  them,  and  that  hath  ever  lived  in  friend  (hip  with  them  ; 
for  that,  as  to  this  teftament,  it  was  made  by  the  king  when  he 
was  of  a  found  mind,  and  fo  ought  to  be  of  more  authority 
than  his  former  teffament  ;  and  that  for  this  reafon,  becaufe 
Cacfar  is  therein  le't  to  be  the  judge  and  clifpofer  of  all  therein 
contained  ;  and  for  Czefar  he  will  not,  to  be  fure,  at  all  imitate 
the  unjuft  proceedings  of  thofe  men,  who,  during  Herod's 
whole  life,  had  on  all  occafions  been  joint  partakers  of  power 
with  him,  and  yet  do  zealoufly  endeavour  to  injure  his  deter- 
mination, while  they  have  not  themfelves  had  the  fame  regard 
to  their  kinfmcn,  [which  Archelaus  had,]  Caefarwill  not  there- 
fore difannul  the  teftament  of.a  man  whom  he  had  entirely 
fupported,  of  his  friend  and  confederate,  and  that  which  is 
committed  to  him  in  truft  fo  ratify  :  Nor  will  Caefar's  virtu- 
ous and  upright  difpofition,  which  are  known  and  tmconteft- 
ed  through  all  the  habitable  world,  imitate  the  wickednefs  of 
thefe  men  in  condemning  a  king  as  a  madman,  and  as  having 
Joft  his  reafon,  while  he  hath  bequeathed  the  fucccflion  to  a 
good  fon  ot  his,  and  to  one  who  flies  to  Cadar's  upright  deter- 
mination for  refuge.  Nor  can  Herod  at  any  time  have  been, 
miftaken  in  his  judgment  about  a  fucceflbr,  while  he  (hewed  fo 
much  prudence  as  to  fubmit  all  to  Caefar's  determination." 

7.  Now  when  Nicolaus  had  laid  thefe  things  before  Caefar. 
he  ended  his  plea  ;  xvhereupon  Csefar  was  fo  obliging  to  Ar- 
chelaus, that  he  raifed  him  up  when  he  had  caft  himfelf  down 
at  his  feet,  and  faid,  that  "  he  well  deferved  the  kingdom  ;" 
and  he  foon  let  them  know,  that  he  was  fo  far  moved  in  his 
favour,  that  he  would  not  act  otherwife  than  his  father's  tefta- 
ment directed  ard  than  was  for  the  advantage  of  Archelaus. 
However,  while  he  gave  this  encouragement  to  Archelaus  to 


Chap,   X.]  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  315 

depend  on  him  fecurely,  he  made  no  full  determination  about 
hi;n  ;  and,  when  the  aflembly  was  broken  up,  he  confidered 
by  inmfelt,,  whether  he  (hould  confirm  the  kingdom  to  Arche- 
laus,  or  whether  he  (hould  part  it  among  all  Herod's  pofterity  ; 
and  this  becaufe  they  all  itood  in  need  of  much  afliftance  to 
fupport  them. 


CHAP.     X. 

4  Sedition  of  the  Jews  againfl  Sabinus  ;    and  how  Varus 
brought  the  Authors  of  it  to  PimiJJiment. 

$  I.  T3  UT  before  thefe  things  could  be  brought  to  a  fettle- 
-L3  ment,  Malthace,  Archelaus's  mother,  tell  into  a 
diftemper,  and  died  ot  it  ;  and  letters  came  from  Varus,  the 
prefident  ot  Syria,  which  informed  Caefar  of  the  revolt  ot  the 
Jews  ;  for,  atter  Archelaus  was  failed,  the  whole  nation  was 
in  a  tumult.  So  Varus,  fince  he  was  there  himfelf,  brought 
the  authors  of  the  diiturbance  to  punilliment  ;  and  when  he 
had  retrained  them  tor  the  rnoft  part  from  this  fedition,  which 
was  a  great  one,  he  took  his  journey  to  Antioch,  leaving  one 
legion  ot  his  army  at  Jerufalem  to  keep  the  Jews  quiet,  who 
were  now  very  tond  of  innovation.  Yet  did  not  this  at  all 
avail  to  put  an  end  to  that  their  fedition;  for  afterVarus  was  gone 
away,  Sabinus,  Caster's  procurator,  ilaid  behind,  and  greatly 
diftreffed  the  Jews,  relying  on  the  forces  that  were  lett  there, 
that  they  would  by  their  multitude  protecl  him  ;  tor  he  made 
u(e  ot  the.n,  and  armed  them  as  his  guards,  thereby  fo  opprei- 
fing  the  Jews,  and  giving  them  fo  great  difturbance,  that  at 
length  they  rebelled;  tor  he  ufed  force  in  feizingthe  citadels, 
and  zealoufly  prelled  on  the  fearch  alier  the  king's  money,  in 
order  to  feize  upon  it  by  torce,  on  account  ot  his  love  of  gain, 
and  his  extraordinary  covetoufnefs, 

2.  But  the  approach  ot  Pentecoft,  which  is  afeftival  of  ours 
fo  called  from  the  days  ot  our  forefathers,  a  great  many  ten 
thoufands  ot  men  got  together  ;  nor  did  they  come  only  to 
celebrate  the  festival,  but  out  of  their  indignation  at  the  mad- 
nefs  of  Sabinus,  and  at  the  injuries  he  offered  them.  A  great 
number  there  was  of  Galileans,  and  Idumeans,  and  many  men 
from  Jericho,  and  others  who  had  pafled  over  the  river  Jor- 
dan, and  inhabited  thofe  parts.  This  whole  multitude  joined 
themfelves  to  all  the  reft,  and  were  more  zealous  than  the 
others  in  making  an  aifault  on  Sabinus,  in  order  to  be  aveng- 
ed on  him  :  So  they  parted  themfelves-  into  three  bands,  and 
encamped  themfelves  in  the  places  following  :  Some  of  them 
feized  on  the  Hipodrome,  and  of  the  other  two  bands,  one 
pitched  themfelves  from  the  northern  part  ot  the  temple  to 
the  fouthern,  on  the  eaft  quarter  ;  but  the  third  band  held  the 
weftern  part  ot  the  city,  where  the  king's  palace  was.  Their 


316  ANTIQUITIES    Of   THE   JEWS.        [Book  XVII, 

work  tended  entirely  to  befiege  the  Romans,  and  to  inclofe 
them  on  all  fides.  Now  Sabinus  was  afraid  of  thefe  mens 
number,  and  of  their  refolution,  who  had  little  regard  to  their 
lives,  but  were  very  defirous  not  to  be  overcome,  while  they 
thought  it  a  point  ot  puiffance  to  overcome  their  enemies  ;  fo 
he  fent  immediately  a  letter  to  Varus,  and,  as  he  u fed  to  do, 
was  very  prefling  with  him,  and  entreated  him  to  come  quick- 
ly to  nis  affiftance  ;  becaufe  the  forces  he  had  left  were  in 
imineht  danger,  and  would  probably,  in  no  long  time,  be 
ieized  upon,  and  cut  to  pieces;  while  he  did  himfelf  get  up 
to  the  hfghefl  tower  of  the  fortrefs  Phafaelus,  which  had  been 
Imilt  in  honour  ot  Phafaelus,  king  Herod's  brother,  and  cal- 
led fo  when  the  *  Parthians  had  brought  him  to  his  death.  So 
Sabinus  gave  thence  a  fignal  to  the  Romans  to  tall  upon  the 
Tews,  although  he  did  not  himfelf  venture  fo  much  as  to 
comedown  to  hi$  friends  and  thought  he  might  expect  that  the 
others  mould  expofe  themfelves  fir(t  to  die  on  account  of  his  a~ 
vance.  However  the  Romans  ventured  to  make  a  fally  out 
oi  the  place,  and  a  terrible  battle  enfued  ;  wherein,  though  it 
is  true  the  Romans  beat  their  adversaries,  yet  were  not  the 
Jews  daunted  in  their  refolutions,  even  when  they  had  the 
fight  of  that  terrible  (laughter  that  was  made  of  them  ;  but 
they  went  round  about  and  got  upon  thofe  cloifters,  which 
encompaffed  the  outer  court  ot  the  temple,  where  a  great  fight 
was  ftill  continued,  and  they  call  Rones  at  the  Romans,  partly 
with  their  hands,  and  partly  with  flings,  as  being  much  ufed  to 
thofe  exercifcs.  All  the  archers  alfo  in  array  did  the  Romans 
a  great  deal  of  mifchiet  ;  becaufe  they  ufed  their  hands  dex- 
tioufly  from  aplace  fuperior  to  the  others,  and  becaufe  the 
others  were  at  an  utter  lofs  what  to  do  ;  for  when  they  tried  to 
Ihoo',  their  arrows  againft  the  Jews  upwards,  thefe  arrows 
could  not  reach  them,  infomuch  that  the  Jews  were  eafily  too 
haid  for  their  enemies.  And  this  fort  ol  fight  lafted  a  great 
v/hile,  till  at  laft  the  Romans,  who  were  greatly  diftreiied 
by  what  was  done,  fet  fire  to  the  cloifters  fo  privately,  that 
ihofe  who  were  gotten  upon  them  did  not  perceive  it.  This 
Jfire  t  being  fed  by  a  great  deal  ol  cornbuftible  matter,  caught 
hold  immediately  on  the  root  of  the  cloifters  ;  fo  the  wood 
which  was  full  of  pitch  and  wax,  and  wh,ofe  gold  was  laid.on 
it  with  wax,  yielded  to  the  flame  prefently.  and  thofe  vaft 
works  which  were  of  the  higheft  value  aqd  efleem,  were  de- 
ilroyed  utterly,  while  thofe  that  were  on  the  roof  unexpected- 
ly penfhed  at  the  fame  time  ;  for  as  the  root  tumbled  down, 

•  See  Antiq.  B.  XIV.  ch.  xiii.  %  10  Vol.  II.  and,  Of  the  War,  B.  II.  ch.  xxi. 
$  9.  Vol.  Hi". 

t  Thefe  great  devaluations  made  about  the  temple  here,  and,  Of  the  War,  B.  II. 
ch.  Hi.  ^  3.  Vol.  III.  feem  not  to  have  been  fully  re-ediSed  in  the  days  of  Nero  ; 
till  whole  time  there  were  18000  workmen  continually  employed  in  rebuilding 
and  repairing  that  temple,  as  jolephus  informs  us,  Antlcj.  B.  X.Y.  ch.  ix.  ^  7 .  Vi>l> 
II.  Sec  the  noic  on  that  place. 


Chap.  X.]      ANTIQUITIES  or  THE  JEWS.  317 

fome  of  thcfe  men  tumbled  down  with  it,  and  others  of  them 
were  killed  by  their  enemies  who  encompaffed  them.  There 
was  a  great  number  more,  who  out  of  defpair  of  faving  their 
lives,  and  out  of  aftonifhment  at  the  mifery  that  furrounded 
them,  did  either  caft  themfelves  into  the  fire,  or  threw  them- 
felves  upon  their  own  fwords,  and  fo  got  out  of  their  miiery. 
But  as  to  thofe  that  retired  behind  the  fame  way  by  which 
they  afcended,  and  thereby  efcaped,  they  were  all  killed  by 
rhe  Romans,  as  being  unarmed  men,  and  their  courage  tail- 
ing them  ;  their  wild  fury  being  now  not  able  to  help  them, 
becaufe  they  were  deflitute  of  armour,  infomuch  that,  of  thofe 
that  went  up  to  the  top  of  the  root  not  one  efcaped.  The 
Romans  alio  rulhed  through  the  fire,  where  it  gave  them  room 
fo  to  do,  and  feized  on  that  treafure  where  the  facred  money 
was  repofited  ;  a  great  part  of  which  was  ftolen  by  the  iol- 
dicrs  and  Sabinus  got  openly  four  hundred  talents. 

3.  But  this  calamity  ot  the  Jews  friends,  who  fell  in  this 
battle,  grieved  them,  as  did  alio  this  plundering  of  the  mon- 
ey dedicated  to  God  in  the  temple.      Accordingly   that  body 
ot  them  which  continued   belt  together,  and  was  the  moft 
warlike,  encompaffed  the  palace,  and  threatened  to  let  fire  to 
it,  and  kill  all  that  were  in  it.     Yet  ftill  they  commanded  them 
to  go  out  prefently,  and  promifed,  that  it  they  would  do  fo, 
they  would   not  hurt   them,  nor   Sabinus  neither,  at  which 
time  the  greater!  part  ot  the  it  ing's   troops  deferted   to  them, 
while  Rurus  and  Gratus    who  had  thiee  thouiand  of  the  moft 
warlike  oi  Herod's  army  with  them,  who  were  men  of  aftive 
bodies,  went  over  to  the  Romans.     There  was  alfo  a  band  of 
hoifeiiien  under  the  command  of  Rufus,   which  itfelf  went 
over  to  the  Romans  alfo.      However  the  Jews  went   on  with 
ihe  liege,  and  dug  mines  under  the  palace  walls,  and  befought 
thofe  that  were  gone  over  to  the  other  fide,  not  to  be  their 
hindrance,  now  they  had  fuch  a  proper  opportunity  tor  the 
recovery  of  their  country's  ancient  liberty  ;  and  tor  Sabinus, 
truly  he  was  defirous  of  going  away  with  his  ioldiers,  but  was 
not  able  to  trtilt  himfelf  with  the  enemy,  on  account  ot  what 
mifchiel  he  had  already   done  them  ;  and  he  took   this  great 
[pretended]  lenity    of  theirs    tor  an  argument  why  he  fhould 
aot  comply  with  them  ;  and  fo  becaule  he  expecledthat  Va- 
rus  was  coming,  he  ftill  bore  the  fiege. 

4.  Now  at  this  time  there  were  ten  thoufand  other  diforders 
in  Judea,  which  were  like  tumults  ;  becaufe  a  great  number 
put  themfelves  into  a  warlike  pofture,  either  out  of  hopes  ot" 
gam  to  themfelves,  or  out  ot  enmity  to  the  Jews.      In  par- 
ticular, two  thoufand  of  Herod's  old  foldiers,  who  had  been 
already  difbanded,  got  together  in  Judea  itfelf,  and  fought  a- 
gainft   the  king's  troops;    although  Achiabus,  Herod's  fiHl 
coufin  oppoteri  them  ;  but  as  he  was  driven  out  qt  the  plains 
into  the  mountainous  parts  by  the  military  fkill  of  thofe  men, 

.  he  kept  himfelf  in  the  faftneffes  that  were  there,  and  faved  what 
be  could. 


•J1S  ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVII. 

5,  There  was  alfo  Judas,  *  the  Ton  of  that  Ezekias  who  had 
been  head  ot  the  robbers  ;  which  Ezekias  was  a  very   ftrong 
man,  and  had  with  great  difficulty  been  caught  by  Herod. 
This  Judas  having  gotten  together  a  multitude  of  men  of  a 
profligate  charafler  about  Sephoris  in  Galilee,  made  an  affault 
upon  the  palace  [there J  and  feized  upon  all  the  weapons  that 
were  laid  up  in  it,  and  with  them  armed  every  one  ot  thofe 
that  were  with  him,  and   carrid  awy  what  money    was  left 
there  ;  and   he   became  terrible   to  all  men,  by    tearing  and 
rending  thofe  that  came  near  him ;  and  all  this  in  order  to 
raife  himfeif,  and  out  an  ambitious  defire  ot  the  royal  digni- 
ty ;  and   he  hoped  to  obtain  that  as  the  reward,  not  oi  his 
virtuous  (kill  in  war,  but  ot  his  extravagance  in  doing  injuries. 

6.  There  was  alfo  Simon,  who  had  t-een  a  flave  of  Herod 
the  king,  but  in  other  refpefts  a  comely  perfon,  of  a  tall  and 
rqbufl  body  ;  he  was  one  that  was  much  Superior  to  others  of 
his  order,  and  had  had  great  things  committed  to  his  care. 
This  man  was  elevated  at  the  diforderly  flate  of  things,  and 
was  fo  bold  as  to  put  a  diadem  on  his  head,  while  a  certain 
number  ot  the  people  itood   by    him,  and  by  them  he  was 
declared  to  be  a  king,  and  thought  himfelf  more  worthy  ot 
that  dignity  than  any  one  elfe.     He  burnt  dov/nthe  royal  pal- 
ace at  Jericho,  and  plundered  what  was  le!t  in  it.      He  alfo 
fet  fire  to  many  other  of  the  king's  houfes  in  feveral  places  of 
the  country,  and  utterly  deftroyed  them,  and  permitted  thofe 
that  were  with  him,  to  take  what  was  lett  in  them  for  a  prey  ; 
and  he  would  have  done  greater  things  unlefs  care  had  been 
taken   to  reprefs  him  immediately  ;  for  Gratus,  when  he  had 
joined  himfeU  to  ibme  Roman  foldiers,  took  the  forces  he 
had  with  him,  and  met  Simon,  and  atter  a  great  and  a  long 
fight,  no  imall  part  of  thofe  that  came  from  Perea    who  were 
a  difordered  body   of  men,  and  fought  rather  in  a  bold  than 
in  fkiltul  manner,  were  deltroyed  ;  and  although   Simon  had 
faved  himfelf  by  flying  away  through  a  certain  valley,  yet 
Gratus  overtook  him,  and  cut  off  his  head.     The  royal  pal- 
ace alfo  at  Amathus,  by  the  river  Jordan,  was  burnt  down  by 
a  party  of.  men  that  were  got  together,  as  were  thofe   belong- 
ing to  Simon.     And  thus   did  a  great  and  a  wild  fury  fpread 
itfelt  over  the  nation,  becaufe  they  had  no  king  to  keep  the 

*  Unlefs  this  Judas,  the  fon  of  Ezekias,  be  the  Came  with  that  Theudas  men- 
tioned, Afts  v.  36.  Jolephus  muft  have  omitted  him;  lor  that  other  Theudas, 
•whom  he  afterward  mentions  under  Fadiu.  the  Roman  governor,  B.  A'A'.  ch.  v. 
()  i.  vol.  II  is  much  too  late  to  corrclpond  to  him  that  is  mentioned  in  the  afts. 
The  names  Theudas,  TJuudtus,  and  Judas,  differ  but  little.  Sec  Abp  Ufher's 
Annals  at  A.  M  4001.  However,  i;nce  Jo iephus  does  pot  pretend  to  reckon  up 
the  heads  of  all  thole  ten  thovfai.,1  diiorderk  in  judea,  which  he  tells  us  were  t!;c:i 
abroad,  fee  f.cl.  4.  and  8-  the  Theudas  of  the  A£ls  might  be  at  the  head  of  one  of 
thofe  feditions,  though  not  particuiiuly  named  by  him.  Thus  he  informs  us  here, 
ffft.  6.  and  OF  the  War,  B.  II  ch.  iv.  feel.  2.  Vol.  111.  that  certain  of  the  feditious 
rzme  and  burnt  the  royal  palace  at  Amathus,  or  Betharamphta,  upon  the  river  Jor- 
Ht  j,  Perhaps  their  leader,  who  is  not  r,am:d  by  Joi'cphu?,  might  be  this  Theudas. 


Chap.  X.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE  JEWS.  319 

multitude  in  good  order,  and  becaufe  thofe  foreigners,  who 
came  to  reduce  the  feditious  to  fobriety,  did  on  the  contrary 
fet  them  more  in  a  flame,  becaufe  of  the  injuries  they  offered 
them,  and  the  avaricious  management  ot  their  affairs. 

7.  But  becaufe  Athronges  a  perfon  neither  eminent  by  the 
dignity  of  his  progenitors,  nor  for  any  great  wealth  he  was 
jjoflefTed  of,  but  one  that  had  in  all  reipe^rh  been  a  fliepherd 
only,  and  was  not  known  by  any  body  ;  yet  becaufe  he  was  a 
tall  man,  and  excelled  others  in  the  ftrength  ot  his  hands,  he 
was  fo  bold  as  to  let  up  for  king.  This  man  thought  it  fo 
fweet  a  thing  to  do  more  than  ordinary  injuries  to  others,  that 
although  he  mould  be  killed,  he  did  not  much  care  it  he  loft 
his  lite  in  fo  great  a  defign.  He  had  alfo  tour  brethren,  who 
were  tall  men  themfelves  and  were  believed  to  be  fuperior  to 
others  in  the  itrength  of  their  hands,  and  thereby  were  encour- 
aged to  aim  at  great  things,  and  thought  that  ftrength  of  theirs 
would  fupport  them  in  retaining  the  kingdom.  Each  of  thefe 
ruled  over  a  band  ot  men  of  their  own  ;  for  thofe  that  got  to- 
gether to  them  were  very  numerous.  They  were  every  one 
ot  them  alfo  commanders  ;  but,  when  they  came  to  fight  they 
were  fubordinate  to  him,  and  fought  for  him,  while  he  put  a 
diadem  about  his  head,  and  aflembled  a  council  to  debate  about 
what  things  mould  be  done,  and  all  things  were  done  accord- 
ing to  his  pleafure.  And  this  man  retained  his  power  a  great 
while  ;  he  was  alfo  called  king,  and  had  nothing  to  hinder  him 
from  doing  what  he  pleafed.  He  alfo,  as  well  as  his  brethren, 
flew  a  great  many  both  of  the  Romans,  and  of  the  king's  forc- 
es, and  managed  matters  with  the  like  hatred  to  each  of  them. 
The  king's  forces  they  fell  upon,  becaufe  ot  the  licentious 
conducl  they  had  been  allowed  under  Herod's  government  + 
and  they  fell  upon  the  Romans,  becaufe  of  the  injuries  they 
had  fo  lately  received  from  them.  But  in  procefs  ot  time, 
they  grew  more  cruel  to  all  forts  of  men  ;  nor  could  any  one 
efcape  from  one  or  other  of  thefe  feditions,  fince  they  flew' 
fome  out  ot  the  hopes  of  gain,  and  others  from  a  mere  cuftorn 
ot  flaying  men.  They  once  attacked  a  company  of  Romans 
at  Etnmaus,  who  were  bringing  corn  and  weapons  to  the  ar- 
my, and  fell  upon  Arius,  the  centurion,  who  commanded  the 
company,  and  (hot  forty  ot  the  beft  ot  his  foot  foldiers  ;  but 
the  reft  of  them  were  affrighted  at  their  (laughter,  and  left  their 
dead  behind  them,  but  faved  themfelves  by  the  means  ot  Gra- 
tus, ,  who  came  with  the  king's  troops  that  were  about  him  to 
their  afftftance.  Now  thefe  tour  brethren  continued  the  war 
a  long  while  by  fuch  fort  of  expeditions,  and  much  grieved 
the  Romans  ;  but  did  their  own  nation  alfo  a  great  deal  o£ 
mifchief.  Yet  were  they  afterward  fubdued  ;  one  ot  them  in 
a  fight  with  Gratus,  another  with  Ptolemy  ;  Archelaus  alfo 
took  the  eldcft  of  them  prifoner  ;  while  the  laft  of  them  was 
fo  dejefted  at  the  other's  misfortune  and  faw  fo  plainly  that 
&e  had  no  way  now  left  to  fave  himfelf,  his  army  being  worn 


£20  ANTIQUITIES    O?    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVlt* 

away  with  ficknefs  and  continual  labours  that  he  alfo  deliver- 
ed himfelf  up  to  Archelaus,  upon  his  promife  and  oath  to  God 
[to  preferve  his  life.J  But  thefe  things  came  to  pafs  a  good 
while  afterward. 

8.  And  now  Judea  was  full  of  robberies  ;  and,  as  the  fev- 
eral  companies  ot  the  feditious  light  upon  any  one  to  head 
them,  he  was  created  a  king  immediately,  in  order  to  do  mif- 
chief  to  the  public.      They  were  in  forne  fmall  meafure  in- 
deed, and  in   fmall   matters     hurtful  to  the  Romans  ;   but 
the  murders  they  committed  upon  their  own  people  lafted  a 
long  while. 

9.  As  fopn  as  Varus  was  once  informed  of  the  ftate  of  Ju- 
dea by  Sabinus's  writing  to  him,   he  was  afraid  for  the  legion 
he  had  left  there  ;  (o  he  took  the  two  other  legions,  (for  there 
were  three  legions  in  all  belonging  to  Syria)  and  four  troops 
of  horfemen,  with  the  feveral    auxiliary  forces  which  either 
the  kings,  or  certain   ot  the  tetrarches,    afforded  him,  and 
made  what  hafte  he  could  to  affift  thofe  that  were  then  befieg- 
ed  in  Judea.     He  alfo  gave  order,  that  all  that  were  fent  out 
for  this  expedition  (hould  make  hafte  to  Ptolemais.     The  cit- 
izens of  Berytus  alfo  gave  him  1500  auxiliaries,  as  he  pafTed 
through  their  city.      Aretas  alfo,  the  king  ot  Arabia  Petrea, 
out  of  his  hatred  to  Herod,  and  in  order  to  purchafe  the  fa- 
vour of  the  Romans,  fent  him  no  fmall  afliftance,  befides  their 
footmen  and  horfemen  ;  and,  when  he  had  now  collected  all 
his  forces  together,  he  committed  part  of  them  to  his  fon,  and 
to  a  friend  ot  his,  and  fent  them  upon  an  expedition  into  Gali- 
lee which  lies  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ptolemais  ;  who  made 
an  attack  upon  the  enemy,  and  put  them  to  flight,  and  took 
Sepphoris,  and  made  its  inhabitants  flaves  and  burnt  the  ci'y. 
But  Varus  himfelf  purfued  his  march  for  Samaria  with   his 
whole  army  :  Yet  did  not  he  meddle  with  the  city  of  that  name, 
becaufe  it  had  not  at  all  joined  with  the  feditious  ;  but  pitched 
his  camp  at  a  certain  village  that  belonged  to  Ptolemy,  whofe 
name  was  Arus,  which  the  Arabians  burnt,  out  of  their  hatred 
to  Herod,  and  out  of  the  enmity  they  bore  to  his  friends  ; 
whence  they  marched  to  another  village,    whofe  name    was 
Sampho,  which  the  Arabians  plundered  and  burnt,  although  it 
was  a  fortified  and  a  ftrong  place  ;  and  all  along  this  march  no- 
thing efcaped  them,  but  all  places  were  tullotnreandof  flaugh- 
ter.     Emmaus  was  allo  burnt  by  Varus's  order,  after  its  IM 
habitants  haddefertedit,  that  he  might  avenge  thofe  that  ha  1 
there  been  deftroyed.     From  thence  he  now  marched  to  Jeru- 
falem  ;  whereupon  thofe  Jews  whofe  camp  lay  there,  and  who 
had  befieged  the  Roman  legion,  not  bearing  the  coming  ot  this 
army,  left  the  fiege  imperfe61  :  But  as  to  the  Jerufaiem  Jews, 
when  Varus  reproached  them  bitterly  for  what  had  been  done, 
they  cleared  themfelves  ot  the  accufation,  and  alledged,  that 
the  conflux  of  the  people  was  oCcafioned  by  the  feait ;  that  the 
war  was  not  made  with  their  approbation,  but  the  rafhnefs  oi 


Chap.    Xl.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  321 

the  ftrangers,  while  they  were  on  the  fide  ot  the  Romans,  and 
befie.ged  together  with  them,  rather  than  having  any  inclina- 
tion to  befiege  them.  There  alfo  came  before  hand,  to  meet 
Varus,  Jofeph,  the  coufin-gennan  ot  king  Herod,  as  aHo 
Gratusand  Rufus,  who  brought  their  foldiers  along  with  them, 
together  with  thofe  Romans  who  had  been  befieged  :  But  Sa- 
binus  did  not  come  into  Varus's  prefence,  but  ftoie  out  ot  the 
city  privately,  and  went  to  the  fea-fide. 

10.  Upon  this  Varus  fent  a  part  of  his  army  into  the  coun- 
try, to  feek  out  thofe  that  had  been  the  authors  of  the  revolt ; 
and  when  they  were  difcovered,  he  punifhed  lome  ot  them 
that  were  moil  guilty,  and  fome  he  difmifled  :  Now  the  num- 
ber ot  thofe  that  were  crucified  on  this  account,  were  two  thou- 
fand. After  which  he  difbanded  his  army,  which  he  iound 
noways  ufeful  to  him  in  the  affairs  he  came  about ;  tor  they 
behaved  themfelves  very  diforderly,  and  difobeyed  his  orders, 
and  what  Varus  defired  them  to  do,  and  this  out  ot  regard  to 
that  gain  which  they  made  by  the  mifchief  they  did.  As  for 
himfelt,  vrhen  he  was  informed  that  ten  thoufand  Jews  had 
gotten  together,  he  made  hafte  to  catch  them  ;  but  they  did 
not  proceed  fo  far  as  to  fight  him,  but,  by  the  advice  ot  Achi- 
abus.they  came  together,  and  delivered  themfelves  up  to  him  : 
Hereupon  Varus  forgave  the  crime  of  revolting  to  the  multi- 
tude, but  fent  their  feveral  commanders  to  Caelar,  many  of 
whom  Caefar  difmiffed  ;  but  for  the  feveral  relations  of  Her- 
od who  had  been  among  thefe  men  in  this  war,  they  were  the 
only  perfons  whom  he  punifhed,  who,  without  the  leaft  regard 
to  juftice,  fought  againft  their  own  kindred. 


CHAP.    XI. 

An  Ambafl'agt.  of  the  Jew?  to  Cxfar  ;  and  how  Cizfar  confirm- 
td  Herod's  Teflament. 

$  I.  OO  when  Varus  had  fettled  thefe  affairs,  and  had  plac- 
id ed  the  former  legion  at  Jerufalem,  he  returned  back 
to  Antioch  ;  bul  as  for  Arehdaus,  he  had  new  fpurces  of  trou- 
ble came  upon  him  at  Rome,  on  the  occafions  following  :  For 
an  ambaffcige  of  the  Jews  was  come  to  Rome,  Varus  having 
permitted  the  nation  to  fend  it,  that  they  might  petition  lor  the 
liberty  *  ot  living  by  their  own  laws.  Now  the  number  ot 
the  ambaffadors  that  were  fent  by  the  authority  of  the  nation 
was  fifty,  to  which  they  joined  above  eight  thoufand  of  the 
Jews  that  were  at  Rome  already.  Hereupon  Caefar  affembled 
his  friends,  and  the  chief  men  among  the  Romans  in  the  tem- 
ple of  Apollo  t,  which  he  had  built  at  a  vaft  charge  ;  whither 

»  See  Of  the  War,  S.  II.  ch.  ii.  feft.  3.  Vol.   III. 

+  See  the  note,  Of  the  War,  B.  II.  ch.  vi.  left.  i.  Vol.  III. 

VOL.  II.  R  r 


322  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.        [Book  XVII. 

the  ambaffadors  came,  and  a  multitude  of  the  Jews  that  were 
there  already,  came  with  them,  as  did  alfo  Archelaus  and  m's  - 
friends  ;  hut  as  tor  the  feveral  kinfmen  which  Archelaus 
had,  they  would  not  join  themfelves  with  him,  out  of  their 
hatred  to  him  ;  and  yet  they  thought  it  too  grofs  a  thing  tor 
them  to  a  (lift  the  ambafladors  fagainft  him  j,  as  fuppofmg  it 
would  be  a  difgrace  to  them  in  Caefar's  opinion  to  think  ot 
thus  acting  in  oppofition  to  a  man  of  their  own  kindred*. 
Philip  alfo  was  come  hither  out  of  Syria,  by  the  perfuafum  of 
Yarns,  with  this  principal  intention  to  affift  his  brother  [  Ar- 
chelausj  ;  tor  Varus  was  his  great  friend;  but  ftill  fo,  that  it 
there  mould  any  change  happen  in  the  form  of  government 
(which  Varus  fufpefted  there  would),  and  if  any  diftribution 
fhould  be  made  on  account  ot  the  number  thatdefued  the  lib- 
erty of  living  by  their  own  laws,  that  he  might  not  be  difap- 
pointe'l,  but  might  have  his  mare  in  it. 

2.  Now,  upon  the  liberty  that  was  given  to  the  Jewilh  am- 
baffadors  to  fpeak,  they  who  hoped  to  obtain  a  diffolution  of 
kingly  government  betook  themfelves  to  accuie  Herod  of  his 
inio  vines  ;  and  they  declared,  "  That  he  was  indeed  in  name 
a  king,  but  that  he  had  taken  to  himfeH  that  uncontroulable  au- 
thority which  tyrants  exercife  over  their  fubjecls,  and  had 
made  ufe  of  that  authority  for  the  deilruction  of  the  Jews,  and 
did  notabllain  irom  making  many  innovations  among  them  be- 
fides  according  to  his  own  inclinations  ;  and  that  whereas  there 
were  a  great  many  who  perifhed  by  that  deftruftion  he  brought 
upon  them,  fo  many  indeed  as  no  other  hiftory  relates,  they 
that  furvived  were  far  more  miserable  than  thofe  that  fuffered 
under  him,  not  only  by  the  anxiety  they  were  in  from  his 
looks  and  difpofition  towards  them,  but  trom  the  danger  their 
eftates  were  in  of  being  taken  away  by  him.  That  he  did 
never  leave  off  adorning  thefe  cities  that  lay  in  their  neigh- 
bourhood, but  were  inhabited  by  toreigners ;'  but  fo  that  the 
cities  belonging  to  bis  own  government  were  ruined,  and  ut- 
terly deftroyed  :  That  whereas  when  he  took  the  kingdom,  it 
was  in  an  extraordinary  flourifhing  condition,  he  had  rilled 
the  nation  with  the  utmoft  degree  of  poverty  ;  and  when,  up- 
on unjuft.  pretences,  he  had  flain  any  of  the  nobility,  he  took 
away  their  eftates  ;  and  when  he  permitted  any  ot  them  to 
live,  he  condemned  them  to  the  forfeiture  ot  what  they  pof- 
leffed,  And  befides  the  annual  impofitions  which  he  laid 
upon  every  one  ot  them  they  were  to  make  liberal  prefents 
to  himfelf,  to  his  domeftics  and  friends,  and  to  fuch  of  his 
flaves  as  were  voachfafed  the  favour  ot  being  his  tax-gather- 
ers ;  becaul^  there  was  no  way  ot  obtaining  a  freedom  froni 
unjuft  violence,  withotu  giving  either  gold  or  filver  for  it. 
That  they  would  fay  nothing  of  the  corruption  of  the  chaftity 
of  their  virgins,  and  the  reproach  laid  on  their  wives  tor  in- 

*  He  was  tctrarch  afterward. 


Chsp.   XI.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  323 

continency,and  thofe  things  acled  after  an  infolent  and  inhu- 
man manner  ;  becaufe  it  was  not  a  fmaller  pleafure  to  the  fuf- 
ferers  to  have  fuch  things  concealed,  than  k  would  have  been 
to  have  fuffered  them.  That  Herod  had  put  fuch  abufes 
upon  them  as  a  wild  heart  would  not  have  put  on  them,  it  he 
had  power  given  him  to  rule  over  us  ;  and  that  although  their 
nations  had  parted  through  many  fubverfionsand  alterations  of 
government,  their  hiftory  gave  no  account  of  any  calamity 
they  had  ever  been  under  that  could  be  compared  with  this 
which  Herod  had  brought  upon  their  nation  :  That  it  \v  /•;  tor 
this  realon,  that  they  thought  they  might  juftly  and  gl-i-..y  fa- 
lute  Archelaus  as  king,  upon  this  luppofition,  that  whoioever 
/hould  be  fet  over  their  kingdom,  he  would  appear  more  mild 
-to  them  than  Herod  had  been;  and  that  they  had  joined  with 
him  in  the  mourning  for  his  father,  in  order  to  gratify  him, 
and  were  ready  to  oblige  him  in  other  points  alfo,  if  they  could 
meet  with  any  degree  of  moderation  from  him  ;  but  that  he 
feemed  to  beatraid  left  he  fhould  not  be  deemed  Herod's  owtt 
ion  ;  and  fo,  without  any  delay  ;  and  he  immediately,  let  the 
nation  under  ft  and  his  meaning,  and  this  before  his  dominion 
was  well  eiUbiifhed,  lince  the  power  of  difppfing  ot  it  belong- 
ing to  Caefar,  who  could  either  give  it  to  him,  or  not,  as  he 
picafed.  Tii at  he  had  given  a  fpecimen  ot  his  future  virtue 
to  his  fubjetts,  and  with  what  kind  of  moderation  and  good 
adminiftration  he  would  govern  them,  by  that  his  firft  adion 
which  concerned  them,  his  own  citizens,  ana  God  himfeltal- 
io,  when  he  made  the  {laughter  ot  three  thoufand  ot  his  own 
countrymen  at  the  temple.  How  then  could  they  avoid  the 
juft  hatred  ot  him,  who,  to  the  reft  ot  his  barbarity,  hath  add- 
ed thisas  one  ot  our  crimes  that  we  have  oppoledand  contra- 
dicted him  in  the  exeidie  ot  his  authority  ?"  Now  the  main 
thing  they  defired  was  this,  That  "  they  might  be  delivered 
irom  kingly  *  and  the  like  forms  of  government,  and  might 
be  added  to  Syria,  and  be  put  under  the  authority  of  fuch 
prefidenfs  of  theirs  as  fhould  be  lent  to  them  ;  toi  that  it  \.~juld 
thereby  be  made  evident,  whether  they  be  really  a  ieditious 
people,  and  generally  tond  of  innovations,  or  whether  they 

*  If  any  one  compare  that  divine  prediction  concerning  the  tyrannical  power 
which  Jewifli  kings  would  exercile  over  them,  if  they  would  be  io  foolifh  as 
to  prefer  it  before  their  ancient  theocracy  or  ariilocracy,  i  Sara.  viii.  i — 22.  Antiq. 
B.  I.  ch.  iv.  feft  4.  Vol.  I.  he  will  foon  find  that  it  was  luper-alundantly 
led  in  the  days  of  Jierod,  and  that  to  fuch  a  degree,  th.it  the  ristio,  now  at  laft 
feem  forely  to  repent  of  fuch  their  ancient  choice,  in  oppofnion  to  Ciod's  better 
choice  for  them,  and  had  much  rather  Le  fubjcft  to  ev.n  a  Pagan  Roman  govern- 
meat,  and  their  deputies,  than  to  be  any  longer  limit  r  the  oppression  of  the  family 
ot  Herod  ;  which  requeft  of  theirs  Au  ,uftus  did  not  now  j,rant  them,  but  did  it 
-for  the  one  half  ol  that  nation  in  a  fev/  years  afterward,  upon  frefh  complajttfs 
made  by  the  Jews  againft.  Archolaus,  who,  under  the  more  humble  name  of  an 
ethnarch,  which  Auguftus  only  would  now  allow  him,  foon  took  upr-n  him  th» 
infolenceand  tyranny  of  his  father  king  H.  rod,  as  the  remaining  part  of  this 
will  inform  us,  and  particularly  chap,  xiiiieft.  2. 


324  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE   JEWS.       [Book  XVII. 

wpuld  live  in  an  orderly   manner,  if  they  might  have  gover- 
nors ot  any  fort  of  moderation  fet  over  them." 

3.  Now  when  the  Jews  had  faid  this,  Nicolaus  vindicated 
the  kings  from  thofe  accufations,  and  faid,  That  "  as  for  Her- 
od, fince  he  had  never  been  thus  accufed  *  all  the  time  of  his 
life,  it  was  not  fit  for  thofe  that  might  have  accufed  them  ot 
ieffer  crimes  than  thofe  now  mentioned,  and  might  have  pro- 
cured him  to  be  punifhed  during  his  lifetime,  to  bring  an  ac- 
cufation  againft  him  now  he  is  dead.  He  al!o  attributed  the 
actions  of  Archelaus  to  the  Jews  injuries  to  him,  who  affecl- 
ing  to  govern  contrary  to  the  laws,  and  going  about  to  kill 
thofe  that  would  have  hindered  them  from  afcHng  unjuftly, 
when  they  were  by  him  punifhed  for  what  they  had  done, 
made  their  complaints  againft  him  ;  fo  he  accufed  them  of 
their  attempts  for  ianovatipn,  and  of  the  pleafure  they  took  in 
fedition,  by  reafon  of  their  not  having  learned  to  fubmit  to 
juftice,  and  to  the  laws,  but  ftill  defiring  to  be  fuperior  in  all 
things."  This  was  the  fubftance  of  what  Nicolaus  faid. 

4.  When  Casfar  had  heard  thefe  pleadings,  he  diffolved  the 
aflernbly  ;  but  a  few  days  afterwards  he  appointed  Archelaus, 
not  indeed  to  be  king  ot  the  whole  country,  but  ethnarch  of 
the  one  half  ot  that  which  had  been  fubje£t  to  Herod,  and 
promi fed  to  give  him  the  royal  dignity  hereafter,  if  he  gov- 
erned his  part  virtuoufly.  But  as  tor  the  other  half,  he  divid- 
ed it  into  two  parts,  and  gave  it  to  two  other  of  Herod's  fons, 
to  Philip  and  to  Antipas,  that  Antipas  who  difputed  with  Ar- 
chelaus tor  the  whole  kingdom.  Now  to  him  it  was  that  Perea 
and  Galilee  paid  their  tribute,  which  amounted  t  annually  two 
hundred  talents,  while  Batanea,  with  Trachoriitis,  as  well  as 

*  This  is  not  true.  See  Antiq.  B.  XIV.  ch.  ix.  feft  3.  4.  and  ch.  xii  feft.  z. 
and  ch.  xiii.  feft.  i.  2  Antiq.  B.  XV ,  ch.  in.  left.  5.  and  ch.  x.  left  2.  3. 
Antiq.  B.  AVI.  ch.  ix.  feft.  3  Vol.  IJ. 

+  Since  Jol'ephus  here  informs  us  that  Archelaus  had  one-half  of  the  kingdom 
of  Herod,  and  prefently  informs  us  farther,  that  Arch.-hus's  annual  income,  aftor 
an  abatement  of  one  quarter  for  the  prefent,  was  600  talents,  we  may  thf.cfore 
gather  pretty  nearly  what  was  Herod  the  Great's  yearly  income,  I  mean  about 
1600  talents,  which,  at  the  known  value  of  3000  fhekels  to  a  talent,  and  about 
as.  iod.  to  a  shekel,  in  the  days  of  Jofephus,  fee  the  note  on  Antiq.  B.  Ill.ch.  viii. 
left.  2.  Vol.  I.  amounts  to  L.  68o,OOO  Sterling  per  annum  ;  which  income,  though 
great  in  itfelf,  bearing  no  proportion  t->  his  vaft  expences  every  where  vifible  in 
Jofephus,  and  to  the  vaft  fums  he  left  behind  him  in  his  will,  chap  viii.  feft  i. 
and  chap.  xii.  feft  i.  the  reft  muft  have  arifen  either  from  his  contilcation  of  thofe 
great  men's  eftates  whom  he  put  to  death,  or  made  to  pay  fine  for  the  faving  of 
their  lives,  or  from  fame  other  heavy  methods  of  oppression  which  inch  (avago 
tyrants  ufually  exercife  upon  their  miferable  fubjefts  ;  or  rather  from  thefe  fever- 
al  methods  put  together,  all  which  yet  leem  very  much  too  fmallfor  his  expences 
being  drawn  from  no  larger  a  nation  than  that  of  the  Jews,  which  was  very  pop- 
ulous, but  without  the  advantage  of  trade,  to  bring  them  riches  ;  fo  that  I  can- 
not but  ftrongly  iufpeft  that  no  fmall  part  of  this  his  wealth  arofe  from  another 
fourcc,  I  mean  from  fome  vaft  fums  he  took,  out  of  David's  fepulcrnv,  but  con- 
cealed from  the  people.  See  the  note  on  Antiq.  B.  VII  ch.  xv.  left.  3.  vol.  I. 


Chap.  XII.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  &$ 

Auranitis,  with  a  certain  *  part  of  what  was  called  the  houfeof 
Zenodorus,  paid  the  tribute  ot  one  hundred  talents  to  Philip  ; 
but  Idumea,  and  Judea,  and  the  country  ot  Samaria  paid  tri- 
bute to  Archelaus,  but  had  now  a  fourth  part  of  that  tribute 
taken  offby  the  order  of  Csefar,  who  decreed  them  that  miti- 
gation, becaufe  they  did  not  join  in  this  revolt  with  the  reft  of 
the  multitude,  There  were  alfo  certain  of  the  cities  which 
paid  tribute  to  Archelaus,  Strato's  tower,  and  Sebafte,  with 
foppa  and  Jerufalem  ;  for  as  to  Gaza  and  Gadara,  and  Hip- 
pos, they  were  Grecian  cities,  which  Caefar  feparated  from 
his  government,  and  added  them  to  the  province  ot  Syria. 
Now  the  tribute-money  that  came  to  Archelaus  every  year 
from  his  own  dominions,  amounted  to  fix  hundred  talents. 

5.  And  fo  much  came  to  Herod's  fons  from  their  father's  in- 
heritance. But  Salome,  befides  what  her  brother  left  her  by 
his  teftament,  which  were  Jamnia.and  Afhdod,  and  Phafaelis, 
and  five  hundred  thoufand  [drachmas]  of  coined  diver,  Caefar 
made  her  aprefent  of  a  royal  habitation  at  Afkelon  ;  in  all,  her 
revenues  amounted  to  fixty  talents  by  the  year,  and  her  dwel- 
ling-houfe  was  within  Archelaus's  government.  The  reft  alfo 
ot  the  king's  relations  received  what  his  teftament  allotted  them. 
Moreover,  Csfar  made  a  prefent  to  each  ot  Herod's  two  Vir- 
gin-daughters, befides  what  their  father  left  them,  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thoufand  [drachmae]  of  filver.  and  married 
them  to  Pheroras's  Ions  :  He  alfo  graated  all  that  was  be- 
queathed to  himfelt  to  the  king's  fons,  which  was  one  thoufand 
five  hundred  talents,  excepting  a  few  of  the  veffels,  which 
he  reserved  for  himfelf  ;  and  they  were  acceptable  to  him,  not 
fo  much  for  the  great  value  they  were  of  as  becaufe  they  were 
memorials  of  the  king  to  him, 

CHAP.    XII. 

Concerning  afpurious  Alexander. 

§  I.  T  "\  7 HEN  thefe  affairs  had  been  thus  fettled  by  Caefar, 
VV     a  certain  young  man,  by  birth  a  Jew,  but  brought 

*  Take  here  a  very  ufeful  note  of  Grotius,  on  Luke,  B.  III.  ch.  i.  here  quoted 
by  Dr.  Hudlon  :  "  When  Jofephus  fays  that  foine  part  of  the  houfe  f/or  poffessioivj 
of  Zenodorus  (i.  e.  Abilene,)  was  allotted  to  Philip,  he  thereby  declares  that 
the  larger  part  of  it  belonged  to  another  ;  this  other  was  Lyfanias,  whom  Luke 
mentions,  ot  the  poflerity  ot  that  Lyfanias  who  was  potfefled  of  the  fame  coun- 
try called  Abilene,  from  the  city  Abila,  and  by  others  Cha'cidcne,  from  the  city 
Chalcis,  when  the  government  oi  the  eaft  was  under  Antonius,  and  this  after 
Ptolemy,  the  fon  of  Mcnnius,  from  which  Lyfanias,  this  country,  came  to  be 
commonly  called  the  Country  of  Lyfanias  ;  and  as,  after  the  death  of  the  formes 
Lyfanias,  it  was  called  the  tetrardty  of  Zcnodorus,  fo,  after  the  death  of  Zeno- 
dorus, or  when  the  time  for  '/vhich  \K.  hired  it  was  ended,  when  another  Lyfa- 
nias, of  the  fame  name  with  the  former,  was  poffeffed  of  the  fame  country,  it 
began  to  be  called  again  the  tetrarchy  of  Lyfanias."  However,  fince  Jofephus  elte- 
•where,  Antiq.  B.  XX.  ch.  vii.  \  i.  Vol.  II.  clearly  diftinguishes  Abilene  from 
Qhalcidine,  Grotiuj  mud  be  here  fo  far 


326  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JE1VS.       [Book  XV II. 

up  by  a  Roman  freed-man  in  the  city  Sidon.  ingralted  him- 
felf  into  the  kindred  of  Herod,  by  the  refemblance  of  his 
countenance,  which  thofe  that  law  him  attefted  to  be  that  of 
Alexander,  the  fon  of  Herod,  whom  he  had  flain  ;  and  this 
was  an  incitement  to  him  to  endeavour  to  obtain  the  gov- 
ernment :  So  he  took  to  him   as  an   affiftant,  a  man  of  his 
own  country,  (one   that   was   well   acquainted  with  the  af- 
fairs of  the  palace,  but  on  other  accounts,  an  ill  man,  and 
one  whofe  nature  made  him  capable  ot  caufmg  great  diilur- 
bances  to  the  public,  and  one  that  became  a  teacher  of  fuch  a 
mifchievous  contrivance  to  the  other,]  and  declared  himfelf  to 
be  Alexander,  and  the  fon  of  Herod,  but  ftolen  away  by  one 
of  thofe  who  were  fent  to  flay  him,  who,  in  reality,  flew  oth- 
er men  in  order  to  deceive  the  fpetlators,  but  faved  both  him 
and  his  brother  Ariftobulus.     Thus  was  this  man  elated,  and 
able  to  impofe  on  thofe  that  came  to  him  ;  and  when  he  was 
come  to  Grete,  he  made  all  the  Jews  that  came  to  difcourfe 
with  him  believe  him  [to  be  Alexander  J      And  when  he  had 
gotten  much  money  which  had  been  prefented  to  him  there, 
he  paffed  over  to  Melos,  where  he  got  much  more  money  than 
he  had  before,  out  of  the  belief  they  had  that  he  was  of  the 
royal  family,  and  their  hopes  that  he  would  recover  his  lath- 
er's principality,  and  reward  his  benetaclors  ;  fo  he  made  haile 
to  Rome,  and  was  condufted  thither  by  thofe  Grangers  who 
entertained  him.     He  was  alfo  fo  fortunate,  as,  upon  his  land- 
ing at  Dicearchia,  to  bring  the  Jews  that  v/erc  there  into  the 
fame  delufion  ;  and  not  only  other  people,  nut  allo  all  thofe 
that  had  been   great  with  Herod,  or  had  a  kindnefs  lor  him, 
joined  themfelvcs  to  this  man  as  to  their  king.     The  caufe  of 
it  was  this,  that  men  were  glad  of  his  pretences,  which  were 
feconded  by   the  Hkenefs  of  his  countenance,  which  made 
thofe  that  had  been  acquainted  with  Alexander  ftrongly  to  be- 
lieve that  he  was  no  other  but  the  very    fame  perfon,  which 
they  alfo  confirmed  to  others  by  oath  j  infomuch  that  when 
the  report  went  about  him  that  he  was  coming  to  Rome,  the 
whole  multitude  of  the  jews  that  were  there  went  out  to  meet 
him,  afcribing  it  to  divine  providence  that  he  had  fo  unex- 
pe&edly  eicaped,  and  being  very  joyful  on  account  of  his 
mother's  family.      And  when  he  was  come,  he  was  carried  in  a 
royal  litter  through  the  flreets,  and  all  the  ornaments  about  him 
was  fuch  as  kings  are  adorned  withal  ;  and  this  was  at  the  ex- 
pences  of  thofe  that  entertained  him.      The  multitude  alfo 
flocked  about  him  greatly,  and  made  mighty  acclamations  to 
him,  and  nothing  was  omitted  which  could  be  thought  fuita- 
ble  to  fuch  as  had  been  fo  unexpectedly  preferved. 

2.  When  this  thing  was  told  Casfar,  he  did  not  believe  it, 
becaufe  Herod  was  not  eafily  to  be  impofed  upon  in  fuch  at- 
fairs  as  were  of  great  concern  to  him  ;  yet  having  fome  fuf- 
picion  it  might  be  fo,  he  fent  one  Celadus,  a  freed  man  of  his, 
and  one  that  had  converted  with  the  young  men  themfelves, 


Chap.  XIII.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  327 

and  bad  him  bring  Alexander  into  his  prefencc  :  So  he  brought: 
him,  being  no  irore  accurate  in  judging  about  him  than  the 
reft  of  the  multitude.  Yet  did  not  he  decieve  Ceefar  ;  for  al- 
though there  were  a  refemblance  between  him  and  Alexander, 
yet  was  it  not  fo  exacl  as  to  impole  on  fuch  as  were  prudent 
m  difcerning  ;  for  this  fpurious  Alexander  had  his  hands 
rough,  by  the  labours  he  had  been  put  to,  and  inftead  of  that 
foftnefs  of  body  which  the  other  had,  and  this  as  derived  from 
his  delicate  and  generous  education,  this  man,  for  the  con- 
trary reaion,  had  a  rugged  body.  When  therefore,  Casfar 
faw  how  the  matter  and  the  fcholar  agreed  in  this  lying  ftory, 
and  in  a  bold  way  of  talking,  he  enquired  about  Ariitobulus, 
and  afked  what  become  of  him,  who  (it  feems)  was  ftolen  a- 
way  together  with  him,  and  for  what  reafon  it  was  that  he  did 
not  come  along  with  him,  and  endeavour  to  recover  that  do- 
minion which  was  due  to  his  high  birth  alfo  ?  And  when  he 
faid,  That  "  he  had  been  left  in  the  ifle  of  Crete,  for  fear  of 
the  dangers  ot  the  fea,  that  in  cafe  any  accident  mould  come 
to  himfelf,  the  pofterity  of  Mariamne  might  not  utterly  per- 
ifh,  but  that  Ariliobulus  might  furvive,  and  pnnilh  thofe  that 
laid  fuch  treacherous  defigns  againft  them."  And  when  he 
perfevered  in  his  .affirmations,  and  the  author  of  the  impofture 
agreed  in  fupporting  it,  Caefar  took  the  young  man  by  him- 
felf1, and  faid  to  him,  "  If  thou  wilt  not  impofeupon  me,  thou 
{halt  have  this  for  thy  reward,  that  thou  fhalt  efcape  with  thy 
lite  ;  tell  me  then  who  thou  art  !  And  who  it  was  that  had 
boldnefs  enough  to  contrive  fuch  a  cheat  as  this  ?  For  this 
contrivance  is  too  confiderable  a  piece  of  villany  to  be  under- 
taken by  one  of  thy  age."  Accordingly,  becaufe  he  had  no 
other  way  to  take,  he  tol  J  Caefar  the  contrivance,  and  alter 
what  manner,  and  by  whom  it  was  laid  together.  So  Caefar, 
upon  observing  the  fpurious  Alexander  to  be  a  ftrong  aftive 
man,  and  fit  to  work  with  his  hands,  that  he  might  not  break 
bis  promiie  to  him,  put  him  among  thole  that  were  to  row  a- 
mong  the  mariners  ;  but  flew  him  that  induced  him  to  do  what 
he  had  done  ;  for  as  for  the  people  of  Melos,  he  thought  them 
tufficiently  punifhed,  in  having  thrown  away  fo  much  of  their 
money  upon  this  fpurious  Alexander.  And  fuch  was  the  ig- 
nominious conclulion  of  this  bold  contrivance  about  the  fpu- 
rious Alexander. 


C  H  A  P.    XIII. 

How  Archelaus,  upc/i  a  ftcond  Accufaticn,   was  banijhed  te 

Vienna, 


of 


I.  \T7  HEN  Arehelaus  was  entered  on  his  ethnarchy,  and 

VV     was  come  into  Judea,  he  accufed  Joazar,  the  Ion 

Bcethus,  ot  aililling  the  iediticus,  and  took  away  the  high- 


^28  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.       [Book  XVIl, 

priefthood  from  him,  and  put  Eleazer  his  brother  in  his  place- 
He  alfo  magnificently  rebuilt  the  royal  palace  that  had  been 
at  Jericho,  and  he  diverted  halt  the  water  with  which  the  vil- 
lage of  Neara  ufed  to  be  watered,  and  drew  of  that  water  in- 
to the  plain,  to  water  thofe  palm  trees  which  he  had  there 
planted  :  He  alfo  built  a  village,  and  put  his  own  name  upon 
it,  and  called  it  Arckekis.  Moreover,  he  *  tranfgreffed  the 
law  of  our  fathers,  and  married  Glaphyra.  the  daughter  of 
Archelaus,  who  had  been  the  wife  of  his  brother  Alexander, 
•which  Alexander  had  three  children  by  her,  while  it  was  a 
thing  deteftable  among  the  Jews,  to  marry  the  brother's  wife  ; 
nor  did  this  Eleazer  abide  long  in  the  high-priefthood,  Jefus, 
the  fon  of  Sie,  being  put  in  his  room  while  he  was  flill  living. 
2.  But  in  the  tenth  year  of  Archelaus's  government,  both 
his  brethren,  and  the  principal  men  of  Judeaand  Samaria,  not 
being  able  to  bear  his  barbarous  ami  tyrannical  ufage  of  them, 
accufed  him  before  Caefar,  and  that  efpecially  becaufe  they 
knew  he  had  broken  the  commands  of  Caefar,  which  obliged 
him  to  behave  himielf  with  moderation  among  them.  Where- 
upon Caefar,  when  he  heard  it,  was  very  angry  and  called  for 
Archelaus's  ftewarcl,  who  took  care  of  his  affairs  at  Rome,  and 
whofe  name  was  Archelaus  alfo,  and  thinking  it  beneath  him 
to  write  to  Archelaus,  he  bid  him  fail  away  as  foon  as  poffible, 
and  bring  him  to  us  ;  fo  the  man  made  hafte  in  his  voyage, 
and  when  he  came  into  Judea  he  found  Archelaus  feafting 
with  his  friends ;  fo  he  told  him  what  Casiar  had  fent  him  about, 
and  haftened  him  away.  And  when  he  was  come  |  to  Rome,J 
Caefar,  upon  hearing  what  certain  acculers  of  his  had  to  fay, 
and  what  reply  he  could  make,  both  banifhed  him,  and  ap- 
pointed Vienna  a  city  of  Gaul  to  be  the  place  of  his  habita- 
tion, and  took  his  money  away  from  him. 

3.  Now  before  Archelaus  was  gone  up  to  Rome  upon  this 
meffage,  he  related  this  drern  to  his  friends,  that  "  he  law  ears 
of  corn,  in  number  ten,  full  of  wheat  perfectly  ripe,  which 
ears,  as  it  feemed  to  him,  were  devoured  by  oxen."  And 
when  he  was  awake  and  gotten  up,  becaufe  the  vifion  appear- 
ed to  be  of  great  importance  to  him,  he  lent  tor  the  diviners, 
whofe  ftudy  was  employed  about  dreams.  And  while  lome 
were  of  one  opinion,  and  fome  of  another,  (tor  all  their  in- 
terpretations did  not  agree,)  Simon,  a  man  of  the  feft  of  the 
Effens,  defired  leave  to  fpeak  his  mind  freely,  and  faid  that 
"  the  vifion  denoted  a  change  in  the  affairs  of  Archelaus,  and 
that  not  for  the  better  ;  that  oxen,  becaufe  that  animal  takes 
uneafy  pains  in  his  labours  denoted  affli6tions,  and  indeed 
denoted  farther,  a  change  of  affairs  ;  becaufe  that  land  which 
is  ploughed  by  oxen  cannot  remain  in  its  former  Hate  :  And 

*  Spar.heitn  ffafonab'iy  obfervcs  here,  that  it  was  forbidden  the  Jews  to  marry 
tfieir  brother's  wife,  wh^i  she  hdd  children  by  her  firft  hnsband,  aad  that  Zenoraj 
[eitss,  orl  interprets  the  ciauie  before  us  accordingly. 


Ch2p.    Xltt.J         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  329 

that  the  ears  of  corn  being  ten,  determined  the  like  number  ot 
years,  becaufe  an  ear  of  corn  grows  in  one  year  ;  and  that  the 
time  of  Archelaus's  government  Was  over."  And  thus  did 
this  man  expound  the  dream.  Now  on  the  filth  day  after  this 
dream  came  fiilt  to  Archelaus,  the  other  Archelaus,  that  was 
feat  to  Judea  by  Cuefar  to  c«ll  him  away  came  hither  alfo. 

4.  The  like  accident  betel  Glaphyra   his  wife,  who  was  the 
daughter  of  king  Archelaus,  who,  as  I  faid  belore,  was  mar- 
ried while  (he  was  a  virgin,  to  Alexander  the  fon  of  Herod, 
and  brother  of  Archelaus  ;   but  fince  it  fell  out  fo  that  Alex- 
ander was  'lain  by  his  father,   ihe   was   married  to  jfuba,  tha 
king  of  Lydia,  and  when  he  was  dead,  and  (lie  lived  in   wid- 
owhood in  Cappadocia  with  her  iather,  Archelaus   divorced 
his  former  .vite  Mariamne,  and  married  her,  fo  great  was  his 
affeclion  for  this  Glaphyra  ;  who  during  her  marriage  to  him. 
faw  the  following  dream.     She  thought  "  the  lk\v  Alexander 
ftanding  by  her,  at  which  Ihe  rejoiced,  and  embraced  him  with 
great  affect  son  ;  but   that   he   complained  ot   her,  and  faid,  O 
Glaphyra  !  thou  proveft  that  faying  to  be  true,  which  affures 
us,  that  women  are  not  to  be  trufted.     Didfl  not  thou  pledge 
thy  faith  to  me  ?  and  wall  not  thou  married  to  me  when  thou 
wafi  a  viigin  r1  and  had  we  not  children  between  us  ?  Yet  hail 
thou   forgotten    the   affer.tion    I  bare   to  thee  out  ot  a  defire 
of  a  feco-nd  hufband.     Nor  hall  thou  been  Satisfied  with  that 
injury  thou  didft  me,  but  thou  halt  been  fo  bold  as  to  procure 
thee  a. third  hufband  to  lie  by  thee,  and  in  an  indecent  and  im- 
pudent manner  hail  entered   into   my    houfe,  and  hail  been 
married  to  Archelaus,  thy  hufband,  and  my  brother.     How- 
ever, I  will  not  forget  thy  former  kind  affection   for  me,  but 
will  fet   thee  free  from  every  fuch   reproach; ul  aflion,  ami 
caufe  thee  to  be  mine  again,  as  thou  once  wait."     When  ihe 
had  related  this  to  her  female  companions,  in  a  few  days  tirr,^ 
Ihe  departed  this  life. 

5.  Now  I  did  not  think   thefe  hiflories  improper  for  the 
prefent  difcourfe,  both  becaufe  my  diicourfe  now  is  concern- 
ing kings,  and   otherwife  alto  on  account  of  the  advantage 
hence  to  be  drawn,  as  well  for  the  confirmation  oi  the  immor- 
tality of  the  foul,  as  ot  the  providence  of  God  over  human 
affairs   I  thought  them  fit  to  be  fet  down  ;  but  if  any  one  does 
not  believe  fuch  relations,  let  him  indeed  enjoy  his  own  opin- 
ion, but  let  him  not  hinder  another,   that  would  thereby    en- 
courage himfelt  in  virtue.     So  Archelaus's  country  was  laid 
to  the  province  of  Syria  ;  aad  Cyrenius,  one  that  had  been 
conlul,  was  fent  by  C<ciar   to  take  account  oi  people's 

in  Syria,  and  to  fe'l  the  houfe  ot  Archelaus, 


VOL.  II. 


33*  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE  JEWS.      (Book  XVIIL 

BOOK    XVIII. 
Containing  the  interval  of  thirty-two  years. 

\from  the  Banifhment  of  ARCH  R  LAU  s,  to  thl  departure  of  the 
Jews  from  Babylon.] 

CHAP.    I. 

How  Cyrenius  wasfentby  Cezfar  to  make  a  Taxation  of  Syria 
and  Judea  ;  and [how  Coponius  teas  fent  to  be  Procurator  of 
Judea  ;  concerning  Judas  of  Galilee,  and  concerning  the  feds 
that  were  among  the  Jews. 

$  I.  TVfOW  Cyrenius,  a  Roman  fenator,  and  one  who  had 
-LM  gone  through  other  magtllracfes,  and  had  patted 
through  them  till  he  had  been  conful,  and  one  who,  on  other 
accounts,  was  of  great  dignity,  came  at  this  time  into  Syria, 
with  a  few  others,  being  lent  by  Caefar  to  be  a  judge  ot  that 
nation,  and  to  take  an  account  ot  their  fubflance  :  Coponius 
alfo,  a  man  of  the  queftrian  order,  was  fent  together  with  him, 
to  have  the  fupreme  power  over  the  Jews.  Moreover,  Cy- 
renius came  himfelt  into  Judea,  which  was  now  added  to  the 
province  ot  Syria,  to  take  an  account  ot  their  fubftance,  and 
to  difpofe  of  Archelaus's  money  :  But  the  Jews,  although  at 
the  beginning  they  took  the  report  of  a  taxation  heinoufly, 
yet  did  they  leave  off  any  farther  oppofition  to  it,  by  the  per- 
fuafion  ot  Joazar,  who  was  the  Ion  of  Boethus.and  high-prieft; 
io  they  being  over  perfuaded  by  Joazar's  words,  gave  an  ac- 
count of  their  eltates,  without  any  difpute  about  it.  Yet  was 
there  one  Judas,*  a  Gaulonite,  of  a  city  whofe  name  was  Ga- 

*"  Since  St.  Luke  once,  A&s  v.  37.  and  Jofephus  four  fe/eral  times,  once  here, 
^  6.  and  B.  XX.  ch.  v.  §  2.  Vol.  II.  Of  the  War,  B.  Il.ch.  viii  $  i.  and  ch.  xvii. 
^  8-  Vol.  III.  calls  this  Judas,  who  was  the  peftilent  author  of  that  ieditious  doc- 
trine  and  temper  which  brought  the  Jew iih  nation  to  utter  dcftrudtion,  a  Galilean, 
but  here,  k  i.  Jofephus  calls  him  a  Gttttlenite,  of  thv  city  of  Gamaia.  It  is  a  great 
qiieltiun  where  this  Judas  was  born,  v/he(h?r  in  Galilee  on  the  weft  fide,  or  in 
Gaulonitis,  on  theeaii  fide  of  the  river  Jordan  ;  while,  in  the  place  juft  now  cited 
out  of  the  Antiquities,  B.  XX.  ch.  v.  ^  2.  Vol  II  he  is  not  only  called  a  Galilean, 
but  it  is  added  to  his  ftory,  as  I  havefignificd  in  the  books  that  go  before  tluff,  aj  it 
he  had  flill  called  him  a  Galilean  in  thoie  Antiquities  before,  as  well  as  in  that  par- 
ticular place,as  Dean  Aldrich  obfcrves,On  the  War,  B.  II  ch.  viii.  fed.  i  Vol  III. 
Kor  can  one  well  imagine  why  he  should  .here  call  him  a  Gaulonite,  when  in  the 
6th  feftion  following  here,  as  well  as  twice  Of  the  War,  he  Hill  calls  him  a  Galile- 
an. As.  for  the  city  of  Gamaia,  whence  this  Judas  was  derived,  it  determines  no. 
thing,  fincetlteie  were  two  of  that  name,  throne  in  Gau'.onitis,  the  other  in  Gali- 
ke.  See  Reiaad  on  the  city  or  town  of  that  name, 


Chap.   I.]        ANTIQUITIES   OP   THB  JEWS.  33* 

mala,  who  taking  with  him  Saddouk*,  a  Pharifee,  became 
zealous  to  draw  them  to  a  revolt,  who  both  faid,  that  this  tax- 
ation was  no  better  than  an  introduction  to  flavery,  and  ex- 
horted the  nation  to  ailert  their  liberty  ;  as  it  they  could  pro- 
cure them  happinefs  and  fecurity  for  what  they  poffefled,  and 
an  allured  enjoyment  of  a  ilill  greater  good,  which  was  that 
ot  the  honour  and  glory  they  would  thereby  acquire  for  mag- 
nanimity. They  alfo  faid,  that  God  would  not  otherwife  be 
affifting  to  them,  than  upon  their  joining  with  one  another  in 
fuch  counfels  as  might  be  fuccefsful,  and  for  their  own  advan- 
tage ;  and  this  efpecially,  it  they  would  fet  about  great  ex- 
ploits, and  not  grow  weary  in  executing  the  fame  ;  fo  men  re- 
ceived what  they  faid  with  pleafure,  and  this  bold  attempt 
proceeded  to  a  great  height.  All  forts  of  misfortunes  alfo 
fprang  from  thefe  men,  and  the  nation  was  infected  with  this 
doctrine  to  an  incredible  degree  ;  one  violent  war  came  upon. 
us  after  another,  and  we  loft  our  friends  which  ufed  to  allevi- 
ate our  pains  ;  there  were  alio  very  great  robberies  ajid  mur- 
ders of  our  principal  men.  This  was  done  in  pretence  indeed 
for  the  public  welfare,  but  in  reality  from  the  hopes  of  gain 
to  themfelves  ;  whence  arofe  feditions,  and  from  them  mur- 
ders of  men  which  fometimes  fell  on  thofe  of  their  own  peo- 
ple, (by  the  madnefs  of  thefe  men  towards  one  another,  while 
their  defire  was  that  none  of  the  adverfe  party  might  be  left) 
and  fometimes  on  their  enemies  ;  a  famine  alfo  coming  upon 
us  reduced  us  to  the  laft  degree  of  defpair,  as  did  alfo  the  tak- 
ing and  demolifhirig  of  cities  ;  nay,  the  feditionat  laft  increai- 
ed  fo  high,  that  the  very  temple  ot  God  was  burnt  down  by 
their  enemies  fire.  Such  were  the  confequences  of  this,  that 
the  cuftoms  of  our  fathers  were  altered,  and  fuch  a  change 
was  made,  as  added  a  mighty  weight  toward  bringing  all  to 
deftruction,  which  theie  men  occafioned  by  their  thes  con- 
fpiring  together,  tor  Jadas  and  Sadducust,  who  excited  a 
fourth  Phiiofophic  fett  among  us,  and  had  a  great  many  fol- 
lowers therein,  filied  our  civil  government  with  tumults  at 
prefent,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  our  future  miferies  by  this 
fyftem  of  philofophy,  which  we  were  before  unacquainted 
withal  ;  concerning  which,  I  will  difcourfe  a  little,  and  this 
the  rather,  becaufe  the  infection  which  fpread  thence  among 
the  younger  fort,  who  were  zealous  for  it  brought  the  public 
to  deftruction. 

2.  The  Jews  had  for  a  great  while  had  three  feels  of  philo- 

*  It  feems  not  very  improbable  to  me,  that  this  Sadduc,  the  Pharifee,  was  the 
very  lame  man  of  whom  the  Rabbins  fpeak,  as. the  unhappy  but  undergoing  occa- 
fion  of  the  impiety  or  infidelity  of  the  Sadducees  ;  nor  perhaps  ha'd  the  men  this 
name  of  Sadducees  till  this  very  time,  though  they  were  a  diftinct  k&  long  before. 
See  the  note  on  B.  Xlll.  ch.  x.  (eft  5.  Vol.  II.  and  Dean  Prideaux,  as  there  quoted  ; 
nor  do  we,  that  I  know  of,  find  the  lead  footftepsof  inch  impiety  or  infidelity  of 
thefe  Sadducees  before  this  time,  the  Recognitions  attiring  iu,  that  they  began  about 
the  days  of  John  the  Baptift,  B,  I  ch.  liv.  Vol.  I. 
t  See  Note  jibove 


332  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVIII.. 

fophy  peculiar  to  thcmfelves,  the  fe5l  of  the  Effens,  and  the 
feet  of  the  Sadducees,  and  the  third  fort  of  opinions,  was  that 
of  thofe  called  Pharifees  ;  of  which  fefls,  although  I  have  al- 
ready fpoken  in  the  fecond  book  of  the  Jcwifh  war,  yet  will 
I  a  little  touch  upon  them  now. 

3.  NO-.V  for  the  Pharifees  they  jive  meanly,  and  defpife  del- 
icacies in  diet  ;  and  they  follow  the   contrail  of  reafon  ;   and 
what  that  prefcribss  to  them  as  good  for  them    they  do  ;  and 
they  think  they  ought  earneilly  to  ftrivc  to  obfcrve  reafon's 
dictates  for  practice.     They  alfo  pay  a  refpccl  to  fuch  as  are 
in  years  ;  nor  are  they  fo  bold  as  to  contradict  them  in  any 
thing  which  they  have  introduced  ;  and,  when  they  determine 
that  all  things  are  done  by   fate,  they   do  not   take  away  the 
freedom  from  men  of  aftino;  as  they  think  fit  ;  fince  their  no- 
tion is,  that  it  hath  pleafed  God  to  make  a  temperament,  where- 
by what  he  wills  is  done,  Hut  fo  that  the  will   of  man  can  aci 
Virtuoufly  or  vicioufly.     They  alfo  believe,  that  fouls  have  an 
immortal  vigour  in  them,  and  tha^t  under  the  earth  there  will 
be  rewards  or  punitnments,  according  as  they  have  lived  vir- 
tuoufly  or  vicioufly  in  tlm  life  ;  and   the  latter  arc  to  be  de- 
tained in  an  everlafting  prifon,  but  that  the  former  (hall   have 
power  to  revive  and  live  again,  on  account  of  which  doclrines 
they  are  able  greatly  to  perfaade  the  body  of  the  people  :  And 
whatfoever  they  do  about  divine  worihip   prayers,   and  facri- 
flces,  they  perform  them  according  to  their   dire6iion  ;   info- 
rnuch  that  the  cities  gave  great  atteflations  to  them  on  account 
of  their  entire  virtuous  condutt,  both  in  the  aftions  of  their 
lives,  and  their  difcouvfes  alfo. 

4.  But  the  doBrine  of  the  Sadducees  is  this,  That  louls  die 
xvith  the  bodies  ;  nor  do  they   regard  the  ohfcrvation  of  any 
thing  befides  what  the  i.iw  enjoins  them  ;  for  they  think  it  an 
inftance  of  virtue  to  difpute  with  thofe  teachers  of  philofo- 
phy  whom  they  frequent  ;  but  this  doftrineis  received  but  by 
a  few,  yet  by  thofe  Itill  of  the  greateft  dignity.     But  they  are 
able  to  do  almoft  nothing  of  the;nrelves  ;  tor  when  they  be- 
come magiflrates,  as  they  are  unwillingly  and  by  force  iome- 
times  obliged  to  be,  they  addict  thernfelves  to  the   notions  of 
the  Pharifees,  becaufe  the  multitude  would  not  otherv/iie  bear 
them. 

5.  The  doftrine  of  the  EiTens  is  this.  That  all  things  are  beft 
afcribed  to  God.     They  teach  the  immortality  of   fouls,  and 
efteem  that  the  rewards  of  righteoufnefs  are  to  be  earneftly 
ilriven  for  ;  and  when  they   lend  *  what  they   have  dedicated 

*  It  feemsby  what  Jofephus  fays  here,  and  Phi'o  himfelf  elfewhere,  Op.  p. 
676,  that  thefe  EfTer.s  did  not  u!e  to  go  to  the;  Jewish  feftivals  at  Jerufakm,  or 
to  offer  lacrilices  there,  which  may  tx-  one  great  occafion  why  they  are  never  men- 
tioned in  the  ordinary  books  of  the  New  Teitament  ;  though  in  the  Apoftolical 
Conditntions  they  are  mentioned,  as  thofe  that  nbfcrved  the  cujloms  of  thtir  forefa- 
thers, and  that  without  any  fuch  illxharafter  laid  upon  them,  as  is  there  hid  ur>cm 
ihe  other  (efts  among  that  peopU. 


Chap.  I.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF    TH1   JEWS.  333 

to  God  into  the  temple,  they  do  not  offer  facrifices,  becaufe 
they  have  more  pure  luftrations  of  their  own  ;  on  which  ac- 
count they  are  excluded  from  the  common  court  of  the  tern- 
ple  but  offer  their  facriftces  themfelves  ;  yet  is  their  courfe 
of  life  better  than  that  of  other  men  ;  and  they  entirely  addicl: 
themfelves  to  hufbandry<  It  alfo  deferves  our  admiration  how 
much  they  exceed  all  other  men  that  addift  themfetves  to  vir- 
tue, and  this  in  righteoufnefs  ;  and  indeed  to  fuch  a  degree, 
that  as  it  hath  never  appeared  among  any  other  men,  neither 
Greeks  nor  Barbarians,  nb  not  tor  a  little  time,  fo  hath  it  en- 
dured a  long  while  among  them.  This  is  demonflrated  by 
that  inftitution  of  theirs,  which  will  not  fuffer  any  thing  to 
hinder  them  from  having  all  things  in  common;  fo  that  a  rich 
man  enjoys  no  more  of  his  own  wealth  than  he  who  hath  no- 
thing at  all.  There  are  about  four  thoufand  men  that  live  in 
this  way  ;  and  neither  marry  wives,  nor  are  defirous  to  keep 
fervants  ;  as  thinking  the  latter  tempts  men  to  be  unjuft,  and 
the  former  gives  the  handle  to  domeftic  quarrels  ;  but  as  they 
live  by  themfelves,  they  minifter  one  to  another.  They  alfo 
appoint  certain  ftewards  to  receive  the  incomes  of  their  rev- 
enues, and  of  the  fruits  of  the  ground  ;  fuch  as  are  good  men 
and  priefts,  who  are  to  get  their  corn  and  their  food  ready  for 
them.  They  none  of  them  differ  from  others  of  the  Effens  in 
their  way  of  living,  hut  do  the  moft  referable  thofe  Dacae,  who 
are  called  Polijla*,  [dwellers  in  cities]. 

6.  Butot  the  fourth  feft  of  Jewish  philofophy,  Judas  the 
Galilean  was  the  author.  Thelc  men  agree  in  all  other  things 
with  the  Pharifaic  notions  ;  but  they  have  an  inviolable  at- 
tachment to  liberty,  and  fay,  that  God  is  to  be  their  only 
Ruler  and  Lord.  They  alfo  do  not  value  dying  any  kinds  of 
death,  nor  indeed  do  they  heed  the  deaths  of  their  relations 
and  friends,  nor  can  any  fuch  fear  make  them  call  any  man 
lord.  And  fince  this  immovcable  refolution  of  theirs  is  well 
known  to  a  great  many.  I  fhall  fpcak  no  farther  about  that 
matter  ;  nor  am  1  afraid  that  any  thing  I  have  faid  of  them 
fhould  bedifbelieved  but  rather  fear,  that  what  1  have  faid  is 
beneath  the  refolution  they  fliew  when  they  undergo  pain, 
And  it  was  in  Geffius  Florus's  time  that  the  nation  began  to  go 
mad  with  this  diftemper,  who  was  our  procurator,  and  who 
occafioned  the  Jews  to  go  wild  with  it  by  the  abufe  of  his  au- 
thority, and  to  make  them  revolt  from  the  Romans.  And 
ihefe  are  the  feels  ot  Jewifh  philofophy. 


*  Who  thefe  Fletfara*  in  Jofephus,  or  K/risrai  in  StraHo.  among  the  Pythagor- 
ick  Dacx  were,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine.  Scali^er  ofiVrs  no  improbable  conjec- 
ture, that  fome  of  thefe  Dacz  lived  alone,  like  monks,  in  tents  or  caves,  but  that 
others  of  thein  lived  together  in  built  cities,  and  thence  were  called  by  fuch  names 
as  implied  the  fame. 


334  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book 


CHAP.    II. 

How  Herod  and  Philip  built  feveral  Cities  in  honour  of  Cotfar. 
Concerning  the  fuccejjion  oj  Priejls  and  Procurators  ;  as  aljo 
what  bejd  Phraates  and  the  Parthians. 

§  I.  \TTHEN  Cyrenius  had  now  difpofed  of  Archelaus's 
VV  money,  and  when  the  taxings  were  come  to  a  con- 
clufion,  which  were  made  in  the  thirty-feventh  of  Caefar's 
victory  over  Antony  at  Aftium,  he  deprived  Joazar  of  the 
highprieft-hood,  which  dignity  had  been  conferred  on  him  by 
the  multitude,  and  he  appointed  Ananus,  the  fon  oi  Seth,  to 
be  high  prieft  ;  while  Herod  and  Philip  had  each  of  them  re- 
ceived their  own  tetrarchy,  and  fettled  the  affairs  thereof. 
Herod  alfo  built  a  wall  about  Sepphoris  f  which  is  the  fecuri- 
ly  of  all  Galilee],  and  made  it  the  metropolis  of  the  country. 
He  alfo  built  a  wall  round  Betharamphtha,  which  was  itfelt  a 
city  alfo,  and  called  it  Julias,  from  the  name  of  the  empe- 
ror's wife.  When  Philip  aifo  had  built  Paneas,  a  city  ai  the 
fountains  of  Jordan,  he  named  it  Cefarea.  He  alfo  advanced 
the  village  Bethfaida,  fituate  at  the  lake  of  Gennefareth,  unto 
the  dignity  of  a  city  ,  both  by  the  number  of  inhabitants  it  con- 
tained, and  its  other  grandeur,  and  called  it  by  the  name  of 
Julias  ',  the  fame  name  with  Caefar's  daughter. 

2.  As  Coponius,  who  we  told  you  was  fent  along  with  Cy- 
jrenius,  was  exercifing  his  office  of  procurator,  and  govern- 
ing Judea,  the  following  accidents  happened.  As  the  Jews 
were  celebrating  the  feaft  of  unlcvened  bread,  which'  we  call 
the  PaJJover.  it  was  cuftomary  for  the  priefts  to  open  the  tem- 
ple gates  juft  after  midnight.  When  therefore  thofe  gates 
were  firft  opened,  feme  of  the  Samaritans  came  privately  into 
Jerufalem,  and  threw  about  dead  mens  bodies  in  the  cloifters  ; 
on  which  account  the  Jews  afterward  excluded  them  out  of 
the  temple,  which  they  had  not  ufed  to  do  at  fuch  feftivals  ; 
and  on  other  accounts  alfo  they  watched  the  temple  more  care- 
fully than  they  had  formerly  done.  Alittle  after  which  acci- 
dent Coponius  returned  to  Rome,  and  Marcus  Ambivius 
came  to  be  his  fucceffor  in  that  government  ;  under  whom 
Salome,  the  fifter  of  king  Herod,  died,  and  left  to  Julia 
[Casfar'swife],  Jamnia,  all  its  toparchy,  and  Phafaelis  in  the 
plain,  and  Archelais,  where  is  a  great  plantation  of  palm  trees, 
and  their  fruit  is  excellent  in  its  kind.  After  him  came  An- 
nius  Rufus,  under  whom  died  Ciefar.  the  fecond  emperor  of 
the  Romans,  the  duration  of  whole  reign  was  fifty-feven 
years,  befides  fix  months  and  two  days,  fof  which  time  Anto- 
nius  ruled  together  with  him  fourteen  years;  but  the  dura- 
tion of  his  life  was  feventy-feven  years)  ;  upon  whofe  death 
Tiberius  Nero,  his  wife  Julia's  fon',  fuccecded.  He  was  now 
the  third  emperor  ;  and  He  fent  Valerius  Gratus  to  be  procu- 


Chap.  11.]  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  33$ 

rator  of  Judea,  and  to  fucceed  Annius  Rulus.  This  man  de- 
prived Annus  ol  the  high-priefthood,  and  appointed  Ifmael, 
the  fon  ot  Phabi,  to  be  high-prieft.  He  alfo  deprived  him  in 
a  little  time,  and  ordained  Eleazar,  the  fon  of  Ananus  who 
had.  been  high  prieft  before,  to  be  high  prieft  ;  which  office, 
when  he  had  held  fora  year,  Gratus  deprived  him  ot  it,  and 
gave  the  high-priefthood  to  Simon,  the  fon  of  Camithus  ;  and, 
when  he  had  poffelled  that  dignity  no  longer  than  a  year,  Jo- 
feph  Caiaphas  was  made  his  fucceflbr.  When  Gratug  had 
done  thofe  things,  he  went  back  to  Rome,  after  he  had  tar- 
ried in  Judea  eleven  years,  when  Pontius  Pilate  came  as  his 
fucceflbr. 

3.  And  now  Herod  the  tetrarch,  who  was  in  great  favour 
with  Tiberius,  built  a  city  of  the   fame  name  with  him,  and 
called  it  Tiberias.     He  built  it  in  the  belt  part  of   Galilee,  at 
the  lake  ot  Gennefareth.     There  are  warm  baths,  at  a  little 
diftance  from  it,  in  a  village  named  Emmaus.  Strangers  came 
and  inhabited  this   city ;  a  great  number  of  the  inhabitants 
were  Galileans  alfo  ;  and  many    were  necefiitated   by  Herod 
to  come  thither  out  of  the  Country   belonging  to  him,  and 
were  by  force  compelled  to  be  its  inhabitants  ;  fome  of  them 
were   perfons  of   condition.     He  alfo  admitted  poor  people, 
that  thofe  fuch  as  were  collected  from  all  parts,  to  dwell  in  it. 
Nay,   fome  of  them  were  not  quite  freemen  ;  and  thefe  he  was 
a  benefactor  to,  and  made  them  tree  in   great  numbers  ;  but 
obliged  them  not  to  forfake  the  city,  by  building  them  very 
good  houfes  at  his  own  expences,  and  by   giving  them  land 
alfo  ;  for  he  was  fenfible,  that  to  make  this  place  an  habita- 
tion was  to  tranfgrefs  the  Jewifh  ancient  laws,  becaufe  many 
fepulchres  were  to  be  here  taken  away,  in  order  to  make  room 
tor  the  city  Tiberias  *  ;    whereas  our  laws  pronounce,  that 
fuch  inhabitants  are  unclean  for  feven  days  t. 

4.  About  this  time  died  Phraates,  king  of  the  Parthians,  by 
the  treachery  of  Phraataces  his   fon,  upon  the  occafion   fol- 
lowing.   When  Phraates  had  had  legitimate  fons  of  his  own, 
he  had  alfo  an  Italian  maid  fervant,  whole  name  was  Tkermufa, 
who  had  been  formerly  fent  to  him  by  Julius   Csefar,  among 
other  prelents.     He  firft  made  her  his  concubine;  but  he  be- 
ing a  great  admirer  of  her  beauty,  in  procefs  of  time  having  a 
fon  by  her,  whole  name  was  Phraataces,  he  made  her  his  le- 
gitimate wife,  and  had  a  great  refpeft  for  her.    Now,  fliewas 
able  to  perfuade  him  to  do  any   thing  the  Ihe  iaid,  and  was 
earneft  in  procuring  the  government  ot"  Parthia  for  her  fon  ; 

*  We  may  here  take  notice,  as  well  as  in  die  parallel  parts  of  the  books  Of  the 
War,  B.  1 1.  ch.  ix.  lea.  i.  Vol.  III.  that  after  the  death  of  Herod  the  Great,  and 
the  fucccssion  of  Archelaus,  Jofephus  is  very  brief  in  his  accounts  of  Judea,  till 
near  his  own  time.  I  fuppoiethe  reafop  is,  thatalter  the  large  hiftory  oi  Nicolaus 
of  Damaicus,  including  the  life  of  Herod,  and  probably  the  fuccesaion  and  firft 
aftions  of  his  fons,  he  had  but  few  goodhiftories  of  thole  times  before  him. 

+  Numb,  xix,  11 — 14. 


•;•*>;  ANTIQUITIES    OF    TH2    JEWS.       [Book  XVllfi 

but  ftill  fhe  faw  that  her  endeavours  would  not  fucceed,  un~ 
lets  (he  could  contrive  how  to  remove  Phraates's  ligitimate 
fons  [out  of  the  kingdom];  io  (he  perfuaded  him  to  fendthofe 
his  fons  as  pledges  ot  his  fidelity,  to  Rome;  and  they  were 
fent  to  Rome  accordingly,  becaufe  it  xvas  not  eafy  {or  him  to 
contradict  her  commands.  Now,  while  Phraataces  was  alone 
brought  up  in  order  to  fucceed  in  the  government,  he  thought 
it  very  tedious  to  expefl  that  government  by  his  father's  do. 
nation  fas  his  fucceifor]  ;  he  therefore  formed  a  treacherous 
defign  againft  his  father  by  his  mother's  affiltance,  with  whom, 
as  the  report  went,  he  had  criminal  converfation  alfo.  So  he 
was  hated  for  both  thefe  vices,  while  his  fubjefls  efteemed 
this  |  wicked  J  love  of  his  mother  to  be  no  way  inferior  to  his_ 
parricide  ;  and  he  was  by  them  in  a  fedition  expelled  out  oi 
the  country,  before  he  grew  too  great  and  died.  But  as  the 
belt  fort  ot  Parthians  agreed  together  that  it  was  impoflible  they 
fhould  be  governed  without  a  king,  while  alfo  it  was  their 
conflant  practice  to  choofe  one  of  the  family  of  Arfaces, 
fnor  did  their  la.v  allow  of  any  others  ;  and  they  thought  this 
kingdom  had  been  fufficiently  injured  already  by  the  marriage 
with  an  Italian  concubine,  and  by  her  iffuej,  they  fent  am- 
bafladors  and  called  Orodes  [to  take  the  crown]  ;  lor  the  mul- 
titude would  not  otherwife  have  borne  them  ;  and  though  he 
were  accufed  of  very  great  cruelty,  and  was  of  an  intrachble 
temper,  and  prone  to  wrath,  yet  ftill  he  was  one  of  the  fami- 
ly of  Arfaces. However,  they  made  a  confpiracy  againft  him, 
andQewhirnandthat.as  (ome  fay,  at  a  feftival.and  among  their 
facrifices  ;  (for  it  is  the  univerfal  cultom  there  to  carry  their 
fwords  with  them)  ;  but  as  the  more  general  report  is,  they 
(lew  him  when  they  had  drawn  him  out  a-hunting.  So  they 
fent  ambafTadors  to  Rome,  and  defired  they  would  lend  one 
of  thofe  that  were  there  as  pledges,  to  be  their  king.  Accord- 
ingly Vonones  was  preferred  before  the  reft,  and  fent  to  them  ; 
(for  he  feemed  capable  of  fuch  great  fortune,  which  two  of 
the  greateft  kingdoms  under  the  fun  now  offered  him,  his 
own,  and  a  foreign  one).  However  the  barbarians  foon  chan- 
ged their  minds,  they  being  naturally  of  a  mutable  difpofition, 
upon  the  fuppofal,  that  this  man  was  not  worthy  to  be  their 
governor  ;  ior  they  rould  not  think  of  obeying  the  com- 
mands ot  one  that  had  been  a  flave,  (for  fo  they  called  thofe 
that  had  been  hottages),  nor  could  they  bear  the  ignominy  ot 
that  name  ;  and  this  was  the  more  intolerable,  becaufe  then 
the  Parthians  mull  have  fuch  a  king  fet  over  them,  not  by 
right  of  war,  but  in  time  of  peace.  So  they  prefently  invited 
Artabanus,  king  ot  Media,  to  be  their  king,  he  being  alfo  ot 
the  race  of  Arfaces.  Artabanus  complied  with  the  offer  that 
was  made  him,  and  came  to  them  with  an  army.  So  Vonones 
met  him ;  and  at  firft  the  multitude  of  the  Parthians  flood  on 
his  fide,  and  he  put  his  army  in  array,  but  Artabanus  was  bea- 
ten, and  fled  to  the  mountains  of  Media.  Yet  did  he  a  hitlc 


Chap.    III.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JE\VS.  337 

after  gather  a  great  army  together,  and  fought  with  Vonones, 
and  beat  him  ;  whereupon  Vonones  fled  away  on  horfehack, 
with  a  tew  of  his  attendants  about  him,  to  Seleucia  [upon 
Tigris].  So  when  Artabanus  had  (lain  a  great  number,  and 
this  alter  he  had  gotten  the  viftory  by  reafon  of  the  very  greifr 
difmay  the  barbarians  were  in,  he  retired  to  Ctefiphon  with  a 
great  number  of  his  people  ;  and  fo  he  now  reigned  over  the 
Parthians.  But  Vonones  fled  away  to  Armenia;  and  as  foon 
as  he  came  thither,  he  had  an  inclination  to  have  the  govern- 
ment of  the  country  given  him,  and  fent  ambaffadors  to 
Rome  [for  that  puipofcj.  But  becaufe  Tiberius  refilled  it  him, 
and  becaufe  he  wanted  courage,  and  becaufe  the  Parthian 
king  threatened  him,  and  fent  ambaffadors  to  him  to  denounce 
war  againft  him  it  he  proceeded,  and  becau/e  he  had  no  way 
to  take  to  regain  any  other  kingdom,  (for  the  people  of  au- 
thority among  the  Armenians  about  Niphates  joined  them- 
felves  to  Artabanus),  he  delivered  up  himfelf  to  Sihnus,  the 
prefident  ot  Syria,  who,  out  of  regard  to  his  education  at 
Rome,  kept  him -in  Syria,  while  Artabanus  gave  Armenia  to 
Orodcs,  one  of  his  own  fons. 

5.  At  this  time  died  Antiochus,  the  king  of  Commagene  ; 
whereupon  the  multitude  contended  with  the  nobility,  and 
both  fent  ambafladors  to  [Rome]  ;  for  the  men  of  power  were 
defifous  that  their  form  of  government  might  be  changed  in- 
to that  of  a  [  Roman]  province  ;  as  were  the  multitude  defir- 
ousto  be  under  king's,  as  their  fathers  had  been.  So  the  fen- 
ate  made  a  decree,  that  Germanicus  fliould  be  fent  to  fettle 
the  affairs  ot  the  eaft,  fortune  hereby  taking  a  proper  oppor- 
tunity for  depriving  him  of  his  life  ;  for  when  he  had  been  in 
the  eaft,  and  fettled  all  affairs  there,  his  life  was  taken  away 
by  the  poifon  which  Pi  fo  gave  him,  as  hath  been  related  elfe- 
where*. 


CHAP.     III. 

A  Sedition  of  the  jfws  again/I  Pontius  Pilate.      Concerning 
Chrijl,  and  what  btjd  Paulina  and  the  Jews  at  Rome. 


[v  I.  TJUT  now  Pilate  the  procurator  of  Judea,  removed  the 
-D  army  from  Ccfarea  to  Jer'ufalem,  to  take  their  win- 
ter-quarters there,  in  order  to  abolifh  the  Jewifh  laws.  So 
he  introduced  Casiar's  effigies,  which  were  upon  the  enfigns, 
and  brought  them  into  the  city  ;  whereas  our  law  forbids  us 
the  very  making  of  images  ;  on  which  account  the  former 
procurators  were  wont  to  make  their  entry  into  the  city  with 
fuch  enfigns  as  had  not  thofe  ornaments.  Pilate  was  the  firft 
who  brought  thofe  images  to  Jerufalem,  and  fet  them  np  there  ; 

*  This  citation  is  now  wantiug. 

VOL;  II.  T  t 


33$  ANTIQUITIES    OF    'I  !i  £    JEWS.      |  Book   XV III- 

which  was  done  without  the  knowledge  of  the  people,  becaufe- 
it  was  done  in  the  night  time  ;  but  as  foon  as  they  knew  it,, 
they  came  in  multitudes  to  Cefarea,  and  interceded  with  Pi- 
late many  days,  that  he  would  remove  the  images  ;  and  when 
he  would  not  grant  their  requefls,  becaufe  this  would  tend  to 
the  injury  of  Cacfar,  while  yet  they  perfevered  in  their  re- 
quelt,  on  the  fixth  day  he  ordered  his  foldiers  to  have  their 
weapons  privately,  while  he  came  and  fat  upon  his  judgment 
leat  ;  which  feat  was  io  prepared  in  the  open  place  ot  the  ci- 
ty, that  it  concealed  the  army  that  lay  ready  to  opprefs  them  ; 
and  when  the  Jews  petitioned  him  again,  he  gave  a  fignal  to 
the  foldiers  to  encompafs  them  round,  and  threatened  that 
their  punifhment  fhouid  be  no  lels  than  immediate  death,  un- 
Jefs  they  would  leave  ofF  disturbing  him,  and  go  their  ways 
home.  But  they  threw  themfelves  upon  the  ground,  and  laid 
their  necks  hare,  and  faid  they  would  take  their  death  very 
willingly,  rather  than  the  wifdorh  or  their  laws  fhouid  be  tranf^ 
grelled  ;  upon  which  Pilate  was  deeply  a  Heeled  with  their 
firm  refolution  to  keep  their  laws  inviolable,  and  prefently 
commanded  the  images  to  be  carried  back  from  Jerufalem  to 
Cefarea. 

2.  But  Pilate  undertook  to  bring  a  current  of  water  to  Je- 
ru'alem,  and  did  it  with  the  facred  money,  and  derived  the 
origin  ot  the  ftream  from  the  diftance  of  two  hundred  fur- 
longs. However  the  Jews  *  were  not  pleafed  with  what  had 
been  done  about  this  water  ;  and  many  ten  thoufands  of  the 
people  got  together,  and  made  a  clamour  againft  him,  and  in- 
fifted  that  he  fhouid  leave  off  that  defign.  Some  of  themalfo 
ufed  reproaches,  and  abufed  the  man,  as  crowds  pt  fuch  peo- 
ple ufually  do.  So  he  habited  a  great  number  of  his  foldiers 
in  their  habit,  who  carried  daggers  under  their  garments,  and 
fent  them  to  a  place  where  they  might  furround  them.  So 
he  bid  the  Jewshirnfelf  go  away  ;  butthey  boldly  cafting  re- 
proaches upon  him,  be  gave  the  foldiers  that  fignal  which  had 

*  Thefe  Jews,  as  they  are  here  called,  whofc  blood  Pilate  fhed  on  this  occafion- 
may  very  '.veil  he  thofe  very  Galilean  Jews  vhcji  blood  Pilate  had  mingled  tuitk 
their  facrijices  ;  Luke  xiii.  j,  2.  ;  thefe  tumults  being  ufually  excited  at  tome  of 
the  Jews  great  feftivals,  when  they  ilew  abundance  of  lacrif.ces,  and  the  Galileans 
being  commonly  much  more  buiy  in  fuch  tumults  than  thole  of  Judea  and  Jerufa- 
lem, a;  we  learn  from  the  hiflory  of  Archelaus.  Antiq.  C.  XVII.  oh.  ix  iVcr.  ^.  ar:d 
ch.  x.  feel;.  2,  9  Vol.  II.  ;  though  indeed  Jolephus's  prefent  copies  fay  not  one 

im  fill ',  and  Jit  w  then:,    which  the 

4lh  ver'e.  ot  the  lame  x  tilth  chapter  of  St  Luke  informs  us  of.     But  fince  our  gof- 

pcl  teaches  us,  Luke  xxiii.  6,  7.  that,  when  Pi/ate  hca.nl  of  Gaii!ec,.he  asked  v:l;ether 

in  9  And  as  foon  as  he  kr.cw  that  he  belonged  to  Her  at' <  jurifilic- 

Hcrod.     And,  ver.  12.  The  fame  day   1'Uate   and  Herod   were 

'iti  ;  Jor,  before  they  had  keen  at  enmity  htwcen  tkr.njtlvts.    Take 

.  y  probable  key  of  this  matter  in  the  words  of  the  learned    Noidius  <3e  He- 

''0.249.  "  The  cauie  of  the  ertnity   between   Herod   and   Pilate   (fays  he )t 

ftcms  to  have  been  this,  that  Pilate  hcd  intermeddled  with  the  tetrarch'sjurifdifticn,. 

and  had  (lain  Come  of  his  Galilean  lubjefts  ;  Luke  xiii.  i,  ;  and,    as  he  was    wil-- 

Ung  to  corrcft  that  errorj  he  lent  Chrtft  to  Herod  at  this  time." 


€hap.  III.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  33$ 

been  beforehand  agreed  on  j  who  laid  upon  them  much  great- 
er blows  than  Pilate  had  commanded  them,  and  equally  pun- 
ilhed  thofe  that  were  tumultuous,  and  thofe  that  were  not  • 
nor  did  they  fpare  them  in  the  leaft ;  and  fince  the  people 
were  unarmed,  and  were  caught  by  men  prepared  tor  what 
they  were  about,  there  were  a  great  number  of  them  ilain  by 
this  means,  and  others  of  them  ran  away  wounded.  And  thus 
an  end  was  put  to  this  fedition. 

3.  Novr  there  was  about  this  time  Jefus,  a  wife  man,    if  it 
be  lawful  to  call  him  a  man  ;  for  he  was  a  doer  of  wonderful 
works,  a  teacher  of  fuch  men  as  receive  the  truth  with  pleai- 
ure.     He  drew  over  to  him  both  many  of  the  Jews,  and  ma- 
ny of  the  Gentiles.     He  was  [the]  Chrift.     And  when  Pilate, 
at  the  fuggeition  of  the  principal  men  among  us,  had  condem- 
ned him  to  the  crofs,  *  thofe  that  loved  him  at  the  iirft  did  nor 
iorfake  him ;  tor  he  appeared  to  them  alive  again   the  third 
day  ;  t  as  the  divine  prophets  had  ioretoldthefe  and  tenthou- 
iand  other  wondertul  things  concerning  him.     And  the  tribe 
of  Chriftians,  fo  named  from  him,  are  not  extinct  at  this  day. 

4.  About  the  lame  time  alfo  another  fad  calamity   put   the 
Jews  into  diforder,  and  certain  fhameful  practices  happened 
about  the  temple  of  Ifis  that  was  at  Rome.     I  will   now   firil 
take  nonce  ot  the  wickedattempt  about  the  temple  of  Ifis,  and 
will  then  give  an  account  of  the  Jewifh   affairs.     There  was 
at  Rome   a  woman   whofc   name  was  Paulina  ;  one  who^  on 
account  ot  the  dignity  of  her  anceftors,  and  by  the  regular 
conduct  ot  a  virtuous  life,  had  a  great  reputation  :    She   was 
alL-very  rich;  and  although  Hie  were  ot  a  beautiful   counte- 
nance, and  in  that  flower  ot  her  age  wherein  women  are  the 
moit  gay,  yet  did  the  lead  a  life  of  great  niodefty.     She   was 
jnarried  to  Saturninus,  one  that  was  every  way  anfwerabfe  to 
her  in  an  excellent  character.     Decius  Murtdus   tell  in  love 
with  this  woman,  who  was  a  man  very  high  in  the  equeftrian 
order  ;  and  as  me  was  of  too  great  dignity  to  be   caught  by 
prei>  nts,  and  had  already  rejected  them,  though  they  had  been 
fent  in  great  abundance,  he  was  {till  more  inflamed  withlcve 
to  her,  iniomuch  that  he  promifed  to  give  her  two  hundred 
thoufand  Attic  drachmae  for  one  night's  lodging  ;  and   when 
this  would  not  prevail  upon  her,  and  he  was  not  able  to   bear 
this  misfortune  in  his  amours,  he  thought  it  the  bed  way  to 
iamifh  himfelf  to  death  for  want  ot  food,  on  account  ot  Pau- 
lina's fad  refufal  ;  and  he  determined  with  himfelf  to  die  after 
fuch  a  manner,  and  he  went  on  with  his  purpofe  accordingly. 
Now  Mundus  had  a  freed  woman,  who  had  been  made  tree  by 
his  father,  whofename  was  Ide,  one  fkilttil  in  all  forts  of  rmt- 
chiet.     This  woman  was  very   much   grieved   at  the  young 
man's  reiolution  to  kill  himfelf,  (for  he  did  n-ot  conceal   hi> 
intentions  to  deftroy  himfelf  trom  others,)  and  came  to  him, 

*  A.  D.  33.  April  3.  <-  April  <j. 


34®  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XV1IL 

and  encouraged  him  by  her  difcourfe,  v^nd  made  him  to  hope 
by  fome  promifesfhe  gave  him,  that  he  might  obtain  a  ii  ght's 
lodging  with  Paulina;  and  when  he  joyi'nlly  hearkened  to  her 
entreaty,  (he  faid  (he  wanted  no  more  than  fifty  thoufand 
drachmae  for  the  entrapping  of  the  woman.  So  when  Ihe  had 
encouraged  the  young  man,  and  gotten  as  much  money  as  the 
required,  (he  did  not  take  the  fame  methods  as  had  been  taken 
before,  becaufe  Ihe  perceived  that  the  woman  was  by  nome^ns 
to  be  tempted  by  money,  but  as  Ihe  knew  that  ihe  was  r.uch 
given  to  the  worlhip  ot  the  goddefs  Ifis,  me  devifed  the  fol- 
lowing ftratagem  :  She  went  to  fome  of  Ifis's  prieits,  and  up- 
on the  lirongeit  affurances  [of  concealraentj,  (he  perfuaded 
them  by  words,  but  chiefly  by  the  offer  ot  money,  of  25.000 
drachmae  in  hand,  and  as  much  more  when  the  thing  had 
taken  effe£l ;  and  told  them  the  paffion  of  the  young  man,  and 
perfuaded  them  to  life  all  means  pofhble  to  beguile  the  wo- 
man. So  they  were  drawn  into  prornife  lo  to  co,  by  that 
large  fum  ot  gold  they  were  to  have.  Accordingly  ihe  oldelt 
ot  them  went  immediately  to  Paulina,  and  upon  his  admittance, 
he  defired  to  fpeak  with  her  by  herfelt.  \\  lien  that  was 
granted  him,  he  told  her,  that  "  he  was  lent  by  the  god  Anu- 
bis  who  was  {alien  m  love  with  her,  and  enjoined  her  to  v.u:ne 
to  him."  Upon  this  (he  took  the  rreffage  very  kindly,  and 
valued  herfelf  greatly  upon  this  condefcenfion  ot  Anubis,  and 
told  her  hufband.  that  Ihe  had  a  meffage  fent  her,  and  was  to 
fup  and  to  lie  with  Anubis  ;  fo  he  agreed  to  her  acceptance 
ot  the  offer,  as  hilly  fatisfied  with  the  chaltity  of  his  wife. 
Accordingly  Ihe  went  to  the  temple,  and  alter  fhc  had  (tipped 
there,  and  it  was  the  hour  to  go  to  fleep,  the  prieil  (hut  the 
doors  of  the  temple,  when  in  the  holy  part  of  it,  the  lights 
were  alfo  put  out.  Then  did  Mundus  leap  out,  (for  he  was 
hidden  therein),  and  did  not  fail  of  enjoying  her,  who  was  at 
his  fervice  all  the  night  long,  as  fuppofing  he  was  the  god  ; 
and  when  he  was  gone  away,  which  was  before  thofe  priefts 
who  knew  nothing  of  this  fhatagem  were  ftirring,  Paulina 
came  eaily  to  her  hufband,  and  told  him  how  the  god  Anubis 
had  appeared  to  her.  Among  her  friends  alfo  (he  declared 
how  great  a  value  (he  put  upon  this  favour,  who  partly  cUfbe- 
lieved  the  thing,  when  they  reflected  on  its  nature,  and  partly 
were  amazed  at  it,  as  having  no  pretence  tor  not  believing  it, 
•when  they  confidered  the  modefty  and  the  dignity  ot  the  per- 
fon.  But  now  on  the  third  day  alter  what  had  been  done, 
Mundus  met  Paulina,  and  faid,  •'  Nay,  Paulina,  tliou  haft 
laved  me  two  hundred  thoufand  drachmae,  which  fum  thou 
inighteft  have  added  to  thy  own  family  ;  yet  haft  thou  not 
iailed  to  be  at  my  fervice  in  the  manner  I  invited  thee.  As 
ior  the  reproaches  thou  haft  laid  upon  Mundus,  I  value  not 
the  bufinefs  of  names  ;  but  1  rejoice  in  the  pleafure  I  reaped 
by  what  I  did,  while  1  took  to  myfelf  the  name  of  Anubis/' 
When  he  had  faid  this,  he  went  his  way.  But  now  fhe  began 


Chap.  III.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  34* 

to  come  to  the  fenfe  of  the  grofTnefs  of  what  me  had  done,  and 
rent  her  garments,  and  told  her  hulband  ot  the  horrid  nature  of 
this  wicked  contrivance,  and  prayed  him  not  to  neglecl  to  af- 
filt  her  in  this  cafe.  So  he  difcovered  the  ia6l  to  the  empe- 
ror ;  whereupon  Tiberius  enquired  into  the  ma'ter  thorough- 
ly, by  examining  the  priefts  about  it,  and  ordered  them  to  be 
crucified,  as  well  as  Ide,  who  was  the  occafion  of  their  per- 
dition, and  who  had  contrived  the  whole  matter,  which  was  fo 
injurious  to  the  woman.  He  alfo  demoliflied  the  temple  o£ 
Ids,  and  gave  order  that  her  flatue  fhould  be  thrown  into  the 
jiver  Tiber;  while  he  only  banifhed  Mundus,  but  did  no 
more  to  him,  becaufe  he  fuppofed  that  what  crime  he  had 
committed  was  done  out  of  the  paffiori  of  love.  And  thefe 
were  the  circumitances  which  concerned  the  temple  ot  Ifis, 
and  the  injuries  occafioned  by  her  prielts.  I  now  return  to 
the  relation  ot  what  happened  about  this  time  to  the  Jews  at 
Rome,  as  1  formerly  told  you  I  would. 

5.  There  was  a  man  who  was  a  Jew,  but  had  been  driven 
away  from  his  own  country  by  an  accufation  laid  againft 
him  for  tranfgrefiing  their  laws,  and  by  the  fear  he  was  un- 
der ot  punifhment  ior  the  fame  ;  but  in  all  refpe£ts  a  wicked 
man.  He  then  living  at  Rome,  proteiTed  to  inttruct  men  in 
the  wiidom  ot  the  laws  ot  Mofes  He  procured  alfo  threft 
other  men,  entirely  ot  the  fame  character  with  himfelt  to  be 
his  partners.  Thole  men  perluaded  Fulvia  a  woman  of  great 
dignity,  and  one  that  had  embraced  the  Jewith  religion,  to  lend 
purple  and  gold  to  the  temple  at  Jerufaiem,  and,  when  they 
iiad  gotten  them,  they  employed  them  tor  their  own  ufes,  and 
fpent  tbe  money  themlelves  ;  on  which  account  it  was  that 
they  at  full  required  it  of  her.  Whereupon  Tiberius,  who 
had  been  informed  ot  the  thing  by  Saturriinus,  the  hufband 
ot  Fulvia,  who  defired  inquiry  might  be  made  about  it,  or- 
dered, all  the  Jews  to  be  bamlhed  out  ot  Rome;  at  which 
time  the  confuls  lilted  4000  men  out  ot  them,  and  fent  them 
to  the  iiland  Sardinia  ;  butpunifhed  a  greater  number  ot  them, 
who  were  unwilling  to  become  foldiers  on  account  of  keep- 
ing the  laws  ot  their  ioreiathers*.  Thus  were  thefe  Jews 
baniihed  out  of  the  city  by  the  wickednefsot  four  men. 

*  Of  ihe  banifhment  of  thefe  4000  Jews  into  Sardinia  by  Tiberius,  fee  Sueto- 
nius in  Tiber,  left.  36.     But  as  ior  Mr   Reland's  note  here,  which   iuppoles,  that 
iews  could  not,  coiifillently  with  their  laws,  be  foldiers,  it  is  contradicted  by  one 
ranch  of  the  hiflory   before  us,  and  contrary  to    innumerable    inftances  ot  their 
fighting,  and  proving  excell  nt  Soldiers  in  war;   and  indeed  many  ol  the   bcft  of 
;i  under  heathen  kings  thcmfelv<:s,  did  fo,  thoie  I  mean  who  allowed 
them  their  reft  on  the  fabbath  day,  and  other  iblcinn  fefUvals,  and  let  them  live  ac- 
cording to  their  own  laws,  as  Alexander  the    Great  and  the  Ptolemies  of  Egypt 
did.     It  is  true,  they  could  not  always  obtain  thofe  privileges,  and  then  they  got 
cxcufed  as  well  as  they  could,  or  fometi:nesabfolutely  refuled  to  fight,  which  ieems 
(to  have  been  the  cafe  here,  as  to  the  major   part  of  the    Jews   now  banifhcd,  but 
nothing  more      See  feveral  of  the  Roman  decrees   in  their  t'avoui    £i  to    iuch  roat- 
ttvs,  B.  AlV.ch,  x.  vol.  II. 


342  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS.     [Bock  XVIII. 


CHAP.    IV. 

How  ike  Samaritans  made  a,  Tumult,  and  Pilate  ckflroyed  many 
of  them  :  How  Pilate  was  accufed,  and  what  things  were 
done  by  Vitdhus  relating  to  the  Jews  and  the  Parthians. 

§  I.  T3UT  the  nation  of  the  Samaritans  did  not  efcape  with- 
J.3  out  tumults.  The  man  who  excited  them  to  it,  was 
one  who  thought  lying  a  thing  ok  little  confequence,  and 
who  contrived  every  thing  fo  that  the  multitude  might  be 
p leafed  ;  fo  he  bid  them  to  get  together  upon  mount  Geriz- 
zim,  which  is  by  them  looked  upon  as  the  moil  holy  ot  all 
mountains,  and  affured  them,  that  when  they  were  come  thith- 
er, he  would  fliew  them  thoie  facred  veffels  which  were  laid 
under  that  place,  becaufe  Mofes  *  put  them  there.  So  they 
came  thither  armed,  and  thought  the  difcourfe  of  the  man 
probable  ;  and  as  they  abode  at  a  certain  village,  which  was 
called  Tirathaba,  they  got  the  reft  together  to  them,  and  de- 
fired  to  go  up  die  mountain  in  a  great  multitude  together  ; 
but  Pilate  prevented  their  going  up  by  feizing  upon  the  roads 
with  a  great  band  of  horiemen  and  footmen,  who  fell  upon 
thofe  that  were  gotten  together  in  the  village  ;  and  when  it 
came  to  an  action,  fome  of  them  they  flew,  and  others  of 
them  they  put  to  flight,  and  took  a  great  many  alive,  the 
principal  ot  which,  and  alfo  the  mod  potent  of  thofe  that  fled 
away,  Pilate  ordered  to  be  {lain. 

2.  But  when  this  tumult  was  appeafed,  the  Samaritan  fen- 
ate  fent  an  embaffy  to  Vitellius,  a  man  that  had  been  conful, 
and  who   was  now  president   of  Syria,  and  accufed  Pilate  of 
the  muider  of  thofe  that  were   killed  ;  tor   that  they  did  not 
go  to  Tirabatha  in  order  to  revolt  from   the  Romans,  but  to 
efcape  the  violence  of  Pilate.      So  Vilellius  fent  Marcellus, 
.a  friend  ot  his,  to  take  care  ot  the  affairs  ot  Judea,  and   or- 
dered Pilate  to  go  to  Rome,  to  anfwer  before  the  emperor  to 
theaccufations  ot  the  Jews.      So  Pilate,  when  he  had  tarried 
ten  years  in  Judea,  made  hafte  to  Rome,  and  this  in   obedi- 
ence to  the   orders   ot  Vitellius,  which  he  durft  not  contra- 
di6l  ;  but  betore  he  could  get  to  Rome,  Tiberius  was  dead. 

3.  But  Vitellius  came  into  Judea,  and  went  up  to  Jerufa- 
lem  ;  it  was  at  the  time  ot  that  teftival  which  is   called  the 

*  Since  Mofes  never  came  himfe'.f  beyond  Jordan,  nor  particularly  to  mount 
Girizzim,  and  fmce  theie  Samaritans  have  a  tradition  among  them,  related  here 
by  Dr.  Hud  ion,  from  Reland,  who  was  very  fkilful  in  Jewifh  and  Samaritan  learn- 
ing, that  in  the  days  of  Uzzi  or  Ozzi  the  high-prieft,  i  Chfor.  vi.  6.  the  ark  and 
Other  facred  velfcls  were,  by  God's  command,  laid  up  or  hidden  in  mount  Ge- 
rizzim,  it  is  highly  probable  that  this  was  the  foolish  foundation  the  prelent  Sa- 
maritans went  upon,  in  the  ledition  here  deicribed,  and  that  we  should  read  here, 
infte-id  of  Mwwtw?,  in  the  text  of  Jolephus. 


Chap.   IV.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  343 

PaJJbvsr.  Vitellius  was  there  magnificently  received,  and 
relealed  the  inhabitants  of  Jerufalem  from  all  the  taxes  upon 
the  truits  that  were  brought  and  fold,  and  gave  thera  leave  to 
have  the  care  ot  the  high-prieft's  veftments,  with  all  their 
ornaments,  and  to  have  them  under  the  cuftody  ot  the  pviefts 
in  the  temple,  which  power  they  ufed  to  have  formerly,  al- 
though at  this  time  they  were  laid  up  in  the  tower  of  Antonia, 
the  citadel  fo  called,  and  that  on  the  occafion  following  : 
There  was  one  ot  the  j  high]  priefts,  named  Hyrcanus,  and 
as  there  were  many  ot  that  name,  he  was  the  hrft  ot  them  ; 
this  man  built  a  tower  near  the  temple,  and  when  he  had  fo 
d.pne,  he  generally  dwelt  in  it,  and  had  thefe  veftments  with 
liim  ;  becaufe  it  was  lawful  for  him  alone  to  put  them  on> 
and  he  had  them  there  repofited  when  he  went  down  into  the 
city,  and  took  his  ordinary  garments  ;  the  fame  things  were 
continued  to  be  done  by  his  Ions-,  and  by  their  fons  after  them. 
But  when  Herod  came  to  be  king  he  rebuilt  this  tower,  which 
•was  very  conveniently  fituated,  in  a  magnificent  manner; 
and  becaufe  he  was  a  Iriend  to  Antonius,  he  called  it  by  the 
name  ot  Antonia.  And  as  he  found  thefe  veftments  lying 
there,  he  retained  them  in  the  fame  place,  as  believing,  that 
•while  he  had  them  in  his  cuftody,  the  people  would  make  no 
innovations  againft  him.  The  like  to  what  Herod  did  was 
done  by  his  fon  Archelaus,  who  was  made  king  after  him  ; 
after  whom  the  Romans,  when  they  entered  on  the  govern- 
ment, took  poffeflion  ot  thefe  veftments  of  the  high-prieft, 
and  had  them  repofited  in  a  ftone-chamber,  under  the  leal  of 
the  priefts,  and  of  the  keepers  of  the  temple,  the  captain  of 
the  guard  lighting  a  lamp  there  every  day  ;  and  *  feven  days- 
before  a  teftrval  they  were  delivered  to  them  by  the  captain 
of  the  guard,  when  the  high-prieft,  having  purified  them, 
and  made  ufe  of  them,  laid  them  up  again  in  the  fame  cham- 
ber where  they  had  been  laid  up  before,  and  this  the  very 
next  day  after  the  feafl  was  over.  This  was  the  practice  at 
the  three  yearly  feftivals,  and  on  the  tail  day  ;  but  Vitellius 
put  thefe  garments  into  our  own  power,  as  in  the  days  of  our 
forefathers,  and  ordered  the  captain  ot  the  guard  not  to  troub- 
le himfelt  to  inquire  where  they  were  laid,  or  when  they 
were  to  be  ufed  ;  and  this  he  did  as  an  aft  ot  kindnefs,  to  o- 
blige  the  nation  to  him.  Befides  which,  he  alfo  deprived 
Joleph,  who  was  alfo  called  Caiaphas,o[  the  high-prietthood, 
and  appointed  Jonathan,  the  fon  of  Ananus,  the  tormer  high- 
prieft,  to  fucceed  him.  After  which,  he  took  his  journey 
back  to  Antioch. 

*  This  mention  of  the  high-prie&'s  facred  garments  received  feven  clays  before 
tffeflival,  and  purified  in  thole  days  againft  a  feftival,  as  having  been  polluted,  by 
being  in  the  cuilody  of  heathens,  in  jofephus,  agrees  well  with  the  traditions  of 
the  Talmudifts,  as  R  eland  here  obferves.  Nor  is  there  any  queftion  but  the  three 
fc arts  here  mentioned,  were  the  Paffover,  Pentccoll,  and  feafl  of  Tabernacles  ;  and 
the  FaU,  fo  called  by  way  of  diftir.&ion,  as  Aftj  xxvii.  9.  was  the  great  day  oi 
expiation. 


344  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XV 

4.  Moreover,   Tiberius  fent  a  letter  to  Vitellius,  and  com- 
manded him  to  make  a  league  of  friendfliip  with  Anabanus. 
the  king  ot  Parthia  ;  for  while  he  was  his  enemy  he  terrified 
him,  becaufe  he  had  taken  Armenia  away  from  him,  left  he 
fhoiild  proceed  farther,  and  told   him  he  (hould  no  otherwife 
trufl  him   than  upon  his  giving  him  hoftages,  and  eipecially 
his  fon  Artabanus.      Upon  Tiberius's  writing  thus  to  Vitelli- 
us, by  the  offer  of  great   prefents  of  money,  he    perfuaded 
both  the  king   of  Iberia,  and  the  king  ot  Albania,  to  make 
no  delay,  but  to  fight  againfl  Artabanus  ;  and  although  they 
would  not  do  it  themfelves,  yet  did  they    give  the  Scythians 
a  paffage  through  their  country,  and  opened  the  Cafpian  gates 
to  them,  and   brought  them  upon  Artabanus.      So  Armenia 
was  again  taken  from  the  Parthians,  and  the  country  ot  Par- 
thia was  filled  with  war,  and  the  principal  of  their  men  were 
flain  and  all  thefe  things  were  in  diforder  among  them  :    The 
king's  fon,  alfo  himfelf  fell  in  thefe  wars,  together  with  many 
ten°houfands  of  his  army.     Vitelh'ux  had  alio  fent  fuch  great 
fums  of  money  to  Artabanus's  father's  kinfmen  and  friends, 
that  he  had  almoit  procured  him  to  be  flain   by  the  means  oi 
thofe  bribes  which  they   had  taken.      And^-hen  Artabanus 
perceived  that  the  plot  faid  againlt  him  was  not  to  be  avoided, 
becaufe  it  was  laid   by   the  principal   men,  and  thofe  a  great 
many  in  number,  and  that   it  would  certainly  take  effecl  ; 
when  he  had  eftimated  the  number  of  thofe  that  were  truly 
faithful  to  him,  as  alfo  of  thofe  who  were  already  corrupted, 
but  were  deceitful  in  the  kindnefs  they  profeffed  to  him,  and 
were  likely  upon  trial  to  go  over  to  his  enemies,  he  made  his 
efcape  to  the  upper  provinces,  where  he   afterward  railed  a 
great  army  out  ot  the  Dabae  and  Sacae,  and  fought  with  his 
enemies,  and  retained  his  principality. 

5.  When  Tiberius  had  heard  ot  thefe  things,  he  defired  to 
have  a  league  of  friendihip   made   between  him  and  Artaba- 
nus ;  and  when,  upon   this   invitation,  he   received  the  pro- 
pofal  kindly,    Artabanus   and  Viteliius  went  to  Euphrates, 
and  as  a  bridge  was  laid  over  the  river,  they  each  ot  them 
came  with  their  guards  about  them,  and  met  one  another  or* 
the  midll  ot  the  bridge.      And  when  they   had  agreed  upon 
the  terms  ot  peace,  Herod  the  tetrarch  erefted  a  rich   tent  on 
the   midll    of  the  paffage,    and    made    them  a  Feaft   there. 
Artabanus  a!fo,  not  long  afterward,  fent  his   fon  Darius,  as 
an  hottage,  with  many"  prefents,  among  which  there  was  a 
man  feven  cubits  tall,  a  Jew  he   was  by  birth,  arid  his  name 
was  Eieazar,  who  for  his"  tallnefs  was  called  a  giant.      After 
which  Vitellius  went  to  Antioch,  and  Artabanus  to  Babylon  ; 
but  Herod  {"the  tetrarch]  being  defirous  to  give  Caefar  thefirft 
information' that  they  had  obtained  hoftages,  fent  potts  with 
letters    wherein   he  had  accurately  defcnbed  all  the  particu- 
lars, and  had  left  nothing  for  the  confular  Vitellius  to  inform 
him  of.     But  when  Vitellius's  letters  were  fent,  and  Caeiar 


Chap.    V.]         ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  345 

had  let  him  know  that  he  was  acquainted  with  the  affairs  al- 
ready, becaufe  Herod  had  given  him  an  account  of  them  be- 
fore, Vitellius  was  very  much  troubled  at  it  ;  and  fuppofing 
that  he  had  been  thereby  a  greater  fufferer  than  he  really  was, 
he  kept  up  a  fecret  anger  upon  this  occafion,  till  he  could  be 
revenged  on  him,  which  he  was  after  Caius  had  taken  the 
government. 

6.  About  this  time  it  was  that  Philip,  Herod's  brother,  de- 
parted this  life,  in  the  twentieth  year  *  ot  the  reign  of  Tiberi- 
us, after  he  had  been  tetrarch  ot  Trachonitis  and  Gaulanitis, 
and  ot  the  nation  ot  the  Bataneans  allo,-  thirty-feven  years. 
He  had  (hewed  himfelf  a  perfon  of  moderation  and  quietnefs 
in  the  conduct  of  his  life  and  government  ;  he  conftantly  liv- 
ed in  that  country  which  was  fubj^6l  to  him  t  ;  he  ufed  to 
make  his  progrefs  with  a  few  chofen  friends  ;  his  tribunal  al- 
fo,  on  which  he  fat  in  judgment,  followed  him  in  his  progrefs  ; 
and  when  any  one  met  him  who  wanted  his  affi (lance,  he  made 
no  delay,  but  had  his  tribunal  fet  down  immediately,  where- 
foever  he  happened  to  be,  and  fat  down  upon  it,  and  heard  his 
complaint  :  He  there  ordered  the  guilty  that  were  convicted 
to  be  punilhed,  and  abfolved  thofe  that  had  been  accufed  un- 
juftly.  He  died  at  Julias  ;  and  when  he  was  carried  to  that 
monument  which  he  had  already  creeled  for  himfelt  before- 
hand, he  was  buried  with  great  pomp.  His  principality  Ti- 
berius took,  for  he  left  no  fons  behind  him  and  added  it  to 
the  province  of  Syria,  but  gave  order  that  the  tributes  which 
arofe  from  it  fhould  be  collected,  and  laid  up  in  his  tetrarchy , 


CHAP.    V. 

Herod  the  Tetrarch  makes  War  with  Aretas,  the  King  of  Ara- 
bia, and  is  beaten  by  him  ;  as  alfo  concerning  the  Death  oj 
John  the  Baptijl  :  How  Vitellius  went  up  to  Jerufalem  ;  to-  _ 
gether  withfome  account  of  Agrippa,  and  of  the  poflenly  oj 
Herod  the  Great. 

<j  i.     A   BOUT  this  time  Aretas,  the  king  of  Arabia  Petrea, 
£\.  and  Herod,  had  a  quarrel  on  the  account  follow- 
ing :  Herod  the  tetrarch  had  married  the  daughter  of  Aretas, 
and  had  lived  with  her  a  great  while,  but  when  he  was  once  at 

*  This  calculation  from  all.  Jofephns's  Greek  copies,  is  exaftly  ri^ht  ;  for  fmce 
Herod  died  about  September,  in  the  ^th  year  before  th--  Chriftnn  xra,  ar.d  Tiberi- 
us began,  as  is  well  known,  Aug.  19.  A.  D.  14.  it  is  evident  that  the  37th  year  of 
Philip,  reckoned  from  his  father's  death,  was  the  aoth  of  Tibeiius,  or  near  the  end 
of  A,  D  33.  (the  very  year  of  our  Saviour's  death  alfo.)  or  however  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  next  year  A.  D.  34.  This  Philip  the  tetrarch  teems  to  have  been  UK 
beftof  all  the  poflerity  of  Herod,  tor  his  !<. 

+  An  excellent  example  this 

VOL.  II.  U  u 


34<5  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book   XVIIL 

Rome,  he  lodged  with  Herod*,  who  was  his  brother  indeed, 
but  not  by  the  fame  mother  ;  for  this  Herod  was  the  fon  of 
the  high-priefl  Simon's  daughter.  However,  he  fell. in  love 
with  Herodias,  this  laft  Herod's  wife,  who  was  the  daughter 
of  Aiiltobulus  their  brother,  and  the  fifter  of  Agrippa  the 
Great ;  this  man  ventured  to  talk  to  her  about  a  marriage  he- 
tween  them,  which  addrefs  when  (he  admitted,  an  agreement 
was  mad "  lor  her  to  change  her  habitation  and  come  to  him 
as  {r.on  as  he  mould  return  from  Rome  :  One  article  oi  this 
marriage  alfo  was  this,  that  he  (hould  divorce  Aretas's  daigh- 
ter.  So  Antipas,  when  he  had  made  this  agreement,  failed  to 
Rome  ;  but  when  he  had  done  there  the  bufinels  he  went  a- 
bout,  and  was  returned  again,  his  wife  having  difcovered  the 
agreement  he  had  made  with  Herodias,  and  having  learned  it 
before  he  had  notice  of  her  knowledge  ot  the  whole  defign, 
fhe  defired  him  to  fend  her  to  Macherus,  which  is  a  place  in 
the  borders  of  the  dominions  ot  Aretas  and  Herod,  without 
informing  him  ot  any  of  her  intentions.  Accordingly  Herod 
ient  her  thither,  as  thinking  his  wife  had  not  perceived  any 
ihing  ;  now  (he  had  fent  a  good  while  before  to  Macherus, 
which  was  lubject  to  her  father,  and  fo  all  things  neceflary  tor 
her  journey,  were  made  ready  for  her  by  the  general  of  Are- 
tas's army  ;  and  by  that  mean  (he  foon  came  into  Arabia,  un- 
der the  conduct  of  the  feveral  generals,  who  carried  her  from 
one  to  another  fuceeflively,  and  fhe  foon  came  to  her  father, 
and  told  him  of  Herod's  intentions.  So  Aretas  made  this  the 
firfl  occafion  of  his  enmity  between  him  and  Herod,  who  had 
alfo  fome  quarrel  with  him  about  their  limits  at  the  country  of 
Gemalitis.  So  they  raifed  armies  on  both  fides,  and  prepared 
for  war,  and  fent  their  generals  to  fight  inftead  ot  themfelves  ; 
and  when  they  had  joined  battle,  all  Herod's  army  was  def- 
troyed  by  the  treachery  of  fome  fugitives,  who,  though  they 
-were  of  the  tetrarchy  ot  Philip,  joined  with  Herod's  army. 
So  Herod  wrote  about  thele  affairs  to  Tiberius,  who  being 
very  angry  at  the  attempt  made  by  Aietas,  wrote  to  Vitellius, 
fo  make  war  upon  him,  and  either  to  take  him  alive,  and  bring 
him  to  him  in  bonds,  or  to  kill  him,  and  fend  him  his  head. 
This  was  the  charge  that  Tiberius  gave  to  the  prefidentot  Sy- 
ria. 

2.  Now  fome  ot  the  Jews  thought  that  the  definition  of 

*  This  Herod  leems  to  have  had  the  additional  name  of  Philip,  as  Antipas   was 
named  :  r,  and  as  Antipas  -nd  Antipatcr  ferm  to  be  in  a  manner  the  very 

i.imt:  name.  y.  t  \vnv  the  names  of  uvu  ions  ot  Herod  the  Gu-at  ;  fo  tm^ht  Philip 
the  tttrarch  and  this  Herod- Philip  be  two  dirreieni.  fons  ot  the  fame  father,  afl 
•which  Grotiusoblerveson  Matt  xiv.  -3.  Nor  was  it,  a.,  I  a^rte  with  Gn>tu>»  and 
others  of  the  learned,  Philip  t!,e  teiran  h,  hut  'JiU  Herod- Philip,  whole  wife  Herod 
the  u-trarch  had  married,  and  that  in  her  fir  (I  husband's  lifetime,  and  when  ^her  firft 

Ea 
daught 

d  him  lv  bs  unjufily  beheaded, 


Chap.  V.]          ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS.  347 

Herod's  army  came  from  God,  and  that  very  juflly,  as  a  pun- 
ifhment  of  what  he  didagainft  John,  that  was  called  the  Bap. 
tiff,  for  Herod  flew  him,  whowasagood  man,  and  command- 
ed the  Jews  to  exercife  virtue,  both  as  to  righteoufnefs  to- 
wards one  another,  and  piety  towards  God,  and  io  to  come  to 
baptifm  ;  tor  that  the  warning  [with  water]  would' be  accepta- 
ble to  him,  if  they  made  ufe  ot  it,  not  in  order  to  the  putting 
for  the  remiffionj  of  fome  fins  [only,]  but  for  the  purificat 
tion  of  the  body  ;  fiippofing  ftill  that  the  foul  was  thoroughly 
purified  beforehand  by  righteoufnefs.  Now  when  [many] 
others  came  in  crowds  about  him,  tor  they  were  greatly  mov,. 
ed  for  pleated  |  by  hearing  his  words,  Herod,  who  feared  led 
the  great  influence  John  had  over  the  people,  might  put  it  in- 
to his  power  and  inclination  to  raife  rebellion  (for  they  feem- 
ed  to  ,mg  he  fhould  advifej  thought  it  beft,  by  put- 

ting him  to  death,  to  prevent  any  mifchief  he  might  caufe,  and 
not  bring  himfelf  into  difficulties,  by  f paring  a  man  who  might 
make  him  repent  of  it  when  it  ihould  be  too  late.  According- 
ly he  was  fent  a  prifoner,  out  ot  Herod's  fufpicious  temper, 
to  Macherus,  the  caftle  I  before  mentioned,  and  was  there 
put  to  >:°ath.  Now  the  Jews  had  an  opinion  that  the  deftruc- 
tion  ot  this  army  wa^  fent  as  a  punifhment  by  Herod,  and  a 
rnark  of  God's  difpleafure  to  him. 

3.  So  Vitellius  prepared  to  make  war  with  Aretas,  having 
with  him  two  legions  of  armed  men  ;  he  alfo  took  with  him, 
all  thofe  ot  light  armature,  and  ot  the  horfemen  which  belong- 
ed to  them,  and  were  drawn  out  ot  thofe  kingdoms  which 
were  under  the  Romans,  and  made  hafte  tor  Petra,  and  came 
to  Ptolemais.  But  as  he  was  marching  very  hufily,  and  lead- 
ing his  army  through  Judea,  the  principal  rnen  met  him,  and 
defired  that  he  would  not  thus  march  through  their  land  ;  tor 
that  the  laws  of  their  country  would  not  permit  them  io  over- 
look thofe  images  which  were  brought  into  it,  of  which  there 
were  a  great  many  in  their  enfigns  ;  fo  he  was  perfuaded  by 
what  they  faid,  and  changed  that  refolution  ot  his,  which  he 
had  before  taken  in  this  matter.  Whereupon  he  ordered  the 
army  to  march  along  the  great  plain,  while  he  himfelf,  with 
Herod  the  tetrarch,  and  his  friends  went  up  to  Jerufalem  to 
offer  facnnce  to  God,  an  ancient  feftival  of  the  Jews  being 
then  jufi;  approaching  ;  and  when  he  had  been  there,  and  been 
honourably  entertained  by  the  multitude  ot  the  Jews,  he  made 
a  flay  there  for  three  days,  within  which  time  he  deprived 
Jonathan  of  the  high  priefthood,  and  gave  it  to  his  brot -er 
Theophilus.  But  when  on  the  fourth  day  letters  came  to  him, 
which  informed  him  of  the  death  ot  Tiberius,  he  obliged  the 
multitude  to  take  an  oath  of  fidelity  toCaius  ;  he  allo  recalled 
his  army,  and  made  them  every  one  go  home,  and  take  their 
winter  quarters  there,  fi nee,  upon  the  devolution  ot  the  em- 
pire upon  Caius,  he  had  not  the  like  authority  ot  making  this, 
war  which  he  had  before.  It  was  alfo  reported,  that  \yhen 


348  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVIII. 

Aretas  heard  ot  the  coming  of  Vitellius  to  fight  htm,  h 
upon  his  con  fulling  the  diviners,  that  it  was.  impofiibic 
this  army  ot  Vitellms's  could  enter  Petra  ;  for  that  one  of  rv 
rulers  would  die,  either  he  that  gave  orders  for  the  war,  or  he* 
that  was  marching  at  the  other's  defire,  in  order  to  be  fubfer- 
vient  to  his  will,  or  eife  he  againft  whom  this  army  is  prepar- 
ed. So  Vitellius  truly  retired  to  Antioch  ;  but  Agrippa  the 
fon  of  Ariftobulus,  went  up  to  Rome  a  year  before  the  death 
of  Tiberius,  in  order  to  treat  oi  fome  affairs  with  the  emperor, 
if  he  might  be  permitted  fo  to  do.  1  have  now  a  mind  to  de(- 
cribe  Herod  and  his  family,  how  it  fared  with  them,  partly 
becaufe  it  is  fuitable  to  this  hiftory,  to  fpeak  of  that  matter, 
and  partly  becaufe  this  thing  is  a  demonftration  ot  the  inter- 
pofition  of  providence,  how  a  multitude  of  children  is  o!  no 
advantage,  no  more  than  any  other  flrength  that  mankind  fet 
their  hearts  upon,  be  fides  thofe  afts  of  piety  which  are  done 
towards  God  :  For  it  happened,  that,  within  the  revolution  of 
an  hundred  years,  the  pofterity  of  Herod,  which  were  a  great 
many  in  number,  were,  excepting  a  tew,  utterly  deittoyed*. 
One  may  well  apply  this  tor  the  inftruclion  of  mankind. 
learn  thence  how  unhappy  they  were  ;  it  will  alfo  fhew  us  the 
hiftory  ot  Agrippa,  who,  as  he  was  a  perfon  molt  worthy  of 
admiration,  to  was  he  from  a  private  man,  beyond  all  the  ex- 
peaation  ot  thofe  that  knew  him,  advanced  to  great  power  and 
authority.  I  have  faid  fomething  ot  them  formerly,  but  I 
{hall  nciw  alfo  fpeak  accurately  about  them. 

4.  Herod  the  Great  had  two  daughters  by  Mariamnc  the 
[grand]  daughter  ot  Hyrcanus  ;  the  one  was  Salampfio,  who 
was  married  to  Phafaelus  her  firlt  coufin,  who  was  himfeit  the 
fnn  of  Phafaelus,  Herod's  brother,  her  father  making  the  matrh; 
the  other  was  Cyprus  who  was  herielf  married  al(o  to  her  fir  ft 
coufin  Antipater,  the  fon  of  Salome,  Herod's  fifter.  Phafaelus 
had  five  children  by  Salampfio,  Antipater,  Herod,  and  Alexan- 
der, and  two  daughters,,  Alexandra,  and  Cypros,  which  laft  A- 
grippa,  the  fon  ot  Ariftobulus,  married,  and  Timius  of  Cyprus 
married  Alexandra;  he  was  a  man  of  note,  but  had  by  her  no 
children.  Agrippa  had  by  Cypros  two  fons,  and  three  daugh- 
ters, which  daughters  was  named  Bernice,  Mariamne,  and  Dru- 
filla;  but  the  names  of  the  fons  were  Agrippa,  and  Drufus,  of 
which  Drufus  died  before  he  came  to  the  years  of  puberty  ;  but 
their  father  Agrippa  was  brought  up  with  his  other  brethren, 
Herod  and  Ariftobulus,  tor  thefe  were  alfo  the  fons  ot  the  (on 
of  Herod  the  Great,  by  Bernice  ;  but  Bernice  was  the  daughter 
of  Coitobarus  and  ot  Salome,  who  was  Herod's  fifter.  Arifto- 
bulus lett  thefe  infants,  when  he  was  flain  by  his  lather,  togeth- 

*  Whether  this  {udders  extinction  of  almoft  the  entire  lineage  of  Herod  the  Great, 
•which  was  very  numerous,  as  we  are  both  here  and  in  the  next  (eftion,  infoimed, 
•was  not  in  part  as  a  punifhment  for  the  grofs  incefls  they  were  frequently  guilty  of, 
in  marrying  their  own  nephews  and  nice  s,  well  de'erves  to  be  confidercd.  Sec 
^evit,  xviii.  6,  7.  xxi,  id.  And  Noldiusj  De  Herod,  No.  269,  270. 


Chap.   V.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  34$ 

er  with  his  brother  Alexander,  as  we  have  already  related. 
But  when  they  were  arrived  at  years  of  puberty,  this  Herod,  the 
brother  of  Agrippa,  married  Mariamne,  the  daughter  of  Olym- 
pias,  who  was  the  daughter  of  Herod  the  king,  and  of  Jofeph, 
the  fon  of  Jofeph  who  was  brother  to  Herod  the  king,  and  had 
by  her  a  fon,  Ariftobulus  ;  but  Ariftobulus,  the  third  brother 
ot  Agrippa,  married  Jotape,  the  daughter  of  Sampfigeramus. 
king  ot  Emefa*  ;  they  had  a  daughter  who  was  deaf,  whofe 
name  alfo  was  Jotape;  andthefe  hitherto  were  the  children  of 
the  male-line.  But  Herodias,  their  fifter,  was  married  to  Her- 
od [PhilipJ  the  fon  of  Herod  the  Great,  who  was  born  of  Ma- 
riamne, the  daughter  ot  Simon  the  high-prieft,  who  had  a  daugh- 
ter Salome  ;  after  whofe  birth  Herodias  took  upon  her  to  con- 
found the  laws  of  our  country,  and  divorced  herfelf  from  her 
hufband  while  he  was  alive,  and  was  married  to  Herod  f  Anti- 
pas, J  her  hufband's  brother  by  the  father's  fide  ;  he  was  tetrarch 
ot  Galilee;  hut  her  daughter  Salome  was  married  to  Philip,  the 
fon  of  Herod,  and  tetrarch  of  Trachonitis,  and  as  he  died  child- 
lefs,  Ariftobulus,  the  fon  ot  Herod,  the  brother  ot  Agrippa, 
married  her  ;  they  had  three  fons,  Herod,  Agrippa,  and  Arifto- 
bulus, and  this  was  the  pofterity  of  Phafaelus,  and  Salampfio. 
But  the  daughter  otAntipater  by  Cypros,  was  Uypros.  whom 
Alexis  Selcias,  the  fon  ot  Alexas,  married  ;  they  had  a  daugh- 
ter, Cypros  ;  but  Herod  and  Alexander,  who,  as  we  told  you, 
were  the  brothers  ot  Antipater,  died  childlefs.  As  ro  Alexan- 
der, the  fon  ot  Herod  the  king,  who  was  (lain  by  his  father,  he 
had  two  fons,  Alexander  andTigranes,  by  the  daughter  of  Ar- 
chelaus  king  of  Cappadocia  ;  Tigtanes-  who  was  king  of  Arme- 
nia.wasaccufed  atRome,  &  died  childlefs :  Alexander  had  a  fonof 
the  fame  name  with  his  brother  Tigranes,  and  was  fent  to  take 
pofleflion  of  the  kingdom  ot  Armenia  by  Nero  :  He  had  a  ion, 
Alexander,  who  married  Jotape,  t  the  daughter  of  Antiochus, 
the  king  ot  Commagena  ;  Vefpafian  made  him  king  of  an  ifl- 
andin  Cicilia.  But  thefe  defcendants  of  Alexander,  foon  af- 
ter their  birth,  deferted  the  Jewilh  religion,  and  went  o- 
verto  that  of  the  Greeks  ;  but  for  the  relt  of  the  daughters  of: 
Herod  the  king,  it  happened  that  they  died  childlefs.  And  as 
thele  defcendants  of  Herod,  whom  we  have  enumerated,  were 
in  being  at  the  fame  time  that  Agrippa  the  Great  took  the 
kingdom,  and  I  have  no.wgiven  an  account  ot  them  it  remains 
that  I  relate  the  feveral  hard  fortunes  which  betel  Agrippa, 
and  how  he  got  clear  of  them,  and  was  advanced  to  the  great, 
eft  height  ot  dignity  and  power. 

*  There  are  coins  ftill  extent  ofthii  Err.efs,  as  Spanheim  informs  us. 
+  Spanheim  allo  informs  ui  of  a  coin  dill  extant  of   this  Jotape,  daughter  of  the 
kin    of  Cominatnj, 


35©  ANTIQUITIES    OF   THE   JEWS.     [Book  XVIII, 


CHAP.    VI. 

Of  the  Navigation  of  King  Agrippa  to  Rome,  to  Tiberius  Cafar  ; 
and  how,  upon  his  bting  accujed  by  his  own  Jreed-man,  he 
was  bound :  How  alfo  he  was  fet  at  liberty  by  Caius,  after 
Tiberius' s  death,  and  was  made  king  of  thetetrarchy  of  Phil- 
ip. 

§  I.  A  LITTLE  before  the  death  of  Herod  the  king,  A- 
-*V  grippa  lived  at  Rome,  and  was  generally  brought 
up  and  converfed  with  Drufus,  the  emperor  Tiberius's  fon, 
and  contracted  a  friendfhip  with  Antionia,  the  wife  ot  Dru- 
fus the  Great,  who  had  his  mother  Bernice  in  great  ef1  cm, 
and  was  very  defirous  of  advancing  her  ion.  Now  ?«  Agiip- 
pa  was  by  nature  magnanimous  and  generous  in  the  prefents 
he  made,  while  his  mother  was  alive,  this  inclination  of  his 
mind  did  not  appear,  that  he  might  be  able  to  avoid  her  anger 
for  fuch  his  extravagance  ;  but  when  Bernice  was  dead,  and 
he  was  left  to  his  own  conduct,  he  fpent  a  great  deal  extrava- 
gamly  in  his  daily  way  of  living,  and  a  great  deal  in  the  im- 
moderate prefents  he  made,  and  thofe  chiefly  among  Caefar'j 
freed-men,  in  order  to  gain  their  afliltance,  infomuch  that  he 
•was  in  a  little  time  reduced  to  poverty  ,  and  could  not  live  at 
Rome  any  longer.  Tiberius  alfo  forbade  the  friends  ot'  his, 
deceafed  fon  to  come  into  his  fight  becaufe  on  feeing  them  he 
fhould  be  put  in  m;nd  of  his  fon,  and  his  grief  would  thereby 
be  revived. 

2.  For  thefe  reafons  he  went  awsy  from  Rome,  and  failed 
to  Judea,  hut  in  evil  circumftances,  being  dejected  with  the 
lofs  of  that  money,  which  ho  once  had,  and  becaufe  he  had 
not  wherewithal  to  pay  his  creditors,  who  were  many  in  num- 
ber, and  fuchasgave  himnoroom  forefcaping  them.  Where-, 
upon  he  knew  not  what  to  do  ;  fo,  tor  (name  of  his  preient 
condition,  he  retired  to  a  certain  tower,  at  Malatha,  in  Idu- 
mea,  and  had  thoughts  of  killing  himfelf  ;  but  his  wile  Cy- 
pros  perceived  his  intentions,  and  tried  all  forts  of  methods 
to  divert  him  from  his  taking  fuch  a  courfe  :  So  (he  fent  a  let- 
ter to  his  fifter  Herodias,  who  was  now  the  wile  of  Herod  the 
tetrarch,  and  let  her  know  Agrippa's  prefent  defign,  and  what 
neceflity  it  was  which  drove  him  thereto,  and  deiired  her  as  a 
kinfwoman  of  his,  to  give  him  her  help,  and  to  engage  her 
hufband  to  do  the  lame,  iince  me  faw  how  Ihe  allevi- 
ated thefe  her  huibands  troubles  all  (he  could,  although 
flie  had  not  the  like  wealth  to  do  it  withal.  So  they  fent  him, 
and  allotted  him  Tiberias  for  his  habitation,  and  appointed 
him  fome  income  of  money  for  his  maintenance,  and  made 
him  a  magiitrate  of  that  city,  by  way  ot  honour  to  him.  Yet 
did  not  Herod  long  continue  in  that  refolution  of  fupportjng 
him,  though  even  that  fupport  was  riot  iufficieut  for  him  ;  tor 


Chap.   VI.]      ANTFQUITISS    ©F    TH£  JEWS.  35; 

as  once  they  were  at  a  feaft  at  Tyre,  and  in  their  cups,  and 
reproaches  were  call  upon  one  another,  Agrippa  thought  that 
was  not  to  be  borne,  while  Herod  hit  him  in  the  teeth  with 
his  poverty,  and  with  his  owing  his  neceflary  iood  to  him. 
bo  he  went  to  FJaccus,  one  that  had  been  conful.and  had  been 
a  very  great  friend  to  him  at  Rome  formerly,  and  was  now 
prefident  of  Syria. 

3.  Hereupon  Flaecusreceived  him  kindly,  and  helivedwith 
nun.     Flaccus  had  alfo  with  him  there  Ariftobulus,  who   was 
indeed   Agrippa's  brother,  but  was  at  variance  with  him  ;  yet 
did  not  their  enmity  to  one   another  hinder  the  friendfhip  of 
Flaccus  to  them  both,  but  {till  they  were  honourably  treated 
by  him.    However,  Ariftobulus  did  not  abate  of   his  ill-will  to 
Agrippa,  till  at  length  he  brought   him   into   ill   terms  with 
Flaccus  :  The  occdfion  ot  bringing  on  which  eftrangemfnt  was 
this  :  The  Damafcens  were  at  difference  with  the   Sidonians 
about  thew:  limits,  and  when  Flaccus  was   abouT  to  hear  the 
caufe  between  them,  they  underilood  that  agrippahada  migh- 
ty influence  upon  him  ;  fo  they    defired  that  he  woul'd  be  of 
their  fide,  and  for  that  favour  promifed  him   a  great  deal   of 
money  ;  fo  he  was  zealous  in  affifting  the  Damafeens  as  far  as 
he  was  able.     Now  Ariftobulus  had  gotten  intelligence  of  this 
promife  of  money  to  him,  and  accufed  him  to  Flaccus  of  the 
fame  ;  and  when    upon  a  thorough  examination  of  the  matter, 
it  appeared  plainly  fo  to  be,  he  rejected  Agrippa  out  ot   the 
number  of  his  friends.     So  he  was  reduced  to  the  atmoft  ne- 
ceffity,  and   came  to  Ptolemais  ;  and   becaule  he  knew  not 
where  elfe  to  get  a  livelihood,  he  thought  to  fail  to  Italy  ;  but 
as  he  was  reftrained  from  fo  doiny  by  want  ot  money,  he  de- 
fired  Marfy  as,  who  was  his  freed  man,  to   find  fome   method 
for  procuring  him  fo  much  as  he  wanted  tor  that  purpofe,  by 
borrowing  filch  a  fum  of  fome  perfon  or  other.     So  Marfyas 
defired  of  Peter,  who  was  the  freed  man  ol  Bcrnicc,  Agrippa's 
mother,  and  by  the  right  of  her  teftament  was  bequeathed  to 
Antonia,  to  lend  fo  much  upon  Agrippa's  own  bond   and  fe- 
eurity  ;  but  he  accufed  Agrippa  of  having  defrauded  him  of 
certain  fums  of  money,  and  fo  obliged  Maifyas.  when  he  made 
the  bond  oi  2O,oeo  Attic  drachmae,  to  accept  of  2500  drachmae 
*  lefs   than    what    he   defired,  which  the   other   allowed  of, 
becaufe  he  could  not  help  it.     Upon  the   receipt  ot  this  mon- 
ey, Agrippa  came  to  Anthedon,  and  took  (hipping,  and  was 
going  to  let  fail ;  but  Herennius  Capito,  who  was  the  procu- 
rator of  Jamnia,  fent  a  band   of  foldiers   to   demand  of  him 
300,000  drachmas  of  filver.  which  were  by  him  owing  to  Ca;- 
iar's  treafiuy  while  he   was  at  Rome,  and  fo  forced  him  to 
Itay.     He  then  pretended  that  he  would  do  as  he  bid  him  ;  but 

*  Spanheim  ehferves,  .that  we  have  here  an  inRance  of  the  Attic  quantity  of  ufe 
money,  which  was  the  eighth  part  of  the  original  i'uni,  or  12  and  an  half  per  ({ Kt. 
/or  fuch  U  the  propsrlion  of  2500  to  20,00-?. 


352  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.     [Book  XVlIl, 

when  night  came  on,  he  cut  his  cables,  and  went  off, 
and  failed  to  Alexandria,  where  he  defired  Alexander  the  Al- 
abarch  *  to  lend  him  200,000  drachmas  ;  but  he  fair!  he  would 
not  lend  it  to  him,  but  would  not  retufe-it  to  Cypros,  as  great- 
ly aftonifhed  at  her  affeftion  to  her  hufband,  and  at  the  other 
inftances  of  her  virtue,  fo  ihe  undertook  to  repay  it.  Accor- 
dingly Alexander  paid  them  five  talents  at  Alexandria,  and 
promifed  to  pay  him  the  reft  of  that  fum  at  Dicearchia  [" Put- 
colij  ;  and  this  he  did  out  of  the  fear  he  was  in  fhat  Agrippa. 
•would  foon  fpend  it.  So  this  Cypros  fet  her  hufband  free, 
and  difraiffed  him  to  go  on  with  his  navigation  to  Italy  while 
Ihe  and  her  children  departed  lor  Judea. 

4.  And  now  Agrippa  was  come  to  Puteoli,  whence  he 
"wrote  a  letter  to  Tiberius  Caefar,  who  then  lived  at  Ciiprece, 
and  told  him,  that  he  was  come  lo  far  in  order  to  wait  on  him, 
and  to  pay  him  avifit;  and  defired  that  he  would  give  him' 
3eave  to  come  over  to  Capreae  ;  fo  Tiberius  made  no  difficulty, 
but  wrote  to  him  in  an  obliging  way  in  other  refpe.'is,  and; 
•withal  told  him,  he  was  glad  ol  his  fafe  return,  and  dt- fired 
him  to  come  to  Capreze  ;  and  when  he  was  come,  he  (}•. 
fail  to  treat  him  as  kindly  as  he  had  promifed  him  in  his 
to  do.  But  the  next  day  come  a  letter  to  Csefar  from  Ker- 
ennius  Capito  to  inform  him,  that  Agrippa  had  borrowed  300,- 
ooo  drachrruc,  and  not  paid  it  at  the  time  appointed  ;  but,  when 
it  was  demanded  ot  him,  he  ran  aWay  like  a  fugitive,  out  of 
the  places  under  his  government,  and  put  it  out  of  his  power 
to  get  the  money  ot  him.  When  Caefar  had  read  this  letter, 
lie  was  much  troubled  at  it,  and  gave  order  that  Agrippa 
ihould  be  excluded  from  his  prefence,  until  he  had  paid  that 
debt:  Upon  which  he  was  noway  daunted  at  Caefar's  anger, 
but  entreated  Antonia,  the  mother  of  Germanicus,  and  of 
Claudius,  who  was  afterward  Csefar  himfelt,  to  lend  him  thofe 
300  ooo  drachma?,  that  he  might  not  be  deprived  of  Tiberius's 
triendfhip  ;  fo,  out  of  regard  to  the  memory  of  Bernice  his 
mother,  (for  thofe  two  women  were  very  tamiliar  with  one  a- 
notherj.  and  outot  regard  to  his  and  Claudius's  education  to- 
gether, fhe  lent  him  the  money  ;  and,  upon  the  payment  of 
this  debt,  there  was  nothing  to  hinder  Tiberius's  friendfhip  to 
him.  After  this,  Tiberius  Ccefar  recommended  to  him  hi» 
grandfon  t,  and  ordered  that  he  Ihould  always  accompany 
him  when  he  went  abroad.  But  upon  Agrippa's  kind  recep- 
tion by  Antonfa,  he  betook  himfelttopay  his  refpefls  to  Caius, 
who  was  her  grandfon.  and  in  very  high  reputation  by  reafon 
of  the  good  will  they  bare  iiis  lather  +.  Nov.'  there  was  one 
Thallus,  a  frccd  man  of  Ccefar,  of  whom  he  borrowed  a  mil- 
lion of  drachmae,  and  thence  repaid  Antonia  the  debt  he  owed 
her  ;  and  by  fending  the  overplus  in  paying  his  court  to  Cai- 
ns, became  a  perlon  of  great  authority  with  him. 

*  The  Governor  of  the  Jews  there. 

t   Tiber!1.'.;     uuivr.  !    <••  '•• 


Chap.   VI.]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  353 

5.  Now,  as  the  friendfhip  which  Agrippa  had  for  Caius  was 
come  to  a  great  height,  there  happened  fome  words  to  pafs  be- 
tween them,  as  they  once  were  in  a  chariot  together,  concern- 
ing Tiberius  ;  Agrippa  praying  [to  GodJ,  (tor  they  two  fat 
by  themielves),  that  "  Tiberius  might  foon  go  off  the  ftage, 
and  Lave  the  government  to  Caius,  who  was  in  every  refpett 
more  worthy  of  it."  Now  Eutychus,  who  was  Agrippa's 
freed  man,  and  drove  his  chariot,  heard  thefe  words,  and  at 
that  time  laid  nothing  of  them;  but  when  Agrippa  accufed 
him  of  Healing  fome  garments  of  his,  (which  was  certainly 
true),  he  ran  away  from  him  ;  but  when  he  was  caught,  and 
brought  before  Pifo,  who  was  governor  of  the  city,  and  the 
man  was  afkdjl  why  he  ran  away  ?  he  replied,  that  he  had 
fome  what  to  fay  to  Caefar,  that  tended  to  hislecurity  and  prcf- 
ervation  :  So  Pifo  bound  him,  and  lent  him  to  Capreae.  But 
Tiberius,  according  to  his  ufual  cuftom,  kept  him  (till  in 
bonds,  being  a  delayer  of  affairs,  if  there  ever  was  any  other 
king  or  tyrant  that  was  fo  ;  for  he  did  not  admit  amballadors 
quickly,  and  no  lucceflbrs  were  difpatched  away  to  governors 
or  procurators  of  the  provinces,  that  had  been  formerly  lent, 
unlefs  they  were  dead  ;  whence  it  was,  that  he  was  (o  negli- 
gent in  hearing  the  caufes  of  prifoners  ;  infomuch,  that  when 
lie  was  afked  by  his  friends,  what  was  the  reafon  of  his  delay 
in  fuch  cafes  ?  He  laid,  That  "  he  delayed  to  hear  ambaffa- 
dors,  left,  upon  their  quick  difmiffion,  other  ambaffadors 
fhould  be  appointed,  and  return  upon  him  ;  and  fo  he  Ihould 
bring  trouble  upon  himfelf  in  their  public  reception  and  dif- 
miilion  :  That  he  permitted  thofe  governors,  who  had  been 
fen t  once  to  their  governments  |  to  ftay  there  a  great  whilej, 
out  of  regard  to  the  fubjetts  that  were  under  them  ;  for  that 
all  governors  are  naturally  difpofed  to  get  as  much  as  the\r 
can,  and  that  thofe  who  are  not  to  fix  there,  but  to  Hay  a  Ui on- 
time,  and  that  at  an  uncertainty,  when  they  fhall  be  turned 
out,  do  the  more  feverely  hurry  themfelves  on  to  fleece  the 
people  ;  but  that,  if  their  government  be  long  continued  to 
them,  they  are  at  laft  fatiatcd  with  the  fpoils,  as  having  gof.ten 
a  vaftdeal,  and  fo  become  at  length  lets  (harp  in  their  pillag- 
ing ;  but  that,  if 'fucceflbrs  are  fent  quickly,  the  poor  fubjecis, 
who  are  expofed  to  them  as  a  prey,  will  not  be  able  to  bear  the 
new  ones,  while  they  ihall  not  have  the  fame  time  allowed 
them,  wherein  their  predeceffors  had  filled  themielves,  and  Jo 
grew  more  unconcerned  about  getting  more  ;  and  this  becauiJt 
they  are  removed  before  they  have  had  time  [lor  their  opprcf-1 
fionsj.  He  gave  them  an  example  to  (hew  his  meaning:  A 
great  number  of  flies  came  about  the  fore  places  of  a  man  that 
had  been  wounded  ;  upon  which  one  of  the  itanders-by  pitied 
the  man's  misfortune,  and,  thinking  he  was  not  able  to  drive 
thofe  flies  away  himfelf,  was  going  to  drive  them  away  for 
him  ;  but  he  prayed  him  to  let  them  alone  :  The  other,  by  way 
of  reply,  aiked  him  the  reafon  of  fuch  aurepofterousproceed- 

VOL.  II,  W  w 


354  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.      [Book  XVII!^ 

ing,  in  preventing  relief  from  his  prefent  mifery  ;  to  which 
he  anhvered,  II  them  drivelt  thefe  flies  away,  thou  wilt  hurt 
me  \vorfe  ;  for,  as  thefe  are  already  full  of  my  blood,  they  do 
not  crowd  about  me,  nor  pain  me  fo  much  as  before,  hut  are 
fornetimes  more  rernifs,  while  the  frefh  ones  that  come  almoft 
famifhed,  and  find  me  quite  tired  down  already,  will  be  my 
definition.  For  this  caufe,  therefore,  it  is,  that  I  arn  myfelf 
careful  not  to  fend  fuch  new  governors  perpetually  to  thofc 
my  fubjecis,  who  are  already  fufficiently  harraffed  by  many 
opprefftons,  as  may,  like  thefe  flies,  farther  diftrefs  them  ;  and 
fo,  befides  their  natural  defire  ot  gain,  may  have  this  addi- 
tional incitement  to  it,  that  they  expeft  to  be  fuddenly  de- 
prived of  that  pleafure  which  they  take  in  it."^pAnd  as  a  far- 
ther alteration  to  what  1  fay  of  the  dilatory  nature  of  Tiberius, 
I  appeal  to  this  his  piafclice  itfelt ;  for,  although  he  were  em- 
peror twenty-two  years,  he  fent  in  all  but  two  procurators  to- 
govern  the  nation  ot  the  Jews,  Gratus,  and  his  fucceflor  in  the 
government,  Pilate.  Nor  was  he  in  one  way  oi  acting  with 
refpeft  to  the  Jews,  and  in  another  with  reipeft  to  the  reft  ot 
his  fubjefts.  He  farther  informed  them  that  even  in  the  hear- 
ing ot  the  caufes  ot  prilbners, he  made  fuch  delays,  "  becaufe 
immediate  death  to  thofe  that  mull  be  condemned  to  die,. 
would  be  an  alleviation  of  their  prefent  miseries,  while  thofe 
wicked  wretches  have  not  deferved  any  fuch  favour  ;  but  I  do 
it,  that,  by  being _ harraffed  with  the  prefent  calamity,  they  may 
undergo  greater  mifery." 

6.  On  this  account  it  was,  that  Eutychus  could  not  obtain 
an  hearing,  but  was  kept  llill  in  prifon.  However,  fornetime 
afterward,  Tiberius  came  from  Capre;eto  Tu'culanum,  which, 
is  about  an  hundred  furlongs  from  Rome.  Agrippa  then  de- 
fired  ot  Antonia,  that  fhe  would  procure  an  hearing  for  Euty- 
chus, let  the  matter  whereof  he  acculed  him  prove  what  it 
wouid.  Now  Antonia  was  greatly  efteemed  by  Tiberius  on 
all  accounts,  from  the  dignity  ot  her  relation  to  him,  who 
had  been  his  brother  Darius's  wife,  and  for  her  eminent  chaf- 
iity  *  ;  for  though  (he  were  iiill  a  young  woman,  flie  contin- 

*  This  high  commendation  of  Antonia  for  marrying   but  once,  given  here,  and 

:,  Antiq    B.  XVII.  ch.  xiii.  iecr.  4.  Vol    II.  and  this  notw.h- 

:!rongeft  temptations,  [hews  how    honourable   finglc  marriages   were 

berth  among  the  Jews  and  Romans,  in  the  days  of   Jofephus   and  or  the  apofties, 

and  tljs.cs  away  much  ot  that  iurprife  which  the  modern   Protefta;  ts  have  at  tliole 

laws  of  the  apolilrs,  where  no  widows,  but  thole  who  had  been  the  wives  of  one 

only,  arc  taken  into  the  church  lift,  and  no  bifhops,  priells,  or  deacons,  are 

allowed  to  inarry  more  than  once,  without   leaving  off  to   officiate  as  clergymen 

any  longer.     .l  36.  i  Tim.    v.  11,  12.  iii.  2.    12.  Tit.  i     10.  ConiHtut. 

i,  2.    B   VI.  fcft.  17.    Can  B.  A'VIl.  Grot,  in  Luc.    ii.  36. 

a, id  Refpontad  Coniult  Caffand   p.  44.  and  Cotelet.  in  Conftitut.  B    VI.  feft.  17. 

And  note,  that  T-rtu!!:,an  owns  this  law,  againft  fecond  marriages  of  thecle^gy,  had 

::•:«  at  leaft  executed  in  his  time;  and  heavily  complains  el  lew  here,  that  the 

breach  thereof  hnd  not  been  always  punifhed  by  the'  Catholics,  as   it  ought  to  have 

been;  jerom,  fpeaking  of  the  ill  reputation  ot  marrying  twice,  fays,  That  no  fuch- 

pcrlon  C'tuld  bechofen  into  the  cleagy  in  his  days ;  which  Auguftine  teiufiesalfo  ; 


Chap.  VI.]        ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE   JEWS.  355 

rr  widowhood,  and  refufed  all  other  matches,  although 
at  us  bad  enjoined  her  to  be  married  to  fome  body  elfe  : 
Yet  did  (he  all  along  preferve  her  reputation  free  from  re- 
cii.  She-had  alfo  been  the  greateft  benefaftrefs  to  Tibe- 
ru.s,  when  there  was  a  very  dangerous  plot  laid*againft  him. 
by  Sejanus,  a  man  who  had  been  her  hufband's  friend,  and 
who  had  the  greateft  authority,  becaufe  he  was  general  of  the 
army  and  when  many  members  of  the  fenate,  and  many  of 
the  freed -men  joined  with  him,  and  the  foldiery  was  corrupt- 
ed, and  the  plot  was  come  to  a  great  height.  Now  Sejanus 
•rtainly  gained  his  point,  had  not  Antonia's  boldnefs 
e  wifely  conduced  than  Sejanus's  malice  j  for,  when 
ill:-  iidd  difcovered  his  deligns  againft  Tiberius,  fhe  wrote  him 
a •!  .jxa,;t  account  of  the  whole,  and  gave  the  letter  to  Pallas, 
the  moil  jaithful  of  her  iervants,  and  fent  him  to  Capreae  to 
Tiberius,  who,  when  he  underftood  it,  flew  Sejanus  and  his 
confederates  ;  fo  that  Tiberius,  who  had  her  in  great  efteem 
berore,  now  looked  upon  her  with  flill  greater  refpecr,  and 
,'d  upon  her  in  all  things.  So,  when  Tiberius  was  de- 
firea  by  this  Antonia  to  examine  Eutychus,  he  anfwered,  "  If 
1  Eutychus  hath  talfely  acculed  Agrippain  what  he  hath 
fan!  of  him  he  hath  had  fufficient  punifhtnent  by  what  I  have 
done  to  him  already  ;  but  if,  upon  examination,  the  accufa- 
tion  appears  to  be  true,  let  Agrippa  have  a  care,  leit,  out  of 
defire  of  punifhing  his  freed-man,  he  do  not  rather  bring  a 
unent  upon  himfelf."  Now  when  Antonia  told  Agrippa 
,  he  was  {Jill  much  more  preffing  that  the  matter  might 
be  examined  into  ;  fo  Antonia,  upon  Agrippa's  lying  hard  at 
her  conunually  to  beg  this  favour,  took  the  following  oppor- 
tunity :  As  Tiberius  once  lay  at  his  eafe  upon  his  fedan,  and 
was  earned  about  and  Cams  her  grandfon  and  Agrippa  were 
belore  him  after  dinner,  fhe  walked  by  the  fedan,  and  defired 
him  to  call  Eutychus,  and  have  him  examined  ;  to  which  he 
replied,  "  O  Antonia,  the  gods  are  my  witneffes,  that  I  ani 
induced  to  do  what  I  am  going  to  do,  not  by  my  own  inclina- 
ti-m,  but  becaufe  I  am  forced  to  it  by  thy  prayers."  When 
he  uad.faid  this,  he  ordered  Marco,  who  fucceeded  Sejanus, 
to  bring  Eutych.Hs  to  him  ;  accordingly,  without  any  delay, 
he  was  brought.  Then  Tiberius  afked  him,  what  he  had  to 
Isy  agiinft  a  man  who  had  given  him  his  liberty  ?  Upon  which 
he  faid,  "  O  my  lord,  this  Cains,  and  Agrippa  with  him, 
were  once  riding  in  a  chariot,  when  i  fat  at  their  feet,  and  a- 
mong  other  difcourfes  that  paffed,  Agrippa  faid  to  Caius,  O 
that  the  day  would  once  come,  when  this  old  fellow  will  die, 
and  name  thee  for  the  governor  of  the  habitable  earth ! 
for  then  this  Tiberius,  his  grand-Ion,  would  b  no  hindrance, 

and  for  Epiphanius,  rather  earlier,  he  is  clear  and  full  to  the  fame  purpofc,  and 
lays,  thatlaw  obtained  over  the  whole  Catholic  Church  in  hi;  days ;  as  the  places 
in  the  forecited  authors  inform  us. 


35&  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.     [Book  XVIII. 

but  would  be  taken  off  by  thee,  and  that  earth  would  be  happy, 
and  I  happy  alfo."     Now  Tiberius  took  thefe   to   be  truly 
Agrippa's  words,  and  bearing   a   grudge  withal  at   Agrippa, 
bccau'e  when  he  had  commanded  him  to  pay  his  refpefts   to 
Tiberius,  his  grandfon,  and  the  ion  of  Darius,  Agrippa  had 
not  paid  him  that  refpe6l.   but  had  difobeyed   his   commands, 
and  transferred  all  their  regard  to  Caius  ;   he  faid  to   Macro, 
''  Bind  this  man."     But  Macro  notdiflinfclly  knowing  which 
ot  them  it  was  whom  he  bid  him  bind,  and  not  cxpedting  that 
he  would  have  any  fuch  thing  done  to  Agrippa,  he   iorbore, 
and   came  to  afk  more  diitinctly    what  it  was   that   he   faid  ? 
But  when  Caefar  had  gone  round  the  hippodrome,   he   found 
Agripru  (landing  :  "  For  certain,"   faid  he,  "  Macro,    this  is 
the  man  I  meant  to  have  bound  :"  And    when   he  flill   afked, 
"T Which  of  thefe  is   to  be   bound  ?"   he   laid,  "  Agrippa." 
Upon  which  Agrippa  betook  himfelf  to   make   fupplication 
for  himfelf.  putting  him  in  mind  of  his  fon,   with  whom  he 
was  brought  up,  and  of  Tiberius  [his  grandfon]  whom  he  had 
educated  :  But  all  to  no  purpofe  ;    for   they    led   him   about 
bound  even  in  his  purple   garments.     It  was  alfo  very    hot 
weather,  and  they  had  but  little  wine  to  their   meal ;    fo  that 
he  was  very  thirlly  :  He  was  alfo  in  a  fort  of  agony,  and  took 
this  treatment  of  him  heinoufly,   as  he  therefore    law  one   of 
Caius's  Haves,  whofe  name  was   Thaumajlus.    carrying  loinc 
water  in  a  veflel,  he  defired  that  he  would  let  him   drink  ;  fo 
the  fervant  gave  him  fome  water  to  drink,  and  he  drank  heart- 
ily, and  faid,  "  O  thou  boy,  this  lervice  ot  thine  to  me  will 
be  for  thy  advantage  ;    for,    if  I  once  get  clear  of  thefe   my 
bonds,  1  will  foon  procure  thee  thy  freedom  of  Caius,  who  has 
not  been  wanting  to  rninifter  to  me  now  I   am  in  bonds,  in  the 
fame  manner  as  when  I  was  in  my  former  ftate  and  dignity." 
Nor  did  he  deceive  him  in  what  he  promifed   him,    but  made 
him  amends  for  what  he  had  now  done  ;  for,  when  afterward 
Agrippa  was  come  to  the  kingdom,  he  took  particular  care  of 
Thaumaftus    and  got  him  his  liberty   from  Caius,   and  made 
him  the  fteward  over  his  own  eftate  ;  and,  when  he  died,  he 
left  him  to  Agrippa  his  fon    and  to  Bernice   his   daughter,  to 
miniffer  to  them  in  the  fame   capacity.     The   man  alfo  grew 
old  in  that  honourable  poll,  and  therein  died.     But  all   this 
happened  a  good  while  later. 

7.  Now  Agrippa  Hood  in  his  bonds  before  the  royal  palace, 
and  leaned  on  a  certain  tree  for  grief,  with  many  others  who 
were  in  bonds  alfo  ;  and  as  a  certain  bird  fat  upon  the  tree  on 
which  Agrippa  leaned  (the  Romans  call  this  bndltubo),  [an  owlj, 
one  ot  .thofe  that  were  bound,  a  German  by  nation,  law  him, 
and  afked  a  foldier  what  that  man  in  purple  was  ?  And  when  he 
was  informed  that  his  name  was  Agrippa,  and  thai  he  was  by 
pation  a  Jew,  and  one  of  the  principal  men  of  that  nation,  he 


Chap.  VI.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  357 

afked  leave  of  the  foldrer  to  whom  he  was  bound  *,  to  let  him 
come  nearer  to  him,  to  fpea.k  with  him  ;  tor  that  he  had  a  mind 
to  enquire  of  him  about  fome  things  relating  to  his  country  ; 
which  liberty  when  he  had  obtained,  and  as  he  Hood  near  him, 
be  iaid  thus  to  him  by  an  interpreter,  That "  this  fudden  change 
of  thy  condition,  O  young  man,  is  grievous  to  thee,  as  bring- 
ing on  thee  a  manifold  and  very  great  adverfity  ;  nor  wilt 
thou  believe  me,  when  I  toretel  how  thou  wilt  get  clear  of 
this  mifery  which  thou  art  now  under,  and  how  divine  Prov- 
idence will  provide  tor  thee.  Know  therefore  (and  I  ap- 
peal to  my  own  country-gods,  as  well  as  to  the  gods  of  this 
place,  who  have  awarded  thefe  bonds  to  us),  that  all  1  am 
going  to  lay  about  thy  conceins,  ihall  neither  be  faid  for  fa- 
vour nor  bribery,  nor  out  of  an  endeavour  to  make  the  cheer- 
ful without  caufe  ;  for  fuch  predictions,  when  they  come  to 
fail,  make  the  grief  at  laff,  and  in  earneft,  more  bitter  than 
if  the  party  had  never  heard  of  any  fuch  thing.  However, 
though  1  run  the  hazard  of  my  own  felt,  I  think  it  fit  to  de- 
clare to  thee  the  prediction  vl  the  gods.  It  cannot  be  that 
thou  fhouldft  long  continue  in  thefe  bonds  ;  but  thou  wilt 
loon  be  delivered  from  them,  and  wilt  be  promoted  to  the 
higheft  dignity  and  power,  and  thou  wilt  be  envied  by  all 
thofe  who  now  pity  thy  hard  fortune  ;  and  thou  wilt  be  hap- 
py till  thy  death,  and  wilt  leave  that  thine  happinefs  to  the 
children  whom  thou  (halt  have.  But  do  thou  remember, 
when  thou  feelt  this  bird  again,  that  thou  wilt  then  live  but 
five  days  longer.  This  event  will  be  brought  to  pa's  by  that 
God  who  hath  fent  this  bird  hither  to  be  a  fign  unto  thee. 
And  I  cannot  but  think  it  unjutt  to  conceal  from  thee  what  I 
foreknew  concerning  thee,  that,  by  thy  knowing  beforehand 
what  happinefs  is  coining  upon  thee,  thou  mayeft  not  regard 
thy  prefent  misfortunes.  .But,  when  this  happineis  ihall  ac- 
tually befal  thee,  do  not  target  what  mi  f  cry  1  atn  in  my  felt", 
but  endeavour  to  deliver  me."  So,  when  the  German  had 
faid  this,  he  made  Agrippa  laugh  at  him  as  much  as  he  after- 
wards appeared  worthy  admiration.  But  now  Antonia  took 
Agrippa  s  misfortunes  to  heart ;  however,  to  fpeak  to  Tiberius 
on  Ins  behalf,  (he  took  to  be  a  very  difficult  thing,  and  indeed 
quite  impracticable,  as  to  any  hope  of  luccefs  :  Yet  did  Ihc 
procure  of  Macro,  that  the  iokliers  that  kept  him  mould  beot 
a  gentle  nature,  and  that  the  centurion  who  was  over  them,  and 
was  to  diet  with  him.  Ihould  be  of  the  fame  difpofition,  and 
that  he  might  have  leave  to  bathe  him  felt  every  day,  and  that 
bis  freed-men  and  friends  might  come  to  him,  and  that  other 
things  that  tended  to  cafe  him,  might  be  indulged  him.  So 
his  triend  Silas  came  in  to  him,  and  two  of  his  freed-men, 

*   Dr.  Hiidfon  hore  takes  notice,  out  of   Sebeca,   Epiftie    V.   that   this    was  tli-' 
cullom  of  Tiberius,  to  coap'cths  pril'iriei  and  the  ioldie;  ilia;  guarded  h.im  to^'j- 
.  the  fame  ci 


35$  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XVIII, 

Marfyras  and  Stechus,  brought  him  fuch  forts  of  food  as  he 
was  'otid  ot,  and  indeed  took  great  care  of  him;  they  alfo 
brought  him  garments,  under  pretence  of  felling  them,  and, 
when  night  came  on  they  laid  them  under  him  ;  and  the  fol- 
diersafliited  them,  as  Macro  had  given  them  order  to  do  be- 
forehand. And  this  was  Agrippa's  condition  lor  fix  months 
tim.'  and  in  this  cafe  were  his  affairs. 

8.  But   lor  Tiberius,  upon  ins  return  to   Capreas,  he  fell 
fick.     At  firft  his  diilemper  was  out  gentle  ;  but,  as  i.-.at  dif- 
temper  inaeafed  upon  him,  he  had  fmall  or  no  hopes  ot  re- 
covery.     Hereupon  he  hid  Euodus    who  was  that  treed-man 
whom  he  molt  ot  al!  refpecled,  to  bring  the  children* to 
for  that  he  wanted  10  talk  to  them  before  he  died.      Now   he 
had  at  prefent  no  fons  of  his  own  alive  ;  tc;  Drufus, 
his  only  fon,  was  dead  ;   but  Druius's   Ion  Tiberius 
living,  whole  additional  name  was  Gemellus  :  There  w  r 
living  Cains,  the  fon  ot  Gefmanicus,  wh  .  was  th^   lo  . 
his  brother  |  Drufus].     He  was  now  gro\vn  up,  and  had 
liberal  education,  and  was  well  improved  by  it,  and  was  .n 
efteem  and  favour  with  the  people  on  account  of  the  excel- 
lent ci  ara£ter  o^  his  father  Gerrntnicus,  who  had  attained  the 
higheft  honour  among  the"  multitude,  by   the  firmnefs  of  ins 
virtuous  behaviour,  by  the  eafinefs  and  agreeab.enefs  < 
converfing    with  the   multitude,  and  beca life  the  digru}  he 
was  in,  did  not  hinder  his  familiarity  with  them  all,  a   if 
were  his  equals  ;  by  which  behaviour  he  was  not  snl-y  greatly 
eftAmed  by  the  people  and  fenate,  but  by  every  one  ot  :'n   (e 
nations  that  were  funjeft  to  the  Romans  ,  fome  of  which 
affected,  when   they  came   to  him,   with  the  gracefuinels    of 
their  reception  by  him,  and  others   were  affected  in  the  fame 
manner  by  the  report  of  the  others  that  had  been  wi:  h  him  : 
And  upon  his  death  there  was  a  lamentation  made  oy  all  men  ; 
not  Inch  an  one  as  was  to  be  made  in  way  of  flattery  to  their 
rulers,  while  they  did  but  counterfeit  farrow,  but  fuch  as  was 
real  ;  while  every  body  grieved  at  his  death,  as  it  they  had 
loll  one  that  was  near  to  them.      And  truly  fuch  had  been  his 
eaiy  convcrfatioii  with  men,  that  it  turned  greatly  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  his  ton  among  all  ,  and,  among  others,  th, 
were  fo  peculiarly  afFe6led  to  him,  that  they   reckoned  it  an 
eligible  thing,  if  need  were,  to  die  themfelves,  if  he  might 
but  attain  to  the  government. 

9.  But  when  Tiberius  had  given  order  to  Euodus  io  bring 
the  children  to  him  the  next  clay  in  the  morning,  he  prayed  to 
his  country  gods  to  (hew  him  a  manifeft  fignal,  whichotthofe 
children  fhould  come  to  the  government ;  being  very  defirous 
to  leave  it  to  his  fon's  fon,  but  ftill  depending  upon  what  God 

*  Tibeiius  his  own  grandfon,  and  Caius  his  brother  Drufus's  grandfon. 
•f   So  I  correft  Jofephus's  copy,    •  hich  calls  Gennauicus  his  brother,  who  was 
his  brother's  fon. 


Chap.   VI.]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  359 

fhouH  forefhew  concerning  them,  more  than  upon  his  own 
opinion  and  inclination  ;  fo  he  made  this  to  be  the  omen,  that 
the  government  fhould  be  leit  to  him  who  fhould  come  to  him 
firft  the  next  day.  When  he  had  thus  refolved  within  himfelf, 
fie  Tent  to  his  grandfon's  tutor,  and  ordered  him  to  bring  the 
child  to  him  early  in  the  morning,  as  fuppofing  that  God 
would  permit  him  to  be  made  emperor.  But  God  proved  op- 
pofite  to  his  defignation  ;  for  while  Tiberius  was  thus  con- 
triving matters,  and  as  loon  as  it  was  at  all  day,  he  bid  Euo- 
dus  to  call  in  that  child  which  mould  be  there  ready.  So  he 
went  out,  and  found  Caius  before  the  door,  for  Tibe- 
rius was  not  yet  come,  but  flaid  waiting  for  his  breakieaft  ; 
for  Euodus  knew  nothing  of  what  his  lord  intended  ;  fo  he 
laid  to  Cains,  "  Thy  father  calls  thee,"  and  then  brought  him 
in.  As  foon  as  Tiberius  faw  Cains,  and  not  before,  he  re- 
fleBedon  the  power  of  God,  and  how  the  ability  of  beflowirig 
the  government  on  whom  he  would  was  entirely  taken  from 
him  ;  and  thence  he  was  not  able  to  eftablifh  what  he  had  in- 
tended. So  he  greatly  lamented  that  his  power  of  eftabiifti- 
ing  what  he  had  before  contrived«was  taken  from  him,  and 
that  his  grandfon  Tiberius  was  not  only  to  lole  the  Roman 
empire  by  his  fatality,  but  his  own  fafety  alfo,  becaufe  his 
prefervation  would  now  depend  upon  fuch  as  would  be  irore 
potent  than  himfelt,  who  would  think  it  a  thing  not  to  be  borne, 
that  a  kinfman  fhould  live  with  them,  and  fo  his  relation  would 
not  be  able  to  protect  him  :  But  he  would  be  feared  and  hated 
n  who  had  the  fupreme  authority,  partly  on  account  of 
his  being  next  to  the  empire,  and  partly  on  account  of  his 
perpetually  contriving  to  get  the  government,  both  in  order 
to  preserve  himfell,  and  to  he  at  the  head  of  affairs  alfo.  Now 
Tiberius  had  been  ,very  much  given  to  aftrology  *,  and  the 
calculation  of  nativities,  and  had  fpent  h:s  lite  in  the  efteera 
of  what  predictions  had  proved  true,  moie  than  thofe  \vhofe 
profeflion  it  was.  Accordingly,  when  he  once  faw  Galba 
coming  in  to  him,  he  faid  to  his  moft  intimate  friends,  that 
"  there  came  in  a  man  that  would  one  day  have  the  dignity  of 
tlv:  Roman  empire."  So  that  this  Tiberius  was  more  addi&ed 
uch  forts  of  diviners  than  any  other  of  the  Roman  em- 
perors, becaufe  he  had  found  them  to  have  told  him  truth  in 
his  own  affairs.  And  indeed  he  was  now  in  great  diftrefs  up- 
on this  accident  that  had  befallen  him,  and  was  very  much 
grieved  at  the  deftruftion  of  his  fon's  fon  which  he  foreiaw 
and  complained  of  himfeif,  that  he  fhould  have  made  ufe  of 
fuch  a  method  of  divination  before  hand,  while  it  was  in  his 
power  to  have  died  without  grief  by  this  knowledge  of  futu- 
rity ;  whereas  he  was  now  tormented  by  his  foreknowledge 
of  the  misfortune  of  fuch  as  were  dearelt  to  him,  and  muft 

*  This  is  a  known  thing  among  the  Roman  hiftorians  and  peels,   that  Tiberius 
was  greatly  given  to  aftiology  and  cUvinat'ou. 


300  ANTIQUITIES    OP    THE    JEWS.      [Book  XVllL 

die  under  that  torment.  Now  although  he  were  difordered  at 
this  unexpected  revolution  ot  the  government  to  thofe  for 
Whom  he  did  not  intend  it,  he  fpake  thus  to  Caius,  though 
unwillingly  and  againft  his  own  inclination  :  "  O  child  ! 
although  Tiberius  be  nearer  related  to  me  than  thou  art, 
I,  by  my  own  determination,  and  the  confpiring  fuffrage 
of  the  gods,  do  give,  and  put  into  thy  hand,  the  Roman 
empire  ,  and  I  defire  thee  never  to  be  unmindful  when 
thou  corned  to  it,  either  of  my  kindnefs  to  thee,  who  fet  thee 
in  fo  high  a  dignity,  or  ot  thy  relation  to  Tiberius.  But  as 
thou  knoweft  that  I  am,  together  with,  and  alter  the  gods,  the 
the  procurer  ot  fo  great  happmeis  to  thee,  io  I  defire  that  thou 
wilt  make  me  a  return  for  my  readinefsto  afTift  thee,  and  will 
take  care  of  Tiberius  becaufe  ot  his  near  relation  to  thee. 
Befides  which  thou  art  to  know,  that,  while  Tiberius  is  alive, 
he  will  be  a  fecurity  to  thee,  both  as  to  empire  and  as  to  thy 
own  prefervation  ;  but,  if  he  die,  that  will  be  but  a  prelude 
to  thy  own  misfortunes  ;  for,  to  be  alone,  under  the  weight 
of  fuch  vaft  affairs  is  very  dangerous  ;  nor  will  the  gods 
fuffer  thofe  actions  which  are  unjuftly  done  contrary  to  that 
law  which  directs  men  to  ati  othcrwife  to  go  off  unpunifhed." 
This  was  the  fpeech  which  Tiberius  made,  which  did  not 
perfuade  Caius  to  act  accordingly,  although  he  promiied  Io 
to  do;  but,  when  he  was  fettled  in  the  government,  he  took 
off  this  Tiberius,  as  was  predi6led  by  the  other  Tiberius  ;  as 
he  was  alfo  himfelt  in  no  long  time  afterward  llain  by  afecret 
plot  laid  againft  him. 

io.  So  when  Tiberius  had  at  this  time  appointed  Caius  to 
be  his  fucceffor,  he  outlived  but  a  few  days,  and  then  died. 
after  he  had  held  the  government  twenty-two  years  five  months 
and  three  days  :  Now  Caius  was  th--  fourth  emperor.  But 
when  the  Romans  underftood  that  Tiberius  was  dead,  t'ru-y 
rejoiced  at  the  good  news,  but  had  not  courage  to  believe  it; 
not  becaufe  they  were  unwilling  it  mould  be  true,  for  they 
would  have  given  large  fums  ot  money  that  it  might  be  fo, 
but  becaufe  they  were  afraid,  that  if  they  had  mewed  their  joy 
when  the  news  proved  frlfe,  their  joy  fhould  be  openly  known, 
and  they  fhould  be  accufed  for  it,  and  be  thereby  undone.  For 
this  Tiberius  had  brought  a  vail  number  ot  miferics  on  the  be  ft 
families  ot  the  Romans,  fince  he  \vas  eafily  euflamed  with 
paflion  in  all  cafes,  and  was  of  luch  a  temper  as  rendered  his 
anger  irrevocable,  till  he  had  executed  the  fame,  although  he 
had  taken  an  hatred  againft  men  withoutreafon ;  tor  he  was 
by  nature  fierce  in  all  the  fentences  he  gave,  and  made  death 
the  penalty  for  the  lighteft  offences;  infomuch  that  when  the 
Romans  heard  the  rumour  about  his  death  gladly,  they  were 
reftrained  from  the  enjoyment  of  that  pleafuie  by  the  dread 
of  fuch  miferies  as  they  fore  fa  w  would  follow,  if  their  hopes 
proved  ill- grounded.  Now  Marfyas,  Agrippa's  freed-man, 
as  foon  as  he  heard  oi  Tiberius's  death  came  running  tutcll 


Chap.   VI.]       ANTIQUITIES    OF    Till    JEWS.  36! 

Agrippa  the  news  ;  and  finding  him  going  out  to  the  bath,  he 
gave  him  a  nod,  and  faid  in  the  Hebrew  tongue,  "  The  lion  * 
is  dead  :"  who  undemanding  his  meaning,  and  being  overjoy- 
ed at  the  news,  "  Nay,  faid  he,  but  all  forts  of  thanks  and  hap- 
pinefs  attend  thee  tor  this  news  of  thine  ;  only  I  wifh  that 
what  tlioi:  fa  ye  ft  may  prove  true."  Now  the  centurion,  who 
was  fet  to  keep  Agrippa,  when  he  faw  with  what  hafte  Marfyas 
came,  and  what  joy  Agrippa  had  from  what  he  faid,  he  had  a 
fufpicion  that  his  words  implied  fome  great  innovation  of  af- 
fairs, and  he  afked  them  about  what  was  faid.  They  at  fir  it 
'diverted  the  difcourfe  ;  but  upon  his  farther  preffing,  Agrippa, 
without  more  ado,  told  him,  for  he  was  already  become  his 
friend  ;  fo  he  joined  witji  him  in  that  pleafure  which  this  news 
occafioned,  becaufe  it  would  be  fortunate  to  Agrippa,  and 
made  him  a  fupper.  But  as  they  were  feafting,  and  the  cups 
went  about,  there  came  one  who  faid,  That  "  Tiberius  was 
Hill  alive,  and  would  retina  to  the  city  in  a  few  days."  At 
which  news  the  centurion  was  exceedingly  troubled,  becaufe 
he  had  done  what  might  have  cod  him  his  life,  to  have  treat- 
ed fo  joyfully  a  priioner,  arid  this  upon  the  news  of  the  death 
of  Caefar  ;  fo  he  t bruit  Agrippa  from  the  couch  whereon  he 
lay,  and  faid,  "  Doit  thou  think  to  cheat  me  by  a  lie  about  the 
emperor  without  punifhment  ?  and  fhalt  not  thou  pay  for  this 
thy  malicious  report  at  the  price  of  thine  head  !"  When  he 
had  fo  faid,  he  ordered  Agrippa  to  be  bound  again,  (for  he 
had  loofed  him  before,)  and  kept  a  feverer  guard  over  him 
than  formerly,  and  in  thai  evil  condition  was  Agrippa  that 
night ;  but  the  next  day  the  rumour  increafed  in  the  city,  arid 
confirmed  the  news  that  Tiberius  was  certainly  dead  ;  info- 
much  that  men  durft  now  openly  and  freely  talk  about  it ; 
nay,  fome  offered  facrifices  on  that  account.  Several  letters 
alfo  came  from  Caius.  one  of  them  to  the  fenate,  which  inform- 
ed them  of  the  death  of  Tiberius,  and  of  his  own  entrance  on 
the  government  ;  another  to  Pifo,  the  governor  of  the  city, 
which  told  him  the  fame  thing.  He  alio  gave  order  that  A- 
grippa  fhould  be  removed  out  of  the  camp,  and  go  to  that 
houfe  where  he  lived  before  he  was  put  in  prifon  ;  fo  that  he 
was  now  out  of  fear  as  to  his  own  affairs  ;  for  although  he 
were  ftill  in  cuftody,  yet  it  was  now  with  eafe  to  his  own  af- 
lairs.  Now  as  foon  as  Caius  was  come  to  Rome,  and  had 
brought  Tiberius's  dead  body  with  him,  and  had  made  a  fump- 
tuous  funeral  for  him,  according  to  the  laws  of  his  country, 
he  was  much  difpofed  to  fet  Agrippa  at  liberty  that  very  day, 
but  Antonia  hindered  him  ;  not  out  of  any  ill-will  to  the  prif- 
Dner,  but  out  ot  regard  to  decency  in  Caius,  left  that  Ihould 

*  This  name  of  a  Lion  is  often  given  ta  tyrants,  efpecially  by  the  Jews,  Inch  as 
Agrippa,  and  probably  his  freed  n.au  Marlyai,  in  effVft  were,  Eze^  .  xix.  i — 9. 
F.llh  xiv.  13.  2.  Tim.  iv.  17.  They  are  allb  fometimes  compared  to,  or  repre- 
fnited  by  wild  bealb,  of  which  the  lion  is  the  principal.  Dan.  vii.  3—8.  Ap<K, 
xiii.  i,  2. 

VOL.  II.  Xx 


363  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVIII. 

make  men  believe  that  he  received  the  death  of  Tiberius  with 
pleafure,  when  he  loofed  one  whom  he  had  bound  immedi- 
ately. However,  there  did  not  many  days  pafs  ere  he  fent 
for  him  to  his  houle,  and  had  him  fhaved,  and  made  him 
change  his  raiment,  after  which  he  put  a  diadem  upon  his 
headland  appointed  him  to  be  king  of  the  tetrarchy  of  Phi- 
lip. He  alfo  gave  him  the  tetrarchy  of  Lyfanias*,  and  chang- 
ed his  iron  chain  for  a  golden  one  of  equal  weight.  He  alfo 
fent  Marullus  to  be  procurator  of  Judea. 

ii.  Now  in  the  fecond  year  of  the  reign  of  Caius  Caefar 
Agrippa  defined  leave  to  he  given  him  to  fail  home,  and  fet- 
tle  the  affairs  of  his  government,  and  he  promifed  to  return 
again,  when  he  had  put  the  red  in  order,  as  it  ought  to  be  put. 
So  upon  the  emperor's  permiffion,  he  came  into  his  own 
country,  and  appeared  to  them  all  unexpectedly  as  a  king,  and 
thereby  demonttrated  to  the  men  that  faw  him,  the  power  of 
fortune,  when  they  compared  his  former  poverty  with  hispref- 
ent  happy  affluence  ;  fo  fprae  called  him  an  happy  man,  and 
others  could  not  well  -believe  that  things  were  lo  much  chang- 
ed with  him  for  the  better. 


CHAP.    VII. 
How  Herod  the  Tetrarck  was  BamJIicd. 

§  I.  T5  UT  Herodias,  Agrippa's  fifter,  who  now  lived  as  wife 
JLJ  to  that  Herod  who  was  tetrarch  of  Galilee  and  Pe- 
rea,  took  this  authority  of  her  brother  in  an  envious  manner, 
]->articti!arly  when  fhe  faw  that  he  had  a  greater  dignity  be- 
ilowed  on  him  than  her  hufband  had  ;  fince  when  he  ran  a- 
way,  it  was  becaufe  he  was  in  a  way  of  dignity,  and  of  great 
good  fortune.  She  was  therefore  grieved,  and  much  difpleaf- 
ed  at  fo  great  a  mutation  of  his  affairs,  and  chiefly  when  fhe 
faw  him  marching  among  the  multitude  with  the  ulual  enfigns 
of  royal  authority,  fhe  was  not  able  to  conceal  how  miferablc 
ihe  was.  by  reafon  of  the  envy  fhe  had  towards  him  ;  but  Ihe 
excited  her  hufband,  and  defired  him  that  he  would  fail  to 
Home,  to  court  honours  equal  to  his :  For  (lie  faid,  That  "  fhe 
could  not  bear  to  live  any  longer,  while  Agrippa,  the  fon  of 
that  Ariflobulus  who  was  condemned  to  die  by  his  father,  one 
that  came  to  her  hufband  in  fuch  extreme  poverty,  that  the 
neceffaries  of  life  were  forced  to  be  entirely  fupplied  him  day 
l>y  day  ;  and  when  he  fled  away  from  his  creditors  by  fea,  he 
now  returned  a  king  ;  while  he  was  himfelf  the  fon  of  a  king; 
and  while  the  near  relation  he  bare  to  royal  authority,  called 

*  Although  Caius  now  promifed  to  give  Agrippa  the  tetrarchy  of  Lyfanias,  yet 
•was  it  not  actually  conferred  upon  him  till  the  reign  ot  Claudius,  as  we  learn  An- 
tiq.  B.  XLY.  chap.  v.  left.  i.  Vol.  II. 


Chap.  VII.]       ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS.  363 

upon  him  to  gain  the  like  dignity,  he  fat  ftill,  and  was  con- 
tented with  a  privater  life.  But  then,  Herod  although  thou 
waft  formerly  not  concerned  to  be  in  a  lower  condition  than 
thy  father,  from  whom  thou  waft  derived,  had  been  ;  yet  d.> 
thou  now  feek  after  the  dignity  which  thy  kinfman  hath  at- 
tained to  ;  and  do  not  thou  bear  this  contempt,  that  a  man  who 
admired  thy  riches,  fhould  be  in  greater  honour  than  thy  {elf, 
nor  fuffer  his  poverty  to  (hew  itfelf  able  to  purchafe  greater 
things  than  our  abundance,  nor  do  thou  efteem  it  other  than, 
a  fhameful  thing  to  be  inferior  to  one  who,  the  other  day,  liv- 
ed upon  thy  charity.  But  let  vis  go  to  Rome,  and  let  us  (pare 
no  pains  nor  expences,  either  of  filver  or  gold,  fince  they 
cannot  be  kept  tor  any  better  ufe,  than  tor  the  obtaining  oi  a 
kingdom." 

2.  But  for  Herod,  he  oppofed  her  requeft  at  this  time,  out 
of  the  love  of  eafe,  and  having  a  fufpicion  of  the  trouble  he 
mould  have  at  Rome  ;  fo  he  tried  to  inftrucl  her  better. 
But  the  more  (he  faw  him  draw  back,  the  more  (he  preffed 
him  to  it,  and  de fired  him  to  leave  no  ftone  unturned  in  order 
to  be  king  :  And  at  laft  me  iett  not  off  till  fhe  engaged  him, 
whether  he  would  or  not,  to  be  of  her  fentiments,  becaufe  he 
could  no  otherwife  avoid  her  importunity.  So  he  got  all 
things  ready,  after  as  fumptuous  a  manner  as  he  was  able,  and 
fpared  tor  nothing,  and  went  up  to  Rome,  and  took  Herodias 
along  with  him.  But  Agrippa  when  he  was  made  fenfible  of 
their  intentions  and  preparations,  he  alfo  prepared  to  go  thith- 
er ;  and  as  foon  as  he  heard  they  fet  fail,  he  fent  Fortunatus, 
one  of  his  freed  men  to  Rome,  to  carry  prefents  to  the  em- 
peror  and  letters  againft  Herod,  and  to  give  Caius  a  particu- 
lar account  ot  thofe  matters,  it  he  fhould  have  any  opportu- 
nity. This  man  tollowed  Herod  fo  quick,  and  had  fo  prof- 
perous  a  voyage,  and  came  fo  little  after  Herod,  that  while 
Herod  was  with  Caius,  he  came  himfelf,  and  delivered  his  let- 
ters ;  for  they  both  failed  to  Dicearchia,  and  found  Caius  at 
Baice,  which  is  itfelf  a  little  city  of  Campania,  at  the  diftance 
ot  about  five  furlongs  from  Dicearchia.  There  are  in  that 
place  royal  palaces  with  fumptuous  apartments,  every  empe- 
ror ftill  endeavouring  to  out-do  his  predeceffor's  magnifi- 
cence :  The  place  alfo  affords  warm  baths,  that  fpring  out  ot 
the  ground  of  their  own  accord,  which  are  ot  advantage  for 
the  recovery  of  the  health  of  thofe  that  make  ufe  ot  them,  and 
befides,  they  minifter  to  men's  luxury  alfo.  Now  Caius  la- 
luted  Herod,  for  he  firft  met  with  him,  and  then  looked  upon 
the  letters  which  Agrippa  had  fent  him,  and  which  were  writ- 
ten in  order  to  accufe  Herod  ;  wherein  he  accufed  him,  that 
he  had  been  in  confederacy  with  Sejanus,  againft  Tiberius's 
government,  and  that  he  was  now  confederate  with  Artabanus, 
the  king  of  Parthia,  in  oppofition  to  the  government  of  Caius  ; 
as  a  demonftration  of  which  he  alledged,  that  he  had  armour 
fufficient  tor  feventy  thoufand  men  ready  in  his  armoury.  Cau 


364  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.      [Book  XVIII. 

119  was  moved  at  this  information,  and  afked  Herod  whether 
what  was  faid  about  the  armour  was  true  ;  and  when  he  con- 
lefled  there  was  fuch  armour  there,  for  he  could  not  deny  the 
fame,  the  truth  of  it  being  notorious,  Caius  took  that  to  be  a 
faflicient  proof  of  the  acculation,  that  he  intended  to  revolt. 
So  he  took  away  from  him  his  tetrarchy,  and  gave  it  by  way 
of  addition  to  Agrippa/ s  kingdom  ;  he  alfo  gave  Herod's  mon- 
ey to  Agrippa,  and,  by  way  of  punifhment,  awarded  him  a 
perpetual  banifhment  and  appointed  Lyons,  a  city  of  Gaul, 
to  be  his  place  of  habitation.  But  when  he  was  informed  that 
Herodias  was  Agrippa's  filter,  he  made  her  a  prefent  of  what 
money  was  her  own,  and  told  her,  that  ''  it  was  her  brother 
•vho  prevented  her  being  put  under  the  fame  calamity  with 
her  hufband."  But  Ihe  made  this  reply  ;  "  Thou,  indeed,  O 
emperor,  atteft  after  a  magnificent  manner,  and  as  becomes 
thyfelf  in  what  thou  offereft  me;  but  the  kindnels  which  1 
have  ior  my  huib/md  hinders  me  from  partaking  of  the  favour 
of  thy  gift  ;  for  it  is  not  juft,  that  I,  who  have  been  made  a 
partner  in  his  profperity,  mould  forfake  him  in  his  misfor- 
tunes "  Hereupon  Caius  was  angry  at  her,  and  fcnt  her  with 
Herod  into  banilhrnent,  and  gare  her  eftate  to  Agrippa.  And 
thus  did  God  puniih  Herodias  for  her  envy  at  her  brother,  and 
Herod  alfo  for  giving  ear  to  the  vain  difcourfes  of  a  woman. 
Now  Caius  managed  public  affairs  with  very  great  magnanim- 
ity, during  the  full  and  fecond  year  of  his  reign,  and  behaved 
himfelt  with  fuch  moderation,  that  he  gained  the  good  will 
both  of  the  Romans  themfe-lves,  and  of  his  other  fubje^ls. 
But  in  procefs  of  time  he  went  beyond  the  bounds  of  human 
nature,  in  his  conceit  of  himfelf,  and,  by  reafon  of  the  vaft- 
m-fs  of  his  dominions,  made  himfelf  a  god,  and  took  upon 
lumfeif  to  act  in  all  things  to  the  reproach  of  the  Deity  him- 
felf. 


CHAP.    VIII. 

Concerning  *  the  ambojjage  of  the  Jews  to  Caius  ;  and  how  Ca- 
ms Jent  Petronius  into  Syria  to  make  War  again/I  the  Jens, 
unltfsthey  would  receive  hisflatue. 

§  i.  HF'HERE  was  now  a  tumult  arifen  at  Alexandria,  be- 

JL    tween  the  Jewifh    inhabitants  and  the  Greeks  ;  and 

three  t  ambafladors  were  chofen  out  of  each  partyj  that  were 

*  This  is  a  moft  remarkable  chapter,  as  containing  inch  inftances  of  the  interpo- 
fition  of  Providence,  as  have  been  always  very  rare  among  the  other  idolatrous  na. 
tions,  but  of  old  very  many  among  the  poRerity  of  Abraham,  the  worjhippers  >,\ 
the  true  God  ;  nor  do  thefe  (eem  much  inferior  to  thofe  in  the  Old  Ttftamenl, 
which  are  the  more  remarkable,  becaufe,  among  all  their  other  follies  and  victs, 
th.-  Jews  were  not  at  this  time  idolaters  ;  and  the  deliverances  here  mentioned  were 
(ione  in  order  ta  prevent  their  relapfe  into  that  idolatry. 

t  Jofephus  here  affures  us,  that  the  ambafladors  from  Alexandria  to  Caius  were 


Chap.  VIII.]  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE  JEWS,  36$ 

ai  variance,  who  came  to  Caius.  Now  one  of  thefe  ambaffa- 
ciors  from  the  people  of  Alexandria  was  Apion,  who  uttered 
many  b'afphemies  againft  the  Jews  ;  and  among  other  things 
that  he  faid,  he  charged  them  with  neglefting  the  honours  that 
belonged  to  Casiar  ;  tor  that  while  all  who  were  fubjeft  to  the 
JRoman  empire  built  altars  and  temples  to  Caius,  and  in  other 
regards  univerfally  received  him  as  they  received  the  gods, 
thefe  Jews  alone  thought  it  a  difhonourable  thing  for  them  to 
ereft  itatues  in  honour  of  him,  as  well  as  to  fwear  by  his 
name.  Many  of  thefe  fevere  things  were  laid  by  Apion,  by 
which  he  hoped  to  provoke  Caius  to  anger  at  the  Jews,  as  he 
was  likely  to  be;butPhilo,the  principalot  the  Jewifh  ambaiTage, 
a  man  eminent  on  all  accounts,  brother  to  Alexander  *  the  ala- 
barch,  and  one  not  uhfkilful  in  philofophy,  was  ready  to  be- 
take himfelt  to  make  his  defence  againft  thofe  accufations  ; 
but  Caius  prohibited  him,  and  bid  him  be  gone  :  He  was  alfo  in 
fuch  a  rage,  that  it  openly  appeared  he  was  about  to  do  them 
fome  very  great  mif chief.  So  Philo  being  thus  affronted  went 
out,  and  faid  to  thofe  Jews  who  were  about  him,  that  "  they 
ihould  be  of  good  courage,  fince  Caius's  words  indeed  (hew- 
ed anger  at  them,  but  in  reality  had  already  fet  God  againft 
hlmfeif. 

2.  Hereupon  Caius,  taking  it  very  heinoufiy  thathe  fhoul<i 
be  thus  delpifed  by  the  Jews  alone,  fentPetronius  to  the  pref- 
ident  of  Syria,  and  fucceffor  in  the  government  to  Vitellius, 
and  gave  him  order  to  make  an  invafion  into  Judea,  with  a 
great  body  of  troops,  and  if  they  would  admit  of  his  ftatue 
willingly,  to  ere&  it  in  the  temple  ot  God  ;  but  if  they  were 
obltinate,  to  conquer  them  by  war,  and  then  to  do  it.  Ac- 
cordingly Petronius  took  the  government  ot  Syria,  and  made 
hafle  to  obey  Caefar's  epiftle.  He  got  together  as  great  a  num- 
ber of  auxiliaries  as  he  poffibly  could,  and  took  with  him  two 
legions  oi  the  Roman  army,  and  came  to  Ptolemais,  and  there 
wintered,  as  intending  to  fet  about  the  war  in  the  tpring.  He 
alfo  wrote  word  to  Caius  what  he  had  refolved  to  do,  who 
commended  him  tor  his  alacrity,  and  ordered  him  to  go  on, 
and  to  make  war  with  them,  in  cafe  they  would  not  obey  his 
commands.  But  there  came  many  ten  thoufands  ot  the  Jews 
to  Petronius  to  Ptolemais,  to  offer  their  petitions  to  him,  that 
"  he  would  not  compel  them  to  tranfgrefs  and  violate  the  law 

on  each  part  no  more  than  three  in  number,f  or  the  Jews,  and  for  the  Gentiles,  which 
are  but  fix  in  all  :  Whereas  Philo,  who  was  the  principal  ambaflador  from  the 
Jews,  as  Jofephus  here  confefTes  (as  was  Apion  for  the  Gentiles),  iays,  the  Jews 
ambafluidors  were  themfelves  no  fewer  than  five,  towards  the  end  of  his  legation  to 
Caius;  which,  if  there  be  no  mirtake  in  the  copies,  muft  be  fuppoled  the  truth  ; 
nor,  in  that  c»le,  would  JoL-phus  have  cjntrsdifled  fo  authentic  a  witnefs,  had  he 
lecu  that  account  ot  Philo's,  which  that  he  ever  did,  does  not  appear. 

*  This  Alexander,  the  alabarch,  or  governor  of  the  Jews  at  Alexandria,  and 
brother  to  Philo,  is  fuppofed  by  bifhop  Pearlon,  in  Aft.  Apoft.  p  41,  42.  to  be 
tiie  lame  with  that  A  cx;nder  who  is  mentioned  by  St.  Luke,  as  of  the  kindred  of 
the  high-prieiis,  Afts,  iv.  6. 


366  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.      [Book   XVIII. 

of  their  forefathers  ;  but  if,  faid  they,  thou  art  entirely  re- 
lolved  to  bring  this  flatue,  and  ereft  it,  do  thou  firfl  kill  us» 
and  then  do  what  thou  haft  refolved  on  ;  for  while  we  are  a- 
Jive,  we  cannot  permit  fuch.  things  as  are  forbidden  us  to  be 
done  by  the  authority  of  our  Jegiflator,  and  by  our  forefathers 
determination,  that  fuch  prohibitions  are  inftances  of  virtue." 
But  Petronius  was  angry  at  them,  and  faid,  "  If  indeed  I 
were  myfeif  emperor,  and  were  at  liberty  to  follow  my  own 
inclination,  and  then  had  defigned  to  a£l  thus,  thefe  your 
words  would  be  juftly  fpoken  to  me  ;  but  now  Caefar  hath 
fen t  to  me,  1  am  under  the  necefiity  of  being  fubfervient  to 
his  decrees,  becaufe  a  difobedience  to  them  will  bring  upon 
me  inevitable  deftru&iori."  Then  t-he  Jews  replied,  "  Since 
therefore  thou  art  fo  difpofed,  O  Petronius,  that  thou  wilt  not 
difobey  Caius's  epiftles,  neither  will  we  tranfgrefs  the  com- 
mands of  our  law  ;  and  as  we  depend  upon  the  excellency  of 
our  laws,  and  by  the  labours  of  our  anceftors,  have  continu- 
ed hitherto  without  fuffering  them  to'be  tranfgrelTed,  we  dare 
not  by  any  means  fuffer  ourfelves  to  be  fo  timorous  as  to  tranf- 
grefs thofe  laws  out  ot  the  fear  of  death,  which  God  hath  de- 
termined are  for  our  advantage  ;  and  if  we  fall  into  miator- 
tunes,  we  will  bear  them  in  order  to  preferve  our  laws,  as 
knowing,  that  thofe  who  expofe  themfelves  to  dangers,  have 
good  hope  of  efcaping  them  ;  becaufe  God  will  {land  on  our 
fide,  when  out  of  regard  to  him  we  undergo  afflictions,  and 
fuftain  the  uncertain  turns  of  fortune.  But  if  we  ihould  fub- 
mit  to  thee.  we  fhould  be  greatly  reproached  for  our  cowar- 
dice, as  thereby  (hewing  ourfelves  ready  to  tranfgrefs  our  law  ; 
and  we  (hpuld  incur  the  great  anger  ot  God  alio,  who  even 
thy  felt  being  judge,  is  fuperior  to  Caius." 

3.  When  Petronius  faw  by  their  words  that  their  determi- 
nation was  hard  to  be  removed,  and  that  without  a  war,  he 
fhould  not  be  able  to  be  fubfervieut  to  Caius  in  the  dedication 
of  his  ftatue,  and  that  there  muft  be  a  great  deal  of  blood  fhed, 
he  took  his  friends,  and  the  fervants  that  were  about  him,  and 
halted  to  Tiberias  as  wanting  to  know  in  what  pofture  the  af- 
fairs of  the  Jews  were  ;  and  many  ten  thoufands  of  the  Jews 
met  Petronius  again,  when  he  was  come  to  Tiberias.  1  hele 
thought  they  mull  run  a  mighty  hazard  if  they  mould  have  a 
war  with  the  Romans,  but  judged  that  the  tranlgreflion  of  the 
law  was  of  much  greater  confeqtience,  and  made  fupplication 
to  him,  that  he  would  by  no  means  reduce  them  to  fuch  dii- 
treffes,  nordefile  their  city  with  the  dedication  of  the  ftatue. 
Then  Petronius  faid  to  them,  "  Will  youthen  make  war  with 
Czefar,  without  confidering  his  great  preparations  for  war, 
and  your  own  weaknefs  ?"  They  replied,  'We  will  not  by 
any  means  make  war  with  him,  but  ftill  we  will  die  beiore  we 
fee  our  laws  tranfgreffed."  So  they  threw  ihemfelvcs  down 
upon  their  faces,  and  itretehed  out  their  throats,  and  faid  they 
Tvere ready  to  be  (lain;  and  this  they  did  for  forty  days  to. 


Chap.    VIII.]    ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  367 

gather,  and  in  the  mean  time  left  off  the  tilling  of  their  ground, 
and  that  while  the  feafon  *  of  the  year  required  them  to  fow 
it.  Thus  they  continued  firm  in  their  refolution,  and  propof- 
ed  to  themfelves  to  die  willingly,  rather  than  to  fee  the  dedi- 
cation of  theflatue. 

4.  When  matters  were  in  this.ftate,  Ariftobulus,  king  A- 
grippa's  brother,  and  Helcias  the  Great,  and  the  other  princi- 
pal men  of  that  family  with  them,  went  in  unto  Petronius, 
arid  Defought  him,  That  "  fince  he  faw  the  refoiution  of  the 
multitude,  he  w'ould  not  make  any  alteration,  and  thereby 
drive  them  to  delpair  ;  but  would  write  to  Caius,  that 
the  Jews  had  an  infuperable  averfenefs  to  the  reception  of  the 
flatue,  and  how  they  continued  with  him,  and  lei t  off  the  til- 
lage of  their  ground  :  That  they  were  not  willing  to  go  to  war 
with  him,  becaufe  they  were  not  able  to  do  it,  but  were  ready 
to  die  with  pleafure,  rather  than  fuffer  their  laws  to  be  tranf- 
grefled  :  And  how,  upon  the  lands  continuing  unfown,  rob- 
beries would  grow  up,  on  the  inability  they  would  be  under 
of  paying  their  tributes  ;  and  that  perhaps  Caius  might  be 
thereby  moved  to  pity,  and  not  order  any  barbarous  aftion  to 
be  done  to  them,  nor  think  pt  deftroying  the  nation  :  That  if 
he  continues  inflexible  in  his  former  opinion  to  bring  a  war 
upon  them,  he  may  then  fet  about  it  himfelf."  And  thus  did 
Ariftobulus,  and  the  reft  with  him,  fupplicate  Petronius.  So 
Petronius  t,  partly  on  account  of  the  prefling  inftances  which 
Ariftobulus  and  the  reft  with  him  made,  and  becaufe  of  the 
great  confequence  of  what  they  defired,  and  the  earneftnefs 
wherewith  they  made  their  fupplication  ;  partly  on  account  of 
the  firmnefs  of  the  oppofition  made  by  the  Jews,  which  he 
faw,  while  he  thought  it  an  horrible  thing  tor  him  to  be  fuch 
a  Have  to  the  madnefs  of  Caius,  as  to  flay  fo  many  ten  thou- 
fand  men,  only  becaufe  of  their  religious  difpqfnion  towards 
God,  and  after  that  to  pafs  his  lite  in  expectation  ot  punifh- 
ment ;  Petronius,  I  fay,  thought  it  much  better  to  fend  to 
Caius  and  to  let  him  know  how  intolerable  it  was  to  him  to 
bear  the  anger  he  might  have  againft  him  for  not  ferving  him 
fooner,  in  obedience  to  his  epiftle,  for  that  perhaps  he  might 
perfuade  him ;  and  that  if  his  mad  refolution  continued,he  might 

*  What  Jofephus  here,  and  feft.  6.  jelates  as  done  by  the  Jews  before  feed- 
time,  is,  in  Philo,  not  far  off  the  time  when  the  corn  was  rifrt,  who,  as  Le  Clerc 
notes,  differ  here  one  from  the  other.  This  is>  another  indication  that  Jofephus, 
\vhenhewrotethisaccount,  had  not  feen  Philo's  Legat.  ad  Caium,  otberwifehe 
would  hardly  have  herein  differed  from  him. 

+  This  Fublius  Petronius  was  after  this  ftill  prefident  of  Syria,  under  Claudius, 
and,  at  the  defire  of  Agrippa,  published  a  fevere  decree  againft  the  inhabitants  of 
Dora,  who,  in  a  fort  of  imitation  of  Caius,  had  fet  up  a  ftatue  of  Claudius  in  a 
Jewish  fynagogue  there.  This  decree  is  extant,  B.  XIX.  ch.  vi.  fe£t.  3.  Vol.  II. 
and  greatly  confirms  the  prefent  accounts  of  Jofephus,  as  do  the  other  decrees  of 
Claudius,  relating  to  the  like  Jewish  affairs,  B,  A'lA.  cfa.  v.  isft.  2,  3.  Vol.  IJ. 
to  which  I  refer  the  inquifitive  reader. 


3^8  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    J£\VS.       [BuokXVI.'I. 

then  begin  the  war  againft  them ;  nay,  that  in  cafe  he  mould  turrt 
his  hatred  againft  himfelt,  it  was  fit  tor  virtuous  perfons  even  to 
die  for  the  fake  of  fuchvaft  multitudes  ot  men.  Accordingly 
he  determined  to  hearken  to  the  petitioners  in  this  matter. 

5.  He  then  called  the  Jews  together  to  Tiberias,  who  came, 
many  ten  thoufands  in  number;  he  alfo  placed  that  army  he 
now  had  with  him  oppofite  to  them  ;  but  did  not  difcover  his 
own  meaning,  but  the  commands  ot  the  emperor,  and  told 
them,  That  '•  his  wrath  would  without  delay  he  executed  0,1 
fuch  as  had  the  courage  to  difobey  what  he  had  commanded, 
and  this  immediately  ;  and  that  it  was  fit  for  him,  who  had  re- 
ceived fo  great  a  dignity  by  his  grant,  not'to  contradict  him  in 
any  thing  :  Yet,"  laid  he,  "  I  do  not  think  it  jufl  to  have  fuch 
a  regard  to  my  own  fafety  and  honour  as  to  retufe  to  lacrificc 
thesn  tor  your  prefervation,  who  are  fo  many  in  number,  and 
endeavour  topreferve  the  regard  that  is  due  to  your  law,  which, 
as  it  hath  come  down  to  you  trom  your  forefathers,  fodo  you 
efteem  it  worthy  ot  your  utmoft  contention  toprelerve  it :  nor,- 
with  the  fupreme  afliflance  and  power  of  Goa,  will  I  be  fo  har- 
dy as  to  iuffer  your  temple  to  fall  into  contempt  by  the  means 
ot  the  imperial  authority.  I  will  therefore  fend  to  Caius,  and 
let  him  know  what  your  refolutions  are,  and  will  afiift  your  fuit 
as  tar  as  I  am  able,  that  you  may  not  be  expofed  to  fufler  on  ac- 
count ot  the  honeft  defigns  you  have  propofed  to  yourfelves; 
and  may  God  be  our  afliilant,  for  his  authority  is  beyond  all  the 
contrivance  and  power  of  men;  and  may  he  procure  you  the 
pre/ervation  ot  your  ancient  laws,  and  may  not  he  be  deprived, 
though  without  you-r  confent,  of  his  accuftomed  honours.  But 
if  Caius  be  irritated  and  turn  the  violence  ot  his  rage  upon  me  I 
will  rather  undergo  all  that  danger  and  that  affliction  that  may 
come  either  on  my  body  or  my  foul,  than  fee  fo  many  o!  you  u> 
perilh,  while  you  are  afting  in  fo  excellent  a  manner.  Do  you, 
therefore,  every  one  of  you,  go  your  way  about  your  own  oc- 
cupations, and  fall  to  the  cultivation  of  your  ground  ;  I  will  my- 
felt  fend  to  Rome,  and  will  notrefufe  to  ferve  you  in  all  things, 
both  by  myfelf  and  by  my  friends." 

6.  When  Petroniushad  faid  this,  and haddifmifled  the  aifem- 
bly  of  the  Jews,  he  defired  the  principal  ot  them  to  take  care  of 
their  hulbandry,  and  to  fpeak  kindly  to  the  people,  and  encour- 
age them  to  have  good  hope  of  their  affairs.  Thus  did  he  readi- 
ly bring  the  multitude  to  be  cheerful  again.  And  now  did  God 
fhew  his  prefence*to  Petronius,  and  (ignify  to  him,  that  he 


*  Jofephus  here   ufes     the      folemn    New     Teflament   words,  wa 
u£a»ii»      the  Vritnce  and  aearance   of  God    for  the  extraordinar 


Chap.   V1II.J    ANTIQUITIES   OF  .THE   JEWS,  369- 

would  afford  him  his  afli (lance  in  his  whole  defign  ;  for  he 
had  no  looner  finifhed  the  fpeech  that  he  made  to  the  Jews, 
but  God  fent  down  great  mowers  of"  rain,  contrary  to  human 
expectation  ;  lor  that  day  was  a  clear  day,  and  gave  no  fign, 
by  the  appearance  ot  the  iky,  of  any  rain  ;  nay  the  whole  year 
had  been  I'ubjecl  to  a  great  drought,  and  made  men  defpair  ot 
any  water  from  above,  even  when  at  any  time  they  faw  the 
heavens  over-cart  with  clouds  ;  infomuch  that  when  iuch  a 
great  quantity  ot  ram  came,  and  that  in  an  unufual  manner, 
and  without  any  other  expectation  of  it,  the  Jews  hoped  that 
Petronius  would  by  no  means  fail  in  his  petition  for  them. 
But  as  to  Petronius,  he  was  mightily  furprifed  when  he  per- 
ceived that  God  evidently  took  care  of  the  Jews,  and  gave 
very  plain  figns  of  his  appearance  *,  and  this  to  fucli  a  degree, 
that  thofe  that  were  in  earneft  much  inclined  to  the  contrary, 
had  no  power  left  to  contradict  it.  This  was  alfo  among  thofe 
other  particulars  which  he  wrote  to  Cains,  which  all  tended 
to  cliiluade  him,  and  by  ail  means  to  intreat  him  not  to  make 
fo  many  ten  thoufands  of  thefe  men  go  diffracted  ;  whom  it  he 
fhould  (lay,  (for  without  war  they  would  by  no  means  fuffer 
the  laws  of  their  worfhip  to  be  fet  afidej  he  would  lofe  the 
revenue  they  paid  him,  and  would  be  publicly  curfed  by  them 
for  all  future  ages.  Moreover,  that  God,  who  was  their  gov- 
ernor, had  (hewed  his  power  moft  evidently  on  their  account, 
and  that  fuch  a  power  of  his  as  left  no  room  for  doubt  about 
it.  And  this  was  the  bufmefs  that  Petronius  was  now  engag- 
ed in. 

7.  But  Mng  Agrippa,  who  now  lived  at  Rome,  was  more 
and  more  in  the  favour  of  Caius  ,  and  when  he  had  once 
made  him  a  fupper,  and  was  careful  to  exceed  all  other  both 
in  expences,  and  in  fuch  preparations  as  might  contribute 
moft  to  his  pleafure  :  nay,  it  was  fo  far  from  the  ability  of 
others,  that  Caius  himfelf  could  never  equal,  much  lefs  ex- 
ceed it,  (fuch  care  had  he  taken  beforehand  to  exceed  all  men, 
and  particularly  to  make  all  agreeable  to  Caefar) :  Hereupon 
Caius  admired  his  underftanding  and  magnificence,  that  he 
Ihould  force  himfelf  to  do  all  to  pleafe  him,  even  beyond  fuch 
expences  as  he  could  bear,  and  was  defirous  not  to  be  behind 
Agrippa  in  that  generoiity ,  which  he  exerted  in  order  to  pleafe 
him.  So  Caius,  when  he  had  drank  wine  plentifully,  and 
was  merrier  than  ordinary,  faid  thus  during  the  teaft,  when 
Agrippa  had  drunk  to  him  :  "  1  knew  before  now  t  how  great 
a  refpeft  thou  haft  had  tor  me,  and  how  great  kindnefs  thou 
haft  mewed  me,  though  with  thofe  hazards  to  thy  felf,  which 
thou  underwemeft  under  Tiberius  on  that  account ;  nor  haft 
thou  omitted  any  thing  to  Ihew  thy  good-will  towards  us,  even, 

*  See  the  preceding  note. 

i  This  behaviour  of  Ca;usto  Agrippa,  is  very  like  that  of   Herod  Antipas,  hU 
uncle,  to  Herodia;    A^rlppa's  fitter,  about  John  the  Baptift.  Malt.  xiv.  6 — u. 

VOL.  II.  Y  y 


ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.     [Book  XY 

beyond  thy  ability  ;  whence  it  would  be  a  bafe  thing  for  me 
to  be  conquered  by  thy  affeSion.  I  am  therefore  defirocs  to 
make  theeamends  for  every  thing,  in  which  I  have  been  foi- 
Tnerly  deficient,  for  all  that  I  have  beftovved  on  thee,  ths 
be  called  my  gifts,  is  but  little.  Every  thing  that  may  con- 
tribute to  thy  happinefs  (hall  be  at  thy  fervke,  and  that  cheer- 
iully,  and  fo  far  as  my  abilii}'  will  reach."  And  this  was 
what  Caius  faid  to  Agnppa,  thinking  he  would  afk  for  fome 
large  country,  or  the  revenues  of  certain  cities.  But  although 
he  had  prepared  before- hand  what  he  would  afk  yet  had  he 
not  difcovered  his  intentions,  but  made  this  anfwer  to  Caius 
immediately  :  That  "  it  was  not  out  of:  any  expeftation  of 
gain  that  he  formerly  paid  his  refpefts  to  him,  contrary  to  the 
commands  of  Tiberius  nor  did  he  now  do  any  thing  relating 
to  him  out  of  regard  to  his  own  advantage,  and  in  order  to  re- 
ceive any  thing  from  him  :  That  the  gifts  he  had  already  be- 
flowed  upon  him  were  great,  and  beyond  the  hopes  of  even 
a  craving  man  ;  for  although  they  may  be  beneath  thy  power, 
[who  art  the  donor],  yet  are  they  greater  than  my  inclina- 
tion and  dignity,  who  am  the  receiver."  And  as  Caius  was 
afionifhed  at  Agrippa's  inclinations,  and  ftill  the  more  preffed 
him  to  make  his  requeft  forfomewhat  which  he  might  gratify 
him  with,  Agrippa  replied,  ''  Since  thou,  O  my  lord,  declar- 
elliuch  is  thy  readinei's  to  grant,  that  Iain  worthy  ot  thy 
gists,  I  will  aik  nothing,  relating  to  my  o\vn  felicity;  for 
what  thou  h? ft  already  be  [lowed  on  me  has  made  me  excel 
therein  ;  but  I  defire  fome  what  which  may  make  thee  glorious 
for  pit ty,  and  render  the  divinity  afiiftanr  to  thy  defigns,  and 
may  be  for  an  honour  to  me  among  thofe  that  enquire  about 
it,  as  (hewing  that  I  never-once  tail  ot  obtaining  what  I  defire 
of  thee  ;  for  my  petition  is-  this;  That  thou  wilt  no  longer 
think  ot  the  dedication  of  that  ftatue  which  thou  hall  ordered 
to  be  fet  up  in  the  Jewifh  temple  by  Petronius." 

8.  And  thus  did  Agrippa  venture  to  call  the  die  upon  this 
occafion,  fo  great  was  the  affair  in  his  opinion,  and  in  reality, 
though  he  knew  how  dangerous  a  thing  it  was  fo  to  fpeak  ; 
for,  had  not  Caius  approved  ot  it,  it  had  tended  to  no  lefs 
than  the  lofs  ot  his  life.  So  Caius,  who  w.as  mightily  taken 
with  Agrippa's  obliging  behaviour,  and  on  other  accounts 
thinking  it  a  difhonourablc  thing  to  be  guilty  of  faifehood 
before  fo  many  witnefles,  in  points  wherein  he  had  with  fuch 
alacrity  icrced  Agrippa  to  become  a  petitioner,  and  that  it 
would  look  as  if  he  had  already  repented  of  what  he  had  faid, 
and  becaufe  he  greatly  admired  Agrippa's  virtue,  in  not  defir- 
ing  him  at  all  to  augment  his  own  dominions  either  with  larger 
revenues,  or  other  authority,  but  took  care  ot  the  public 
tranquility,  of  the  laws,  anu  of  the  Divinity  itfelf,  he  granted 
him  what  he  had  requefted.  He  alfo  wrote  thus  to  Petronius, 
"  commending  him  tor  his  affembling  his  army,  and  then  con- 
fuhing  him  about  thefe  affairs.  It  therefore,  faid  he,  thou. 


Cliap.    V-I1I.]  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JKVvS.  .771 

.haft  already  creeled  my  ftatue,  let  it  fland  ;  but,  if  thou  haft 
not  yet  dedicated  it,  do  not  trouble  thyfeif  tardier  about  it, 
but  difmifs  thy  army,  go  backhand  take  care  ot  thofe  affairs 
which  1  fent  thee  about  at  firit,  tor  I  have  how  no  occafion 
for  the  erection  of  that  ftatue.  Thus  I  have  granted  as  a  fa- 
vour to  Agrippa,  a  man  whom  1  honour  fo  very  greatly,  that -I 
am  nor  able  to  contradict  what  he  would  have,  or  what  he  de- 
irred  me  to  do  for  him."  And  this  was  what  Caius  wrote  to 
Petronius,  which  was  before  he  received  his  letter,  informing 
-him  that  the  Jews  were  very  ready  to  revolt  about  the  ftatue, 
and  that  they  leemed  refoived  to  threaten  war  againfl  the  Ro- 
mans, and  nothing  elfe.  When  therefore  Caius  was  much 
difpieafed  thai  any  attempt  ihould  be  made  againft  his  govern- 
ment, as  he  was  a  (lave  to  bale  and  vicious  aclions  on  all  oc- 
cafions,  and  had  no  regard  to  what  was  virtuous  an-.!  honour- 
able, and  again!!  whomloever  he  refoived  to  {hew  his  anger, 
and  that  for  any  caufe  whatfoever,  he  differed  not  himtelt  to 
be  reftrained  by  any  admonition,  but  thought  the  indulging 
his  anger  to  be  a  real  pleafure,  he  wrote  thus  to  Petronius  : 
•"  Seeing  thou  efteemeit  the  prefents  made  thee  by  the  Jews  to 
be  of  greater  value  than  my  commands,  and  art  grown  mlolent 
enough  to  be  fubfervient  to  their  pleafure,  I  charge  thee  to 
become  thy  own  judge,  and  to  confider  what  thou  art  to  do, 
now  thou  art  under  my  difpleafufe  ;  for  I  will  make  thee  an 
example  to  the  prefent  and  to  all  future  ages,  that  they  may 
not  dare  to  contradict  the  commands  of  their  empercr." 

9.  This  was  the  epiitle  which  Caius  wrote  to  Petronius,  but 
Petronius  did  not  receive  it  while  Caius  was  alive,  that  ihip 
which  carried  it  failing  fo  flow,  that  other  letters  came  to  Pe- 
tronius before  this,  by  which  he  underfiood  that  Caius  was 
dead  ;  fur  God  would  not  forget  the  dangers  Petronius  had 
undertaken  on  account  of  the  Jews,  and  of  his  own  honour. 
But  when  he  had  taken  Caius  away,  out  ot  his  indignation  of 
what  he  had  fo  inlolently  attempted  inaffuming  to  himfell  iii- 
vine  worfhip,  both  Rome  and  all  that  dominion  complied 
with  Petronius,  elpecialiy  thole  that  were  of  the  fenatorian 
order,  to  give  Caius  his  due  reward,  b;-caufe  he  had  been  un- 
mercifully fever  to  them  ;  tor  he  died  not  long  alter  he  had 
written  to  Petronius  that  epillle  which  threatened  him  with 
death.  But  as  tor  the  occafion  ot  his  death,  and  the  nature  of 
the  plot  againit  him,  I  lhall  relate  them  in  the  progrefsot  this 
narration.  Now  that  epiftle  which  informed  Petronius  of 
Caius's  death  came  firft,  and  a  little  afterward  came  that  which 
commanded  him  to  kill  himfelf  with  his  own  hands.  Where- 
upon he  rejoiced  at  this  coincidence  as  to  the  death  ot  Caius, 
and  admired  God's  providence,  who  without  the  Icaft  delay, 
and  immediately,  gave  him  a  reward  for  the  regard  he  had  to 
the  temple,  and  the  affiftance  he  afforded  the  Jews  tor  avoid- 
ing the  dangers  they  were  in.  And  by  this  means  Petronius 
cfcaped  that  danger  of  death,  which  he  could  not  forefee. 


3*72  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVIIL 


CHAP.    IX. 

What  bejel  the  Jews  that  inert  in  Babylon,  on  cccafion  of  Aji~ 
neus  and  Amiens,  two  brethren. 

§  I.  A  VERY  fad  calamity  now  betel  the  Jews  that  were 
xJL  in  Mefopotamia,  and  efpecially  thofe  that  dwelt  in 
Babylonia.  Inferior  it  was  to  none  ot  the  calamities  which 
had  gone  before,  and  came  together  with  a  great  {laughter  oi 
them,  and  that  greater  than  any  upon  record  before  ;  concern- 
ing all  which  I  (hall  fpeak  accurately,  and  fhall  explain  the 
occafions  whence  thele  miferies  came  upon  them.  There  was 
a  city  in  Babylonia  called  Neerda  ;  not  only  a  very  populous 
one,  but  one  that  had  a  good  and  a  large  territory  about  it,  and, 
l>efides  its  other  advantages,  full  ot  men  alfo.  It  was,  besides, 
not  eafily  to  be  affaulted  by  enemies, from  the  river  Euphrates 
encompaffing  it  all  round,  and  from  tne  walls  that  were  built  a- 
bout  it.  There  was  alfo  the  city  Nifibis,  fituate  on  the  fame  cur- 
rent ot  the  river.  For  which  reafon,  the  Jews,  depending  on 
the  natural  ftrength  of  thefe  places,  depofited  in  them  that 
halt  Ihekel  which  every  one,  by  the  cuftom  of  our  country, 
offers  unto  God  as  well  as  they  did  other  things  devoted  to 
him,  for  they  made  ufe  of  thefe  cities  as  a  treasury,  whence, 
at  a  proper  time,  they  were  tranfmitted  to  Jerusalem  ;  and 
many  ten  thoufand  men  undertook  the  carriage  of  thole  do- 
nationS)  out  of  fear  of  the  ravages  of  the  Parthians.  to  whom 
the  Babylonians  were  then  fubjeft.  Now  there  were  two 
men,  Afineus  and  Anileus,  of  the  city  Neerda  by  birth,  and 
brethren  to  one  another.  They  were  deftitute  ot  a  father,  and 
their  mother  put  them  to  learn  the  art  of  weaving  curtd 
not  being  efteemed  a  difgrace  among  them  tor  men  to  be  \ 
ers  of  cloth.  Now  he  that  taught  them  that  art,  and  was  fet 
over  them,  complained  that  they  came  too  late  to  their  work, 
and  punilhed  them  with  flripes  ;  but  they  tool;  this  juft  pun-' 
ifhment  as  an  affront,  and  carried  off  all  the  weapons  which 
were  kept  in  that  houfe,  which  were  not  a  few,  and  went  in- 
to a  certain  place  where  was  as  partition  of  rivers,  and  was  a 
place  naturally  very  fit  for  the  feeding  of  raitle,  and  for 
preferving  fuch  fruits  as  were  ufually  laid  up  againft  winter. 
The  poorell  fort  of  the  young  men  alfo  relorted  to  them, 
whom  they  armed  with  the  weapons  they  had  gotten,  and  be- 
came their  captains  ;  and  nothing  hindered  them  from  being 
their  leaders  into  mifchiet  ;  tor  as  foon  as  they  were  become 
invincible,  and  had  built  them  a  citadel  they' lent  to  fuch  as 
fed  cattle,  and  ordered  them  to  pay  them  fo  much  tribute  out 
ot  them  as  might  be  fufficient  for  their  rraintenance,  propot- 
ing  alfo  that  they  would  be  their  friends,  if  they  would  lub- 
snit  to  them,  and  that  they  would  defend  them  from  all  their 


('hap.  IX.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS,  373 

other  enemies  on  every  fide,  but  that  they  would  kill  the  cat- 
tle ot  thofe  that  refufed  to  obey  them.  So  they  hearkened  to 
their  propofals  (for  they  could  do  nothing  elfej,  and  lent  them, 
as  many  (beep  as  were  required  of  them  ;  whereby  their  fore. 
es  grew  greater,  and  they  became  lords  over  all  they  pleafed, 
becaufe  they  marched  fuddenly,  and  did  them  a  miichief,  in- 
fomuch  that  every  body  who  bad  to  do  with  them,  chole  to  pay 
them  refpett,  and  they  became  formidable  to  fuch  as  came  to. 
alfault  them,  till  the  report  about  them  came  to  the  ears  of  the 
king  of  Parthia  himfelt. 

2.  But  when  the  governor  of  Babylonia   underflood  tbig, 

and  had  a  mind  to  put  a  Hop  to  them,  before  they  grew  great- 

er,  and  before  greater  mifchiefs  fbould   arife  from  them,  he 

got  together  as  great  an  army  as  he  could,  both  of  Parthians 

and  Babylonians,  and  marched  againft  them,  thinking  to  at- 

tack them,  and  deflroy  them  before  any  one  fhould  carry  them 

the  nev/s,  that  he  had  got  an  army  together.  He  then  encamped 

at  a  lake,  and  lay  Hill  ;  but  on  the  next  day  fit   was  the  Sab- 

bath, which  is  among  the  Jews  a  day  of  reft  from  all  forts  of 

work),   he  fuppofed  that  the  enemy  would  not  dare  to  fight 

him  thereon,  but  that  he  would  take  them  and  carry  them  away 

prifoners,  without  fighting.      He  therefore  proceeded  gradu- 

ally, and  thought  to  fall  upon  them  on  the  fudden.     Now  A- 

fmeus  was  fitting  with  the  reft,  and  their  weapons  lay  by  them  ; 

upon  which  he  fair!    ''  Sirs,  I  hear  a  neighing  of  horfes  ;   not 

ot  fuch  as  are  feeding,  but  fuch  as  have  men  on  their  backs  ; 

1  alfo  hear  iuch  anoife  of  their  bridles,  that  I  am  afraid  that 

fome  enemies  are    coming  lipon  us   to  encompafs  us   round. 

However,  let  fomebody  go  to  look  about,  and  make  report 

of  what  reality  there  is  in  the  prefent  *  ilate  of  things  ;   and 

may  what  I  have  faid  prove   a  falfe  alarm."      And,  when  he 

had  faid  this,  fome  of  them  went  out  to  fpy  out  what  was  the 

matter,  and  they  came  again  immediately  and  faid  to  him,  that 

"  neither  haft  thou  been  miftaken  in  telling  us  what  our  ene- 

mies were  doing,  nor  will  thofe  enemies  be  injurious  to  peo- 

ple any  longer.     We  are  caught  by  their  intrigues  like  brute 

beads,  and  there  is  a  large  body   of  cavalry  marching  upon 

us,  while  we  are  deftitute  ot  hands  to  delend  ouxfelves  with- 

al, becaufe  we  are  reftrained  from  doing  it  by  the  prohibition 

ot  our  law,  which  obliges  us  to  reft  [on  this  day].     But  Afi- 

neus  did  not  by  any  ineans  agree  with  the  opinion  of  his  fpy 

as  to  what  was  to  be  done,  but  thought  it  more  agreeable  u 

the  law   to  pluck  up  their  fpirits   in  this  neceffity  they  were 

iallen  into,  and  break  their  law  by  avenging  themfelves,  al- 

though they  mould  die  in  the  aftion,  than  by  doing  nothing 


*  'EjEflx-STi)*  is  here,  and  ir.  very  many  other  places  of  Jofrphus,  immediately 
at  hand,  and  is  to  be  fo  expound  d,  z  Theft",  ii  2.  when  iome  iallely  pretended 
that  St  Paul  had  faid  either  by  word  or  mouth,  or  by  an  epiftle,  or  by  both,  that 
the  day  oJChriJl  was  immediately  at  hand;  for  Hill  St  Paul  did  then  plainly  think 

*•'  .:'  cay  not  very  many  years  future. 


374  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVlIi, 

to  pleafe  their  enemies  in  fubmitting  to  be  (lain  by  them. 
Accordingly  he  took  up  his  weapons,  and  infufed  -courage 
into  thofe  that  were  with  him  to  att  as  courageoully  as 
felf.  So  they  fell  upon  their  enemies,  and  flew  a  great  many 
of  them,  becaufe  they  defpifed  them,  and  came  as  to  a  cer- 
tain vittory,  and  put  the  reft  to  flight. 

3.  But  when  the  news  ot  this  tight  came  to  the  king  of  Par- 
thia,  he  was  furprifed  at  the  boldnefs  of  thefe  brethren,  and 
was  defirous  to  fee  them,  and  fpeak  with  them.  He  therefore, 
fent  the  moil  trufty  ot  all  his  guards  to  fay  thus  to  them,  '  That 
king  Artabanus,  although  lie  hath  been  unjuttly  treated  by 
you,  who  have  made  an  attempt  againfthisgovernment,  yet  hath 
he  more  regard  to  your  courageous  behavour,  than  to  the  an- 

fer  he  bears  to  you,  and  hath.ient  me  to  give  you  his  right- 
and  *,  and  fecurity,  and  he  permits  you  to  come  to  him 
lately,  and  without  any  violence  upon  the  road,  and  he  wants 
to  have  you  addrefs  you i  id*  es  to  him  as  his  friends, 
meaning  any  guile  or  deceit  to  you.  He  alfo  «promifes  to 
make  you  prelems,  and  to  pay  you  thofe  reipefcls  which  will 
make  .an  addition  ot  his  power  to  your  courage,  and  thereby 
be  of  advantage  to  you.''  Yet  did  Afineus  himfelf  put  off 
his  journey  thither,  but  fent  his  brother  Anileus  with. all  Inch 
prelents  as  he  could  procure.  So  he  went,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  king's  prefence ;  and  when  Artabanus  faw  A, 
coming  alone,  he  inquired  into  the  reafon  why  Afineus  avoid- 
ed to  come  along  with  him  j  and  when  he  underflood  that  he 
was  airaid,  ana  itaid  by  the  lake,  he  took  an  oath  by  the  gods 
of  his  country,  that  he  would  do  ftiem  no  harm,  if  they 
to  him  upon  the  aflurances  he  gave  them,  and  gave  him  his 
right  hand  t.  Tins  is  ot  the  greatell  force  there  with  all  thefe 
barbarians,  and  affords  a  firm  fecurily  to  thofe  who  converts 
with  them  ;  for  none  of  them  will  deceive  you,  when  once 
they  have  given  you  their  right  hands,  nor  will  any  one  doubt 
of  ttteir  fidelity,  when  that  is  once  given,  even  though  they 
were  before  fufpefted  ct  injuitice,  When  Artabanus  had 
done  this,  he  lent  away  Anileus  to  perfuade  his  brother  to 
came  to  him.  Now  this  the  king  did,  becaufe  he  wanted  to 
curb  his  own  governors  ot  provinces  by  the  courage  oi 
Jewifh  brethren,  Ictl  they  mould  make  a  league  with  them  ; 
lor  they  were  ready  for  a  revolt,  and  were  difpofed  to  rebel, 
had  they  been  fent  on  an  expedition  againft  them.  He  was 
alfo  afraid,  kit  when  he  was  engaged  in  a  war  in  order  to 
lubdue  thofe  governors  ot  provinces  that  had  revolted,  the 
party  ot  Afineus,  and  thofe  in  Babylonia,  fhould  be  augment- 
ed, and  either  make  war  upon  him,  when  they  fhould  hear 

*  The  joining  of  the  ri.  .  efleemed  among  the  Perfaas  [and  Parthi- 

ans]  in  particular,  a  moft  inviolable  obligation  to  fidelity,  as  Dr  Hudlon  here  ob- 
ierves,  and  ixfers  to  the  comm.-nury  ou  Juftin,  B.  XI.  ch.  xv.  i  >r  its  confirmation. 
We  ofu-n  meet  with  the  like  ulc  o:  ;t  in  Joiephiu. 

t  See  the  above  no:-.1. 


Cliap.  IX.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  375 

of  that  revolt,  or,  if  they  fhould  be  difappointed  in  that  cafe, 
they  would"  not  fail  of  doing  farther  mifchiet  to  him. 

4.  When  the  king  had  thefe  intentions,  he  lent  away  Anil- 
eus,  and   Anileus   prevailed   on   his  brother  [to  come  to  the 
kingj,  when  he  had  reined  to  him  the  king's  good-will,  and 
the  onth  that  he  had  ta'ken.     Accordingly  they  made  haite   to 
go  to  Arfabanus,  who  received  them,  when   they  were  come 
with  plealure,  and  admired  Afineus's  courage  in  the  actions  he* 
had  done,  and  this  becaufe  he  was  a  little  man  to  fee  to,  and  at 
firfl  fight  appeared  contemptible  alfo,  and  inch  as  one   might 
deem  a  perfon  oi  no  value  at  all.     He  alfo  faid  to  his   friends, 
how;  upon  the  comparifon     he  fhewed  his  foul  to  be,  in  all 
refpefts,  fuperior  to  his  body  ;  and  when,  as  they  were  drink- 
ing together    he  once   fhewed  Aline  us  to  Abdagafes,  one  of 
the  generals  of  his  army,  and  told  him  his  name,  and  defcrib- 
ed  the  great  courage  he  was  of   in  war,    and  Abdagaffes,   hadT 
defired  leave  to  kill  him,   and  thereby  to  infli£i  on  him  a  pun- 
ifhment  forthofe  injuries  he  had  done  to  the  Parthian  govern- 
ment, the  king  replied,  "  I  will  never  give  thee  leave  to  kill- 
a  man  who  hath  depended  on  my  faith,  efpecially  not  after  I 
have  fent  him  my  right  hand,  and  endeavoured  to  gain  his  be- 
lief by  oaths  made  by  the  gods.     But,    if   thou  beeft  a  truly 
warlike  man,  thou  ftandeft  not  in  need  of  my  perjury.     Go> 
thcu  then,  and  avenge  the  Parthian  government ;   attack,  thi* 
man,  when  he  is  returned  back,  and  conquer  him  by  the  for- 
ces that  are  under  thy  command,  without  my  privity."  Here- 
upon the  king  called  for  Afineus,  and  faid  to  him,  "  It  is  time 
for  thee,  O  thou  young  man,  to  return  home,  and  not  pro- 
voke the  indignation  of  my  generals  in  this  place  any  farther, 
leaftthey  attempt  to  murder  thee,  and  that  without  my  appro- 
bation.    I  commit  to  thee  the  country  of  Babylonia  in  truft, 
that  it  may,  by  thy  care  be  preferved  free  from  robbers,  and 
from  other  mifchiefs.    I  have  kept  my  faith  inviolable  to  thee, 
and  that  not  in  trifling  affairs,  but  in  thpfe  that  concerned  thy 
fafety,  and  do  therefore  defervethou  mould il  be  kind  to  me." 
When  lie  had  faid-this,and  given  Aftneus  fome  prefents,  he  fent 
him  away  immediately  ;  who,  when  he  was  come  home,  built 
1'ortreHes,  and  became  great  in  a  little  time,  and  managed  things 
with fuch  counge  and  iuccefs,  as  no  other  perfon,  that  had' 
no  higher  a  beginning,  ever  did  before  him.     Thofe  Parthian, 
governors  alfo,  who  were  fent  that  way,  paid   him  great  re- 
ipeft  ;  and  the  honour  that  was  paid  him  by  the  Babylonians 
feemed  to  them  too  fmall,  and  beneath  his  deferts,  although  he 
were  in  no  fmall  dignity  and  power  there:    Nay,  indeed,  all 
the  affairs  of  Mefopotamta  depended  upon  him,  and  he  more 
and  more  flourifhed  in  this  happy  condition  of  hjs  tor  fifteen 
years. 

5.  But  as  their  affairs   were  in  fo  flourifhing  a  ftate,  there 
fprang  up  a  cal-imity  among  them  on  the  following  occafion, 
When  once  they  had  dsviated  from  that   courle  of  virtue 


376  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THJJ   JEWS.      [Bcjok   X  •. 


whereby  they  had  gained  fo  great  power,  they  affronted  and 
tranfgrefled  the  laws  of  their  forefathers,  and  fell  under  the1 
dominion  ot  their  lufts  and  pleafures.  A  certain  Parthian, 
who  came  as  general  ot  an  army  into  thofe  parts,  had  a  wife 
following  him,  who  had  a  vaft  reputation  for  other  accom-i 
plifhments,  and  particularly  was  admired  above  ail  other  worn 
en  for  her  beauty  ;  Anileus,  the  brother  of  Afineus,  either 
heard  of  that  her  beauty  from  others,  or  perhaps  faw  herhim- 
felf  alfo.  and  fo  became  at  once  her  lover  and  her  enemy  ; 
partly  becaufe  he  could  not  hope  to  enjoy  this  woman  but  by 
obtaining  power  over  her  as  a  captive,  and  partly  becaufe  he 
thought  he  could  not  conquer  his  inclinations  for  her  ;  as  fooa 
therefore  as  her  hufband  had  been  declared  an  enemy  to  them, 
and  was  fallen  in  the  battle,  the  widow  of  the  deceafed  was 
married  to  this  her  lover.  However,  this  woman  did  not 
come  into  their  houfe  without  producing  great  misfortunes 
both  to  Anileus  himfelf,  and  to  Afineus  al'o  ;  but  brought 
great  mifchiets  upon  them  on  the  occafion  following.  Since 
ihe  was  led  away  captive,  upon  the  death  of  her  hufband,  Hie 
concealed  the  images  of  thofe  gods  whi  h  were  their  country 
gods,  common  to  her  hufband  and  to  herfelf  :  Now  it  is  the 
cuftom  *  of  that  country  for  all  to  have  the  idols  they  wormip 
in  their  own  houfes,  and  to  carry  them  along  with  them  when 
they  go  into  a  foreign  land  ;  agreeably  fo  which  cuftom  ok 
theirs  me  carried  her  idols  with  her.  Now  at  firit  (he  perform- 
ed her  worfhip  to  them  privately,  but  when  (he  was  become 
Anileus's  married  wife,  (he  worshipped  them  in  her  accuf- 
tomed  manner,  and  with  the  fame  appointed  ceremonies  which 
ihe  ufed  in  her  former  hufband's  days  ;  upon  which  their 
moft  efleemed  friends  blamed  him  at  firft,  that  he  did  not  a6l 
after  the  manner  of  the  Hebrews,  nor  perform  what  was  a- 
greeable  to  their  laws,  in  marrying  a  foreign  wife,  and  one 
that  tranfgrefled  the  accurate  appointments  of  their  facrifices 
and  religious  ceremonies  ;  that  he  ought  to  confider,  left  by 
allowing  himfelf  in  many  pleafures  ot  the  body,  he  mighr. 
lofe  his  principality,  on  account  ot  the  beauty  of  a  wife,  and 
that  high  authority*  which,  by  God's  bleffing,  he  had  arrived 
at.  But  when  they  prevailed  not  at  all  upon  him,  he  flew 
one  ot  them  for  whom  he  had  the  greateft  refpeft,  becaufe  ot 
the  liberty  he  took  with  him  ;  who,  when  he  was  dying,  out 
of  regard  to  the  laws,  imprecated  a  punimment  upon  his  mur- 
derer Anileus,  and  upon  Afineus  alfo,  and  that  all  their  com- 
panions might  come  to  a  like  end  from  their  enemies  ;  upon 
the  two  firft  as  the  principal  afclors  ot  this  wickednefs,  and 

«  This  cuftom  of  the  Mefopotair.Lns  to  carry  their  houfehold  gods  alrn^  with 
them  wherever  they  travelled,  is  as  old  as  the  days  of  Jacob,  when  Rachel  his 
wife  did  the  lame,  Geir  xxxi.  19,30—35.  nor  is  it  to  pal's  here  unoblerved, 
what  great  miferies  carae  onthefe  Jews,  becaufe  they  fuffered  one  of  their  leader: 
to  marry  an  idolatrous  wife,  contrary  to  the  law  of  Moles.  Of  which  matter  ice 
he  note  on  ii.  A7X.  ch.  v.  S  3.  Vol.  II. 


IX.]         ANTIQUITIES    OP    THE    JEWS.  377 

v.pon  the  reft  as  thofe  that  would  pot  affift  him  when  he  fuf- 
fered  in  the  defence  of  their  laws.  Now  thefe  latter  were  fore- 
\y  grieved,  yet  did  they  tolerate  thefe  doings,  becaufe  they  re- 
membered that  they  had  arrived  at  their  prefent  happy  flate 
by  no  other  means  than  their  fortitude.     But  when  they  alfo 
heard  of  the  worfbip  of  thofe  gods  whom  the  Parthians  adore, 
they  thought  the  injury  that  Anileus  offered  to  their  laws  was 
to  be  borne  no  longer  ;  and  a  greater  number  of  them  came  to 
Afmeus,  and  loudly  complained  of  Anileus,  and  told  him,  that 
es  it  had  been  well  that  he  had  of  himfelt  feen  what  was  advan- 
tageous to  them,  but  that  however  it   was  now  high   time  to 
corrett  what  had  been  done  amifs,  before  the  crime  that  had 
been  committed  proved  the  ruin  of  himfelf,  and  all  the  reft  of 
them.     They  added,  that  the  marriage  of  this  woman   was 
rnade  without  their  confent,  and  without  a  regard  to  their  old 
laws;  and  that  the  worfhip  which  this  woman  paid  fto  her 
gods]  was  a  reproach  to  the  God  whom  they  worfhipped." 
Now  Afineus  was  fenfible  oi  his  brother's  offence,  that  it  had 
been  already  the  caufe  of  great  mifchiefs,  and  would  be  fo  for 
the  time  to  come  ;  yet  did  he  tolerate  the  fame  from  the  good 
will  he  had  to  fo  near  a  relation,  and  forgiving  it  to  him,  on 
account  that  his  brother  was  quite  over-borne  by  his  wicked 
inclinations.     But  as   more  and  more   itill   came  about  him 
every  day,  and  the  clamours  about  it  became  greater,  he  at 
length  fpake  to  Anileus  about  thefe  clamours,  reproving  him 
lor  his  former  aftions,  and  de  firing  him  for  the  future  to  leave 
them  off,  and  fend  the  woman  back  to  her  relations.     But  no- 
thing was  gained  by  thefe  reproofs  ;   for  as  the  woman  per- 
ceived what  a  tumult  was  made  among  the  people  on  her  ac- 
count, and  was  afraid  for  Anileus,  left  he  fhould  come  to  any 
harm  for  his  love  to  her,  the  infufed  poifon  into  Afineus's 
food,  and  thereby  took  him  off,  and  was  now  fecure  of  prevail- 
ing, when  her  lover  was  to  be  judge  of  what  fhould  be  done 
about  her. 

6.  So  Anileus  took  *he  government  upon  himfelf  alone, 
and  led  his  army  againft  the  villages  of  Mithridates,  who  was 
a  man  of  principal  authority  in  Parthia,  and  had  married  king 
Artabanus's  daughter  ;  he  alfo  plundered  them,  and  among 
that  prey  was  found  much  money,  and  many  flaves  as  alfo  a 
great  number  of  fheep,  and  many  other  things,  which,  when 
gained,  make  mens  condition  happy.  Now  when  Mithridates, 
who  was  there  at  this  time,  heard  that  his  villages  were  taken, 
he  was  very  much  difpleafed  to  find  that  Aaileus  had  firfl  be- 
gun  to  injure  him,  and  to  affront  him  in  his  prefent  dignity, 
\vhen  he  had  not  offered  any  injury  to  him  before-hand  ;  and 
he  got  together  the  greateft  body  of  horfemen  he  was  able, 
and  thofe  out  of  that  number  which  were  of  an  age  fit  for  war, 
and  came  to  fight  Anileus  ;  and  when  he,  was  arrived  at  a  cer- 
tain village  of  his  own,  he  lay  ftill  there,  as  intending  to  fight 
him  on  the  day  following,  becaufe  it  was  the  Sabbath,  the  day 

VOL.  U.  Z  z 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVJ1I. 

on  which  the  Jews  reft.  And  when  Anileus  was  informed 
of  this  by  a  Syrian  ftranger  of  another  village,  who  not  only 
gave  him  an  exa£t  account  of  other  circumftances,  but  told 
him  where  Mithridates  would  have  a  feaft,  ~he  took  his  Cupper 
at  a  proper  time,  and  marched  by  night,  with  an  intent  of  fall- 
ing  upon  the  Parthians  while  they  were  unapprifed  what  they 
fhould  do  ;  fo  he  fell  upon  them  about  the  fourth  watch  of  the 
night,  and  fome  of  them  he  flew  while  they  were  afleep,  and 
others  he  put  to  flight,  and  took  Mithridates  alive,  and  fet  him 
naked  upon  an  afs*,  which  among  the  Parthians  is  efteemed 
the  greateft  reproach  poflible.  And  when  he  had  brought  him 
into  a  wood  with  fuch  a  refolution,  and  his  friends  defired  him 
to  kill  Mithridates,  he  foon  told  them  his  own  mind  to  the 
contrary,  and  faid  that  "  it  was  not  right  to  kill  a  man  who 
was  one  of  the  principal  families  among  the  Parthians,  and 
greatly  honoured  with  matching  into  the  royal  family  ;  that  fo 
far  as  they  had  hitherto  gone  was  tolerable  ;  for  although  they 
had  injured  Mithridates,  yet  if  they  preferved  his  life,  this 
benefit  would  be  remembered  by  him  to  the  advantage  of  thofe 
that  gave  it  him  ;  but  that  if  he  were  once  put  to  death,  the 
Xing  would  not  be  at  reft  till  he  had  made  a  great  (laughter  of 
the  Jews  that  dwelt  at  Babylon  ;  to  whofe  fafety  we  ought  to 
have  a  regard,  both  on  account  of  our  relation  to  them,  and 
becaufe,  if  any  misfortune  betal  us.  we  have  no  other  place  to 
retire  to,  fince  he  hath  gotten  the  flower  of  their  youth  under 
him."  By  this  thought,  and  this  fpeech  ol  his  made  in  coun- 
cil, he  perfuaded  them  to  aft  accordingly  ;  fo  Mithridates  was 
let  go.  But  when  he  was  got  away,  his  wife  rep  reached  him, 
that  although  he  was  fon-in-laxv  to  the  king,  he  neglefted  to 
avenge  himfelt  on  thofe  that  had  injured  him,  while  he  took 
no  care  about  it,  but  was  contented  to  have  been  made  a  cap- 
tive by  the  Jews,  and  to  have  efcaped  them  ;  and  (he  bid  him 
either  to  go  back  like  a  man  of  courage,  or  elfe  fhe  fware  by 
the  gods  of  their  royal  family,  that  fhe  would  certainly  diffolve 
her  marriage  with  him."  Upon  which,  partly  becaufe  he 
could  not  bear  the  daily  trouble  of  her  taunts,  and  partly  be- 
caufe he  was  a!ra\d  of  her  infolence,  left  Ihe  fhould  in  earneft 
difTolve  her  marriage,  he  unwillingly,  and  againft  his  inclina- 
tions, got  together  again  as  large  an  army  as  he  could,  and 
marched  along  with  them,  as  himfelf  thinking  it  a  thing  not  to 
be  borne  any  longer,  that  he,  a  Parthian,  mould  owe  his  pref- 
ei  vation  to  the  Jews,  when  they  had  been  too  hard  for  him  in 
the  war. 
*].  But  as  foon  as  Anileus  underftood  that  Mithridates  was 

*  This  cuftom  in  Syria  and  Mefopotamia,  of  fettin^  men  upon  an  afs,  by  way 
of  difgrace,  is  ftill  kept  up  at  Damalcus  in  Syria  ;  where,  in  order  to  fhow  their 
•dt-fpite  againft  the  Chriftians,  the  Turk*  will  not  faffer  them  to  hire  horfes,  but 
affes  only,  when  they  go  abroad  to  lee  the  country,  as  Mr.  Maundrell  affurcs  us, 
page  128. 


Chap.  IX.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE  JEWS.  379 

marching  with  a  great  army  againft  him,  he  thought  it  to  ig- 
nominious a  thing  to  tarry  about  the  lakes,  and  not  to  take  the 
firft- opportunity  of  meeting  his  enemies  and  he  hoped  to  have 
the  fame  fuccefs,  and  to  beat  their  enemies  as  they  did  before ; 
as  alfo  he  ventured  boldly  upon  the  like  attempts.  Accord- 
ingly he  led  out  his  ajrmy,  and  a  great  many  more  joined 
themfelves,  to  that  army,  in  order  to  betake  themfelves  to  plun- 
der the  people,  and  in  order  to  terrify  the  enemy  again  by 
their  numbers.  But  when  they  had  marched  ninety  turlongs, 
while  the  road  had  been  through  dry  [and  fandyj  places,  and 
about  the  midft  of  the  day,  they  were  become  very  thinly; 
and  Mithridates  appeared,  and  fell  upon  them,  as  they  were 
in  diftrefs  for  want  of  water,  on  which  account,  and  on  account 
of  the  time  of  day  they  were  not  able  to  bear  their  weapons. 
So  Anileus  and  his  men  were  put  to  an  ignominious  rout, 
while  men  in  defpair  were  to  attack  thofe  that  were  frefh,  and 
in  good  plight  ;  fo  a  great  Daughter  was  made,  and  many  ten 
thoufand  men  fell.  New  Anileus,  and  all  that  flood  firm  a- 
bout  him,  ran  away,  as  taft  as  they  were  able,  into  a  wood,  and 
afforded  Mithridates  the  pleafure  of  having  a  great  viclory  o- 
ver  them.  But  there  now  came  in  to  Anileus  a  conflux  of 
bad  men,  who  regarded  their  own  lives  very  little,  if  they  might 
but  gain  fome  prefent  eafe,  infomuch  that  they,  by  thus  com- 
ing to  him,  compenfated  the  multitude  of  thofe  that  perifhed 
in  the  fight.  Yet  were  not  thefe  men  like  to  thofe  that  fell, 
becaufe  they  were  rafh,  and  unexercifed  in  war ;  however, 
with  thefe  he  came  upon  the  villages  of  the  Babylonians,  and 
a  mighty  devaftation  of  all  things  was  made  there  by  the  inju- 
ries that  Anileus  did  them.  So  the  Babylonians,  and  thofe 
that  had  already  been  in  the  war,  fent  to  Neerda  to  the  Jews 
there,  and  demanded  Anileus.  But  although  they  did  not  a- 
gree  to  their  demands,  (for  if  they  had  been  willing  to  deliver 
him  up,  it  was  not  in  their  power  fo  to  do  ;  yet  did  they  defire 
to  make  peace  with  them.  To  which  the  other  replied,  that 
they  alfo  wanted  to  fettle  conditions  ot  peace  with  them,  and 
fent  men  together  with  the  Babylonians,  who  difcourfed  with 
Anileus  about  them.  But  the  Babylonians,  upon  taking  a 
view  of  his  fituation,  and  having  learned  where  Anileus  and 
his  men  lay,  fell  fecretly  upon  them  as  they  were  drunk,  and 
fallen  afleep,  and  ilew  all  that  they  caught  of  them,  without 
any  fear,  and  killed  Anileus  himfelf  alfo. 

8.  The  Babylonians  were  now  freed  from  Anileus's  heavy 
incurfious,  which  had  been  a  great  reftraint  to  the  effefts  of 
that  hatred  they  bore  to  the  Jews  ;  for  they  were  almolt  al- 
ways at  variance,  by  reafon  of  the  contrariety  of  their  laws  ; 
and  which  party  foever  grew  boldeft  before  the  other,  they  af- 
laulted  the  other  :  And  at  this  time  in  particular  it  was,  that, 
upon  the  ruin  of  Anileus's  party,  the  Babylonians  attacked 
the  Jews,  which  made  thofe  Jews  fo  vehemently  to  refent  the 
injuries  they  received  from  the  Babylonians,  that  being  nei- 


380  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XVIIL 

ther  able  to  fight  them,  nor  bearing  to  live  with  them,  they 
went  to  Seleucia,  the  principal  city  of  thole  parts,  which  was 
built  by  Seleucus  Nicator.  It  was  inhabited  by  many  of  the 
Macedonians,  but  by  more  of  the  Grecians  ;  not  a  few  of  the 
Syrians  aHo  dwelt  there  ;  and  thither  did  the  Jews  fly,  and  liv- 
ed there  five  years  without  any  misfortunes.  But  on  the  fixth 
year,  a  peftilence  came  upon  thofe  at  Babylon,  which  occa- 
fioned  new  removals  of  mens  habitations  out  of  that  city  ;  and 
becaufe  they  came  to  Seleucia,  it  happened  that  a  ftill  heavier 
calamity  came  upon  them  on  that  account,  which  I  am  going, 
to  relate  immediately. 

9.  Now  the  way  of  living  of  the  people  of  Seleucia,  which 
were  Greeks  and  Syrians,  was  commonly  quarrellome,  and  full- 
of  diicord,  though  the  Greeks  were  too  hard  for  the  Syrians. 
When  therefore  the  Jews  were  come  thither,  and  dwelt  among 
them,  there  arofe  a  fedition,  and  the  Syrians  were  too  hard  tor 
the  other,  by  the  afliftance  ot  the  Jews,  who  are  men  that  def- 
pife  dangers,  and  very  ready  to  fight  upon  any  occafion.  Now 
when  the  Greeks  had  the  worft  in  this  fedition,  and  faw  that 
they  had  but  one  way  of  recovering  their  former  authority, 
and  that  was;  if  they  could  prevent  the  agreement  between  the 
Jews  and  the  Syrians,  they  every  one  difcourfed  with  fuch  of 
the  Syrians  as  were  formerly  their  acquaintance,  and  promif- 
edthey  would  be  at  peace  and  friendmip  with  them.  Accord- 
inglythey  gladly  agreed  fotodo  ;  and  when  this  was  done  by 
the  principal  men  of  both  nations,  they  foon  agreed  to  a  recon- 
ciliation, and  when  they  were  fo  agreed,  they  both  knew  that 
the  great  defign  of  fuch  their  union  would  be  their  common 
hatred  to  the  Jews,.  Accordingly  they  tell  upon  them,  and  flew 
about  fifty  thoufand  of  them  ;  nay  the  Jews  were  all  deftroyed, 
excepting  a  few  who  efcaped  either  by  the  compaffion  which 
their  friends  or  neighbours  afforded  ihem,  in  order  to  let  them 
flyaway.  Thefe  retired  to  Ctefiphon.a  Grecian  city,  and  fitu- 
ated  near  to  Seleucia,  where  the  king  [of  Parthia]  lives  in  win- 
ter every  year,  and  where  the  greateft  part  of  his  riches  are  re- 
pofited  ;  but  thejews  had  here  no  certain  fettlement,  thofe  of  Se- 
leucia having  little  concern  for  the  king's  honour.  Now  the 
whole  nation  of  the  Jews  were  in  fear  both  of  the  Babylonians, 
and  of  the  Seleucians,  becaufe  all  the  Syrians  that  live  in  thofe 
places  agreed  with  the  Seleucians  in  the  war  againft  the  Jews ; 
fothemoftof  them  gathered  themfelves  together,  and  went  to 
I^eerda,  and  Nifibis,  and  obtained  fecurity  there  by  the  ftrength. 
of  thofe  cities  ;befides  which  their  inhabitants,  who  were  a  great 
many,  were  all  war!  ike  men.  And  this  wastheftateof  the  Jews 
3t  this  time  in  Babylonia, 


Chap.  I.]  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE 


BOOK    XIX. 


Containing  the  interval  of  three  years  and  an  half, 

[From  the  departure  of  the  JKWS  out  oj  Babylon,  to  FADVS 
the  Roman  Procurator.] 


CHAP.    I. 

How  Caius  *  wasjlain  by  Cherca*. 


\  i.  TVTPW  this  Caius  f  did  not  demonftrate  his  madnefs 
i.  >l  in  offering  injuries  only  to  the  Jews  at  Jerufalem, 
or  to  thofe  that  dwelt  in  the  neighbourhood,  but  fullered  it  to. 
extend,  itfelt  through  all  the  earth  and  iea,  io  far  as  was  in  fub- 
jection  to  the  Romans,  and  filled  it  with  ten  thoufand  mif- 
chiets  ;  fo  many  indeed  in  number  as  no  former  hiftory  relates, 
But  Rome  itfelt  felt  the  inofl  difmal  effects  of  what  he  did, 
while  he  cjeemed  that  not  to  be  any  way  more  honourable  than 
the  reft  of  the  cities  but  he  pulled  and  hauled  its  other  citizens, 
but  efpecially  the  fenate,  and  particularly  the  nobility,  and  iuch 
as  had  been  dignified  by  illuftriousanceftors  ;  he  alfb  had  ten 
thoufand  devices  againfl  fuch  of  the  equeftrian  order,  as  it  was 
ityled,  who  were  elteemed  by  the  citizens  equal  in  dignity 
and  wealth  with  the  fenators,  becaule  out  of  them  the  fenators 
were  themfelves  chofen  ;  thele  he  treated  after  an  ignominious 
manner,  and  removed  them  out  of  his  way,  while  they  were 
at  once  flain  and  their  wealth  plundered  ;  becaufe  he  flew  men 
generally  in  order  to  feize  on  their  riches.  He  a  Mb  aflerted 
his  own  divinity,  and  infilled  on  greater  honours  to  be  paid 
him  by  his  fubjecls,  than  are  due  to  mankind.  He  alfo  fre- 
quented that  temple  of  Jupiter  which  they  ftile  the  capitol, 
which  is  with  them  the  molt  holy  of  all  their  temples,  and 
had  boldnefs  enough  to  call  himfelf  the  brother  of  Jupiter. 
And  other  pranks,  he  did  like  a,  madman  ;  as  when  he  laid  a 

*  In  this  and  the  three  next  chapters,  we  have,  I  think  a  larger  and  more  diftinft 
account  of  the  (laughter  of  Caius,  and  the  fuccession  of  Claudius,  than  we  have  of 
any  fuch  ancient  fads  whatfoever  eliewhere.  Some  of  the  occafions  of  which  prob- 
ably were,  jofephus's  bitter  hatred  againfl  tyranny,  and  the  pleafure  he  took,  in 
giving  tin-  hiftory  of  the  (laughter  of  iuch  a  barbarous  tyrant  as  was  this  Cains  Cali- 
gula, as  alto  the  delivc-rance  his  own  nation  had  by  that  daughter,  of  which  he 
Ipeaks  left.  2.  together  with  that  great  ii.timacy  he  had  with  Agrippa  junior, 
whofe  lather  was  deeply  concerned  in  the  advancement  of  Claudius,  upon  the 
death  of  Caius  ;  from  which  Agrippa  junior.  Jofephus  might  be  ful.y  informed  of 
this  hiftory. 

1  C-:!ea  Caligula  by  the  Romans. 


3&2  ANTIQUITIES   OP   THE   JEWS.      [Book  XIX, 

bridge  From  the  city  Dicerchia,  which  belongs  to  Campania, 
to  Mifenum,  another  city  upon  the  fea  fide,  from  one  pro- 
montory to  another,  of  the  length  of  thirty  furlongs,  as 
meafured  over  the  fea.  And  this  was  done,  becaufe  he  efteem- 
cd  it  to  be  a  moft  tedious  thing  to  row  over  it  in  a  fmall  fhip, 
and  thought  withal,  that  it  became  him  to  make  that  bridge, 
frince  he  was  lord  of  the  fea,  and  might  oblige  it  to  give  marks 
of  obedience  as  well  as  the  earth  ;  fo  he  enclofed  the  whole 
bay  within  his  bridge  and  drove  his  chariot  over  it,  and  thought 
that,  as  he  was  a  god,  it  was  fit  for  him  to  travel  over  fuch 
roads  as  this  was.  Nor  did  he  obftain  from  the  plunder  of  any 
of  the  Grecian  temples,  and  gave  order  that  all  the  engravings 
and  fculpters,  and  the  reft  of  the  ornaments  of  the  ftatues  and 
donations  therein  dedicated,  mould  be  brought  to  him,  faying, 
that  "  the  beft  things  ought  to  be  fet  no  where  but  in  the  beft 
place,  and  that  the  city  of  Rome  was  that  beft  place."  He 
alfo  adorned  his  own  houfe  and  his  gardens  with  the  curiofities 
brought  from  thofe  temples,  together  with  the  hpufes  he  lay 
at  when  he  travelled  all  over  Italy  ;  whence  he  did  not  fcru- 
ple  to  give  a  command,  that  the  ftatue  of  Jupiter  Olympius, 
fo  called,  becaufe  he  was  honoured  at  the  Olympian  games 
by  the  Greeks,  which  was  the  workot  Phidias  the  Athenian, 
(hould  be  brought  to  Rome.  Yet  did  not  he  compafs  his  end, 
becaufe  the  architects  told  Memmius  Regius,  who  was  com- 
manded to  remove  that  ftatue  of  Jupiter,  that  the  workman- 
fhip  was  fuch  as  would  be  fpoiled,  and  would  not  bear  the  re- 
moval. It  was  alfo  reported  that  Memmius,  both  on  that  acr 
count,  and  on  account  of  fome  fuch  mighty  prodigies  as  are 
of  an  incredible  nature,  put  off  the  taking  it  down,  and  wrote 
to  Caius  thofe  accounts,  as  his  apology  tor  not  having  done 
what  his  epiftle  required  of  him  ;  and  that  when  he  was  thence 
in  danger  oi  perifliing,  he  was  faved  by  Caius's  being  dead 
himfelf,  before  he  had  put  him  to  death. 

a.  Nay,  Caius's  madnefs  came  to  this  height,  that  when  he 
had  a  daughter  born  he  carried  her  into  the  Capitol,  and  put 
her  upon  the  knees  of  the  ftatue,  and  faid,  that  the  child  was 
common  to  him  and  to  Jupiter,  and  determined  that  (he  had 
two  fathers,  but  which  of  thefe  fathers  were  the  greateft,  he 
left  undetermined  ;  and  yet  mankind  bore  him  in  fuch  his 
pranks.  He  alfo  gave  leave  to  (laves  to  accufe  their  mailers, 
of  any  crimes  whatfoever  they  pleafed  ;  for  all  fuch  accufa- 
tions  were  terrible,  becaufe  they  were  in  great  part  made  to 
pleafe  him,  and  at  his  fuggeftion.  infomuch  that  Pallux, 
Claudius's  flave,  had  the  boldnefs  to  lay  an  accufation 
againft  Claudius  himfelf,  and  Caius  was  not  afhamed  to 
be  prefent  at  his  trial  of  life  and  death,  to  hear  that  trial 
of  his  own  uncle,  in  hopes  of  being  able  to  take  him  off,  al- 
though he  did  not  fucceed  to  his  mind.  But  when  he  had 
filled  the  whole  habitable  world,  which  he  governed,  with 
falfe  accufations  and  miferies,  and  had  occafioned  the  great* 


Chap.   1.]          ANTIQUITIES    OF    THB   JBWS.  383 

eft  infult  of  flaves  againft  their  matters,  who  indeed  in  great 
meafure  ruled  them,  there  were  many  fecret  plots  now  laid  a- 
gainft  him  ;  fome  in  anger,  and  in  order  for  men  to  revenge 
themfetves,  on  account  of  the  miferies  they  had  already  un- 
dergone from  him  ;  and  others  made  attempts  upon  him,  in 
order  to  take  him  off  before  they  fhould  fall  into  fuch  great 
miferies,  while  his  death  came  very  fortunately  for  the  pref- 
ervation  of  the  laws  of  all  men,  and  had  a  great  influence  upon 
the  public  welfare  ;  and  this  happened  moft  happily  for  our 
nation  in  particular,  which  had  almoft  utterly  perifhed  it 
he  had  not  been  fuddenly  (lain.  And  I  confefs  I  have  a  mind 
to  give  a  full  account  of  this  matter,  particularly  becauie  it 
will  afford  great  affurance  of  the  power  of  God,  and  great 
comfort  to  thofe  that  are  under  afflictions,  and  wife  caution  to 
thofe  who  think  their  happinefs  will  never  end,  nor  bring 
them  at  length  to  the  moft  lafting  miferies,  if  they  do  not  con- 
duel  their  lives  by  the  principles  of  Virtue. 

1.  Now  there  were  three  feveral  confpiracies  made  in  order  to 
take  off  Caius,  and  each  of  thefe  three  were  conducted  b 
cellent  perfons.  Emilius  Regulus,  born  at  Corduba  in 
got  fome  men  together,  and  was  defirous  to  take  Caius 
ther  by  them,  or  by  himfelf.  Another  con fpiracy  there  was 
laid  by  them,  under  theconduft  of  Cherea  Caffius,  the  tribune 
[of  the  Pretorian  band]  ;  Minucianus  Annius  was  alfo  one  of 
great  confequence  among  thofe  that  were  prepared  to oppofe  his 
tyranny.  Now  the  feveral  occafions  of  thefe  mens  feveral  ha- 
tred and  confpiracy  againft  Caius  were  thefe :  Regulus  had 
indignation  and  hatred  againft  all  injuftice,  for  he  had  a  mind 
naturally  angry,  and  bold,  and  free,  which  made  him  not 
conceal  his  counfels  ;  fohe  communicated  them  to  many  of 
his  friends,  and  to  others,  who  feemed  to  him  perfons  of  ac- 
tivity and  vigour :  Minucianus  entered  into  this  confpiracy, 
becaufe  of  the  injuftice  done  to  Lepidus  his  particular  friend, 
and  one  of  the  heft  character  of  all  the  citizens,  whom  Caius 
had  flain,  as  alfo  becaufe  he  was  afraid  of  himfelf,  fince  Cai- 
rn's wrath  tended  to  the  {laughter  of  all  alike  :  And  for  Che- 
rea, he  came  in,  becaufe  he  thought  it  a  deed  worthy  of  a  free 
ingenuous  man  to  kill  Caius,  and  was  afhamed  of  the  reproach- 
es he  lay  uader  from  Caius,  as  though  he  were  a  coward  ;  as 
alfo  becaufe  he  was  himfelf  in  danger  every  day  from  his 
f  riendfhip  with  him,  and  the  obfervance  he  paid  him.  Thefe 
men  propofed  this  attempt  to  all  the  reft  that  were  concerned,, 
who  faw  the  injuries  that  were  offered  them,  and  were  defir- 
ous that  Caius's  (laughter  might  fucceed  by  their  mutual  affif- 
tance  of  one  another,  and  they  might  themfelves  efcape  being 
killed  by  the  taking  off  Caius  ;  that  perhaps  they  mould  gam 
their  point,  and  that  it  would  be  an  happy  thing  if  they  fhould 
gain  it,  to  approve  themfelves  to  fp  many  excellent  perfons  ag 
earneftly  wifhed  to  be  partakers  with  them  in  their  defign,  for 
the  delivery  of  the  city  and  of  the  government,  even  at  the 


384  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.       |  Book  XIX, 

hazard  of  their  own  lives.  But  ftill  Cherea  was  the  rrioft 
zealous  of  them  all,  both  out  of  a  defire  of  getting  himfelf  the 
greateft  name,  arid  alfo  by  reafon  of  his  accefs  to  Caius's  pref- 
ence,  with  lefs  danger,  becaufe  he  was  tribune,  and  could 
therefore  the  more  eafily  kill  him. 

4.  Now  at  this   time  came  on   the  horfe  races  fCircenfian 
games]  ;  the  view  of  which  games  was  eagerly  defired  by  the 
people  of  Rome  ;  for  they  came  with  great  alacrity  into  the. 
hippodrome  [circus]   at  fuch  times,  and  petition  their  empe- 
rors, in   great  multitudes,    for   what  they  ftand  in  need  of  ; 
who  ufually  did  not  think  fit  to  deny  them  their  requefts,  but 
readily  and  greattully  granted  them.     Accordingly  they  mofl 
importunately    defired,  that  Caius  would  now   eafe  them  in 
their  tributes,  and  abate  fomewhat  of  the  rigour  of  the  taxes 
impofed  upon  them  ;  but  he  would  not  hear  their  petition  : 
and,  when  their  clamours  increafed,  he   lent  ioldiers,  fome 
one  way,  and  fome  another,  and  gave  order,  that  they  flhould 
Jay  hold  on  thpfe  that  tnade  the  clamours,  and  without  any 
more  ado,    bring  them  out,  and   put  them   to  death.     Thefe 
were  Caius's  commands    and  thofe  who  were  commanded  ex- 
e.c^t^the  fame  .  and  tne  number  of  thofe  who  were  (lain  on 
this 'occafion  was  very  great.     Now  the  people  faw  this  and 
bore  it  fp  far^  that  they  left  off  clamouring,  becaufe  they  faw 
with  their  own  eyes,  that  this  petition  to  he  relieved,  as  to  the 
payment  ot  their  money,  brought  immediate  death  upon  them. 
Thefe  things  made  Cherea  more   refolute  to  go  on  with  his 
plot,  in  order  to  put  an  end  to  this  barbarity  ot  Caius  againil 
men.     He  then  at  feveral  times,  thought  to  fall  upon  Caius  e- 
ven  as  he  was  teaiting  ;  yet  did  he  reftrain  himiell  by  fome 
confiderations ;  not  that  he  had  any   doubt  on  him  about  kill- 
ing him,  but  as  watching  for  a  proper  feafon,  that  the  attempt 
might  not  be  frustrated,  but  that  he  might  give  the  blow  fo  aS 
might  certainly  gain  his  purpofe. 

5.  Cherea  had  been  in  the  army  a  long  time,  yet  was  he  not 
pleafed  with  converting  fo  inuch  with  Caius.     But  Caius  had 
fet  him  to  require  the  tributes,  and  other  dues,  which,  when  not 
paid  in  due  time,  were  forfeited  to  Casfar's  treafury  ;  and  he 
had  made  fome  delays  in  requiring  them,  becaufe  thofe  burdens 
had  been  doubled.and  had  rather  indulged  his  own  mild  difpoli- 
tion.than  performed  Caius's  command ;  nay  .indeed, he  provok- 
ed Caius  to  anger  by  his  (paring  men,  and  pity  ing  the  hard  fort- 
unes,of  thoie  from  whom  he  demanded  the  taxes,  and  Caius  up- 
braided him  with  his  [loth and  effeminacy  in  being  folong  about 
collecting  the  taxes.    And  indeed  he  did  not  only  affront  him  in 
other  relpefts.  but  when  he  gave  him  the  watch  word  of  the 
day,  to  whom  it  was  to  be  given  by   his  place,  he  gave  him 
feminine  words,  and  thofe  ot  a  nature  very  reproachful  ;  and 
tbefe  watch- words  he  gave  out,  as  having  been  initiated  in  the 
fecrets  of  certain  mylleries,  which  he  had  been  himfelt  the 
author  of.    Now,  although  he  Jiad  fometiraes  put  on  womens 


Chap.  I.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  $$$ 

clothes,  and  had  been  wrapt  in  fome  embroidered  garments 
to  them  belonging,  and  done  a  great  many  other  things,  in 
order  to  make  the  company  miitake  him  for  a  woman  ;  yet 
did  he,  by  way  of  reproach,  objeft  the  like  womanifli  behav- 
iour to  Cherea.  But  when  Cherea  received  the  watch  word 
from  him,  he  had  indignation  at  it,  but  had  greater  indigna- 
tion at  the  delivery  ot  it  to  others,  as  being  laughed  at  by  thofe 
that  received  it  ;  infomuch  that  his  fellow-tribunes  made  him 
the  fubjetl  of  their  drollery  ;  tor  they  would  foretel  that  he 
would  bring  them  fome  of  his  ufual  watch-words,  when  he 
was  about  to  take  the  watch-word  from  Caefar,  and  would 
thereby  make  him  ridiculous  ;  on  which  accounts  he  took  the 
courage  ot  affuming  certain  partners  to  him,  as  having  juft 
reafons  for  his  indignatiou  againft  Caius.  Now  there  was  one 
Pompedius  a  fenator,  and  one  who  had  gone  through  almoft 
all  ports  in  the  government,  but  otherwise  an  Epicurean,  and 
for  thatreafon  loved  to  lead  an  unaclive  life.  NowTimidius, 
an  enemy  of  his  had  informed  Caius,  that  he  had  ufed  inde- 
cent reproaches  againft  him,  and  he  madeufe  of  Quintilia  for 
a  witnefs  to  them  ;  a  woman  fhe  was  much  beloved  by  manj^ 
that  frequented  the  theatre,  and  particularly  by  Pompedius, 
on  account  of  her  great  beauty.  Now  this  woman  thought  it 
an  horrible  thing  to  atteft  to  an  accufation  that  touched  the 
life  of  her  lover,  which  xvas  alio  a  lie.  Timidius,  however, 
wanted  to  have  her  brought  to  the  torture.  Caius  was  irritat- 
ed at  this  reproach  upon  him,  and  commanded  Cherea,  with- 
out any  delay,  to  torture  Quintilia,  as  he  ufed  to  empl'oy  Che- 
rea in  luch  bloody  iratters,  and  thofe  that  required  the  torture, 
becaufe  he  thought  he  would  do  it  the  more  barbaroufly,  in 
order  to  avoid  that  imputation  of  effeminacy  which  he  had 
laid  upon  him,  Bnt  Quintilia,  when  fhe  was  brought  to  the 
rack,  trod  upon  the  toot  of  one  ot  her  affociates,  and  let  him 
know,  that  he  might  be  ot  good  courage,  and  not  be  afraid  of 
the  confequenees  of  her  tortures ;  tor  that  fhe  would  bear  them 
with  magnanimity.  Cherea  tortured  this  woman  after  a  cru- 
el manner  ;  unwillingly  indeed,  but  becaufe  he  could  not  help 
it.  He  then  brought  her,  without  being  in  the  leaft  moved  at 
what  (he  had  fuffered,  into  the  p  re  fence  ot  Caius,  and  that  in 
fuch  a  ftate  as  was  fad  to  behold  ;  and  Caius,  being  fomewhat 
affected  with  the  fight  of  Ouintilia,  who  had  her  body  mifera- 
bly  difordered  by  the  pains  fhe  had  undergone,  freed  both  her 
and  Pompedius  of  the  crime  laid  to  their  charge.  He  alfo  gave 
her  money  to  make  her  an  honourable  amends,  and  comfort 
her  for  that  maiming  ot  her  body  which  fhe  had  fuffered,  and 
for  her  glorious  patience  under  iuch  unfufferable  torments.  - 

6.  This  matter  forely  grieved  Cherea,  as  having  been  the 
caufeas  far  as  he  could,  or  the  inftrument  ot  thofe  rniferies 
to  men,  which  feemed  worthy  of  conlolation  to  Caius  himlelf  ; 
on  which  account  he  faid  to  Clement  ami  to  Papinius  (oi 
whom  Clement  was  general  of  the  army,  and  Papinitfs  was  $ 

VOL,  II.  A  3 


AN'TIO'JITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  [Book  X  ' 

tribune).  "  To  be  fun  ,  Clement,  we  have  no  way  tailed  in 
our  guarding  th-j  e'rperor  ;  for  as  to  tbofe  that  have  made  con 
fpiracics  againtthis  government,  fome  have  '<ecr,  fbin  by  our 
care  and  pains,  and,  fome  have  been  by  us  tenured,  and  thin 
to  fu-  h  ,:  degree  th:>t  he  h;ifh  himfeif  p'tied  them.  How  great 
then  i&  our  virtue  ;n  fubmitting  to  conduct  his  armies  ?"  Cle- 
ment heKi  liis  pracr,  out  (hewed  the  fhame  he  was  under  in 
obeying  Cair.s's  orders,  both  by  his  eyes  and  his  blulhing  coun- 
tenance, while  he  thought  it  by  no  means  right  to  sccufe  the 
ompTor  in  cxprefs -words,  left  their  own  fafety  fhould  be  en- 
dangered thereby.  Upon  which  Cherea  took  courage,  and 
i'pake  to  Mm  without  fear  of  the  dangers  that  were  before  him, 
and  «.!ifcourfed  largely  ot  the  lore  calamities  undf-i  which  the 
ci.ty  and  the  government  then  laboured,  and  faid.  '  We  may 
ir.lcid  pretend  in  words,  that  Caius  is  the  perfon  unto  whom 
the  caufe  of  fuch  miferies  ought  to  be  imputed  ;  but,  in  the 
opinion  of  fuch  as  aie  able  to  judge  uprightly,  it  is  I,  O  Cle- 
menr,  and  this  P;>pinius,  and  before  usthou  thyfelf  who  bring 
thefe  tortures  upon  the  Romans,  and  upon  al!  mankind.  It 
is  not  done  by  our  being  fubfervient  to  the  commands  of  Cai~ 
us,  bat  it  is  done  by  our  own  confent  ;  for  whereas  it  is 
in  our  power  to  put  an  end  to  the  life  of  this  man,  who  hath 
fo  terribly  injured  the  citizens  and  his  fubjefls,  we  are  his 
guard  in  mifchiet  and  his  executioners,  inflead  of  his  foldiers, 
and  are  the  initruments  of  his  cruelty.  We  bear  thefe  weap- 
ons, not  lor  our  liberty,  not  for  the  Roman  government,  but 
only  for  his  prcfcrvation,  who  hath  enllaved  both  their  bodies 
and  their  minds  ;  jnd  we  are  every  day  polluted  with  the  blood 
that  we  fhed,  and  the  torments  we  irvfiitt  upon  others  ;  and  this 
we  do,  tiil  lomebody  becomes  Caius's 'initrument  in  bri: 
the  like  miferies  upon  ourfelvcs.  Nor  does  he  thus  employ 
us,  becaufe  he  hath  a  kindnefs  for  us;  but  rather  becaufe  he 
hath  a  fufpicion  ot  us,  as  alfo  becaufe  when  abundance  more 
have  been  killed  (for  Caius  will  (et  no  bounds  to  his  wrath, 
fince  he  aims  to  do  all,  not  out  of  regard  to  juftice  but  to  his 
tfwn  p'cai'ure),  we  (hall  alfo  ourfelves  be  expofed  to  his  cruel- 
ty ;  whereas  we  ought  to  be  the  means  ot  confirming  the  fe- 
curity  and  liberty  of  all,  and  at  the  fame  time  to  refolve  to 
free  ourfelvcs  from  dangers." 

7.  Hcrf  upon  Clement  openly  commended  Cherea's  inten- 
tions ;  but  bid  him  "  hold  his  tongue  ;  for  that  in  cafe  his 
words  ihould  get  out  among  many,  and  fuch  things  fhould  be 
fpread  abroad  as  were  fit  to  be  concealed,  the  plot  would  come 
to  be  difcovered  beiore  it  was  executed,  and  they  (hould  be 
brought  to  punifhment ;  but  that  they  Ihould  leave  all  to  fu- 
turity, and  the  hope  which  thence  arofe,  that  fome  fortunate 
event  would  come  to  their  afilftance  :  That,  as  for  himfeif,  his 
age  would  net  permit  him  to  make  any  attempt  in  that  cafe. 
However,  although  perhats  I  could  fuggeft  what  may  be 
fafer  than  what  thou,  Cherea,  halt  contrived,  and.faid,  yet. 


Chap.  I.]  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS.  . 

how  is  it  pofllble  for  any  one  to  fuggeft  what  is  more  for  thy 
reputation  ?"  So  Clement  went  his  way  home,  with  deep  re- 
.flections  on  v*hat  he  had  heard,  and  what  he  had  himfelt  faid. 
Cherea  alfo  was  under  a  concern,  and  went  quickly  to  Cor- 
nelius Sabinus,  who  was  himfelf  one  of  the  tribunes,  and 
whom  he  otherwife  knew  to  be  a  worthy  man,  and  a  lover  of 
liberty,  and  on  that  account  very  uneafy  at  the  prefent  man- 
agement of  public  affairs,  he  being  defirous  to  come  imme- 
diately to  the  execution  of  what  had  been  determined,  and 
thinking  it  right  for  him -to  propofe  it  to  the  other,  and  afraid 
left  Clement  Ihould  difcover  them,  and  betides  looking  upon 
delays  and  puttings  off  to  be  the  next  to  defifting  trom  the  en- 
terprife. 

8.  But  as  all  was  agreeable  to  Sabinus,  who  had  himfelf, 
=equally  with  Cherea,  the  lame  defign,  but  had  been  filent  for 
want  of  a  perfon  to  whom  he  could  fai'ely  communicate  that 
dciign,  fo  having  now  met  with  one,  who  not  only  promifed 
to  conceal  what  he  heard,  but  who  had  already  opened  his 
mind  to  him  he  was  much  more  encouraged,  and  defired  of 
Che/ea,  that  no  delay  might  be  made  therein.  Accordingly 
they  went  to  Minucianus,  who  was  as  virtuous  a  man  and  as 
zealous  to  do  glorious  a£lions  as  themfelves,  and  fufpefted  by 
.Caius  on  occaTion  ot  the  {laughter  of  Lepidus  ;  for  Miuucia- 
nus  and  Lepidus  were  intimate  friends,  and  both  in  fear  of 
the  dangers  that  they  were  under  ;  for  Caius  was  terrible  to 
all  the  great  men,  as  appearing  .ready  to  acr  a  mad  part  up- 
wards each  of  them  in  particular,  and  towards  all  of  themiu 
general  ;  and  thele  men  were  afraid  ot  one  another,  while 
they  'vcre  yet  uneafy  at  the  polture  of  affairs,  but  avoided  to 
declare  their  mind  and  their  hatred  againfl  Caius  to  one  anoth- 
er, outoi  tear  of  the  dangers  they  might  be  in  thereby,  al- 
though they  perceived  by  other  means  their  mutual  ha'red  a- 
gainit  Caius,  aad  on  that  account  were  not  averfe  to  a  mutu- 
al kindnefs  one  towards  another. 

9  When  Minucianus  and  Cherea  had  met  together,  and 
faluted  one  another  (as  they  had  been  ufed  in  former  conver- 
fations  to  give  the  upper  hand  to  Minucianus  both  on  account 
of  his  eminent  dignity  for  he  was  the  noblelt  ot  all  the  citi- 
zens, and  highly  commended  by  all  men  especially  when  he 
made  fpeeches  to  them),  Minucianus  began  firlt,  and  afked 
Cherea,  What  was  the  watch-word  he  had  received  that  day 
from  Caius?  for  the  affront,  which  was  offered  Chorea  in 
giving  the  watch-words,  was  famous  over  the  city.  But  Che- 
rea made  no  delay,  fo  long  as  to  reply  to  that  queftion,  out  ot 
the  joy  he  had  that  Minucianus  would  have  Inch  confidence 
in  him  as  to  difcourfe  with  him  "  But  do  thou,"  faid  hev 
"  give  me  the  watch-word  o>t  liberty.  And  I  return  ihee  my 
thanks,  that  thou  hail  fo  greatly  encouraged  me  to  exert  my- 
felf  after  an  extraordinary  manner  ;  nor  do  I  (land  in  aecd  of 
many  words  to  encourage  me,  fince  both  thou  and  I  are  ot  the 


388  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.        .  [Book  XIX. 

fame  mind,  and  partakers  ot  the  fame  refplutions,  and  this  be- 
fore we  have  conferred  together.  I  have  indeed  but  one  fvvord 
girt  on,  but  this,  one  will  ferve  us  both.  Come  on,  therefore, 
let  us  fet  about  the  work.  Do  thou  go  firft,  it  thou  haft  a 
mind,  and  bid  me  follow  thee.  orelfe  1  will  go  firft,  and  thou 
Jhalt  aflift  me,  and  we  will  aflift  one  another,  and  truft  one 
another.  Nor  is  there  a  ncceflity  for  even  one  fword  to  fuch 
as  have  a  mind  difpofed  to  fuch  works,  by  which  mind  the 
fword  ules  to  be  fucceisful.  I  am  zealous  about  this  aclion, 
nor  am'  I  folicitous  what  1  may  myfeU  undergo  ;  tor  1  am  not 
at  leifure  to  corifider  the  dangers  that  may  corne  upon  myfelf, 
fo  deeply  am  I  troubled  at  tiie  ilavery  our  once  tree  country  is 
now  under,  and  at  the  contempt  caft  upon  oui  excellent  laws, 
and  at  the  deftru^tion  which  hangs  over  all  men  by  the  means 
ot  Caius.  I  with  that  I  may  be  judged  by  thee,  and  that  thou 
mayft  efteem  me  worthy  of  credit  in  thefe  matters,  feeing  we 
are  both  of  the  fame  opinion,  and  there  is  herein  no  difference 
between  us." 

10.  When  Minucianus  faw  the  vehemency  with  which  Che- 
rea  delivered  himfelf,  he  gladly  embraced  him,  and  encour- 
aged him  in  his  bold  attempt,  commending  him.  and  embrac- 
ing him  ;  fo  he  let  him  go  with  his  good  withes  ;  and  iome 
affirm,  that  he  thereby  confirmed  Minucianus  in  the  prote- 
cution  ot  what  had  been  agreed  among  them  ;  for,  as  Cherea 
entered  into  the  court,  the  report  runs,  that  a  voice  came 
from  among,  the  multitude  to  encourage  him,  which  bid  him 
ftnifh  what  ne  was  about,  and  take  the  opportunity  that  prov- 
idence afforded  ;  and  that  Cherea  at  firft  fufpe6led  that  fome 
one  of  the  confpirators  had  betrayed  him,  and  he  was  caught, 
but  at  length  perceived  that  it  was  by  way  ot  exhortation. 
Whether  fomebody  *,  that  was  confcious  of  what  he  was  a- 
bout,  gave  a  fignal  for  his  encouragement,  or  whether  it  were 
God  hirnfelf,  who  looks  upon  the  aftions  ot  men,  that  en- 
couraged him  to  go  on  boldly  in  nis  defign,  is  uncertain.  The 
plot  was  now  communicated  to  a  great  many,  and  they  were 
all  in  their  armour  ;  fome  of  the  confpirators  being  Senators, 
and  fome  ot  the  equeftrian  order,  and  as  many  of  the  foldiery 
as  were  made  acquainted  with  it  ;  tor  there  was  not  one  of 
them  who  would  not  reckon  it  a  part  of  his  happinefs  to  kill 
Caius,  and  on  that  account  they  were  all  very  zealous  in  the 
affair,  by  what  means  foever  any  one  could  come  at  it,  that 
lie  might  not  be  behind  hand  in  thefe  virtuous  defigns,  but 
might  be  ready  with  all  his  alacrity  or  power,  both  by  words 
and  actions,  to  complete  this  (laughter  of  a  tyrant.  And  be- 
fides  thefe  Calliftus  alfo,  who  was  a  freed-man  of  Caius,  and 

*  juft  fuch  a  voice  as  this  is  related  to  be,  came,  and  that  from  an  unknown 
original  allo,  to  the  famous  Polycarp,  as  he  was  going  to  piartyfdom,  bidding 
him  '•  play  the  man  ;"  as  the  church  of  Smyrna  afhires  us  in  their  account  <»t  th<rt 
[-n<  martyrdom,  feft  9. 


Chap.   J.]          ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  389 

"was  the  only  man  that  had  arrived  at  the  greateft  degree  of 
power  under  him  ;  iuch  a  power,  indeed,  as  was  in  a  man- 
ner equal   to  the  power  of  the   tyrant  himfelt,  by  the  dread 
that  all  men  had  ot  him,  and   by  the  great  riches  he  had  ac- 
quired ;  for  h£  took  bribes  moll  plenteoufly,  and  committed 
injuries  without  bounds,  and  was  moreextravagant  in  the  ufeof 
his  power    in  unjuft    proceedings  than  any    other.      He  alfo 
knew  the  difpofition  of  Caius  to  be  implacable,  and  never  to 
be  turned  from  what  he  had  refolved  on,     He  had  withal  ma- 
ny other  reafons  why  he  thought  himfelf  in  danger,  and  the 
vaftnefs  ol  his  wealth  was  riot  one  of  the  leaft  ot  them  :    On 
\vhich  account  he  privately  ingratiated  himfelf  with  Claudius, 
and  transferred  his  courtfhip  to  him,  out  of  this  hope,  that  in 
cale  upon  the  removal  of  Caius,  the  government  (hould  come 
1o  him    his  intereit   in  fuch  changes    fhould   lay  a  foundation 
lor  his  preferving  his  dignity  under  him,  fince  he  laid  in  be- 
fore-hand a  flock  ot  merit,  and  did  Claudius  good  offices  in 
his  promotion.     He  had  ailo  the  boldnefs  to  pretend,  that  he 
had  been   perlunded  to  make  away    Claudius,  by   poifoning 
him,  but  had  ftill  invented  ten  thoufand  excufes  lor  delaying 
to  do  it.      But  it    feems    probable  to   me,  that    Calhilus  only 
counterfeited  this,  in   order  to   ingratiate  himfelt  with  Clau- 
dius ;  tor,  it  Caius  bad    been  in    earnell  re'olved  to  take  off 
Claudius,  he  would  not  have  admitted  ut  CallifUis's  excufes, 
nor  would  Calliftus,  if  he    had  been  enjoined  to  do  (uch  an 
aft  as  was   defired  by  Caius    have  put  it   off,  nor  if  he  had 
difobeyed  thofe  injunctions  of  his  mailer,  had  he  efcaped  im- 
mediate punifhment  ;  while  Claudius  was  preserved  from  the 
madnels  of  Caius  by  a  certain  divine  providence    and  Callif- 
tus pretended  to  fuch  a  piece  of  merit  as  he  no  way  deferved. 
ii.  However,  the  execution  ot  Cherea's  defigns  was  put 
off  from  day  to  day  by  the  iloth  of  many  therein  concerned  ; 
for  as  to  Cherea  himfelf,  he  would  not   willingly    make  any 
delay  in  that  execution,  thinking  every  time  a  lit  time  tor  it  ; 
for  frequent  opportunities  offered  themlelves  ;  as  when  Caius 
went  up  to  the  Capitol  to  facrificc  for  his  daughter,  or  when 
he  ftood  upon   his  royal   palace,  and   threw  gold   and  filver 
pieces  ot  money  among  the  people,  he  might  be  pulheddown 
headlong,  becaufe   the   top  of  the  palace,  that   looks  toward 
the  market-place   was  very  high  ;  and  alfo  when  he  celebrat- 
ed the  myfleries,  which  he  had  appointed  at  that  time  ;  for  he 
was  then  no  way  fecluded  from  the  people,  but  folicitous  to 
do  every  thing  carefully  and  decently,  and  was  free  from  all 
fufpicion,  that  he  fhould  be  then  affaulted  by  any  body  ;  and 
although  the  gods   fhould  afford  him  no   divine  affiftance  to 
enable  him  to  take  away  his  life,  yet  had  he  ftrength  himfelf 
fufficient  to  difpatch  Caius,  even  without  a  fword.      Thus 
was  Cherea  angry    at  his   fellow-confpiraiors,  for  fear  they 
fhould  fuffer  a  proper  opportunity  to  pafs  by  ;  and  they  were 
themfelves  fenfible  that  he  had  juft  caufe  to  be  angry  at  them, 


39°  ANTIQUITIES  Of    THE   JEWS.       fBook  X\K., 

aad  that  his  eagernefs  was  for  his  advantage  ;  yet  did  they  de- 
iire  he  would  have  a  little  longer  patience,  left,  upon  any 
difappointment  they  might  meet  with,  they  fhould  put  the 
city  into  diforder,  and  an  inquifition  fhould  be  made  alter 
the  conrpiracy  and  fhould  render  the  courage  of  thofe  that 
were  to  anack  Caius  without  fuccels,  while  he  would  then 
fecure  bimfelt  more  caretully  than  ever  ar :::;!(  tV^m  ;  that  it 
would  therefore  be  the  beft  to  let  about  the  work  when  the 
Ihews  were  exhibited  in  the  palace.  Thefe  (hews  were  acted 
in  honour  ot  that  Caefar,  *  who  firll  of  all  changed  the  popu- 
lar government,  and  transferred  it  to  himfel!  ;  galleries  being 
£xed  before  the  palace,  where  the  Romans  that  v/ere  Patri- 
cians became  fpeclators,  together  with  their  children  and  their 
wives,  and  Caeiar  himfeif  was  to  be  alfo  a  (pehlator  ;  and  they 
reckoned  among  thofe  many  ten  thouLnds,  who  would  there 
be  crowded  into  a  narrow  cornpafs,  they  fhould  have  a  favour- 
able opportanity  to  make  their  attempt  upon  him  as  he  came 
in  ;  becaufe  his  guards  that  mould  protect  him,  if  any  of 
them  fhouid  have  a  mind  to  do  it,  would  not  here  be  able  to 
give  him  any  afiiftance. 

12.  Cnerea  confented  to  this  delay,  and  when  the  fhews 
were  exhibited,  it  was  relolved  to  do  the  work  the  firfl  day. 
But  loitunj,  which  allowed  a  farther  delay  to  his  {laughter, 
was  too  hard  for  their  foregoing  refolution  ;  and,  as  three  days 
of  the  regular  time  for  theie  ihews  were  now  over,  they  had 
much  ado  to  get  the  bufinefs  done  on  the  laft  day.  Then 
Cherea  called  the  confpiratori  together,  and  fpake  thus  to 
them:  "  So  much  time  palled  away  without  eff'eft  is  a  re- 
proach to  us,  as  delaying  to  go  through  fuch  a  virtuous  de- 
iign  as  we  are  engaged  in  .  but  more  fatal  will  this  delay 
prove,  if  we  be  difcovered,  and  the  defign  be  frustrated  ; 
ior  Caius  will  th^n  become  more  cruel  in  his  unjuft  proceed- 
ings. Do  not  we  fee  how  long  we  deprive  all  our  friends  ot 
their  liberty,  and  give  Caius  leave  Uill  to  tyrannize  over  them  ? 
While  we  ought  to  have  procured  them  fecurity  for  the  fu- 
ture, and,  by  laying  a  founaa'u:i  ioi  the  happinefs  of  others, 
-gain  to  ourfeives  great  admiration  and  honour  for  all  time  to 
come."  Now,  while  the  confpirators  had  nothing  tolerable 
to  fay  by  way  of  contradiction,  and  yet  did  not  quite  relift 
what  they  were  doing,  but  flood  fslent  and  aftonifhed,  he 
{aid  farther,  "  O,  my  brave  comrades,  why  do  we  make 
iuch  delays  ?  Do  not  you  fee  that  this  is  the  laft  day  of 
thefe  Ihews,  and  that  Caius  is  about  to  go  to  fea  ?  For  he  is 
preparing  to  fail  to  Alexandria,  in  order  to  fee  Egypt.  Is 
it  therefore  tor  your  honour  to  let  a  man  go  out  of  your  hands 
who  is  a  reproach  to  mankind,  and  to  permit  him  to  go  aft^r 

*  Hers  Jofephus  fuppofes  that  it  was  A'ignfliis,  and  n^t  Julius  Caefar,  wh.)  firft 
changed  the  Roman  common  \'C.iltli  into  a  monarchy  ;  for  thele  {hows  were  ifi 
honoui  of  AuguduSj  as  we  ;}> .  !  le^rn  in  the  next  leiiion  but  oue. 


.J          ANTiquiTIES  OF  THE  JEV 

?  pompous  rianncr,  triumphing  both  at  land  and  fea  ?  Shall 
not  we  be  juftly  afhamed  of  ourfelves,  it  we  give  leave  to 
fome  Egyptian  or  other,  who  (hall  think  his  injuries  iufuflfer- 
able  to  Tree  men,  to  kill  him  ?  As  for  myfelf,  1  will  no  longer 
bear  your  flow  proceedings,  but  will  expofe  rnyfelf  to  the  dan- 
gers ot  the  enterprifethis  very  day,  and  bear  cheerfully  what- 
foever  fhall  be  the  confequence  of  the  attempt  ;  nor,  let  them 
be  ever  fo  great,  will  I  put  them  off  any  longer;  for  to  a  wife 
and  courageous  man  what  can  be  more  miierable  than  that, 
while  I  am  alive,  any  one  elfe  fhould  kill  Caius,and  deprive 
me  of  the  honour  of  fo  virtuous  an  aftion." 

13.  When  Cherea  had  fpoken  thus,  he  zealoufly  fet  about 
the  work,  and  infpired  courage  into  the  reft  to  go  on  with  it, 
and  they  v/ere  all  eager  to  tall  to  it  without  farther  delay.  So 
he  was  at  the  palace  in  the  morning,  with  his  equeflrian  fword 
girt  oa  him  ;  tor  it  was  the  cuftom  that  the  tribunes  fhould  aflc- 
tor  the  watch-word  with  their  fwerds  on,  and  this  was  the  day 
on  which  Cherea  was  by  cuftom,  to  receive  the  watch-word  j 
and  the  multitude  were  already  come  to  the  palace,  to  be  foort 
enough  for  feeing  the  (hews,  and  that  in  great  crowds,  and 
one  turnultuouily  crufhing  another,  while  Caius  was  delight- 
ed with  this  eagernefs  ot  the  multitude  ;  tor  which  reafon 
there  was  no  order  obferved  in  the  (eating  men,  nor  was  any 
peculiar  place  appointed  for  the  fenators,  or  lor  the  equeftrian 
order  ;  but  they  fat  at  random,  men  and  women  together,  and 
free  men  v/ere  mixed  with  the  flaves.  So  Caius  came  out  in 
a  lolem.ii  manner,  and  offered  facrifice  to  Auguftus  Cfcfar,  in 
\s'hofe  honour  indeed  the(e  (hews  were  celebrated.  Now  it 
happened,  upon  the  fall  of  a  certain  prieft,  that  the  garment 
ot  Afprenas,  a  fenator,  was  filled  with  blood,  which  made 
Cams  laugh,  although  this  was  an  evident  omen  to  Afprenas, 
tor  he  was  (lain  at  the  fame  time  with  Caius.  It  is  alfo  related, 
that  Caius  was  that  day,  contrary  to  his  ufual  cuftom,  fo  very 
affable  and  good-natured  in  his  converfation,  that  every  one 
of  thofe  that  were  prefent  were  aftonifhed  at  it.  Atter  the 
facrifice  was  over,  Caius  betook  himfelt  to  fee  the  fhews,  and 
fat  down  tor  that  purpofe,  asdid  aHothe  principal  ot  his  friends 
fit  near  him  Now  the  parts  of  the  theatre  we  fo  fattened  to- 

? ether,  as  it  uled  to  be  every  year,  in  the  manner  following  i 
t  had  two  doors,  the  one  door  led  to  the  open  air,  the  other 
was  for  going  into,  or  going  out  of  the  cloifters,  that  thofe 
within  the  theatre  might  not  be  thereby  dillurbed  ;  but  out  ofe 
one  gallery  there  went  an  inward  paffage,  partly  into  partitions 
alfo,  which  led  into  another  gallery,  to  give  rgom  to  the  com- 
batants, and  to  the  muficians  to  go  out  as  occafion  ferved. 
When  the  multitude  were  fet  down,  and  Cherea,  with  the 
other  tribunes  alfo,  were  fet  down  alfo,  and  the  right  corner 
of  the  theatre  was  allotted  to  Caefar,  one  Vatiuius,  a  (enator9 
commander  ot  the  pretorian  band,  afkcd  of  Cluvius,  one  that 
lat  by  him,  and  was  ot  confular  dignity  alfo,  "  Whether  he 


3Q2  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XIX. 

had  heard  any  thing  of  news  or  not  ?"  But  took  care  that  no 
body  Ihould  hear  what  he  faid  ;  and  whetf  Cluvius  replied, 
That  "  he  had  heard  no  news."  "Know  then,"  faid  Vatini- 
us,  "  That  the  game  of  the  {laughter  ol  tyrants  is  to  be  play- 
ed this  day."  But  Cluvius  replied,  O  brave  comrade  hold 
thy  peace,  left  fome  other  of  the  Achaians  hear  thy  tale." 
And  as  there  was  abundance  of  autumnal  fruit  thrown  among 
the  fpeHators,  and  a  great  number  of  birds,  that  were  of 
great  value  to  fachas  poffeifed  them,  on  account  of  their  rare- 
nefs,  Caius  was' pleated  with  the  birds  fighting  for  the  iruits, 
and  with  the  violence  wherewith  the  fpetiators  feized  upon 
them  ;  and  here  he  perceived  two  prodigies  that  happ  ned 
there  ;  foran  a6lor  was  introduced,  by  whom  a  leader  of  rob- 
bers was  crucified ,  and  the  pantomime  brought  in  a  play  called 
Cinyras,  wherein  he  hirnfell  was  to  be  (lain,  as  well  as  his 
daughter  Myrrah,  and  wherein  a  great  deal  of  fictitious  blood 
was  fhed,  both  about  him  that  was  crucified,  and  alfo  about 
Cinyras.  It  is  allo  confefled,  that  this  v/as  the  fame  day  where- 
in Paufanias,  a  friend  of  Philip,  the  fon  of  Amyntas  who  was 
king  of  Macedonia,  flew  him,  as  he  was  entering  into  the  theatre. 
And  now  Caius  was  in  a  doubt  whether  he  fhould  tarry- 
to  (he  end  of  the  fhews,  becaufeit  was  the  laft  day  or  whether 
he  (hould  not  go  firft  to  the  bath,  and  to  dinner,  and  then  re- 
turn and  fit  down  as  belore.  Hereupon  Minucianus,  who 
fat  over  Caius,  and  was  afraid  that  the  opportunity  fhould 
fail  them,  got  up,  becaufe  he  faw  Cherea  was  already  gone 
out,  and  made  halte  out  to  confirm  him  in  his  refolution  ; 
but  Caius  took  hold  of  his  garment,  in  an  obliging  way,  and 
faid  to  him,  "  O  brave  man  whether  art  thou  going  ?"  Where- 
upon, out  of  reverence  to  Csefar,  as  it  leemed,  he  fat  down 
again  ;  but  his  'ear  prevailed  over  him,  and  in  a  little  time  he 
got  up  again,  and  then  Caius  did  no  way  oppofe  his  going 
out,  as  thinking  that  he  went  out  to  perform  fome  neceffities 
of  nature.  And  Afprenas,  who  was  one  of  the  confederates, 
perfuaded  Cams  to  go  out  to  the  bath,  and  to  dinner,  and  then 
to  come  in  again,  as  defirous  that  what  had  been  refolved  on 
might  be  brought  to  a  conclufion  immediately. 

14.  So  Cherea's  affociates  placed  themfelves  in  order,  as  the 
time  would  permit  them,  and  they  were  obliged  to  labour  hard, 
that  the  place  which  was  appointed  them  fhould  not  be  left  by 
them  ;  hut  they  had  an  indignation  at  the  tedioufnefs  of  the  de- 
lays, and  that  what  they  were  abo:it  {hould  be  put  off  any  long. 
er,  for  it  vas  already  about  the  ninth*  hour  of  the  day;  and 
Cherea,  upon  Caius's  tarrying  (o  long,  had  a  great  mind  to  go 
in  and  fall  upon  him  in  his  feat,  although  he  lorefaw  that  this 
could  not  be  done  without  much  bloodfhed,  both  of  the  (ena- 
tors,  and  ot  thofe  of  the  equellrian  order  that  were  prefent ; 

*  Suetonius  favs  Caii:s  was  fla;a  about  the  feventh  hour  of  the  day,  Jofephus 
•bout  the  ninth.  The  ieries  of  the  narration  favours  Jofephus. 


Chap.   I.]  AM  TIO  J  ITI23    OF    THE    J3YVS.  293 

and  although  he  knew  this  mail  happen,  yet  had  he  a  great 
mind  to  da  fo,  as  thinking  it  a  right  thing  to  procure  fecurity 
and  freedom  to  all,  at  theexpence  or  fuch  as  might  perifh  at 
the  fame  time.  And  as  they  were  juft  going  back  into  the 
entrance  to  the  theatre,  word  was  brought  them  that  Caius 
was  arifen,  whereby  a  tumult  was  made  ;  hereupon  the  con- 
fpiratois  thurft  away  the  crowd,  uniier  pretence  as  if  Caius 
WAS  angry  at  them,  but  in  realny  as  defirous  to  have  a  quiet 
place,  thar  Ihould  have  none  in  it  to  defend  him  while  they 
fet  about  Caius'j  (laughter.  Now  Claudius  his  uncle,  wu> 
gone  out  before,  and  Marcus  Vinitius,  his  filler's  hufband,  a  = 
allb  Valerius  of  Afia  ;  whom  tho'  they  had  had  Inch  a  miriJ, 

t  out  of  their  places,  the  reverence  to  their  dignify  hin- 
dered them  fo  to  do  ;  then  followed  Caius,  with  Paulus  Ar- 
ruritius  :  And  becaufe  Caius  was  now  gotten  within  the  pal- 
ace, he  left  the  direct  road,  along  which  thofe  his  fervants 
flood  that  were  in  waiting,  and  by  which  road  Claudius  had 

out  before,  Caius  turned  afide  into  a  privaie  narrow  paf- 
fage,  in  order  to  go  to  the  place  f<  r  bathing  as  alfo  in  order  to 
take  a  view  of  the  boys  that  came  out  of  Afia,  who  were  fent 
thence,  partly  to  fing  hymns  in  thefe  my  {{cries  which  were 
now  celebrated,  and  partly  to  dance  in  thepyrric  way  otdanc- 

. -on  tl'.-?  theatres.  So  Cherea  met  him,  and  afked  him 
for  the  watch-word  ;  upon  Caius's  giving  him  one  of  his  ri- 
diculous words,  he  immediately  reproached  him,  and  drew 
his  fword,  and  gave  him  a  terrible  flroke  with  it,  yet  was  not 
this  flroke  mortal.  And  although  there  be  thofe  that  fay,  it 
was  fo  con'.rived  on  purpofe  by  Cherea,  that  Caius  Ihould  not 
be  killed  at  one  blow,  but  Ihould  be  puntlhed  more  feverely 
by  a  multitude  of  wounds,  yet  does  this  Itoi  y  appear  to  :i;c 
incredible  ;  becaufe  the  fear  men  are  under  in  fuch  <v 
does  not  allow  them  to  ufe  their  reafon.  And  if  Cherea  was 
of  that  min  1,  I  eiteem  him  the  greateU  of  all  fools,  in  pleai- 
i-ng  himfdf  in  his  fpite  (igainft  Cains,  rather  than  immediately 
procuring  falcty  to  hirnlelf  and  to  his  confederates  Irom  the 
djr.gers  tiuy  were  in  ;  becaufe  there  might  many  things  Hill 

A  'or  helping  Caius's  efcape  it  he  had  not  already  giv- 
en up  the  gholl  ;  lor  certainly  Cherea  would  have  regard,  not 

:htothepuniihment  of  Caius,  as  to  the  affliction  himieif, 
.ends  were  in,  while  it  was  in  his  power,  alter  fuch 

Is,  to  keep  fi'.ent,  and  to  efcape  the  wrath  of  Caius's  de- 
•  t  leave  it   to   uncertainty    whether    iie    K 

lie  end  he  aimed  at  or  not,  and  after  an  unreafop.abivi 
manner  to  aft  as  it  he  had  a  mind  to  ruin  himfeif,  and  We  the 
opportunity  that  lay  before  him  ;  but  every  body  n:<>y  gue^s 
a?  he  plcaks  about  this  matter.  However,  Caiu.s  was  itaggei - 
( d  with  the  pain  that  blow  gave  him  ;  for  the  ftroke  of  the 

i  falling  in  the  middle  between  the  moulder  and  the  neck, 
wus  hindered  1-y  the  firft  bone  of  the  breafl  from  proceeding 
•any  farther.     Nor  did  he  either  cry  out,  in  fuch  aftjniihinent 
VOL.  II,  B  3 


ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE    JEWS.  [Book  XlX. 

he  nor  did  he  call  out  for  any  of  his  friends ;  whether  it 
•were  that  he  had  no  confidence  in  them,  or  that  his  mind  wa», 
otherwife  difordered.  but  he  groaned  under  the  pain  he  endur- 
ed, and  prefently  went  forward  and  fled  ;  when  Cornelius  Sa- 
binus,  who  was  already  prepared  in  mind  fo  to  do,  thruft  him 
down  upon  his  knee,  where  many  of  them  flood  round  about 
him,  and  ftruck  him  with  their  fwords,  and  they  cried  out, 
and  encouraged  one  another  all  at  nrice  to  ftrike  him  again  ; 
but  all  agree  that  Aquila  gave  him  the  finifhing  ftroke,  which 
direftly  killed  him.  But  one  may  juftly  afcribe  this  aft  to 
Cherea  ;  for  although  many  concurred  in  the  aft  itfelf,  yet 
xvas  he  the  firft  contriver  ot  it.  and  began  long  before  all  the 
reft  to  prepare  for  it,  and  was  the  firft  man  that  boldly  {pake 
of  it  to  the  reft  ;  and  upon  their  admiffion  ot  what  he  faid  a- 
bout  it,  he  got  the  difperfed  confpirators  together  ;  he  prepar- 
ed every  thing  after  a  prudent  manner,  and  by  fuggefting  good 
advice,  (hewed  hirnfeif  far  fuperior  to  the  reft,  and  made  o- 
bliging  fpeeches  to  them,  infomuch  that  he  even  compelled 
them  all  to  go  on,  who  otherwife  had  not  courage  enough  for 
that  purpofe  ;  and  when  opportunity  ferved  to  ufe  his  fword 
in  hand,  he  appeared  firft  of  all  ready  fo  to  do,  and  gave  the 
firft  blow  in  this  virtuous  flaughter  ;  he  alfo  brought  Caius 
eafily  into  the  power  ot  the  reft,  and  almoft  killed  him  him- 
ielf,  infomuch  that  it  is  but  juft  to  afcribe  all  that  the  reft  did 
to  the  advice,  and  bravery,  and  labours  of  the  hands  of  Che- 
rea. 

15.  Thus  did  Caius  come  to  his  end,  and  lay  dead,  by  the 
many  wounds  which  had  been  given  him.  Now  Cherea  and 
his  aflbciates,  upon  Caius's  flaughter,  faw  that  it  was  impofli- 
Me  for  them  to  fave  themfelves,  if  they  fhould  all  go  the  fame 
way,  partly  on  account  of  the  aftoniihment  they  were  under; 
for  it  was  no  fmall  danger  they  had  incurred  by  killing  an  em- 
peror, who  was  honoured  and  loved  by  the  madnels  of  the 
people,  elpecially  when  the  foldiers  were  likely  to  make  a 
bloody  inquiry  after  his  murderers.  The  paffages  alfo  were 
narrow  wherein  the  work  was  done,  which  were  alfo  crowded 
\vith  a  great  multitude  of  Caius's  attendants,  and  of  fuch  of 
the  foldiers  as  were  of  the  emperor's  guard  that  day  ;  whence 
it  was  that  they  went  by  other  ways,  and  came  to  the  houfe  of 
Germanicus,  the  father  of  Caius,  whom  they  had  now  killed, 
(which  houfe  adjoined  to  the  palace  ;  for  while  the  edifice  was 
one,  it  was  built  in  its  feveral  parts  by  thofe  particular  per- 
ions  who  had  been  emperors,  and  thofe  parts  haie  the  names 
of  thofe  that  built  them,  or  the  name  ot  him  who  bad  begun 
to  build  any  ot  its  parts.}  So  they  got  away  from  the  inf tilts 
ot  the  multitude,  and  then  were  for  the  prefent  out  ot  danger, 
that  is  fo  long  as  the  misfortune  which  had  overtaken  the  em- 
peror was  not  known.  The  Germans  were  the  firft  that  per- 
ceived that  Caius  was  (lain.  Thefe  Germans  were  Caius's 
guard,  and  carried  the  name  of  the  country  whence  they  were 


Chap.  I.]  ANTIQUITIES  OF    THE  JEWS.  395 

chofen,  and  compofed  the  Celtic  legion.  The  men  of  that 
country  are  naturally  paflionate,  which  is  commonly  the  tem- 
per of  fome  other  ot  the  barbarous  nations  alfo,  as  being  not 
ufed  to  confider  much  about  what  they  do  ;  they  are  of  robuft 
bodies  and  fall  upon  their  enemies  as  foon  as  ever  they  are  at- 
tacked by  them,  and  which  way  foever  they  go,  they  perform 
great  exploits.  When,  therefore,  thefe  German  guards  un- 
derflood  that  Caius  was  (lain,  they  were  very  forry  for  it,  be- 
caufe  they  did  not  ufe  their  reafon  in  judging  about  public 
affairs,  but  meafured  all  by  the  advantages  themfelves  receiv- 
ed, Caius  being  beloved  by  them,  becaufe  of  the  money  he 
gave  them,  by  which  he  had  purchafed  their  kindnefsto  him  : 
So  they  drew  their  fwords,  and  Sabinus  led  them  on.  He  was 
one  of  the  tribunes,  not  by  the  means  of  the  virtuous  aftions 
ot  his  progenitors,  for  he  had  been  a  gladiator,  but  he  had  ob- 
tained that  poft  in  the  army  by  his  having  a  robuft  body.  So 
thei'e  Germans  inarched  along  the  houfes  in  queft  of  Csfar's 
murderers,  and  cut  Afprenas  to  pieces,  becaufe  he  was  the  firft 
man  they  fell  upon,  and  whofe  garment  it  was  that  the  blood 
ot  the  facrifices  ftained,  as  I  have  faid  already,  and  which  fore- 
told that  this  his  meeting  the  foldiers  would  not  be  for  his 
good.  Then  did  Norbanus  meet  them,  who  was  one  of  the 
principal  nobility  of  the  city,  and  could  Ihew  many  generals 
of  armies  among  his  anceilors  ;  but  they  paid  no  regard  to  his 
dignity  ;  yet  was  he  of  fuch  great  ftrength,  that  he  wrefted  the 
fword  ot  the  firfl  of  thofe  that  aflatilted  him  out  of  his  hands, 
and  appeared  plainly  not  to  be  willing  to  die  without  a  ftrug- 
gle  for  his  life,  until  he  was  furrounded  by  a  great  number  of 
aflailants,  and  died  by  the  multitude  ot  the  wounds  which  they 
gave  him.  The  third  man  was  Anteius  a  lenator,  and  a  few 
others  with  him.  He  did  not  meet  with  thefe  Germans  by 
chance,  as  the  reft  did  before,  but  came  to  fhew  his  hatred  to 
Caius,  and  becaufe  he  loved  to  fee  Caius  lie  dead  with  his 
own  eyes,  and  took  a  pleafure  in  that  fight;  tor  Caius  had 
banimed  Anteius's  lather,  who  was  of  the  fame  name  with 
himfelt  and  being  not  fatisfied  with  that,  he  fent  out  his  fol- 
diers, and  flew  him  ;  fo  he  was  come  to  rejoice  at  the  fight  of  him, 
now  he  was  dead.  But  as  the  houfe  was  now  all  in  a  tumult, 
when  he  was  aiming  to  hide  himfelf,  he  could  not  efcape  that 
accurjfte  fearch  Avhich  the  Germans  made,  while  they  barbar- 
oufly  flew  thofe  that  were  guilty,  and  thofe  that  were  not  guil- 
ty, and  this  equally  alfo.  And  thus  were  thefe  [three]  perfons 
ilain. 

16.  But  when  the  rumour  that  Caius  was  {lain  reached  the 
theatre,  they  were  aftonifhed  at  it,  and  could  not  believe  it : 
Even  fome  that  entertained  his  deitruclion  with  great  pleafure, 
and  were  more  defirous  of  its  happening  than  almoftany  other 
fatisfaclion  that  could  come  to  them,  were  under  fuch  a  tear, 
that  they  could  not  believe  it.  There  were  thofe  alfo  who 
greatly  diftrufted  it,  becaufe  they  were  uriwilling  that  any  fuch 


39t>  AKTIQUATIES    OF    THK    JEWS.  [Book  XiX. 

tiling  fhouid  come  to  Cains,  nor  could  believe  it,  though  it 
were  ever  fo  true,  becaufe  they  thought  no  man  could  poffibly 
have  fo  much  power  as  to  kill  Cains.  Thefe  were  the  wonK-n, 
.-:iri  the  children,   and  the   (laves,    and   fome  ot   the   foldiery. 
This  lall   iort  had  taken  his  pay.  and  in  a  manner  tyrannize'.! 
with  him,  and  had  abufed  the   beft  ot  the   citizens,   in   ! 
ftibterviem  to  his  utijuft  commands,  in  order  to  gain  honours 
•<\\i:l  advantages  to  themfelves  ;   but  for  the  women,  and    t bu- 
yout!], they  had  been  inveigled  with  Ihews,  and  the   fighting-; 
o!  the  gladiators,  and  certain  distributions  ot  Hdli-meat  among 
them,  which  things  in  pretence  were  defigned  lor  th 
of  the  multitude   bui  in  reality  to  fatiate  the  barbarous  cr 
ami  madnefs  u!  Cains.     The  Haves  alfo   were   (on  \ 
iliey  were  by  Cains  allowed  to  accule,  and   to  diii 
jn.alrers,  and  they  could  have  recourfe  to  his  affiftance    when 

'.ad  unjuflly  affronted  them  ;  for  he  was  very  enfy  in  be- 
I'cving  thc-n  agaiull  their  t-riafi'.'rs,  even   wiien  they  accuier 

laiiely  ;  arid  i!   they    would  di (cover  what  m> 
mailers  had  they  might  loon  obtain  both  riches  and  blv; 
the  rewards  ot  theiraccufations,   becaufe  the  rew<v 
in  formers  was  the  eighth  *  part  of  the   criminal';; 
As  to  the  nobless,  although  the  report  appcv.ivd    c 
iorneofthem,   either  bec-.'.iife  they   knew  ot  the  plot  be 
hand,  or  becaufe  they  wiiiied  it  might  be  true  ;   ho.-. 
concealed  not  only  the  joy  they  had  at  the  re! 
that  they  had  heard  any  thing  at  »!]  about  it.     T 
io  out  ot  the  t-;r  they  ind.  that  if  the  repo; 

;i  be  punifht-d,  ior  having    fo   foon   let  rr;. 

Is.     But  thofe  th  U   knew   Caius  was  dead,  he 
partners  with  the  confpirators    they   cor.; 
y,   as  not   knowing  one  anothc: 
tearing  left  they  Ihould  fpeak  of  it  to  fomc  of  tliofc 
the  continuance  pi  tyranny  was  advantageous  : 
fhould  prove  to  be  alive,  they  might  be  informed  . 
punidiecl.     And  another  report  went  about,  that  y  It!; 
us  had  been  wounded  indeed,  yet  was  not  he  dead,  but  :ifi 
a:u3  under  the  phyficians  hands.     Nor  was  any  one  ! 
on  by  another  as  iaithful  enough  to  be  trufted,  and  to  \ 
one  wouldopen  his  mind  ;  tor  he  was  either  a  friend  to', 
and  therefore  fufpecled  to  favour  his  tyranny,  or  i 
that  hnted  him,  who  therefore  might  be  fufpe£led  to  d 
lefs  credit,  becaufe  of  his  iil-  will  to  him.     Nay,  it  was  faid  by 
fome,  (and  this  indeed  it  was  that  deprived  the  nobility  of 
hopes,  and  made  them  fad,)  that  Caius  was  in  a  condition  to  def- 
pife  the  dangers  he  had  been  in,  and  took  no  care  of  iK-aling-  his 
wounds,  but  was  gotten  away  into  the  market  place,  and,  bi 

*  The  rewards  propof  d  by   the   Roman   laws  to  informers,    was  fometin. 
pighth  jwt  of  the  criminals  goods,  as  here,  snd  fometim;s  a  fourth  part,   . 
beim  allures  us.  from  Suetonius  and  Tacitus. 


Chap.    L]  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  397 

as  he  was,  was  making  a  harangue  to  the  people.  And  thefe 
were  the  conjefctural  reports  of  tnofe  that  were  fo  unreaionahle 
as  to  endeavour  to  raiie  tumults,  which  they  turned  different 
ways,  according  to  the  opinions  of  the  hearers.  Yet  did  they 
not  leave  their  feats,  for  tear  ot  being  acculed,  if  they  IhouKi  go 
out  before  the  reft  ;  for  they  Ihould  not  be  Sentenced  according 
to  the  real  intention  with  which  they  went  out,  but  according 
to  the  fuppofalsot  the  accufers,  and  o\  the  judges. 

17.  Bui  now  a  multitude  ot  Germans  had  furrounded  the 
theatre  with  their  f  words  drawn  ;  all  the  fpe&ators  looked  tor 
nothing  but  death,  and  at  every  one's  coming  in  a  it-ar  feized 
upon  iiiern    as  it  they  were  to  be  cut  in  pieces  immediately  j 
and  in  great  diftrefs  they  were,  as  neither  having  courage  e- 
noug'i  to  go  out  ot  the  theatre,  nor  believing  themfelves  iafe 
from  dangers  il  they  tarried  there.     And    when    the  Germans 
came  upon  them,  the  cry  was  fu  great,  the  theatre   rang  again 
with  the  entreaties  of  the  fpectators  to  the   foldiers,  pleading 
that  they  were  entirely  ignorant  of  every  thing  that  related  to 
fuch  feditious  contrivances,  and  that  i!  there  were   any    fedi- 
ih,'ii  raifed,  they  knew  nothing  of    it  ;  they  therefore  begged 
that  they  would  fpare  them,  and  not  punifh  thqfe  that  had  not 
the  lea  it  hand  in  fuch  bold  crimes  as  belonged  to  other  perfons, 

•hey  neglected  to  fearch  aiter  inch  as  had  really  done 
r  it  be  that  hath  been  done,  Thus  did  thefe  people 

.  to  God,  and  deplore  their  infelicity  with  (bedding  of 
tears  and  beating  their  faces,  and  {aid  every  thing  thai  the 
moil  imminent,  danger,  and  the  utinoft  concern  for  their  lives 
could  dictate  to  them.  This  brake  the  fury  of  the  foldiers, 

:ade  them  repent  of  what  they  minded  to  do  to  the  fpec- 
tators, which  would  have  been  the  greiteft  inftance  of  cruel- 
ty. And  f.)  u  appeared  to  even  thefe  favages,  when  they  had 
once  fixed  the  heads  ot  thole  that  were  (lain  Afprenaa  upon  the 
altar  ;  at  which  fight  the  fpccJators  were  forely  afllicled,  both 
upon  tiie  confederation  ot  the  dignity  of  the  perfons,  and  out 
ot  a  c  .lion  ot  their  fu {tarings;  nay  indeed,  they  were 

alrnoit  in  as  great  diforder  at  the  proipecl  of  the  danger  them- 
felves were  in,  feeing  it  was  Hill  uncertain  whether  ibey  fliould 
entirely  efcape  the  like  calamity.  Whence  it  was,  that  fuch 
as  thoroughly  and  juftly  hated  Caius,  could  yet  no  v/ay  enjoy 
the  pleaiure  of  his  death,  becaufe  theywere  themfelvcs  in 
jeopardy  of  peri  (bin  g  together  with  him  ;nor  had  they  hith- 
erto any  firm  ailurance  ot  lurviving. 

18.  There  was  at  this  time,  oneEuariflus  Arruntius,  a  pub- 
lic crier  in  the  market,  and  therefore  of  a  ftro:;g  and  audible 
voice,  who  vied  in  wealth  with  the  ric Melt  ot"  the  Romans,  and 
was  able  to  do  what  he  pleated  in  the  city,  both  then  and  af- 
terward.    This  man  put  himfelt  into  the  moll  mournful  habit 
he  could,  although  he  had  a  greater  hatred  againft  Caius  than 
any  one  elfe,  his  tear  and  his  wife  cantrivance  to  gain  his  fate- 

ght  him  fo  to  do,  and  prevailed  over  his  pa-fern  pleaf- 


39»  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.       ("Book   XIX. 

ure  ;  fo  he  put  on  fuch  a  mournful  drefs  as  he  would  have 
done  had  he  loft  his  deareft  friends  in  the  world  ;  this  man 
came  into  the  theatre,  and  informed  them  of  the  death  of  Cai- 
us, by  this  means  put  an  end  to  that  ftate  of  ignorance  the  men 
had  been  in.  Arruntius  alfo  went  round  about  the  pillars, 
and  called  out  to  the  Germans,  as  did  the  tribunes  with  him, 
bidding  them  put  up  their  fwords,  and  telling  them  that  Caius 
was  dead.  And  this  proclamation  it  was  plainly  which  faved 
thofe  that  were  collected  together  in  the  theatre,  and  all  the 
reft  who  any  way  met  the  Germans  ;  for  while  ihey  had  hopes 
that  Caius  had  ftill  any  breath  in  him,  they  abftained  trom  no 
fort  of  mifchief ;  and  fuch  an  abundant  kindnefs  they  ftill  had 
for  Caius,  that  they  would  willingly  have  prevented  the  plot 
againft  him  and  procured  his  efcape  from  fo  fad  a  misfortune, 
attheexpence  of  their  own  lives.  But  they  now  left  off  the  warm, 
zeal  they  had  to  punifh  his  enemies,  now  they  were  fully  fat- 
isfied  that  Caius  was  dead,  becaufe  it  was  now  in  vain  for 
themto  fhew  their  zeal  and  kindnefs  to  him,  when  he  that 
fhould  reward  them  was  perifhed.  They  were  alfo  afraid  thatthey 
fhould  be  punifhed  by  the  fenate,  if  they  mould  go  on  in  doing 
fuch  injuries,  that  is,  in  cafe  the  authority  of  the  fupreme 
governor  fhould  revert  to  them.  And  thus  at  length  a  flop 
was  put,  though  not  without  difficulty,  to  that  rage  which  pof- 
ieffed  the  Germans  on  account  of  Caius's  death. 

19.  But  Chcrea  was  fo  much  afraid   for    Minucianus,  left 
he  Ihould  light  upon  the  Germans,  now  they  were  in  their  fu- 
ry, that  he  went  and  fpake  to  every  one  of  thefoldiers,  and  pray- 
ed them  to  take  care  of  his  prefervation,  and  made   himfelf 
great  inquiry  about  him,  left  he  fhould  have  been  (lain.  And 
tor  Clement,  he  let  Minucianus  go  when  he  was  brought  to 
him,  and,  with  many    other  of  the  fenators,  affirmed  the  ac- 
tion was  right,  and  commended  the  virtue  oi   thofe  that  con- 
trived it,  and  had  courage  enough    to   execute    it  ;  and    faid, 
that  "  tyrants  do  indeed  pleafe  themfelves  and  look  big  tor  a 
while,  -upon  having  the  power  to  a£l  unjuftiy  ;  but   do   not 
however  go  happily  out  of  the  world,   becaufe"  they  are  hated 
by  the  virtuous  ;  and  that  Caius,  together  with  all  his  un- 
happinefs,  was  become  a  confpirator  againft   himfelf,  before 
thefe  other  men  who  attacked  him  did  fo  ,  and  by   becoming 
intolerable,  in  fetting  afide  the  wife  provifion   the  laws  had 
made,  taught  his  deareit  friends  to  treat  him  as  an  enemy  ;  in- 
fomuch,  that  although  in  common  difcourfe  thefe  confpirators 
were  thofe  that  flew  Caius,  yet  that,  in  reality,  he  lies  now 
dead  as  perifliing  by  hisownfelf." 

20.  Now  by  this  time  the  theatre  werearifen  from  their  feats, 
and  thofe  that  were  within  made  a  very  great  difturbance  ;  the 
caufe  of  which  was  this,  that  the  fpeclators  were  too  hafty  in 
getting  away.    There  was  alfo  one  Alcyon,  a  phyfician,  who 
hurried  away,  as  if  to  cure  thofe  that  were  wounded,  and  under 
that  pretence,  he  fent  thofe  that  were  with  him  to  fetch  what 


Chap.    II.]          ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS,  399 

things  were  neceiTary  for  the  healing  thofe  wounded  per- 
fons,  but  in  reality  to  get  them  clear  ot  the  piefent  dangers 
they  were  in.  Now  the  fenate,  during  this  interval  had  met, 
and  the  people  alfo  aflembled  together  in  theaccuftomed  form 
and  were  both  employed  in  fearching  after  the  murderers  ot 
Caius.  The  people  did  it  very  zealoutly,  but  the  fenate  in  ap- 
pearance only  :  For  there  was  prefent  Valerius  of  Afia,  one 
that  had  been  conful ;  this  man  went  to  the  people,  as  they 
were  in  diforder,  and  very  uneafy  that  they  could  not  dilcov- 
er  who  they  were  that  murdered  the  emperor ;  he  was  then 
earneftly  afked  by  them  all,  "  Who  it  was  that  had  done  it  ?" 
He  replied,-!  wifh  I  had  beed  the  man."  The  confuls  *  alfo 
publilhed  an  edict,  wherein  they  accufed  Caius,  and  gave  or- 
der to  the  people  then  got  together,  and  to  the  foldiers  to  go 
home.and  gave  the  people  hopes  of  the  abatement  of  the  oppref- 
fions  they  lay  under;  and  promifed  the  loldiers,  if  they  lay  quiet 
astheyufedtodo,  and  would  notgoabroadtodomifchiefunjuft- 
ly,  that  they  would  be  flow  re  wards  upon  them ;  for  there  was  rea- 
fon  to  tear  left  the  city  might  fufferharmby  their  wild  and  ungov- 
ernable behaviour,  it  they  fhould  once  betake  themfelves  to 
Ipoil  the  citizens  or  plunder  the  temples.  And  now  the  whole 
multitude  ot  the  fenators  were  aflembled  together,  and  efpe- 
cially  thoie  that  had  confpired  to  take  away  the  life  of  Caius, 
who  put  on  at  this  time  an  air  ot  great  afiuiance,  and  appeared 
with  great  magnanimity,  as  if  the  adminiftration  oi  the  public 
affairs  were  already  devolved  upon  them. 


CHAP.    H. 

How  the  Senators  determined  to  re/lore  the  Democracy  ;  but  the 
foldeirs    were  for    preferving     the  Monarchy,      Concerning 
the  Jlaughter  of  Caius' s  wije  and  daughter.     A  character  oj 
Caius' s  morals. 

§  i.  TYTHEN  the  public  affairs  were  in  this  pofture,  Clau- 
VV  dius  was  on  the  fudden  hurried  away  out  of  his 
houfe  :  For  the  foldiers  had  a  meeting  together,  and  when  they 
had  debated  about  what  was  to  be  clone,  they  faw  that  a  democ- 
racy was  incapable  of  managing  fucha  vaft  weight  of  public 
affairs  ;  and  that  if  it  (hould  be  let  up,  it  would  not  be  tor  their 
advantage  ;  and  in  cafe  any  one  of  thofe  already  in  the  govern- 
ment mould  obtain  the  f  upreme  power,  it  would  in  all  refpefts 
be  to  their  grief,  they  were  not  affifting  to  him  in  that  advance- 
ment :  That  it  would  therefore  be  right  for  them  while  the 
public  affairs  were  unfettled,  to  choofe  Claudius  emperor,  who 

*  Thefe  confuls  are  named  in  the  War  of  the  Jews,  B.  II.  ch.  xi.  feft.  \.  Vol. 
III.  Sentius  Satuminus,  and  Pomponius  Secundus,  as  Spanheim  notes  heie<  The 
fpetch  of  U.o  former  of  them  is  (*f  c! •;  -.-.\  in  t!is  next  chapter,  (eft.  z. 


40^  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    J»V/S,       {  Book  XIX. 

was  uncle  to  the  deceafed  Caius,  and  of  a  fuperior  dignitv  and 
worth  to  every  one  of  thofe  that  were  affembled  together  in  the 
fenate, both  on  account  ohhe  virtues  of  his  anceftors.and  o\  the 
learning  he  had  acquired  in  his  education,  and   who,  if  oncf: 
fettled  in  tiie  empire,  would  reward   them  according  to: 'their 
deferts,  and  bellow  largeffes    upon   them.     Thefe  were   their 
confultations,  and  they  executed  the  'ame  immediately. 
dius  was  theiefore  feized  upon  fuddenly  hy  the  foldiery. 
Cneas  Sentius  Saturninus,  although  he  undcrftood  that  C!a:i- 
dius  was  feized,  and  that  he  in  tended  to  cl.\  vernmenr, 

unwillingly  indeed  in  appearance,  but  in  reality   by    his   own 
free  confent,  flood   up  in  the  fenate.  and,  without   bein 
mayed,  made  an  exhortatory  orarion  to  them,  and  inch  a 
indeed  as  was  fit  for  men  of  freedom  andgenenofity,  and  Ipake 
thus. 

2.  "  Although  it  be  athing  incredible,  O  Romans,  becauh: 
of  the  great  length  of  time,  that  fo  unexpected  an  event 
happened,  yet  are  we  now  in  poffeflion  of  liberty.     How 
indeed  this  will  lafl  is  uncertain,  and  lies  at  the  difpufal  or  the 
gods,  whofe  grant  it  is  ;  yet  fuch  it  is  as  is  {utT.cient   to  i;i  ike 
us  rejoice,  and  be  happy  for  the  prefent,  although  we  may  lno!: 
be  deprived  of  it  ;  for  one  hour  is  fufficient  to  th'ofe  that  are  ex- 
ercifed  in  virtue,  wherein  we  may  live  with  a  mind  accounta- 
ble to  otirfelves,  in  our  own  country,  now  free,  arid  governed 
by    fuch  laws  as  this  country  once  flourilhed  under.     As  tor 
myfelt,  I  cannot  remember  our  former  time  of  liberty,  as  be- 
ing born  alter  it  was  gone  ;   but  I  am  beyond  rneafure  filieu 
wish  joy  at  the  thoughts  of  our  prefent  freedom.     I  alfo  ei 
teem  thofe,  that  were  born  and  brought  up  in  that  our  fonnei 
liberty,  happy  men,  and  that  thofe  men  are  worthy  of  no  iels 
efteem  than  the  gods  themfelves    who  have  given  us  a  tal 
it  in  this  age  ;  and  I  heartily  wifii     that  this  quiet   enjoy  rneir 
of  it,  which  we  have  at  prefent,  might   continue  tc 
However,  this  fingle  day  may  (uffice  for  our  youth,  a^  well  a- 
for  us  that  are  in  years.    It  will  fee:n  an  age  to  our  old  men,  j! 
they  might  die  during  its  happy  duration  :    It  may  alfo  i 
the  initi  uction  of  the  younger  fort,  what  kind   ot  virtue  thofr 
men.  from  whole  loins,  we  are  derived,  were  exereifed  in.     As 
forouiielves    our  bufinefs  is,  during  the  fpace  of  timt-,  to  live 
virtuoully.  than  which  nothing  can  be  more  to  our  i: 
which  cour(e  of  virtue  it  is  alone  than  can  prefervs  our  liheny  ; 
for,  as  to  our  ancient  Rate,  I  have  heard  of  it  by  the  relations  of 
others,  but  us  to  our  late  Hate,  during  my   liie-tinic.    1    have 
known  it  by  experience,  and  leained  thereby  what  mu'chieb 
tyrannies  have  brought  upon  this  commonwealth,  difcouragirig 
all  virtue,  and  depriving  perfonsol  magnanimity  of  their  liber- 
erty,  and  proving  the  teachers  of  flattery  and  ilavifh  !ear,  be- 
caaie  it  leaves  the  public  adminiflration  not  to  be  governed  by 
wife  laws,  but  by  the  humour  of  thofe  that  govern.     For  fince 
Julius  Cjefai  took  it  into  his  head  to  diflblvs  our  democracy, 


Chap.  II.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  40! 

and,  by  overbearing  the  regular  fyftem  of  our  laws,  to  bring 
diforders  into  our  adminiftration,  and  to  get  above  right  and 
juftice,  and  to  be  a  Have  to  his  own  inclinations,  there  is  no 
kind  of  mifery  but  what  hath  tended  to  the  fubverfion  of  this 
city  ;  while  all  ihofe  that  have  fucceeded  him  have  itriven  one 
with  another  to  overthrow  the  ancient  laws  of  their  country, 
and  have  left  it  defthute  of  fuch  citizens  as  were  of  generous 
principles;  becaufe  they  thought  it  tended  to  their  fafety  to 
have  vicious  men  to  converfe  withal,  and  not  only  to  break 
the  fpirits  of  thofe  that  were  beft  efteemed  for  their  virtue, 
but  to  refolve  upon  their  utter  definition.  Of  all  which  em- 
perors, who  have  been  many  in  number,  and  who  laid  upon 
us  infufferable  hardlhips  during  the  times  of  their  govern- 
ment, this  Caius,  who  hath  been  (lain  to  day,  hath  brought 
more  terrible  calamities  upon  us  than  did  all  the  reft,  not  only 
by  exercifing  his  ungoverned  rage  upon  his  fellow  citizens, 
but  alfoupon  his  kindred  and  friends,  and  alike  upon  all  oth- 
ers, and  by  inflicting  flill  greater  miferies  upon  them,  as  pun- 
ifh'ments,  which  they  never  deferved,  he  being  equally  furi- 
ous againft  men,  and  againll  the  gods.  For  tyrants  are  not 
content  to  gain  their  fweet  pleafure,  and  this  by  afting  inju- 
rioufly,  and  in  the  vexation  they  bring  both  upon  men's  el- 
tates,  and  their  wives  ;  but  they  look  upon  that  to  be  their 
principal  advantage,  when  they  can  utterly  overthrow  the 
entire  families  of  their  enemies  ;  while  all  lovers  ot  liberty 
are  the  enemies  of  tyranny.  Nor  can  thofe  that  patiently  en- 
dure what  iriieries  they  bring  on  them,  gain  their  friendlhip  ; 
tor  as  they  are  confcious  of  the  abundant  mifchiets  they  have 
brought  on  thele  men,  and  how  magnanimoufly  they  have 
borne  their  hard  fortunes,  they  cannot  but  be  lenfible  what 
evils  they  have  done,  and  thence  only  depend  on  fecurity 
from  what  they  are  fufpicious  of,  if  it  may  be  in  their  power 
to  take  them  quite  out  of  the  world.  Since  then  we  are  now- 
gotten  clear  of  fuch  great  misfortunes,  and  are  only  account- 
able to  one  another  (which  form  ot  government  affords  us  the 
beft  aflurance  ot  our  prefent  concord,  and  promifes  us  the 
beft  iecurity  from  evil  defigns,  and  will  be  moft  tor  our  own, 
glory  in  fettling  the  city-in  good  order),  you  ought,  every 
one  ot  you  in  particular,  to  make  provilion  for  his  own,  and, 
in  general,  for  the  public  utility;  or,  on  the  contrary,  they 
may  declare  their  dilfent  to  fuch  things  as  have  been  propofed, 
and  this  without  any  hazard  of  danger  to  come  upon  them; 
becaufe  they  have  now  no  lord  fet  over  them,  who,  without 
fear  of  puniihment,  could  do  mifchief  to  the  city,  and  had  an 
uncontrpulable  power  to  take  off  thofe  that  freely  declared 
their  opinions.  Nor  has  any  thing  fo  much  contributed  to 
this  increafe  of  tyranny  ot  late  as  floth,  and  a  timorous  for- 
bearance of  con'radif  ling  the  emperor's  will  ;  while  men  had 
an  over-great  inclination  to  the  Iweetnefs  of  peace,  and  had 
learned  to  live  like  (laves,  and  as  many  of,  us  as  either  heard 
VOL,  II,  C  3 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  [Book  XIX. 

of  intolerable  calamities  that  happened  at  a  diftance  from  us, 
or  fan-  the  miferies  that  were  near  us,  out  ot  the  dread  of  dy- 
irs  virtuoufly,  endured  a  death  joined  with  the  utmoftiniamy. 
We  ought  then,  in  thefirfl  place,  to  decree  the  greateft  hon- 
ours we  are  able  to  thofe  that  have  taken  off  the  tyrant,  efpe- 
cialiy  to  Cherea  Camus  ;  for  this  one  man,  with  the  affiftance 
of  thr  gods,  hath,  by  his  counfel,  and  by  his  aciions.  been 
the  procurer  ot  our  liberty.  Nor  ought  we  to  forget  him  now 
we  have  recovered  our  liberty,  who,  under  the  foregoing  ty- 
lanny,  took  counfel  beforehand,  and  beforehand  hazarded 
himfelf  for  our  liberties  ;  but  ought  to  decree  him  proper  hon- 
ours, and  thereby  freely  declare,  that  he  from  the  beginning 
afled  with  our  approbation.  And  certainly  it  is  a  very  ex- 
cellent thing,  and  what  bepomes  freemen,  to  requite  their  ben- 
efa6k>rs,  as  this  man  hath  been  a  benefactor  to  us  all  though 
not  at  all  like  Callius  and  Brutus,  who  flew  Caius  Julius 
[Caefarj  ;  for  thofe  men  laid  the  foundations  of  fedition  and 
civil  wars  in  our  city,  but  this  man,  together  with  his  Daugh- 
ter of  the  tyrant,  hath  fet  our  city  free  from  all  thoie  fad  mif- 
eries  which  arofe  from  the  tyranny.*7' 

j  And  this  was  the  purport  ot  Sentius's  oration  which  was 
received  with  pleafure  by  the  fenators,  and  by  as  many  o1  the 
equeftrian  order  as  were  prefent.  And  now  one  Trebellius 
Maximus  rofe  up  nattily,  and  took  off  Sentius's  finger  a  ring, 
which  had  a  (lone,  with  the  image  ot  Caius  engraven  upon  it, 
and  which,  in  his  zeal  in  {peaking,  and  his  earneftnefs  in  do- 
ing what  he  was  about  as  it  w^s  fuppofed,  he  had  forgotten 
to  take  off  him  felt.  This  fculpture  was  broken  immediately. 
But  as  it  was  now  far  in  the  night,  Cherea  demanded  of  the 
confuls  the  watch- word,  who  gave  him  the  word  Liberty. 
Thefe  tacts  were  the  fubjetts  ot  admiration  to  themfelvcs,  and 
almoit  incredible;  tor  it  was  an  hundred  years  t  fi nee  the 
democracy  had  been  laid  afide,  when  this  giving  the  watch- 
word returned  to  the  confuls  ;  tor,  before  the  city  was  fub- 
jeci  to  tyrants,  they  were  the  commanders  of  the  foldiers. 
Jjut,  when  Cherea  had  received  that  watch-word,  he  deliver- 
ed it  to  thofe  who  weie  on  the  fenate's  fide,  which  were  tour 
regiments,  who  elleemed  the  government  without  emperors 
to  be  preferable  to  tyranny.  So  thefe  went  away  with  their 
•tribunes.  1  he  people  alfo  now  departed  very  joyful,  lull  oi 
hope  and  of  courage,  as  having  recovered  their  former  de- 

*  In  thisoration  of  Sentius  Saturninns,  we  may  fee  the  great  value  virtuous  men 
put  upon  puhiic  liberty,  and  trw  fad  nnierythey  underwent,  whii  •  they  were  ty- 
;anr,'ued  o\cr  ijy  fuch  emperors  as  Ca;u.s.  6ee  ]  Xephus's  own  Ihort  but  pithy  re- 
ilcd'tion  at  tl.e  end  of  the  chapter  :  "  So  difficult,"  fays  he,  "  it  is  for  thofe  to  ob- 
tain ih  virtue  that  is  ncceflary  to  a  wile  man,  who  have  the  abiolute  power  to  do 
•whbtthey  p!c.ile,  without  cootroul."  . 

+  Hence  we  learn  that,  in  the  opinion  of  Saturninus,  the  fovereign  authority  of 
tl;e  cciiiuls  and  isnate  had  been  taken  away  juft  iQO  years  before  the  death  of  Cai- 
us,  A.  D  41,  or  on  the  6oth  year  befor-  the  Chriftian  asia,  when  the  full  triura- 
\-irate  b-gau  under  Cxui,  Pompey,  and  Ciaffus, 


Chap.    II.]          ANTIQUITIES    OP    THE   JEWS.  403 

mocracy,  and  were  no  longer  under  an  emperor  ;  and  Cherea 
was  in  a  very  great  efleem  with  them. 

4.  And  now  Cherea  was  very  uneafy  that  Caius's  daughter 
and  wite  were  ftill  alive,  and  that  all  his  family  did  not  perifh 
with  him,  fince  whofoever  was  left  of  them  muft  be  left  for 
the  ruin  of  the  city  and  ot  the  laws.     Moreover    in  order  to 
finifh  this  matter  with  the  utmoft  zeal,  and  in  order  to  fatisfy 
his  hatred  ot  Caius  he  fent  Julius  Lupus,  one  oi  the  tribunes, 
to  kill  Caius's  wife  and  daughter.     They  propofed  this  office 
to  Lupus  as  to  a  kinfman  ot  Clement,  that  he  might  be  fo  far 
a  partaker  of  this  murder  of  the  tyrant,   and  might  rejoice   in 
the  virtue  of  having  affi (led  his  tellow  citizens,    and   that  he 
might  appear  to  have  been  a  partaker  with  thofe  that  were  firft 
in  their  defigns  againft  him.     Yet   did   this  aflion  appear  to 
fome  of  the  confpirators  to  be  top  cruel,  as  to  this  uGng  fuch 
feverity  to  a  woman,  becaufe  Caius  did  more  indulge  his  owu 
ill  nature,  than  ufe  her  advice  in  all  that  he  did  ;  from  which 
ill-nature  it  was  that  the  city  was  in  io  defperate  a   condition 
•with  the  miferies  that  were  brought  on  it,  and  the  flower   ot 
the  city  was  deftroyed.     But  others  accufed  her  ot  giving  her 
confent  to  thefe  things  ;  nay,  they  afcrihed  all  that  Caius  had 
done  to  her  as  the  caufe  ot  it,  and  faid,  ilie  had  given  a  potion 
to  Caius,  which  had  made  him  obnoxious  to  her,  and  had  tied 
him  down  to  love  her  by  fuch  evil   methods  ;  infomuch  that 
(he,  having  rendered  him  diftrafted,  was  become  the   author 
of  all  the  miichiefs  had  befallen  the  Romans,  and  that  habit- 
able world  which  was  fubjeft  to  them.     So  that  at  length   it 
was  determined,  that  fhe  muft  die  ;  nor   could   thofe   ot  the 
contrary  opinion  at  all  prevail  to  have  her  faved  ;  and  Lupus 
was  fent  accordingly.     Nor  was  there  any  delay  made  in  exe- 
cuting what  he  went  about    but  he  was  fu'ofervient  to   thofe 
that  fent  him  on  the   firft  opportunity,    as  defirous  to    be    no 
way  blameable  in  what  might  be  done  tor  the  advantage  oi  the 
people.     So,  when  he  was  come  into  the  palace,  he  found  Ce~ 
foma,  who  was  Caius's  wife  lying  by  her  hufband's  dead  bo- 
dy, which  alfo  lay  down  on  the  ground,  and   deftitute  ot  all 
fuch  things  as  the  law  allows  to  the  dead,  and  all  over   herfelf 
befrneared  with  the  blood  of  her  hufband's  wounds,  and   be- 
wailing the  great  affliction  fhe  was  under,  her  daughter  lying 
by  her  alfo  :  And  nothing  elfe  was  heard  in  thefe  her  circura- 
ftances,  but  her  complaint  of  Caius,  as  if  he  had  not  regarded 
what  (he  had  often  told  him  ot  beforehand  ;  which   words   ot 
hers  were  taken  in  a  different  fenfe  even  at  that  time,   and  are 
now  efteemed  equally  ambiguous  by  thofe  that  hear  of  them, 
and  are  ftill  interpreted  according  to  the  different  inclinations 
of  people.     Nor  fome  faid  that  the  words  denoted,  that  fhe  had 
advifed  him  to  leave  off  his  mad  behaviour  and  his  barbarous 
cruelty  to  the  citizens,  and  to  govern  the  public  with   mode- 
ration and  virtue,  leaft  he  (hould  perifh  by  the  fame  way,  up. 
on  their  ufing  him  as  he  had  ufed  them.    But  fome  faid,  that, 


404  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  [Book  XIX. 

as  certain  words  had  pafled  concerning  the  confpirators,  (he 
defired  Caius  to  make  no  delay,  but  immediately  to  put  them 
all  to  death,  and  this  whether  they  were  guilty  or  not,  and 
that  thereby  he  would  be  out  of  the  tear  ot  any  danger  ;  and 
that  this  was  what  fhe  reproached  him  for,  when  fhe  advifed 
him  fo  to  do,  but  he  was  too  flow  and  tender  in  the  matter. 
And  this  was  what  Cefonia  faid,  and  what  theopinions  ot  men 
were  about  it.  But,  when  fne  faw  Lupus  approach,  fhe  (hew- 
ed him  Caius's  dead  body,  and  perfuadedhim  to  come  nearer, 
with  lamentation  and  tears  ,  and  as  fhe  perceived  that  Lupus 
was  in  diforder,  and  approached  her  in  order  to  execute  fome 
defign  difagreeable  to  himfelt,  the  was  well  aware  for  what 
purpofe  he  came,  and  ftretched  out  her  naked  throat,  and 
that  very  cheerfully  to  him,  bewailing  her  cafe,  like  one  ut- 
terly defpaired  ot  her  life,  and  bidding  him  not  to  boggle  at 
finilhing  the  tragedy  they  had  refolved  upon  relating  to  her. 
So  fhe  boldly  received  her  death's  wound  at  the  hand  of  Lu- 
pus as  did  the-  daughter  after  her.  So  Lupus  made  hafle  to 
inform  Cherea  of  what  he  had  done. 

5.  This  was  the  end  of  Caius,  after  he  had  reigned  four 
years,  within  tour  months.  He  was,  even  before  he  came  to 
be  emperor,  ill  natured,  and  one  that  had  arrived  at  the  utmoft 
pitch  ot  wickednefs  ;  a  flave  to  his  pleasures,  and  a  lover  of 
calumny  ;  greatly  affecied  by  every  terrible  accident)  and  on 
that  account  ot  a  very  murderous  dilpofition,  where  he  durfl 
{hew  it.  He  enjoyed  his  exorbitant  power  to  this  only  pur- 
pofe, to  injure  thofe  who  leaft  deferved  it,  with  unrealonable 
infolence,  and  got  his  wealth  by  murder  and  injuftice.  He 
laboured  to  appear  above  regarding  either  what  was  divine  or 
agreeable  to  the  laws,  but  was  a  flave  to  the  commendations  of 
the  populace  ;  and  whatsoever  the  laws  determined  to  be 
fhametul,  and  puniihed,  that  he  efteemed  more  honourable 
than  what  was  virtuous.  He  vas  unmindful  of  his  friends, 
how  intimate  foever,  and  though  they  wt-re  perfons  of  the 
higheft  character;  arid,  if  he  was  once  angry  at  any  of  them, 
he  would  inflict  punifhment  upon  them  on  the  fmalleft  occa- 
lions,  and  efteemed  every  man  that  endeavoured  to  lead  a  vir- 
tuous hie  his  enemy.  And  whatibever  he  commanded,  he 
would  not  admit  of  any  contradifcHon  to  his  inclinations  ; 
whence  it  was  that  he  had  criminal  converfation  with  his  own 
fifter  *  ;  from  which  occafion  chiefly  it  was  alfo,  that  a  bitter 
hatred  firft  fprang  up  againft  him  among  the  citizen1-,  that  fort 
of  inceft  not  having  been  known  of  a  long  time  ;  and  fo  this 
provoked  men  to  diftrufl  him,  and  to  hate  him  that  was  guilty 

*  Spanheim  here  notes  from  Suetonius,  tbit  the  name  of  Caius's  filler,  with 
•whom  he  was  guilty  of  inceft,  was  Drujllla  ;  and  that  Suetonius  adds,,  he  was  guilty 
ot"  th-:  iame  crime  wiih  ail  his  fillers  allo.  He  notes  farther,  that  S-uetoniui  omits 
the  mention  of  the  haven  for  fhips,  which  our  author  efteems  the  only  public  work 
for  the  good  of  the  prefent  and  future  ages  which  Caius  left  behind  him,  though  w 
en  impi-rftft  condition. 


Chap.   III.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    TUB   JSWS.  405 

ot  it.  And  for  any  great  or  royal  work  that  he  ever  did,  which 
might  be  tor  the  preient  and  tor  future  ages,  nobody  can  name 
any  fuch,  but  only  the  haven  that  he  made  about  Rhegium 
and  Sicily  tor  reception  ot  the  fhips  that  brought  corn  trom 
Egypt  ;  which  was  indeed  a  work  without  difpute,  very  great 
in  itfelt,  and  ot  very  great  advantage  to  the  navigation.  Yet 
was  not  this  work  brought  to  perletlion  by  him,  but  was  the 
one  halt  ot  it  left  imperfect,  by  reafon  of  his  want  of  appli- 
cation to  it  ;  the  cauie  ot  which  was  this,  that  he  employed 
his  ftudies  about  ufelefs  matters,  and  that  by  fpendmg  his 
money  upon  fuch  pleafures  as  concerned  no  one's  benefit  but 
his  own,  he, could  not  exert  his  liberality  in  things  that  were 
undeniably  ot  great  conlequence.  Otherwife  he  was  an  ex- 
cellent orator,  and  thorougly  acquainted  with  the  Greek  tongue, 
as  well  as  with  his  own  country  or  Roman  language.  He 
was  alfo  able  off-hand  and  readily  to  give  anfwers  to  compo- 
fitions  made  by  others,  ot  confiderable  length  and  accuracy. 
He  was  alfo  more  fkillul  in  perfuading  others  to  very  great 
things  than  any  one  elte,  and  this  from  a  natural  affability  ot 
temper,  which  had  been  improved  by  much  exercife  and 
pains-taking  :  For  as  he  was  the  grandfon  *  of  the  brother  of 
Tiberius,  whole  fucceflbr  he  was,  this  was  a  ftrong  induce- 
ment to  his  acquiring  of  learning,  becaufe  Tiberius  afpired 
alter  the  higheit  pitch  of  that  fort  of  reputation  ;  and  Caiua 
afpired  atter  the  like  glory  tor  eloquence,  being  induced 
thereto  by  the  letters  ot  his  kinfman  and  his  emperor.  He 
was  alfo  among  the  fidt  rank  of  his  citizens.  But  the  advan- 
tages he  received  from  his  learning  did  not  countervail  the 
mifchief  he  brought  upon  himfelt  in  the  exercife  ot  his  au- 
thority ;  fodiffi.ult  it  is  for  thofe  to  obtain  the  virtue  that  is 
neceflary  for  a  wife  man,  who  have  the  abfolute  power  to  do 
what  they  pleafe,  without  controul.  At  the  fidt  he  got  him- 
felt fuch  friends  as  were  in  all  refpe£ts  the  molt  worthy,  and 
was  greatly  beloved  by  them,  while  he  imitated  their  zealous 
application  to  the  learning  and  to  the  glorious  actions  of  the 
beil  men  ;  but  when  he  became  infolent  towards  them,  they 
laid  alide  the  kindnefs  they  had  tor  him,  and  began  to  hate 
him  ;  from  which  hatred  came  that  plot,  which  they  raifed 
againft  him,  and  wherein  he  perifhed. 


CHAP.    III. 

How  Claudius  was  fdzed upon,  and  brought  out  of  his  Houfe,  and 
brought  to  the  Camp,  and  how  theSenatefentan  EmbaJJagetohim. 

§  i.  TVJOW  Claudius,  as  I  faid  above,  went  out  ot  that 
.iN    way   along   which   Caius  was  gone  ;  and,  as  the 

*  'I  his  Caius  was  the  fun  of  that  excellent  perfon  GermznicuSj  whp  ws»  the 
ion  di'  Druius,  the  brother  pf  Tiberius  the  emptror, 


4<3>6  ANTIQUITIES    OP    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XIX. 

family  was  in  a  mighty  diforder  upon  the  fad  accident  oi  the 
murder  of  Caius,  he  was  in  great  diftrefs  how  to  fave  himfelt, 
and  was  found  to  have  hidden  himfeH  in  a  certain  narrow 
place  *,  though  he  had  no  other  occafion  for  fufpicion  ot  any 
dangers,  belides  the  dignity  of  his  birth  ;  for,  while  he  was 
a  private  man  he  behaved  himfelf  with  moderation,  and  was 
contented  with  his  prefent  fortune,  applying  himfelf  to  learn- 
ing, and  elpecially  to  that  of  the  Greeks,  and  keeping  him- 
felf entirely  clear  from  every  thing  that  might  bring  any  dif- 
turbance.  But  as  at  this  time  the  multitude  were  under  a 
confternation,  and  the  whole  palace  was  full  of  the  foldiers 
madnefs,  and  the  very  emperor's  guards  feemed  under  the 
like  fear  and  dilorder  with  private  perfons,  the  band  called 
pretorian,  which  was  the  pureft  part  of  the  army,  was  in 
confultation  what  was  to  be  done  at  this  junfclure.  Now  all 
thofe  that  were  at  this  confultation,  had  little  regard  to  the 
pumfhment  Caius  had  fuffered,  becaufe  he  juftly  deferved 
i'uch  his  fortune  ;  but  they  were  rather  confidering  their  own 
circumftances,  how  they  might  take  the  beft  care  ot  them- 
ifelves,  efpecially  while  the  Germans  were  bufy  in  punching 
the  murderers  of  Caius  ;  which  yet  was  done  to  gratify  their 
own  favage  temper,  than  for  the  good  of  the  public  :  All 
which  things  diilurbed  Claud  us,  who  was  afraid  of  his  own 
fafety,  and  this  particularly  becaufe  he  faw  the  heads  of  Af- 
prenas  and  his  partners  carried  about.  His  ftation  had  been 
on  a  certain  elevated  place,  whither  a  few  fteps  led  him,  and 
whither  he  had  retired  in  the  dark  by  himfelf.  But  when 
Gratus,  who  was  one  ot  the  foldiers  that  belonged  to  the  pal- 
ace law  him,  but  did  not  well  know  by  his  countenance  who 
he  was,  becaufe  it  was  dark,  though  he  could  well  judge  that 
it  was  a  man  who  was  privately  there  on  iome  defign,  he  came 
nearer  to  him,  and  when  Claudius  defired  that  he  would  retire, 
de  difcovered  who  he  was,  and  owned  him  to  be  Claudius. 
So  he  faid  to  his  followers,  ''  This  is  a  Germanicus  t ;  come 
on,  let  us  choofe  him  for  our  emperor."  But  when  Claudius 
faw  they  were  making  preparations  tor  taking  him  away  by 
iorce,  and  was  afraid  they  would  kill  hiiji,  as  they  had  killed 
Caius,  he  befought  them  to  fpare  him,  putting  them  in  mind 
how  quietly  he  had  demeaned  himfelf,  and  that  he  was  un.. 
acquainted  with  what  had  been  done.  Hereupon  Gratus 
imiled  upon  him,  and  took  him  by  the  right  hand  and  faidf 
"  Leave  off  Sir,  thefe  low  thoughts  of  faving  yourfelf,  while 
you  ought  to  tuv^  greater  thought*,  even  of  obtaining  the 
empire  which  the  gods,  out  of  their  concern  for  the  habita- 

*  This  firft  plact-  Claudius  came  to  was  inhabited, and  called  Hormeum,  as  Span- 
hcim  here  informs  us  from  Suetonius  iii  Ciaud  cii.  x. 

t  How  Claudius,  another  ionot  Dmfulus  which  Drufus  was  the  father  of  Ger- 
manicus, could  be  here  himfelt  called  Cermanicu.i,  Suetonius  informs  us,  when  he 
affures  us  that,  by  a  decree  oi  the  ienate,  die  iirname  of  Germanicus  was  beftowed  on 
Drufus,  and  his  pollerity  allo.  In  Claud,  ch.  i. 


Chap.   HI.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  46? 

ble  world,  by  taking  Caius  out  oi  the  way,  commit  to  thy 
virtuous  conduft.  Go  to,  therefore,  and  accept  of  the  throne 
of  thy  anceftors."  So  they  took  him  up  and  carried  him,  be- 
caufe  he  was  not  then  able  to  go  on  loot,  fuch  was  his  dread 
and  his  joy  at  what  was  told  him. 

2.  Now  there  was  already  gathered  together  about  Gratus  a 
great  number  ot  the  guards  ;  and   when  they  faw   Claudius 
carried  off,  they  looked  with  a  fad  countenance,  as  fuppofing 
that  he   was  carried  to  execution   for  the  mifchiefs  that  had 
been  lately  done  ;  while  yet  they  thought  him  a  man  who  nev- 
er meddled  with  public  affairs  all  his  life  long,  and  one  that 
had  met  with  no  contemptible  dangers  under  the  reign  of  Ca- 
ius ;  and  fome  ot  them  thought  it  reafonable,  that  the  confuls 
fhould  take  cognizance  ot  theie  matters  ;  and,  as  ftill  more 
and  more  of  the  foldiery   got  together,  the  crowd  about  him 
ran  away,  and  Claudius  could  hardly    go  on,  his  body   was 
then  fo  weak  ;  and  thoie  who  carried  his  fedan,  upon  an  en- 
quiry that  was  made  about  his  being  carried  off,  ran  away  and 
faved  themfelves,  as  defpairing  of  their   lord's  preservation. 
But  when  they  were  come  into  the  large  court  of  the  palace, 
(which,  as  the  report  goes  about  it,  was  inhabited  firft  of  all 
the  parts  of  the  city  ot  Rome),  and  had  juft  reached  the  pub- 
lic treafury,  many  more  loldiers  came  about  him  as  glad  to 
fee  Claudius's  face,  and  thought  it  exceeding  right  to  make 
him  emperor,  on  account  ot  their  kindnefs  tor  Germamcus. 
who  was  his  brother,  and  had  left  behind  him  a  vaft  reputation 
among  all  that  were  acquainted  with  him.    They  reflected  alfo 
on  the  covetous  temper  of  the  leading  men  ot  the  fenate,  and 
what  great  errors  they  had  been  guilty  of,  when  the  fenate  had 
the  government  tormerly  ;  they  alfo  confidered   the  impofli- 
bility  of  fuch  an  undertaking,  as  alfo  what  dangers  they  fhould 
be  in,  if  the  government  (hould  come  to  a  fmgle  perfon,   and 
that  fuch  an  one  (hould  poffefs  it  as  they  had  no  hand  in  ad- 
vancing, and  not  to  Claudius  who  would  take  it  as  their  grant, 
and  as  gained  by  their  good-will  to  him,  and  would  remember 
the  favours  they  had  done  him,  and  would  make  them  a  fuffi- 
cient  recompence  tor  the  fame. 

3.  Thefe  were  the  difcourles  the  foldiers  had  one  with  an- 
other by  themfeives,  and  they  communicated  them  to  all  fuch 
as  came  into  them.     Now  thofe  that  inquired  about  this  mat- 
ter, willingly  embraced  the  invitation  that  was  made  them  to 
join  with  the  reft  :    So  they  carried  Claudius  into  the  camp, 
crowding  about  him  as  his  guard,  and  encompaffing  him  a- 
bout,  one  chairman  ftill  fucceeding  another,  that  their  vehe- 
ment endeavours  might  not  be  hindered.      But  as  to  the  pop. 
ulace  and  the  fenators,  they  difagreed  in  their  opinions.     The 
latter  were  very  defirous  to  recover  their  former  dignity,  and 
were  zealous  to  get  clear  of  the  flavery  that  had  been  brought 
on  them  injurious  treatments  of  the  tyrants,  which  the  pref- 
ent  opportunity  afforded  them  ;  but  tor  the  people  who  were 


ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book   XIX. 

envious  againft  them,  and  knew  that  the  emperors  were  capa- 
ble of  curbing  their  covetous  t"*mper,  and  were  a  refuge  from 
them,  they  were  very  glad  that  Claudius  had  been  feized  up- 
on, and  brought  to  them,  and  thought,  that  it  Claudius  were 
made  emperor,  he  would  prevent  a  civil  w^r.  fuch  as  there 
was  in  the  days  of  Pompey.  But  when  the  fenate  knew  that 
Claudius  was  brought  into  the  camp  by  the  foldiers,  they  Tent 
to  him  thofe  of  their  body  which  had  the  bed  character  ior 
tueir  virtues,  that  they  might  inform  him,  "  that  he  ought  to 
do  nothing  by  violence,  in  order  to  gain  the  government ; 
that  he  who  was  a  fmgle  perfon,  one  either  already,  or  here- 
aher  to  be  a  member  ot  their  body,  ought  to  yield  to  the  fen- 
ate,  which  confifted  of  io  great  a  number  :  That  he  ought  to 
let  the  law  take  place  in  the  difpofal  ot  all  that  related  to  the 
public  order,  and  to  remember  huw  greatly  the  former  ty- 
rants had  afflicled  their  city  ;  and  what  dangers  both  he  and 
they  had  elcaped  under  Caius  ;  and  that  he  ought  not  to 
the  heavy  burden  of  tyranny,  when  the  injury  is  done  Dy 
others,  while  he  did  him  felt  wilfully  treat  his  country  alter  a 
mad  and  infolent  manner  ;  that  it  he  would  comply  '*'ith 
them,  and  demonitrate  that  his  firm  refolution,  was  to  live 
quietly  and  virtuoufly,  he  would  have  the  greated  honours 
decreed  to  him,  that  a  tree  people  could  beftow,  and  by  fub- 
jecling  himfelf  to  the  law,  would  obtain  this  branch  ot  com- 
mendation, that  he  acted  like  a  man  ot  virtue,  both  as  a  ruler 
and  a  fubjeft  ;  but  that  if  he  would  a£t  foolifhly,  and  learn  no 
wifdom  by  Caius's  death,  they  would  not  permit  him  to  go  on  ; 
that  a  great  part  of  the  army  was  got  together  for  them,  with 
plenty  of  weapons,  and  a  great  number  of  flaves,  which  they 
could  make  uie  of :  That  good  hope  was  a  great  matter  in  fuch 
cafes,  as  was  alfogood  fortune,  and  that  the  gods  would  never 
aflift  any  others  but  thofe  that  undertook  to  aft  with  virtue 
and  goodnefs,  who  can  be  no  other  than  fuch  as  fight  for  the 
liberty  of  their  country." 

4.  Now  thefe  ambaffadors,  Veranius  and  Brocchus,  who 
were  both  of  them  tribunes  of  the  people,  made  this  fpeech 
to  Claudius,  and,  tailing  down  upon  their  knees,  they  begged 
of  him,  that  he  would  by  no  means  throw  the  city  into  wars 
and  misfortunes  ;  but  when  they  faw  what  a  multitude  of  fol- 
diers encompalled  and  guarded  Claudius,  and  that  the  forces 
that  were  with,  the  confuls  were,  in  comparifon  of  them,  per- 
fectly inconfiderable,  they  added,  That,  "  it  hediddeiirethe 
government,  he  (hould  accept  ot  it  as  given  by  the  fenate ; 
that  he  would  prof  per  better,  and  be  happier,  if  he  came  to  it, 
not  by  injuftice,  but  by  the  good  will  of  thofe  that  would  be- 
llow it  upon  him." 


Chap.   IV.]         ANTIQUITIES    OP    THE    JEWS.  40$ 


CHAP.    IV. 

What  things  King  Agrippa  did  for  Claudius  ;  and  how  Clau- 
dius, when  he  had  taken  the.  government,  commanded  the  Mur- 
derers oj  Caius  to  be  J  tain. 


§  I.  TVfpW  Claudius,  though  he  was  fenfible  after  what  an 
JL\I  infolent  manner  the  fen  ate  had  Cent  to  him,  yet  did 
he,  according  to  their  advice,  behave  himfelf  for  the  prefent 
with  moderation  j  but  not  fo  far  that  he  could  not  recover 
bimfelf  out  of  his  fright  :  So  he  was  encouraged  [to  claim  the 
government]  partly  by  the  boklnefs  of  the  foldiers,  and  part- 
ly by  the  perfuafion  ot  king  Agrippa,  who  exhorted  him  not 
to  let  fuch  a  dominion  flip  out  of  his  hands,  when  it  came  thus 
to  him  ot  its  own  accord.  Now  this  Agrippa,  with  relation 
to  Caius,  did  what  became  one  that  had  been  fo  much  honour- 
ed by  him  ;  ior  he  embraced  Caius's  body  after  he  was  dead,  and 
laid  it  upon  a  bed  and  covered  it  as  well  as  he  could,  and 
went  out  to  the  guards,  and  told  them  that  Caius  was  ftill  a- 
live  ;  but  he  faid  that  they  fhquld  call  for  phyficians,  fince  he 
was  very  ill  of  his  wounds.  But  when  he  had  learned  that 
Claudius  was  carried  away  violently  by  the  foldiers,  he  rufh- 
ed  through  the  crowd  to  him,  and  when  he  found  that  he  was 
in  diforder,  and  ready  to  ren'gn  up  the  government  to  the  fen- 
ate,  he  encouraged  him,  and  defired  him  to  keep  the  govern- 
ment ;  but  when  he  had  faid  this  to  Claudius,  he  retired  home. 
And  upon  the  fenate's  fending  lor  him,  he  anointed  his  head 
with  ointment,  as  if  he  had  lately  accompanied  with  his  wife, 
and  had  difmiffed  her,  and  then  came  to  them  :  He  alfo  afked 
of  the  (enatora  what  Claudius  did  ;  who  told  him  the  prefent 
itate  of  affairs,  and  then  afked  his  opinion  about  the  fettlement 
of  the  public.  He  told  them  in  words,  that  he  was  ready  to 
lofe  his  life  for  the  honour  of  the  fenate,  but  defired  them  to 
confider  what  was  for  their  advantage,  without  any  regard  to 
what  was  moft  agreeable  to  them  ;  tor  that  thofe  who  grafp  at 
government,  will  (land  in  need  of  weapons,  and  foldiers  to 
guard  them,  unlefs  they  will  fet  up  without  any  preparation 
tor  it,  and  fo  fall  into  danger.  And  when  the  fenate  replied, 
That  "  they  would  bring  in  weapons  in  abundance,  and  mon- 
ey, and  that  as  to  an  army,  a  part  of  it  was  already  collected 
together  for  them,  and  they  woald  raife  a  larger  one  by  giv- 
ing the  (laves  their  liberty."  Agrippa  madeanfwer,  "  O  fen- 
ators  !  may  you  be  able  to  compafs  what  you,have  a  mind  to  ; 
yet  will  1  immediately  tell  you  my  thoughts,  becaufe  they 
tend  to  your  prefervation  :  Take  notice  then,  that  the  army 
which  will  fight  for  Claudius  hath  been  long  exercifed  in  war- 
like affairs  ;  but  our  army  will  be  no  better  than  a  rude  multi- 
tude of  raw  men.  and  thofe  fuch  as  have  been  unexpectedly 
made  free  from  flavery  ,  and  ungovernable  ;  we  muft  then  fight 
VOL.  II.  D  3 


4^0  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.       [Book 

againftthofe  that  are  flcillful  in  war,  with  men  who  know  not 
fo  much  as  how  to  draw  their  fwords.  So  that  my  opinion  is, 
that  we  mould  fend  fome  perfons  to  Claudius  ;  to  perfuade 
him  to  lay  down  the  government,  and  1  am  ready  to  be  one 
of  your  ambaffadors." 

2.  Upon  this  fpeech  of  Agrippa  the  fenate  complied  with 
liim,  and  he  was  lent  among  others,  and  privately  informed 
Claudius  of  the  diforder  the  fenate  was  in,  and  gave  inltruc- 
tions  to  anfwer  them  in  a  fomewhat  commanding  ftrain,  and 
as  one  invefled  with  dignity  and  authority.      Accordingly 
Claudius  faid  to  the  ambaffadors,  That  "  he  did  not  wonder 
the  fenate  had  no  mind  to  have  an  emperor  over  them,  becaufe 
they  had  been  harraffed  by  the  barbarity  of  thole  that  had  tor- 
merly  been  at  the  head  of  their  affairs  ;  but  that  they   mould 
tafteofan   equitable  government  under  him,  and  moderate 
times,  while  he  fhould  only  be  their  ruler  in  name,  buttheau- 
thority  mould  be  equally  common  to  them  all  ;   and  fince  he 
Jiad  paffed  through  many   and  various  fcenes  of  life  before 
their  eyes,  it  would  be  good  for  them  not  to  diflrufl  him." 
So  the  ambaffadors,  upon  their  hearing  this  his  anfwer,  were 
difmiffed.     But  Claudius  difcourfed  with  the  army  which  was 
there  gathered  together,  who  took  oaths  that  they    Would  per- 
fifl  in  their  fidelity  to  him  ;  upon  which  he  gave  the  guards 
every  man  five  thoufand  *  drachmae  a  piece,  and  a  propor- 
tionable quantity  to  their  captains,  and  promifed  to  give  the 
fame  to  the  relt  of  the  armies  wherefoever  they  were. 

3.  And  now  the  confuls  called  the  fenate  together  into  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  the  Conqueror  while  it  was  Itill  night  ;  but 
fome  of  thole  fenators  concealed  themfelves  in  the  city,  being 
uncertain  what  to  do,  upon  the  hearing  of  this  fummons,  and 
fome  of  them  went  out  of  the  city  to  their  own  farms,  as  fore- 
ieeing  whither  the  public  affairs  were  going,  and  tlefpairing 
of  liberty  ;  nay,  thefe  fuppofed  it  much  better  for  them  to  be 
ilaves  without  danger  to  themfelves,  and  to  live  a  lazy  and  un- 
aftive  life,  than,  by  claiming  the  dignity  of  their  forefathers, 
to  run  the  hazard  of  their  own  fafety.     However,  an  hundred 
and  no  more  were  gotten  together  ;  and  as  they  were  in  con- 
fultation  about  the  prefent  poftureot  affairs,  a  iudden  clamour 
was  made  by  the  foldiers  that  were  on  their   fide,  "  Defiring 
that  the  fenate  would  choofe  them  an  emperor,  and  not  bring 
the  government  into  ruin  by  fetting  up  a  multitude  of  rulers." 
So  they  fully  declared  themfelves  to  be  for  the   giving  the 
government  not  to  all,  but  to  one  ;  but  they  gave  the  fenate 
leave  to  look  out  for  a  perfon  worthy  to  be  let  over  them,  in- 

*  This  number  of  drachmae  to  be  diftributed  to  each  private  foldier,  5000 
mae  equal  to  23, coo  lefterces,  or  L.  \bi  Sterling,  dems  much  too  large,  and  ctiuct- 
lv  contjadiQs  Suetonius,  chap.  x.  who  makes  them  in  all  but  1.5  fefterces,  or  2S.  .jd. 
Yet  might  Jofephus  have  this  number  from  Agrippa  junior,  though  I    doubt  :hc' 
thoufands,  or  atleaft  the  hundreds  have  been  added   by  ;lie  tranfcribers,  oi 
we  have  bad  fevera!  examples  already  in  Jofephus, 


Chap.   IV.]        ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS,  4H 

fomuch,  that  now  the  affairs  of  the  fenate  were  much  worfe 
than  before  ;  becaufe  they  had  not  only  failed  in  the  recovery 
of  their  liberty,  which  they. boafted  themfelves  of,  but  were 
in  dread  of  Claudius  alfo.  Yet  were  there  thofe  that  hanker- 
ed after  the  government,  both  on  account  of  the  dignity  of 
their  families,  and  that  accruing  to  them  by  their  marriages  ; 
tor  Marcus  Minucianus  was  illuftrious,  both  by  his  own  no- 
bility, and  by  his  having  married  Julia,  the  filler  ot  Caius, 
\vho  accordingly  was  very  ready  to  claim  the  government, 
although  the  confuls  difcouraged  him,  and  made  one  delay  af- 
ter another  in  propofing  it  :  That  Minucianus  alfo,  who  was 
one  of  Caius's  murderers,  reftrained  Valerius  of  Afia  from 
thinking  of  fuch  things  ;  and  a  prodigious  (laughter  there  had 
been,  if  leave  had  been  given  to  thefe  men  to  fet  up  for  them- 
felves, and  opppfe  Claudius.  There  were  alfo  a  confiderable 
number  of  gladiators  befides,  and  of  thofe  foldiers  who  kept 
watch  by  night  in  the  city,  and  rowers  of  fhips,  who  all  ran 
unto  the  camp  ;  infomuch  that  of  thofe  who  put  in  for  the 
government,  fome  left  off  their  pretenfions  in  order  to  fpare 
the  city,  and  others  out  of  fear  for  their  own  perfons, 

4.  But  as  foon  as  ever  it  was  day,  Cherea,  and  thofe  that 
were  with  him  came  into  the  fenate,  and  attempted  to  make 
fpeeches  to  the  foldiers.  However,  the  multitude  of  thofe 
foldiers,  when  they  faw  that  they  were  making  fignals  for  fil- 
ence  with  their  hands,  and  were  ready  to  begin  to  fpeak  to 
them  grew  tumultuous,  and  would  not  let  them  fpeak  at  all, 
becaufe  they  were  all  zealous  to  be  under  a  monarchy  ;  and 
they  demanded  of  the  Senate  one  for  their  ruler,  as  not  endur- 
ing any  longer  delays  :  But  the  fenate  hefitated  about  either 
their  own  governing  or  how  they  mould  themfelves  be  gov- 
erned, while  the  foldiers  would  not  admit  them  to  govern,, 
and  the  murderers  oi  Caius  would  not  permit  the  foldiers  to 
diftate  to  them.  When  they  were  in  thefe  circumftances, 
Cherea  was  not  able  to  contain  the  anger  he  had,  and  promif- 
ed,  that  it'  they  defired  an  emperor,  he  would  give  them  one, 
it  any  one  would  bring  him  the  watch- word  from  Eutychus. 
Now  this  Eutychus  v,ras  charioteer  of  the  green-band  ta£lion, 
ftyled  Prafine,  and  a  great  friend  of  Caius,  who  ufedto  harrafs 
the  foldiery  with  building  ftables  for  the  horfes,  and  fpent  his 
time  in  ignominious  labours,  which  occafioned  Cherea  to  re- 
proach them  with  him,  and  to  abufe  them  with  much  other 
fcurrilous  language  ;  and  told  them,  "  he  would  bring  them 
the  head  of  Claudius  ;  and  that  it  was  an  amazing  thiug  that 
after  their  former  madnefs,  they  fhould  commit  their  govern-* 
ment  to  a  fool."  Yet  were  not  they  moved  with  his  words, 
but  drew  they:  fwprds,  and  took  up  their  enfigns,  and  went  to 
Claudius,  to  join  in  taking  the  oath  of  fidelity  to  him.  So  the 
fenate  were  left  without  any  body  to  defend  them,  and  the 
very  confuls  differed  nothing  from  private  perfons.  They 
were  alfo  under  confterttation  and  furrow,  men  not  knowing 


412  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  [Book  XIX. 

What  would  become  of  them,  becaufe  Claudius  was  very  an- 
gry at  them ;  fo  they  fell  a  reproaching  one  another,  ami  re- 
pented ot  what  they  had  done.  At  which  juncture  Sabinus, 
one  of  Caius's  murderers,  threatened  that  he  would  fooner 
come  into  the  midltof  them  and  kill  himfelf,  than  confent  to 
>nake  Claudius  emperor,  andfeeflavery  returning  upon  them  ,- 
he  ajfo  abufed  Cherea  for  loving  his  life  too  well,  while  he 
•who  was  the  firft  in  his  contempt  ot  Caius,  could  think  it  a 
good  thing  to  live,  when,  even  by  all  that  they  had  done  for 
the  recovery  of  their  liberty,  they  found  it  impoffible  to  do  it. 
But  Cherea  faid,  he  had  no  manner  of  doubt  upon  him  about 
killing  himfelf  ;  that  yet  he  would  firit  found  the  intentions  ot 
Claudius  before  he  did  it. 

5.  Thefe  were  the  debates,  [about  the  fenate  ;J  but  in  the 
camp  every  body  was  crowding  on  all  fides  to  pay  their  court 
to  Claudius;  and  the  other  conful,  Quintus  Pomponius,  was 
reproached  by  the  foldicry,  as  having  rather  exhorted  the  fen- 
ate  to  recover  their  liberty  ;  whereupon  they  drew  their  f  words, 
and  were  going  to  affault  him,  and  they  had  done  it,  if  Claudi- 
us had  not  hindered  them,  who  {hatched  the  conful  out  of  the 
danger  he  was  in,  and  fethimby  him.  But  he  did  not  receive 
that  part  of  the  fenate  which  was  with  Quintus  in  the  like  hon- 
ourable manner  ;  nay  fome  of  them  received  blows,  and  were 
thruft  away  as  they  came  to  falute  Claudius  ;  nay,  Aponius 
went  away  wounded,  and  they  were  all  in  danger.  However, 
king  Agrippa  went  up  to  Claudius,  and  dcfired  he  would  treat 
the  fenators  more  gently  ;  ioi  if  any  rnifchief  fhould  come  to 
the  fenate.  he  would  have  no  others  over  whom  to  rule.  Clau- 
dius complied  with  him,  and  called  the  fenate  together  into  the 
palace,  and  was  carried  thither  himfelt  through  the  city,  while 
the  foldiery  condu&ed  him,  though  this  was  to  the  great  vex- 
ation of  the  multitude;  for  Cherea  and  Sabinus,  two  ot  Cai- 
us's murderers,  went  in  the  tore-front  ot  them,  in  an  open 
manner,  while  Polio,  whom  Claudius  a  little  before  had  made 
captain  of  his  guards,  and  fent  them  an  epiftolary  edict,  to  for- 
bid them  to  appear  in  public.  Then  did  Claudius,  upon  his 
coming  to  the  palace,  get  his  friends  together,  and  defired  their 
Juffrages  about  Cherea.  They  faid,  that  the  work  he  had  done 
was  a  glorious  one,  but  they  accufed  him  that  he  did  it  of  per- 
fidioufnefs,  and  thought  it  juft  to  inflift  the  punifhment  [of 
death]  upon  him,  to  difcountenance  fuch  aftions  for  the  time 
to  come.  So  Cherea  was  led  to  his  execution,  and  Lupus, 
and  many  other  Romans  with  him,  now  it  is  reported,  that 
Cherea  bore  this  calamity  courageoufly,  and  this,  not  only  by 
the  firmnefs  of  his  own  behaviour  under  it,  but  by  the  re- 
proaches he  laid  upon  Lupus,  who  fell  into  tears  ;  tor  when 
Lupus  laid  his  garment  afide  and  complained  of  the  cold*,  he 
faid,  that  cold  was  never  hurtful  to  Lupus,  [z.  e.  a  wolf.J  And 

*  This  piercing  cold  hejre  complained  of  by  Lupus,  agrep  well  tp  the  time  ot 


Chap.   V.]          ANTIQUITIES   Or    THE   JEWS.  4*3 

as  a  great  many  men  went  along  with  them  to  fee  the  fight, 
\vhen  Cherea  came  to  the  place,  he  afked  the  foJdier  who  was 
to  be  their  executioner,  whether  this  office  was  what  he  was 
ufed  to  ?  or  whether  this  was  the  firft  time  of  his  ufing  his 
fword  in  ihat  manner,  and  defired  him  to  bring  him  that  very 
fword  with  which  he  himfelf  flew  Caius.  So  he  was  happily 
killed  at  one  ilroke.  But  Lupus  did  not  meet  with  fuch  good 
fortune  in  going  out  of  the  world,  fince  he  was  timorous,  and 
had  many  blows  levelledat  his  neck,becaufehedidnotilretch 
it  out  boldly,  [as  he  ought  to  have  done.J 

6.  Now  a  few  days  alter  this,  as  the  parental  folemnities 
were  juft  at  hand,  the  Roman  multitude  made  their  ulual  ob- 
lations to  their  feveral  ghofts,  and  put  portions  into  the  fire 
in  honour  of  Cherea  and  befought  him  to  be  merciful  to 
them,  and  not  continue  his  anger  againft  them  for  their  ingrat- 
itude. And  this  was  the  end  of  the  life  that  Cherea  came  to. 
But  for  Sabinus  although  Claudius  not  only  fet  him  atliberty, 
but  gave  him  leave  to  retain  his  former  command  in  the  army, 
yet  did  he  think  it  would  be  unjufl  in  him  to  fail  of  perform- 
ing his  obligations  to  his  fellow  confederates;  fo  he  fell  upon 
his  fword,  and  killed  himfelf,  the  wound  reaching  up  to  the  ve- 
ry hilt  of  thelword.* 


CHAP.    V. 

How  Claudius  rejloredto  Agripfyahis  grandfather's  Kingdoms, 
and  augmented  his  dominions  :  And  how  he  publijhed  an 
behalf  of  the  Jews. 


§  i.  ATOWwhen  Claudius  had  taken  out  of  the  way  all 
-L\  thofe  foldier»  whom  he  fufpefcled,  which  he  did  im- 
mediately, he  published  an  edift,  and  therein  confirmed  that 
kingdom  toAgrippa,  which  Caius  had  given  him,  and  there- 
in commended  the  king  highly  Heallo  made  an  addition  to 
it,  of  all  that  county  over  which  Herod,  who  was  his  grandfa- 
ther, had  reigned,  that  is  Judea  and  Samaria  ;  and  this  he  re- 

the  year  when  Claudius  began  his  reign  ;  it  being  for  certain  about  the  months  of 
November,  December,  or  January,  and  moft  probably  a  few  days  after  Jan.  241)1, 
and  a  few  days  before  the  Roman  Parentalia 

*  It  is  both  here  and  tllewhere  very  remarkable,  that  the  murderers  of  the  vil- 
eft  tyrants  who  yet  highly  deferved  to  die,  when  thofe  murderers  were  under  oeths, 
or  other  thr  like  obligations  of  fidelity  to  them,  were  ulually  revenged,  and  the 
murderers  were  cut  off  ihemielves,  and  that  after  a  remarkable  manner  ;  and  this 
iotnetimes,  as  in  the  prefent  cafe,  by  thofe  very  pt  rlons  who  were  not  forry  for 
luch  murders,  but  got  kingdoms  by  them.  TU?  examples  arc  very  numerous  both 
in  facred  and  profane  hiftories,  and  feem  generally  indication!)  of  divine  vengeance 
on  fuch  murderers.  Nor  is  it  unworthy  of  remark,  that  fuch  murderers  of  tyrants 
<3o  it  ufually  on  fuch  ill  principles,  in  inch  a  cruel  manner,  and  as  ready  to  involve 
the  innocent  with  the  guilty,  which  was  the  cafe  here.  <:li?.p  i.  feft.  14.  and  chap. 
>>.  kft.  4.  as  juftly  delervcd  the  divine  vengeance  upon  them.  Which  feems  to 


4*4  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  [Book 

ftoredto  hima&dueto  his  family.  But  for  Abila  *  of  Lyfa- 
nias,  and  all  that  Jay  at  mount  Libanus,lie  beftowed  them  up- 
on him,  as  out  of  his  own  territories.  He  alfo  made  a  league 
with  thi&Agrippa,  confirmed  by  oaths,  in  the  middle  of  the 
Jorum,  in  the  city  of  Rome  :  he  alfo  took  away  from  Antio- 
chus  that  kingdom  which  he  was  pofTefTed  of,  but  gave  him  a 
certain  part  of  Cilicia  and  Commagena  :  He  alfo  fet  Alexan- 
der Lyfimachus,  the  alabarch,  at  liberty,  who  had  been  his 
old  friend,  and  fteward  to  his  mother  Antonia,  but  had  been, 
impnfoned  by  Caius,  whofe  fon  [Marcus]  married  Barnice, 
the  daughter  of  Agrippa.  But  when  Marcus,  Alexander's 
fon,  was  dead,  who  had  married  her  when  fhe  was  a  virgin, 
Agrippa  gave  her  in  marriage  to  his  brother  Herod,  and  beg- 
ged tor  him  of  Claudius  the  kingdom  of  Chalcis. 

2.  Now  about  this  time  there  was  a  fedition  between  the 
lews  and  the  Greeks,  at  the  city  ot  Alexandria  ;  lor  when 
Caius  was  dead,  the  nation  of  the  Jews,  which  had  been  very 
much  mortified  under  the  reign  of  Caius,  and  reduced  to  very 
great  diftrefs  by  the  people  of  Alexandria,  recovered  itfelt, 
and  immediately  took  up  their  arms  to  fight  for  themfelves. 
So  Claudius  fent  an  order  to  the  prefident  of  Egypt,  to  quiet 
that  tumult  :  He  alfp  lent  an  edict,  at  the  requelb  of  king  A- 
grippa  and  king  Heiod,  both  to  Alexandria  and  to  Syria, 
whofe  contents  vere  as  follows  :  "  Tiberius  Claudius  Casfar, 
Auguftus,  Germznicus,  high-prieft,  and  tribune  of  th«  peo- 
ple, ordains  thus.  Since  I  am  allured  that  the  Jews  ot  Alex- 
andria, called  Alexandrians,  have  been  joint  inhabitants  in  the 
earliell  times  with  the.  Alexandrians,  and  have  obtained  from 
their  kings  equal  privileges  with  them,  as  is  evident  by  the 
public  records  that  are  in  their  potTeflion, and  the  edicts  them- 
i'elves  ;  and  that  after  Alexandria  had  been  fubjefcled  to  our 
empire  by  Augultus,  their  rights  and  privileges  have  been 
preierved  by  thofe  prefidents  who  have  at  divers  times  been 
lent  thither  ;  and  that  nodifpute  had  been  raifed  about  thofe 
rights  and  privileges,  even  when  Aquila  was  governor  of  Al- 

havc  been  the  cafe  of  Jehu  alfo,  when,  betides  tlie  Iioufe  of  Abab,  for  whofe  flaugh- 
trr  he  bad  a  commission  from  God,  withourany  iuch  commission,  any  juRice  or 
commiferation,  lie  killed  Ahab's  great  men,  and  acquaintance,  and  pridls,  and 
forty-two  of  the  kindred  of  Ahariah,  2  Kings  x.  11  — 14  See  Hof.  i  4.  I  do  not 
mean  here  to  condemn  Ehud  or  Judith,  or  the  like  executioners  ol  God's  ven- 
geance on  tbofe  wicked  tyrants  who  had  unjulHy  opprefiVd  God's  own  people 
•.:nder  their  theocracy;  who,  as  they  appear  ftil!  to  have  had'no  ielfifh  defigns  ror 
intentions  to  flay  the  innocent,  Co  had  they  (till  a  divine  commission,  or  a  divine 
jrnpulfe,  which  was  their  commission  for  what  they  did,  Judg.  iii.  15,  19.  20. 
Judith  ix.  2.  Teft.  Lev;  left.  5  in  Authcnt.  Rec.  p.  312.  Sec  alfo  page  432. 

*  Here  St.  Luke  is  in  fome  meafure  confirmed,  when  he  informs  us,  chap.  Iii.  i. 
that  Lyfanias  wa*  fome  time  before  tetrarch  of  Abilene,  whole  capital  was  Abila; 
as  he  is  fart  her  confinred  by  Ptolemy,  the  great  geographer,  which  Spanheim  here 
obferves,  when  he  calls  that  city  Abila  of  L\Jania.(.  See  the  note  on  B.  XVII.  ch. 
.xi.  fcft.  4.  Vol.  II.  and  Prid.  at  the  years  36.  and  22.  I  efteem  this  princi- 
pality to  have  belonged  to  the  land  of  Canaan  originally,  to  have  been  the  buryinjr 
place  of  Abe!,  and  referred  to  as  iuch,  Matt,  xxiii.  35.  Luke  xi.  51.  See  Au- 
thcnt.  Rec.  Part  II.  p  883—885. 


Chap.  V.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THB   JEWS. 

exandria  ;  and  that  when  the  Jewifh  ethnarch  was  dead,  Au- 
guftus  did  not  prohibit  the  making  fuch  eihnarchs.  as  will- 
ing that  all  men  fhould  be  fo  fubjeft  [to  the  Romans]  as  to  con- 
tinue in  the  obfervation  of  their  own  cuftotns,  and  not  be  for- 
ced to  tranfgrefs  the  ancient  rules  of  their  own  country-reli- 
gion ;  but  that  in  the  time  of  Caius  the  Alexandrians  became 
infolent  towards  the  Jews  that  were  among  them,  which  Cai- 
us out  of  his  great  madnefs,  and  want  ot  underilanding,  re- 
duced the  nation  of  the  Jews  very  low,  becaufe  they  would 
not  tranfgrefs  the  religious  worfhip  of  their  country,  and  call 
him  a  god.  I  will,  theretore,  that  the  nation  of  the 'Jews  be 
not  deprived  of  their  rights  and  privileges,  on  account  of  the 
rnadnefs  of  Caius  ;  but  that  thofe  rights  and  privileges,  which 
they  formerly  enjoyed,  be  preferved  to  them,  and  that  they 
may  continue  in  their  own  cuiloms.  And  I  charge  both  par- 
ties to  take  very  great  care  that  no  troubles  may  arife  after  the* 
promulgation  of  this  edicl." 

3.  And  fuch  were  the  contents  of  this  edi£l  on  behalf  o[  the 
Jews  that  was  lent  to  Alexandria.  But  the  edift  that  was 
Tent  into  the  other  parts  of  the  habitable  earth  was  this  which 
follows:  "  Tiberius  Claudius  Caefar,  Auguftus,  Germanicus, 
high-prieft,  tribune  of  the  people,  chdfen  conful  the  fecond 
time,  ordains  thus.  Upon  the  petition  ot  king  Agrippa,  and 
king  Herod,  who  are  perfons  very  dear  to  me,  that  I  would 
grant  the  fame  rights  and  privileges,  fhould  be  preferved  to 
the  Jews  which  are  in  all  the  Roman  empire,  which  I  have 
granted  to  thofe  of  Alexandria,  I  very  willingly  comply  there- 
with ;  and  this  grant  I  make  not  only  tor  the  fake  of  the  pe- 
titioners, but  as  judging  thofe  Jews  for  whom  I  have  been  pe- 
titioned worthy  of  fuch  a  favour,  on  account  of  their  fidelity 
and  friendfhip  to  the  Romans.  1  think  it  alfo  very  juft  that 
no  Grecian  city  mould  be  deprived  of  fuch  rights  and  privile- 
ges, fince  they  were  preferved  to  them  under  the  great  Au- 
guflus.  It  will  therefore  be  fit  to  permit  the  jews,  who  are  in 
all  the  world  under  us,  to  keep  their  ancient  cuiloms  without 
being  hindered  fo  to  do.  And  I  do  charge  them  alfo  to  ufe 
this  my  kindnefs  to  them  with  moderation,  and  not  to  (hew 
a  contempt  of  the  fuperftitions  obfervances  of  other  nations, 
but  to  keep  their  own  laws  only.  And  I  will  that  this  decree 
of  mine  foe  engraven  on  tables  hy  the  magiltrates  of  the  cities 
and  colonies,  and  municipal  places,  both  thofe  within  Italy, 
and  thofe  without  it,  both  kings  and  governors,  by  ?he  means 
of  the  ambaffadors,  and  to  have  them  expofed  to  the  public 
for  full  thirty  days,  in  fuch  a  place  *,  whence  it  may  plainly 
be  read  troin  the  ground." 

*  This  form  was  fo  known  and  frequent  among   the   Romans,  as  Dr  Uudfon 
here  tells  us,  from  the  great  Selden,  that  it  ufei  to  be  thus  r?prefented  at  the  bottom 
•••?  their  edicts  by  the  initial  letters  only,   U.  D.  P.  R.  L.  P.  U*dt  DC  Pl*no  R.i 
it  Legi  Pojii.     <;  Whenc*  it  may  plainly  be  read  from  the  ground." 


416  ANTIQUITIES    O?    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XIX. 

CHAP.    VI. 

What  things  were  done  by  Agrippa  at  jferufa'tm,  when  he  was 
returned  back  into  Judta  :  And  what  it  was  that  Petromus 
wrote  to  the  inhabitants  of  Dons,  in  behalj  of  the  Jews. 


§  I.  TVTOW  Claudius  Csefar,  by  tliefe  decrees  of  his  which 
1^1  was  fent  to  AlexanJi  ia,  and  to  all  the  habitable  earth, 
made  known  what  opinion  he  had  of  the  Jews.  So  he  foon 
fent  Agrippa  away,  to  tal-e  his  kingdom,  now  he  was  advan- 
ced to  a  more  ilJuftrious  dignity  than  before,  and  fent  letters  to 
the  prefidents  and  procurators  of  the  provinces,  that  they  mould 
treat  him  very  kindly.  Accordingly  he  returned  in  haite,  as 
was  likely  he  would,  now  he  returned  in  much  greater  prof- 
perity  than  he  had  before.  He  alfo  came  to  Jerufalem,  and  of- 
fered all  the  facrifices  that  belonged  to  him,  and  omitted  noth- 
ing *  which  the  law  required;  on  which  account  he  ordained 
that  many  of  the  Nazarites  mould  have  their  heads  (horn.  And 
for  the  golden  chain  which  had  been  given  him  by  Caius,  ok 
equal  weight  with  that  iron  chain  wherewith  his  royal  hands 
had  been  bound,  he  hung  it  up  within  the  limits  of  the  temple, 
over  the  treafury  t,  that  it  might  be  a  memorial  of  the  fevere 
fate  he  had  lain  under,  and  a  teflimony  of  his  change  for  the 
better  ;  that  it  might  be  a  demonilration  how  the  greateft  prof- 
perity  may  have  a  fall,  and  that  God  fometimes  raifes  up  what 
is  fallen  down  :  For  this  chain  thus  dedicated  afforded  a  doc- 
ument to  all  men,  that  king  Agrippa  had  been  once  bound  in 
a  chain  torafmall  caufe,  but  recovered  his  former  dignity  a- 
gain  ;  and  a  little  while  afterward  got  out  of  his  bonds,  and 
was  advanced  to  be  a  more  illuftrious  king  than  he  was  before. 
Whence  men  may  underftand,  that  'all  that  partake  of  human 
nature,  how  great  foever  they  are,  may  fall  ;  and  that  thofe 
that  fall  may  gain  their  former  illuftrious  dignity  again. 

2.  And  when  Agrippa  had  entirely  finimed  all  the  duties  of 
the  divine  worfhip,  he  removed  Theophihis,  the  Jon  of  Ana- 
nius  from  the  high  priefthood,  and  beiiowed  that  honour  of  his 
on  Simon,  the  fon  of  Boethus,  whofe  name  was  alfo  Canthe- 
ras,  whofe  daughter  king  Herod  had  married,  as  i  have  relat- 
ed above.  Simon,  therefore  had  the  [high]  priefthood  with 
his  brethren,  and  with  his  father,  in  like  manner  as  the  fons 

*  Jofephus  fhews  both  here  and  ch.  vii,  feet  3.  that  he  had  a  much  greater  opin- 
ion of  I4  ing  Agrippa  I  than  Simon  the  learned  rabbi,  than  the  people  of  Selarca, 
and  Sebafte,  ch.  vii.  feft.  4.  and  ch.  ix.  feft.  i.  and  indeed  than  his  double  deal- 
ing between  the  fenateand  Claudius,  chap.  iv.  feft.  2.  than  his  (laughter  of  James, 
the  brother  of  John,  and  his  imprifonment  of  Fetcr,  or  his  vain  glorious  behav- 
iour before  he  died,  both  in  A6ls  xii.  i,  a,  3.  and  here,  ch.  iv.  fecV  i.  will  jufti- 
fy  or  allow.  Jofephus's  charaftei  was  probably  taken  from  his  fon  Agrippa  jun. 

t  This  treafury-chamber  feems  to  have  been  the  very  fame  in  which  our  Saviour 
taught,  and  where  the  people  oifercd  their  charity-money  fe;r  the  repairs  or  other  u- 
Vs  of  the  temple.  Markxit.  41,  &c.  I.uk.-  x\i.  t.  John  viii.  ao. 


Chap.   VI.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THB    JEWS. 

of  Simon,  the  Ton  of  Onias,  who  were  three,  had  it  formerly 
under  the  government  ot  the  Macedonians,  as  we  have  related 
in  a  former  book. 

3.  When  the  king  had  fettled  the  high-priefthood  after  this 
manner,  he  returned  the   kindness   which  the  inhabitants   of 
Jerufalem  had  (hewed  him  ;  for  he  reieafed  them  from  the  tax 
upon  houfes,  every  one  of  which  paid  it  before,  thinking  it  a 
good  thing  to  requite  the  tender  afFeclion  of  thofe  that  loved 
him.     He  alfo  made  Silus  the  general  ot  his  foices,  as  a  man 
who  ha:l  partaken  with  him  in  many  of  his  troubles.     But  af- 
ter a  very  little  while  the  young  men  ot   Doris,   preferring  a 
rafh  attempt  before  piety,  and  being  naturally  bold  and  info- 
lent,  carried  a  ftatiie  of  Csefar  into  a  fynagogue  of  the  Jews, 
and  creeled  it  there.     This  procedure  of  theirs  greatly   pro- 
voked Agrippa  ;  tor  it  plainly  tended  to  the  dilToiutiou  ot  the 
laws  of  his  country.     So  he  carne  without  delay  to  Publius 
Petronius,  who  was  then  prefident  of  Syria,  and   accufed  the 
people  ot  Doris.     Nor  did  he  lefs  refent  what  was  done  than 
did  Agrippa  ;  for  he  judged  it  a  piece  of  impiety  to  tranfgrefs 
the  laws  that  regulate  the  actions  ot  men.     So   he  wrote  the 
following  letter  to  the  people  of  Doris  in  an  angry  (train  : 
"  Publius  Petronius,  the   prefiden.t   under  Tiberius  Claudius 
Caefar  AuguftuS  Germanicus,    to  the  magiftrates  ot   Doris, 
ordains  as  follows  :  Since  fome  ol  you  have  had  the  boldnefs, 
or  madriefs  rather,  after  the  edict  of  Claudius  Casfar  Auguf- 
tus  Germanicus  was  published,  tor   permitting  the    Jews  to 
obferve  the  laws  ot  their  country,  not  to   obey  the  fame,  but 
have  afcled  in  entire  oppofition  thereto,  as  forbidding  the  Jews 
to  aliemble  together  in  the  fynagogue,   by   removing  Caefar's 
ftatue,  and  letting  it  up  therein,  and  thereby   have   offended 
not  only  the  Jews,  but  the  emperor  himfelf.  whofe  ftatue   is 
more  commodioufly  placed  in  his  own  temple,  than  in  a  for- 
eign one,  where  is  the  place  ot  aflembling  together  ;     while  it 
is  but  a  part  of  natural  juitice,  that  every  one  mould  have  the 
power  over  the  place  belonging  peculiarly  to  themfelves  ac- 
cording to  the  determination  ot  Caefar  ;  to  lay  nothing  of  my 
own  determination,  which  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  mention 
atter  the  emperor's  edicl,  which  gives  the  Jews  leave  to  make  ' 
ufe  of  their  own  cuftoms,  as  alio  gives  order,   that  they  enjoy 
equally  the  rights  of  citizens  with  the  Greeks  themfelves.     I 
therefore  ordain,  that  Proculus  Vitelius   the  centurion   bring 
thofe  men  to   me,  who,  contrary    to  Augustus's  edict,  have 
been  fo  infolent  as  to  do  this  thing,  at  which  thofe  very  men, 
who  appear  to  be  of  principal  reputation  among  them,  have 
an  indignation  alfo,  and  allege  for  themfelves,   that  it  was  noc 
done  with  their  confent,  but  by  the  violence  of  the  multitude, 
that  they  might  give  an  account   of  what  hath  been  done.     1 
alio  exhort  the  principal  magiftrates  among  them,  unlefs  they 
have  a  mind  to  have  this  aftion  elteemedto  be  one  with  their 
confent,  and  to  inform  the  centurion  of  thole  that  were  guilty 
VOL,  II.  E  3 


4l8  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.       [Book  XIX. 

of  it,  and  take  care  that  no  handle  be  hence  taken  for  railing  a 
iedition  or  quarrel  among  them  ;  which  thofe  feem  to  roe  to 
]mnt  after,  who  encourage  fuch  doings  ;  while  both  I  my  felt, 
and  king  Agrippa,  for  whom  t  have  the  higheil  honour,  have 
nothing  more  under  our  care,  than  that  the  nation  ot  the  Jews 
may  have  no  occafion  given  them  of  getting  together  under 
the  pretence  of  avenging  themfelves  and  become  tumultuous. 
And  that  it  may  be  more  publicly  known  what  Auguftus  hath 
refolved  about  this  whole  matter,  1  have  fubjoined  thofe  edifts 
which  he  hath  lately  caufed  to  be  publifhed  at  Alexandria, 
and  which,  although  they  may  be  well  known  to  all,  yet  did 
king  Agrippa,  for  -whom  1  have  the  higheft  honour,  read 
them  at  that  time  before  my  tribunal,  and  pleaded  that  the 
Jews  ought  not  to  be  deprived  of  thofe  rights  which  Auguftus 
Bath  granted  them.  I  therefore  charge  you,  that  you  do  not, 
for  the  time  to  come  feek  for  any  occafion  of  fedition  or  dif- 
tmbance,  but  that  every  one  be  allowed  to  follow  their  own 
religious  cuftoms." 

4.  Thus  did  Petronius  take  Care  of  this  matter,  that  fuch  a 
breach  of  the  law  might  be  corrected  and  that  m>  Inch  thing 
might  be  attempted  afterwards  againft  the  Jews.  And  now 
king  Agrippa  took  the  [high]  priefthood  away  from  Simon 
Cantheras,  and  put  Jonathan,  the  Ion  of  Ananus,  into  it  again, 
and  owned  that  he  was  more  worthy  ot  that  dignity  than  the 
other.  But  this  was  not  a  thing  acceptable  to  him,  to  recover 
that  his  former  dignity.  So  he  refufed  it,  and  faid,  "  O  king 
1  rejoice  in  the  honour  thou  haft  for  me,  and  take  it  kindly, 
that  thou  wouldeft  give  me  fuch  a  dignity  of  thy  own  incli- 
nations, although  God  hath  judged  that  1  am  not  at  all  worthy 
ot  the  high  priefthood.  1  am  fatisfied  with  having  once  put 
on  the  iacred  garments  ;  for  I  then  put  them  on  after  a  more 
holy  manner,  than  1  Ihould  now  receive  them  again.  But  it 
thou  defireft,  that  a  perion  more  worthy  than  myfeif  fhould 
Lave  this  honourable  employment,  give  me  leave  to  name  thee 
iuch  an  one.  I  have  a  brother  that  is  pure  from  all  fin  againft 
God,  and  of  all  offences  againfl  thyfelf  ;  I  recommend  him 
to  thee,  as  one  that  is  fit  for  this  dignity.''  So  the  king  wag 
p  leafed  with  thefe  words  of  his,  and  pafled  by  Jonathan,  and 
according  to  his  brother's  defire,  beftowed  the  high  priefthood 
upon  Matthias.  Nor  was  it  long  before  Marcus  fucceeded 
Petronius  as  prefident  of  Syria. 


Ch?p.  VJL]    AN ji.au i TIES  PF  THP  j£\vs 


CHAP.    VII. 

Concerning  Silas,  and  on  what  account  it  was  that  King  Agrip- 
pa  was  angry  at  him.  How  Agrippa  began  to  encompafs 
Jferujalem  with  a  Wall  ;  and  what  benefits  he  bellowed  on  tlie 
Inhabitants  oj  Berytus, 


§  I.  TVTOW  Silas,  the  general  of  the  king's  horfe,  becaufe 
i.^1  he  had  been  faithful  to  him  under  all  his  misfor- 
tunes, and  had  never  reiufed  to  be  a  partaker  with  him  in  any 
of  his  dangers,  but  had  oftentimes  undergone  the  moft  hazard- 
"oii9'«iangers  lor  him,  was  full  of  affurance,  and  thought  he 
might  expeft  a  fort  of  equality  with  the  king,  on  account  of 
the  firmnefs  of  the  friendfhip  he  had  (hewed  to  him.  Ac- 
cordingly, he  would  no  where  let  the  king  fit  as  his  fupcrior, 
and  took  the  like  liberty  in  fpeaking  to  him  upon  all  occa- 
fions  ;  till  he  became  troubleiometo  the  king,  when  they  were 
merry  together,  extolling  himfelt  beyond  meafure,  and  of  put- 
ting the  king  in  mind  of  the  leverity  he  had  undergone,  that 
he  might,  by  way  of  ollentation,  demonstrate  what  zeal  he  had 
Ihewed  in  his  fervice  ;  and  was  continually  harping  upon  tkis 
firing,  what  pains  he  had  taken  for  him,  and  much  enlarged 
ftill  upon  that  fubjeQ.  The  repetition  of  this  f'o  frequently 
feemed  to  reproach  the  king,  inibmuch  that  he  took  the  un- 
governable liberty  of  talking  very  ill  at  his  hands.  For  the 
commemoration  of  times,  when  men  have  been  under  igno- 
miny, ie  by  no  means  agreeable  to  them  ;  and  he  is  a  very  fil- 
ly man,  who  is  perpetually  relating  to  a  perfon  what  kindnefs 
he  had  done  him.  At  laft,  therefore,  Silas  had  fo  thoroughly 
provoked  the  king's  indignation,  that  he  atted  rather  out  of 
paflion  than  good  confederation,  and  did  not  only  tura  Silas 
out  of  his  place,  as  general  of  his  horfe,  but  fent  him  in  bonds 
into  his  own  country.  But  the  edge  of  his  anger  wore  off  by 
length  of  time,  and  made  room  for  more  juft  reafonings  as  to 
his  judgment  about  this  man,  and  he  considered  how  many  la- 
bours he  had  undergone  for  his  fake.  So  when  Agrippa  was 
folemnizing  his  birth-day,  and  Jie  gave  feftival  entertainments 
to  all  his  fubje£)s,  he  fent  for  Silas  on  the  fudden  to  be  his 
gueft.  But,  as  he  was  a  very  frank  man,  he  thought  he  had 
now  a  jufl  handle  given  him  to  be  angry  ;  which  he  could 
not  conceal  from  thofe  that  came  for  him,  but  (aid  to  them, 
"  What  honour  is  this  the  king  invites  me  to,  which  1  con- 
clude will  foon  be  over  ?  For  the  king  hath  not  let  me  keep 
thofe  original  marks  of  the  good-will  1  bore  him,  whichlonce 
had  from  him  ;  but  he  hath  plundered  me,  and  that  unjultly 
alfo.  Does  he  think,  that  I  leave  off  that  liberty  of  fpeech, 
which,  upon  the  confcioufnefs  of  my  deferts,  I  lhallulc  more 
loudly  than  before,  and  ihaH  relate  how  many  misfortunes  I 


"ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  JEWS.     [Book  XIX. 

have  delivered  him  from  ?  how  many  labours  I  have  under- 
gone for  him,  whereby  I  procured  him  deliverance  and  re- 
fpect  ?  as  a  reward  for  which  I  have  borne  the  haYdfhips  of 
bonds,  and  a  dark  prifqn.  I  mail  never  forget  this  ufage, 
Nay,  perhaps,  my  very  foul  when  it  is  departed  out  of  the 
body,  will  not  forget  the  glorious  actions  I  did  on  his  ac- 
count." This  was  the  clamour  he  made,  and  he  ordered  the 
meflengers  to  tell  it  to  the  king.  So  he  perceived,  that  Silas 
was  incurable  in  his  tolly,  and  flill  lufFered  him  to  lie  in  prif- 
6n. 

2.  As  for  the  walls  of  Jerufalem.  that  were  adjoining  to  the 
new  city  [Bezetha,]  he  repaired  them   at  the  expence  of  the 
public,  and  built  them  wider  in  breadth,  and  higher  in   alti- 
tude ;  and  he  had  made  them  too  flrong  for  all  human  power 
to  demblifh,  unlefs  Marcus,  the  then   prefident  of  Syria,  had 
by  letter  informed    Claudius  Caefar  of  what  he   was  doing. 
And  when  Claudius  had  fome  fufpicion  of  attempts  for  inno- 
vation, he  fent   to  Agrippa  to  leave  off  the  building  of  thofe 
walls  p'refenUy.     So  he  obeyed,  as  not  thinking  it  proper  to 
contradicl  Claudius. 

3.  Now  this  king  was  by  nature  very  beneficent,  and  liber- 
al in  his  gifts,  and  very  ambitious  to  oblige  people  with  fuch 
large  donations  ;  and  he  made  him  felt  very  illuftrious   by  the 
many  chargeable  prcfents  he  made  thero.     He  took  delight  in 
giving,  and  rejoicing  in  living  with  good  reputation.   He  was 
not  at  all  like  that  Herod  who  reigned  before  him  ;   for   that 
Herod  was  ill-natured,  and  ievere  in  his  punifhments,  and  had 
no  mercy  on  them  that  he  hated  ;  and  every   one  perc 

that  he  was  more  friendly  to  the  Greeks  than  to  the  Jews  ;  tor 
he  adorned  foreign  cities  with  large  prefents  in  money  ;  with 
building  them  baths  and  theatres  befides;  nay,  in  iome  of  thofe. 
places,  fie  creeled  temples,  and  porticoes  in  others  ;  but  he 
did  not  vouchfafe  to  raife  one  ot  the  leart  edifices  in  any  Jew- 
ilh  city,  or  make  them  any  donation  that  was  worth  mention- 
ing. But  Agnppa's  temper  was  mild  and  equally  liberal  to 
all  men.  He  was  humane  to  foreigners,  and  made  them  fen- 
fible  of  his  liberality.  He  was  in  like  manner  rather  oi  a  gen- 
tle and  compaffionate  temper.  Accordingly  he  loved  to  live 
continually  at  Jerufalem,  and  was  exaclly  careful  in  the  ob- 
fervance  of  the  laws  of  his  country.  He  therefore  kept  him- 
i'elf  entirely  pure  ;  nor  did  any  day  pafs  over  his  head  without 
its  appointed  facrifice. 

4.  However,  there  was  a  certain  man  of  the  Jewjfh  nation 
at  Jerufalem   who  appeared  to  be  very  accurate  in  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  law.      His  name  was  Simon.      This  man  got  to- 
gether an-afTembly,  while  the  king  was  abfent  at  Cefarea,  and 
had  the  infolence  to  accufe  him  as  not  living  holily,  and  that 
he  might  juftly   be  excluded  out  of  the  temple,  fince  it  be-' 
longed  only  to  native  Jews.      But  the  general  of  Agrippa'a 

informed  him,  that  Simon  had  made  fuch  a  fpeech  to 


Chap.   VIII.]      ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  421 

the  people.  So  the  king  fent  for  him  ;  and,  as  he  Was  fitting 
in  the  theatre,  he  bid  him  fit  down  by  him,  and  faid  to  him 
with  a  1  >w  arid  gentle  voice,  "  What  is  there  done  in  this  place 
that  is  contrary  to  the  law  ?"  But  he  had  nothing  to  fay  for 
himtelf,  but  begged  his  pardon.  So  the  king  was  more  ea- 
fily  reconciled  to  him  than  one  could  have  imagined,  as  ef- 
teeming  mildnefs  a  better  quality  in  a  king  than  anger,  and 
knowing  that  moderation  is  more  becoming  in  great  men 
than  paflion.  So  he  made  Simon  a  (mall  prefent  and  dif- 
miiTed  him. 

5.  Now.  as  Agrippa  was  a  great  builder  in  many  places,  he 
paid  a  peculiar  regard  to  the  people  of  Berytus  ;  forheereft- 
ed  a  theatre  tor  them,  fuperior  to  many  other  ot  that  fort, 
both  in  iumptuoufnefs  and  elegance,  as  alfo  an  amphitheatre, 
buik  at  vail  expences  ;  and,  befides  theie,  he  built  them  baths 
and  porticoes,  and  ipared  tor  no  cofts  in  any  ot  his  edifices, 
to  render  them  both  handfome  and  large.  He  alfo  fpent  a 
great  deal  upon  their  dedication,  and  exhibited  (hows  upon 
them,  and  brought  thither  muficiaiiS  ot  all  forts,  and  luch  as 
made  the  moil  delightful  muhc  ot  the  greateit  variety.  He 
alfo  ihewed  his  magnificence  upon  the  theatre,  in  his  great 
number  of  gladiators  ;  and  there  it  was  that  he  exhibited  the 
feveral  ant  agon  ifts,  in  order  to  pleafethe  fpeftators  ;  no  fewer 
indeed  than  feven  hundred  men  to  fight  with  (even  hundred 
'other  men*;  and  allotted  all  the  malefactors  he  had  for  this 
cxercife,  that  both  the  malefactors  might  recieve  their  pun- 
ilhment,  and  that  this  operation  of  war  might  be  a  recreation 
in  peace.  And  thus  were  thefe  criminals  all  deitroyed  at  once. 


C  H  A  P.     VIII. 

What  other  A&s  were  done  by  Agrippa  until  his  Death ;  and 
ajter  what  manner  he  Died. 

§  i.  TT7HEN  Agrippa  had  finifhed  what  I  have  above  re- 
V  V  lated  at  Berytus,  he  removed  to  Tiberius,  a  city 
of  Galiiee.  Now  he  was  in  great  efteem  among  other  kings. 
Accordingly  there  came  to  him  Antiochus  king  of  Comma- 
gena,  Sampfigeramus  king  of  Emefa,  and  Cotys  who  was 
king  ot  the  lefler  Armenia,  and  Polemo,  who  was  king  ot 
Pontus,  as  alfo  Herod  his  brother,  who  was  king  ot  Chalcis. 
All  thefe  he  treated  with  agreeable  entertainments,  and  after 
an  obliging  manner  and  fo  to  exhibit  the  greatnefs  ot  his 
mind,  and  foas  to  appear  worthy  of  thofe  refpecls  which  the 
kings  paid  to  him,  by  coming  thus  to  lee  him.  However, 
\vhije  thefe  kings  flaid  with  him,  Marcus  the  piefident  ot 

*  A  ftrange  number  of  condemned  criminal?  to  be  under  the  fentencc     of  death 
a1  ouce  ;  no  tcwer:  it  teems,  than  1400, 


422  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JBWS.          [Book  XIX. 

Syria  came  thither.  So  the  king  in  order  to  preferve  that  re- 
fpeftthat  was  due  to  the  Romans,  went  out  ot  the  city  to  meet 
him,  as  tar  as  feven  Furlongs.  But  this  proved  to  be  the  be- 
ginning ot  a  difference  between  him  and  Marcus  ;  for  he  took 
•with  him  in  his  chariot,  thofe  other  kings  as  his  ailefTors.  But 
Marcushad  a  fufpicipn  what  the  meaning  could  be  of  lo  great  a 
friendihip  of  thefe  kings  one  with  another,  and  did  not  think 
fo  clofe  an  agreement  of  io  many  potentates  to  be  tor  the  in- 
tereft  of  the  Romans.  He  therefore  fent  fome  ot  his  domeftics 
to  every  one  of  them,  and  enjoined  them  to  go  their  ways 
home  without  farther  delay.  This  was  very  ill  taken  by  A- 
grippa,  who  after  that  became  his  enemy.  And  now  he  took 
the  high  prieithood  away  from  Matthias,  and  made  Elioneus, 
ion  ol  Cantheras,  high  prieft  in  his  itead. 

2.  Now  when  Agnppa  had  reigned  three  years  over  all  Ju- 
dea,  he  came  to  the  city  Cefarea,  which  was  formerly  called 
Strato's  Tower  ;  and  there  he  exhibited  {hows  in  honour  of 
Caefar,  upon  his  being  informed  that  there  was  a  certain  feft- 
ival  celebrated  to  make  vows  for  his  fatety.  At  which  feitz- 
val,  a  great  multitude  was  gotten  together  ot  the  principal 
perfons,  and  inch  as  were  ot  dignity  through  his  province. 
On  the  fecond  day  of  which  (hows  he  put  on  a  garment  made 
wholly  oi  fiiver,  and  ot  a  contexture  truly  wonderful,  and 
came  into  the  theatre  early  in  the  morning  ;  at  which  time 
the  fiiver  of  his  garment  being  illuminated  by  the  frefh  re- 
flection of  the  fun's  rays  upon  it,  ihone  out  after  a  furpriiing 
manner,  and  was  io  relplendent  as  to  fpread  an  horror  over 
thofe  that  looked  intently  upon  him  ;  and  prefently  his  flat- 
terers cried  out,  one  trom  one  place  and  another  from  anoth- 
er, (though  not  for  his  goodj,  that  "  he  was  a  god  ;"  and  they 
added,  "  Be  thou  merciiul  to  us  ;  tor  although  we  have  hith- 
erto reverenced  thee  only  as  a  man,  yet  lhall  we  henceforth 
own  thee  as  iupenor  to  mortal  nature."  Upon  this  the  king 
did  neither  rebuke  them,  nor  reject  their  impious  flattery. 
JtSut  as  he  prefently  afterward  looked  up,  he  law  an  owl  *  fit- 

*  We  have  a  -mighty  cry  made  here  by  fome  critics,  as  if  the  great  Eufebius  had 
on  purpoic  ialfified  this  account  of  Jolcphus,  io  as  to  make  it  agree  with  the  pa. 
rallel  account  in  the  ads  of  ibe  Apoftles  ;  becaufe  the  preient  copies  of  his  citation 
of  it,  Hift.  Ecckf.  B.  II.  ch.  x.  omit  the  w  urds  ^s^wvat — ini  p^oms  TJ>©-,  i  e. 
an  owl — en  a  certain  rope,  which  Joiephus's  preient  copies  retain,  and  only  have 
the  explicatory  word  ayjiXo,  or  angel ;  as  it'  he  meant  that  angel  *f  the  LrrJ, 
xvhich  St.  Luke  uventious  as  fmiting  Herod,  Ads  xii  23.  and  no-  that  owl  which 
jofephus  called  zn'angel  or  mejenger  formerly  of  good,  but  niiu  of  had  news  to  A- 
grippa.  This  accuiation  is  a  iymcwhat  ftrange  one  in  the  cale  of  the  great  Eul-bius, 
who  is  known  to  have  fo  accurately  and  faithlully  produced  a  vaft  number  o',  other 
ancient  records  and  particular  y  not  a  few  out  ot  our  |oiephus  alto,  with 
iafpicion  ot  prevarication.  Now.  not  to  allege  how  uncertain  wf  r.re,  whether  Jo- 
iephus's and  Eutebius's  copies  ot  the  fourth  century  were  juil  like  the  pr- 
this  claule,  which  we  have  no  diftinft  evidence  of,  the  following  words,  preferved 
ftill  in  Eufeb'us,  will  not  admit  of  any  fuch  expofition.  This  \birf\  fays  Eulebi- 
us,  Agrippa  prefently  perceived  to  be  the  caufe  afillfo) tur.r,  as  it  rua- 
jfortur.c  to  him  ;  which  can  only  belong  to  that  bird  »he  cu\',  which,  as  it  had  for- 


Chap.    VIII.]       ANTIQUITIES   O?    THE   JEWS.  42j 

ting  on  a  certain  rope  over  his  head,  and  immediately  under- 
ftoocl,  that  this  bird  was  the  meifenger  of  ill  tidings,  as  it  had 
once  been  the  meflenger  ot  good  tidings  to  him  ;  and  tell  in- 
to the  deepeft  farrow.  A  fevere  pamalfo  arole  in  his  belly, 
and  began  in  a  moft  violent  manner.  He  therefore  looked 
upon  his  friends,  and  faid,  "I,  whom  you  call  a  g>d,  am 
commanded  prefently  to  depart  this  lite;  while  providence 
thus  reproves  the  lying  words  you  juil  now  laid  to  n-e  ;  and 
I,  who  was  by  you  called  immortal,  am  immediately  to  be 
hurried  away  by  death.  But  1  am  bound  to  accept  of  what 
providence  allots,  as  it  pleafes  God  ;  tor  we  have  by  no  means 
lived  ill,  but  in  a  Iplendid  and  happy  manner."  When  he 
faid  this,  his  pain  VMS  become  violent.  Accordingly  he  was 
carried  irfto  the  palace  ;  and  the  rumour  went  abroad  every 
where,  that  he  would  certainly  die  in  a  little  time.  But  the 
multitude  preiently  fat  in  fackcloth,  with  their  wives  and  chil- 
dren, after  the  law  of  their  country,  and  befought  God  tor 
the  king's  recovery.  All  places  were  alfo  full  of  mourning 
and  lamentation.  Now  the  king  refted  in  a  high  chamber, 
and  as  he  faw  them  below  lying  pro  {irate  on  the  ground,  he 
eould  not  himfelf  torbear  weeping.  And  when  he  had  been 
quite  worn  out  by  the  pain  in  his  belly  tor  five  days,  he  de- 
parted this  life,  being  in  the  fifty-fourth  year  ot  his  age,  and 
in  the  feventh  year  ot  his  reign  ;  tor  he  reigned  tour  years 
under  Caius  Cajfar,  three  of  them  were  over  Philip's  Te- 
trarchy  only,  and  on  the  fotmh  he  had  that  of  Herod  added 
to  it ;  and  he  reigned,  befides  thofe,  three  years  under  the 
reign  of  Claudius  Czefar.  In  which  time  he  reigned  over  the 
torementioned  countries,  and  alfo  had  Jude*  added  to  them,  as 
well  as  Samaria  and  Cefarea.  The  revenues  that  he  received  out 
ot  them  were  very  great,  no  lefs  than  twelve  *  millions  ot 
drachmas.  Yet  did  he  borrow  great  fums  from  others  ;  tor 
he  was  fo  very  liberal  that  his  expences  exceeded  his  incomes, 
and  his  generofity  was  boundlefs.t 

merly  for'ooded  this  happy  deliverance  from  imprifonment,  Antiq.  B.  AVI  I.  ch. 
vi.  §  7.  Vol.  II.  ib  was  it  then  foretold  to  prove  afterward  the  unhappy  forerunner 
of  hib  death  in  five  days  time.  If  the  improper  word  a*T»o»,  or  cattfe,  be  changed 
for  joleplius's  proper  word  ay/E/\ox,  angel  ot  mejjevgcr,  and  the  foregoing  words, 
fbtoitHt — -tar*  ^Gtvia  -m^,  be  inserted,  Eufebius's  text  will  truly  reprclcnt  that 
in  Joiephus.  Had  this  impericciion  been  in  fame  heathen  author,  that  was  in  good 
efteem  with  our  modern  criticks,  they  would  have  r.adily  conecled  thefe,  as  barely 
errors  ia  the  copies  ;  but  being  in  an  ancient  Chriftian  writer,  net  to  well  reliihed 
by  many  ot  thole  critics,  nothing  will  iierve  but  the  ill  grounded  luppolai  of  wilful 
corruption  and  prevarication. 

*  This  mm  ot  12,000,000  drachma:,  which  is  equal  to  3,000,000  shekels./,  er 
at  2/iOa.  a  shekel,  equal  to  ^25.OOO/.  flerling,  wis  A^rippa  tk;  Great's  yearly  ic- 
come,  or  about  three  quarters  ot  his  grand-tathar  Herod's  income  ;  he  having  abat- 
ed the  tax  upon  houfes  at  Jerufalem,  ch.  vi.  k  3.  and  was  not  io  tyrannical  as  he 
had  been  to  the  Jews.  See  the  note  on  Antiq.  B.  AVi  I.  ch.  xi.  5,  4  Vol.11.  A 
lirge  turn  this!  but  not,  it  items,  furRci.ntfor  his  extravagant  exuences. 

+  Relaiid  taker-  notice  here,  ryjt  improperly,  that  Joiephus  omits  the  reconcilia- 
tion oi  this  Hcioa  Agrippa  to  the  Tynans  and  Sidouiaas  by  the  means  of 


424  ANTIQUITIES    O*    THE    j  EtVS.  j_B(,ok  XIJ?. 

3.  But  before  the  multitude  were  made  acquainted  with  A- 
gnppa's  being  expired,  Herod  the  king  of  Chaldis.and  Hel- 
cias  the  mailer  of  his  horfe,  and  the  king's  friend,  (e 
rilto,  one  ot  the  king's  mod  faithful  fervants,  and  flew  Silas, 
who  had  been  their  enemy,  as  if  it  had  been  done  by  the 
king's  own  command. 


CHAP.     IX. 

What  things  were  done  after  the  Dsath  of  Agrippa  ;  and  how 
Claudius,  on  account  oj  the,  Youth  and  Unjkiltulntifs  of  A* 
grippa  Junior  SentCufpius  I  adus  to  be  Procurator  oj  Ju- 
dea,  and  of  the  entire  Kingdo?n. 


§  i.  A  ND  thus  did  King  Agrippa  depart  this  life.  But 
f~\.  he  left  behind  him  a  fon,  Agrippa  by  name,  a  youth 
in  the  feventeenth  year  of  his  age,  and  three  daughters  ;  one 
of  which,  Bernice,  was  married  to  Herod  his  father's  broth- 
er, and  was  fixteen  years  old  ;  the  other  two,  Maria  mne  and 
Drufilla,  were  itiil  virgins  ;  the  former  was  ten  years  old,  and 
Drufilla  fix.  Now  thefe  his  daughters  were  thus  efpoufed  by 
their  father,  Mariamne  to  Julius  Archelaus  Epiphanes,  the 
fon  of  Antiochus,  the  fon  of  Chelcias,  and  Drufilla  to  the 
king  ot  Commagena.  But  when  it  was  known,  that  Agrippa 
was  departed  this  liie,  the  inhabitants  ot  Cefareaand  of  Sebaile 
forgot  the  kindnelles  he  had  bellowed  on  them,  and  afted  the 
part  of  the  bitterell  enemies  ;  for  they  call  inch  reproachs  up- 
on the  deceafed  as  are  not  fit  to  be  fpoken  ot  ;  and  fo  many 
ot  them  as  were  then  foldiers,  which  were  a  great  number, 
went  to  his  houfe,  and  haltily  carried  off  the  ftatues  *  ot  this 
Icing's  daughters,  and  all  at  once  carried  them  into  the  broth- 
el houfes,  and,  when  they  had  fet  them  on  the  tops  of  thole 
hpufes,  they  abuied  them  to  the  .  utmoft  of  their  power,  and 
did  fuch  things  to  them  as  are  too  indecent  to  be  related.  They 
alfo  laid  themfelves  down  in  public  places,  and  celebrated 
general  feafting,  with  garlands  on  their  heads  and  with  oint- 
ments and  libations  to  Charon,  and  drinking  to  one  another 
for  joy  that  the  king  was  expired.  Nay,  they  were  not  only 
unmindful  of  Agnppa,  who  had  extended  his  liberality  to 
them  in  abundance,  but  of  his  grandfather  Herod  alfo,  who 
had  himfelf  rebuilt  their  cities,  and  had  railed  them  havens 
and  temples  at  vail  expences. 

2.  Now  Agrippa  the  fon  of  the  deceafed,  was  at  Rome,  and 

the  king's  chamberlain,  mentioned  Afts  xii.  20.  Nor  is  there  any  hiilory  in  the 
world  io  complete,  as  to  omit  nothing  that  other  hiftorians  take  notice  of,  uulcis 
the  one  he  taken  out  of  the  other,  and  accommodated  to  it. 

*  Photius,  who  madeaa  extract  out  of  this  ieftion,  lays,  they  were  not  the  ftat- 
ues or  images,  but  the  ladies  them'.elves,  which  were  thus  bafeiy  abuied  by  the 
foldiers.  Cod.  CCA'XA'V'III. 


.    IX.]      ANTIOJITISS    OF    1HE     JRWS,  42$ 

Brought  up  with  Claudius  Casfar.  And  when  Caefar  was  in- 
formed that  Agrippa  was  dead,  and  that  the  inhabitants  of  Se- 
bafte  and  Cefarea  had  ahufed  him,  he  was  forry  for  the  firlt 
news,  and  was  difpleafed  at  the  ingratitude  of  thofe  cities. 
He  was  therefore  clifpofed  to  fend  Agrippa  junior  away  pref- 
ently  to  fucceed  his  father  in  the  kingdom,  and  was  willing  to 
confirm  him  in  it  by  his  oath.  But  thofe  freed  men  and 
friends  of  his,  who  had  the  greateft  authority  with  him,  dif- 
fuaded  him  from  it,  and  faid,  that  "  it  was  a  dangerous  exper- 
iment to  permit  fo  large  a  kingdom  to  come  under  the  gov- 
ernment ot  fo  very  young  a  man,  and  one  hardly  yet  arrived 
at  years  of  difcretion,  who  would  not  be  able  to  take  fufficient 
care  of  its  adminiltration  ;  while  the  weight  of  a  kingdom  is 
heavy  enough  to  a  grown  man."  So  Caefar  thought  what 
they  faid  to  be  reafonable.  Accordingly  he  fent  Cufpius  Fa- 
dus  to  be  procurator  ot  Judea,  and  ot  the  entire  kingdom,  and 
paid  that  refpeft  to  the  dcceafed,  as  not  to  introduce  Marcus, 
who  had  been  at  variance  with  him,  into  his  kingdom.  But 
he  determined  in  the  firft  place,  to  fend  orders  to  Fadus,  that 
he  mould  chaitife  the  inhabitants  of  Cefarea  and  Sebafte  for 
thole  abufes  they  had  offered  to  him  that  was  deceafed,  and 
their  madnefs  toward  his  daughters  that  were  ftill  alive  ;  and 
that  he  fhould  remove  that  body  of  foldiers  that  were  at  Cefa- 
rea and  Sebaile,  with  the  five  regiments  into  Pontus,  that  they 
inight  do  their  military  duty  there,  and  that  he  mould  chooie 
an  equal  number  ot  foldiers  out  ot  the  Roman  legions,  that 
were  in  Syria  to  fupply  their  place.  Yet  were  not  thofe  that 
had  fuch  orders  actually  removed  ;  for  by  fending  amhafladors 
to  Claudius  they  mollified  him,  and  got  leave  to  abide  in  Ju- 
dea ftill  ;  and  thefe  were  the  very  men  that  became  the  fource 
of  very  great  calamities  to  the  Jews  in  after  times,  and  fowed 
the  feeds  of  that  war  which  began  under  Florus  ;  whence  it 
was,  that  when  Vefpafian  had  fubdued  the  country,  he  remov- 
:iem  out  of  his  province,  as  we  fhall  relate  hereafter*. 

*  Thh  h'ftory  is  now  wanting. 


VOL.  II.  F 


ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE   JEWS.         [Book   XX. 


BOOK    XX. 

Containing  the  interval  of  twenty-two  years. 

{From  FAD  us  the  Procurator  to  FLORUS.J 

CHAP.    I. 

A  Sedition  of  the  Philadelphians  again/I  the  Jews  ;  and  alfe 
concerning  the  reftments  of  the  High  PnejL 

§  I.  T  TPON  the  death  of  king  Agrippa,  which  we  have  re- 
LJ  lated  in  the  foregoing  book,  Claudius  Casfar  fent 
Cafiius  Longinus,  as  fucceifor  to  Marcus,  out  ot  regard  to  the 
memory  of  king  Agrippa,  who  had  often  defiied  of  him  by 
letters,  while  he  was  alive,  that  he  would  not  I uffer  Marcus  to 
be  any  longer  prefident  of  Syria.  But  Fadus.  as  foon  as  he 
was  come  procurator  into  Judea,  found  quarrelfome  doings 
between  the  Jews  that  dwelt  in  Perea,  and  the  people  ot  Phila- 
delphia, about  their  borders,  at  a  village  called  Mia,  that  was 
filled  with  men  of  a  warlike  temper  ;  for  the  Jews  of  Perea 
had  taken  up  arms  without  the  confentot  their  principal  men, 
and  had  cleftroyed  many  of  the  Philadelphians.  When  Fa- 
dus was  informed  of  this  procedure,  it  provoked  him  very 
imich,  that  they  had  not  left  the  determination  of  the  matter 
to  him,  if  they  thought  that  the  Philadelphians  had  done  them 
any  wrong,  but  had  rafhly  taken  up  arms  again!!  them.  So  he 
feized  upon  three  of  their  principal  men,  who  were  alfo  the 
caufes  of  this  fedition,  and  ordered  them  to  be  bound,  and  af- 
terward had  one  ot  them  (lain,  whofename  was  Hannibal,  and 
he  banifhed  the  other  two  Amram  and  Eleazar.  Tholomy  al- 
io,  the  arch  robber  was,  after  fome  time  brought  to  him 
bound,  and  (lain,  but  not  till  he  had  done  a  world  ot  mifchiet 
to  Idumea,  and  the  Arabians.  And  indeed,  from  that  time, 
Judea  was  cleared  ot  robberies  by  the  care  and  providence  of 
Fadus.  He  aifo  at  this  time  fent  for  the  high-priefts  and  the 
principal  citizens  of  Jerufalem,  and  this  at  the  commands  of 
the  emperor,  and  admonifhed  them,  that  they  fhould  lay  up 
the  long  garment,  and  the  facred  veftment,  which  itiscuitom- 
ary  tor  nobody  but  the  high  prieft  to  wear,  in  the  tower  of 
Antonia,  that  it  might  be  under  the  power  of  the  Romans,  as 
it  had  been  formerly.  Now  the  Jews  durft  not  contradift 
xvhat  he  had  faid,  but  defired  Fadtis,  however,  and  Longinus, 


Chap.  I.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  437 

(which  lad  was  come  to  Jerufalem,  and  had  brought  a  great 
army  with  him,  out  of  a  fear  that  the  [rigid  injunctions  ot  Fa- 
dus  fhnuld  force  the  Jews  to  rebel,)  that  they  might,  in  the 
firft  place,  have  leave  to  {end  ambafladors  to  Caefar  to  petition, 
him,  that  they  may  have  the  holy  veftments  under  their  own 
power,  and  that,  in  the  next  place,  they  would  tarry  till  they 
knew  what  anfwer  Claudius  would  give  to  that  their  requeft. 
So  they  replied,  that  they  would  give  them  leave  to  (end  their 
ambafTadors,  provided  they  would  give  them  their  fons  as 
pledges  [for  their  peaceable  behaviour.]  And  when  they  had 
agreed  fo  to  do,  and  had  given  them  the  pledges  they  defired, 
the  ambafTadors  were  fent  accordingly.  But  when,  upon  their 
corning  to  Rome,  Agrippa  junior,  the  fon  of  the  deceafed,  un- 
derftood  the  reafon  why  they  came,  (for  he  dwelt  with  Clau- 
dius Caefar,  as  we  faid  before,)  he  befought  Csefar  to  grant 
the  Jews  their  requeft  about  the  holy  veftments,  and  to  fend  a 
meffage  to  Fadus  accordingly. 

2.  Hereupon  Claudius  called  for  the  ambafTadors,  and  told 
them,  That  "  he  granted  their  requeft  ;"  and  bade  them  to  re- 
turn their  thanks  to  Agrippa  for  this  favour,  which  had  been 
beftowed  on  them  upon  this  intreaty.  And,  befides  thefe  an- 
fwers  of  his,  he  fent  the  following  letter  by  them  :  "  Claudi- 
us Cxfar  Germanicus,  tribune  of  the  people  the  fifth  time, 
and  defigned  conful  the  fourth  time,  and  imperator  the  tenth 
time,  the  father  of  his  country,  to  the  magiftrates,  fenate,  and 
people,  and  the  whole  nation  of  the  Jews  fendeth  greeting. 
Upon  the  presentation  of  your  ambaffadors  to  me  by  Agrip- 
pa, my  friend,  whom  I  have  brought  up,  and  have  now  with 
me,  and  who  is  a  perfon  of  very  great  piety,  who  are  come  to 
give  me  thanks  for  the  care  1  have  taken  of  your  nation,  and 
to' entreat  me,  in  an  earneft  and  obliging  manner,  that  they 
Jnay  have  the  holy  veftments,  with  the  crown  belonging  to 
them,  under  their  power  ;  I  grant  their  requeft,  as  that  excel- 
lent perfon  Vitellius,  who  is  very  dear  to  me,  had  done  be- 
fore rne.  And  I  have  complied  with  your  defire,  in  the  firft 
place,  out  of  regard  to  that  piety  which  J  profefs,  andbecaufe 
I  would  have  every  one  worlhip  God  according  to  the  laws 
of  their  own  country  ;  and  this  I  do  alfo  becauie  I  (hall  here- 
by highly  gratify  king  Herod,  and  Agrippa  junior,  whofe  fa- 
cred  regards  to  me  and  earneft  good- will  to  you,  I  am  well  ac- 
quainted with,  and  with  whom  I  have  the  greatefl  friendfhip 
and  whom  I  highly  efteem,  and  look,  on  as  perfons  of  the  belt 
character.  Now  I  have  written  about  thefe  affairs  to  Cufpius 
Fadus,  my  procurator.  The  names  of  thofe  that  brought  me 
your  letter  are,  Cornelius,  the  fon  ot  Cero,  Trypho  the  ion  of 
Theudio,  Dorotheus  the  fon  of  Nathaniel,  and  John  the  fon 
of  John.  This  letter  is  dated  before  the  fourth  of  the  calends 
of  July,  when  Rufus  and  Pompeius  Sylvanus  are  cpnfuls. 

3.  Herod  alfo,  the  brother  of  the  deceafed  Agrippa,  who 
was  then  poffefled  of  the  royal  authority  over  Chalc:s,  petj. 


42$  ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.        [Book  XX. 

tioned  Claudius  Casfar  for  the  authority  over  the  temple,  and 
the  money  ot  the  facred  treafure,  and  the  choice  of  the  high- 
prieirs,  and  obtained  all  that  he  petitioned  tor.  So  that  atter 
that  time  this  authority  continued  among  *  all  his  defcendants 
till  the  end  of  the  war.  Accordingly  Herod  removed  the  lafl 
high-pried,  called  Cantheras,  and  beftowed  that  dignity  onhii 
fucceflor  Jofeph  the  Ion  ol  Camus. 


CHAP.    II. 

How  Helena,  the  Queen  oj  Adiabene,  and  her  fon  Izates  c 
ced  the  Jewijfi   religion  ;  and  how   Helena  fupplied  the  poor 
with  corn,  when  there  was  a  great  Ja?mne  at  jerufalem. 

t  i.  A  BOUT  this  time  it  was  that  Helena,  queen  ot  A- 
£\.  diabene,  and  her  fon  Izates  changed  their  courfe  of 
life,  and  embraced  the  Jewifh  cuftorns,  and  this  on  the  occa- 
fion  following:  Monobazus,  the  king  ot  Adiabene,  who  had 
allo  the  name  o!  Bazeus,  fell  in  love  with  his  filter  Helena, 
and  took  her  to  be  his  wife,  and  begat  her  with  child.  But  as 
he  was  in  bed  with  her  one  night,  he  laid  his  hand  upon  his 
wife's  belly,  and  fell  afleep  and  fecmed  to  hear  a  voice,  which 
bid  him  take  his  hand  off  his  wife's  belly,  and  not  hurt  the  in- 
fant that  was  therein,  which,  by  God's  providence,  would  be 
fafely  born,  and  have  an  happy  end.  This  voice  put  him  in- 
to  diforder  ;  {o  he  awaked  immediately,  and  told  the  ftory  to 
his  wife  ;  and  when  his  fon  was  born,  he  called  him  Izates. 
He  had  indeed  Monobazus,  his  elder  brother,  by  Helena  al- 
io,  as  he  had  other  fons  by  other  wives  befides.  Yet  did  he 
openly  place  all  his  affc&ions  on  this  his  only  begotten  t  fon 
Izates,  which  was  the  origin  of  that  envy  which  his  other 
brethren,  by  the  fame  father,  bore  to  him;  while  on  this  ac- 
count they  hated  him  more  and  more,  and  were  all  under  great 
afflittjon  that  their  father  fliould  prefer  Izates  before  them.  Now 
although  their  father  were  very  fenfibleof  thefe  their  paflions, 
yet  did  he  forgive  them,  as  not  indulging  thofe  paflions  out  of 
lii>  ill  difpofition,  but  out  of  a  defire  each  of  them  had  to  he 
beloved  by  their  father.  However,  he  fent  Izates,  with  many 
prefents,  to  Abennerig,  the  king  of  Charax-Spafini,  and  that 
outot  the  great  dread  he  was  in  about  him,  left  he  Ihould 

*  Here  is  fomc  error  in  the  copies,  or  miftake  in  Jofephus;  for  the  power  of  ?p- 
pointi;:g  high-priefts,  after  Herod  king  ot  Chakis  was  dead,  and  Agrippa  junior 
•was  made  king  of  Chakis  in  his  room,  belonging  to  him,  and  he  ex  ere  i  fed  the  lame 
nil  along  till  Jerufalem  was  deftroyed,  as  Jofephus  elfewhere  informs  us,  ch.  viii. 
1-  £t.  8.  11.  ch.  ix.  fcft.  i,  4,  6,  7. 

•*  Jofephus  here  ufes  the  word  (taoyttii  an  only  begotten  fon,  for  no  other  tl'za 
one  bfjl  beloved,  as  does  both  the  Old  and  New  Teftament,  I  mean  where  there, 
were  one  or  more  fons  befides,  Gen.  xxii.  a,  Hcb.  xi.  17.  See  the  note  on  B.  I, 
ch.  xiii.  (eft.  i.  Vol.  I. 


Chap.  II.]          ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  423 

come  to  fome  misfortune  by  the  hatred  his  brethren  bore  him ; 
and  he  committed  his  Con's  prefervation  to  him.  Upon  which 
Abennerig  gladly  received  the  young  man,  and  had  a  great 
affeftion  for  him  ;and  married  him  to  his  own  daughter,  whofe 
name  was  Samacha  :  He  alfo  bellowed  a  country  upon  him, 
from  which  he  received  large  revenues. 

2.  But  when  Monobazus  was  grown  old,  and  faw  that  he 
had  but  a  little  time  to  live,  he  had  a  mind  to  come  to  the  fight 
of  his  fon  before  he  died.  So  he  fent  for  him,  and  embraced 
him  alter  the  mofl  affectionate  manner  and  beftowed  on  him 
the  country  called  Carra.  ;  it  was  a  {oil  that  bare  ammomum 
in  great  plenty  :  There  are  alfo  in  it  the  remains  of  that  ark, 
•wherein  it  is  related  that  Noah  eicaped  the  deluge,  and  where 
they  are  ftill  (hewn  to  fuch  as  are  defirous  to  fee  them*.  Ac- 
cordingly Izates  abode  in  that  country  until  his  father's  death. 
But  the  very  day  that  Monobazus  died,,  queen  Helena  fent  for 
all  the  grandees,  and  governors  of  the  kingdom,  and  for  thofe 
that  had  the  armies  committed  to  their  command  ;  and  when 
they  were  come  (he  made  the  following  fpeech  to  them  :  "  I 
believe  you  are  not  unacquainted  that  my  hufband  was  defir- 
ous Izates  mould  fucceed  him  in  the  government,  and  thought 
him  worthy  fo  to  do.  However,  I  wait  your  determination  ; 
for  happy  is  he  who  receives  a  kingdom  not  from  a  (ingle  per- 
fon  only,  but  from  the  willing  fuffrages  of  a  great  many." 
This  (he  faid  in  order  to  try  thofe  that  were  invited,  and  to 
difcover  their  fentiments.  Upon  the  hearing  of  which,  they 
firft  of  all  paid  their  homage  to  the  queen,  as  their  cuftom  was, 
ajad  then  they  faid,  That  "  they  confirmed  the  king's  deter- 
mination, and  would  fubmit  to  it ;  and  they  rejoiced  that  Izates's 
father  had  preferred  him  before  the  reft  ot  his  brethren,  as  be- 
ing agreeable  to  all  their  wifhes  :  But  that  they  were  defirous 
firft  of  all  to  flay  his  brethren,  and  kinftnen,  that  fo  the  gov- 
ernment might  come  fecurely  to  Izates  ;  becaufe  if  they  were 
once  deftroyed,  all  that  fear  would  be  over  which  might  arife 
from  their  hatred  and  envy  to  him."  Helena  replied  to  this, 
That  "  fhe  returned  them  their  thanks  for  their  kindnefs  to 
herfelf  and  to  Izates  ;  butdefired  that  they  would  however  de- 
fer the  execution  of  this  Slaughter  of  Izates's  brethren  till  he 
fhould  be  there  himfelf,  and  give  his  approbation  to  it."  So 
fince  thefe  men  had  not  prevailed  with  her,  when  they  advif- 
ed  her  to  flay  them,  they  exhorted  her  at  leaft  to  keep  them 
in  bonds  till  he  fhould  come,  and  that  for  their  own  fecurity  ; 
they  alfo  gave  her  counfel  to  fet  up  fome  one  whom  fhe  could 
put  the  greateft  truft  in,  as  a  governor  of  the  kingdom  in  the 
inean  time.  So  queen  Helena  complied  with  this  counfel  of 
theirs,  and  fet  up  Monobazus,  the  eldeft  fon,  to  be  king,  and 

*  It  is  here  very  remarkable,  that  (he  remains  of  Noah's  ark  were  believed  to 
be  fti:i  in  being  in  t!:e  days  of  Joft-phas.  S;e  the  note  c».  B-  I.  ch.  3.  (eft.  5. 
Vol.  \. 


4jd  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.          [Book  XX. 

put  the  diadem  upon  his  head,  and  gave  him  his  father's  ring, 
with  its  fignet ;  as  alfo  the  ornament  which  they  call  Sampfer^ 
and  exhorted  him  to  adminifler  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom  tilt 
his  hrother  mould  come ;  who  came  fuddenly  upon  his  hear- 
ing that  his  father  was  dead,  and  fucceeded  his  brother  Mon- 
obazus,  who  refigned  up  the  government  to  him. 

3.  Now  during  the  time  izates  abode  at  Charax-Spafini,  a 
certain  Jewifh  merchant,  whofe  name  was  Ananias,  got  among 
the  women  that  belonged  to  the  king,  and  taught  them  to  wor- 
Ihip  God  according  to  the  Jewifh  religion.      He,  moreover, 
by  their  means,  became  known  to  Izates,  and  perfuaded  him 
in  like  manner  to  embrace  that  religion  ;  he  alfo,  at  the  earned 
entreaty  of  Izates,  accompanied  him  when  he  was  fent  for  by 
his  father  to  come  to  Adiabene  :  It  alfo  happened,  that  Hele- 
na, about  the  fame  time,  wasinftruftedby  a  certain  other  Jew, 
and  went  over  to  them.     But  when  Izates  had  taken  the  king- 
dom and  was  come  to  Adiabene,   and  there  faw  his  brethren, 
and  other  kinfrnen  in  bonds,  he  was  difpleafed  at  it ;  and  as  he 
thought  it  an  inftance  of  impiety  either  to  flay  or  to  imprifon 
them,  but  flill  thought  it  an  hazardous  thing  for  to  let  them 
have  their  liberty,  with  the  remembrance  of  the  injuries  that 
had  bren  offered  them,  he  fent  forne  of  them  and  their  chil- 
dren for  hoftages  to  Rome,  to  Claudius  Caefar,  and  fent  the 
others  to  Artabanus,  the  king  of  Parthia,  with  the  like  inten- 
tions. 

4.  And  when  he  perceived  that  his  mother  was  highly  pleaf- 
ed  with  the  Jewifh  cuftoms,  he  made  hafle  to  change  and  to 
embrace  th°m  entirely  ;  and  as  he  fuppofed  that  he  could  not 
be  thoroughly  a  Jew  unlefs  he  were  circumcifed,  he  was  ready 
to  have  it  done.     But  when  his  mother  underftood  what  he 
was  about,  fhe  endeavoured  to  hinder  him  from  doing  it,  and 
faid  to  him,  that  "  this  thing  would  bring  him  into  danger  ; 
and  that,  as  he  was  a  king,  he  would  thereby  bring  himfelf  in- 
to great  odium  among  his  fubjefts   when  they   mould  under- 
ftand  that  he  was  fo  fond  of  rites  that  were  to  them  flrange  and 
foreign  ;  and  that  they  would  never  bear  to  be  ruled  over  by 
a  Jew."     This  it  was  that  fhe  faid  to  him,  and  for  the  prefent 
perfuaded  him  to  forbear.     And  when  he  had  related  what  fhe 
had  faid  to  Ananias,  he  confirmed  what  his  mother  had  faid, 
and  when  he  had  alfo  threatened  to  leave  him,  unlefs  he  com- 
plied with  him,  he  went  away  from  him,  and  faid,  that  "  he 
was  afraid  left  fuch  an  aftion  being  once  become  public  to  all, 
he  fhould  himfelt  be  in  danger  of  punifhtnenf,  for  having  been 
the  occafion  of  it,  and  having  been  the  king's  inftruftor  in  ac- 
tions that  were  of  ill  reputation  ;  and  he  faid,  that  he  might 
worfhip  God  without  being  circumcifed,  even  though  he  did 
refolve  to  follow  the  Jewifh  law  entireiy,  which  worfhip  of 
God  was  of  a  fuperior  nature   to  circumcifion.      He  added, 
that  God  would  forgive  him,  though  he  did  not  perform  the 
operation,  while  it  was  omitted  out  of  neceffity,  and  for  fear 


Chap.    It. j          ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  431 

of  his  fubje£ts."  So  the  king  at  that  time  complied  with  thefe 
perfuafions  of  Ananias.  But  afterwards,  as  he  had  not  quite 
left  off  his  defire  of  doing  this  thing,  a  certain  other  Jew  that 
came  out  of  Galilee,  whole  name  was  Eleazar,  and  who  was 
efteemed  very  ikilful  in  the  learning  ot  his  country,  perfuad- 
ed  him  to  do  the  thing  ;  for  as  he  entered  into  his  palace  to  fa- 
lute  him,  and  lourid  him  reading  the  law  of  Mofes,  he  faid  to 
him,"  Thou  dolt  not  confider,  O  king,  that  thou  unjuftly 
breakefl  the  principal  ot  thole  laws,  and  art  injurious  to  God 
liimfelf,  [by  omitting  to  be  circumcifed  ;]  for  thou  oughteft 
not  only  to  read  them,  but  chiefly  to  pra6tife  what  they  enjoin 
thee.  How  Ion;?;  wilt  thou  continue  uncircumcifed  ?  But  if 
thou  haft  not  yet  read  the  law  about  circumcifion,  and  dolt 
not  know  how  great  impiety  thou  art  guilty  of  by  neglecting 
it,  read  it  now."  When  the  king  had  heard  what  he  {aid,  he 
delayed  the  thing  no  longer,  but  retired  to  another  room,  and 
fent  for  a  furgeon,  and  did  what  he  was  commanded  to  do. 
He  then  fent  for  his  mother,  and  Ananias  his  tutor,  and  in- 
formed them  that  he  had  done  the  thing  ;  upon  which  they 
were  prefently  ftruck  with  aftonifhment  and  tear,  and  that  to 
a  great  degree,  left  the  thing  mould  be  openly  discovered  and 
cenfured,  and  the  king  fhould  hazard  the  lots  of  his  kingdom, 
while  his  fubje61s  would  not  bear  to  be  governed  by  a  man 
who  was  io  zealous  in  another  religion  ;  and  left  they  fhould 
themfelves  run  fome  hazard,  becauie  they  would  be  fuppofed 
the  occafion  of  his  fo  doing.  But  it  was  God  *  himlelf  who 
hindered  what  they  feared  from  taking  effect  ;  for  he  preferv- 
ed  bothlzates  himfelt,  and  his  fons  when  they  fell  into  aiany 
dangers,  and  procured  their  deliverance  when  it  feemed  to  be 
impoflible,  and  demonftrated  thereby,  that  the  fruit  of  piety 
does  not  perifh  as  to  thofe  that  have  regard  to  him,  and  fix 
their  faith  upon  him  only.  But  thefe  events  we  lhall  relate 
hereafter. 

5.  But  as  to  Helena  the  king's  mother,  when  fhe  faw  that 
the  affairs  of  Izates's  kingdom  were  in  peace,  and  that  her  fon 
was  an  happy  man,  and  admired  among  all  men,  and  even  a- 
mong  foreigners,  by  the  means  ot  God's  providence  over  him, 
fhe  had  a  mind  to  go  to  the  city  Jerufalem,  in  order  to  wor- 
Ihip  at  that  temple  of  God  which  was  fo  very  famous  among 
all  men,  and  to  offer  her  thank-offerings  there.  So  fhe  defir- 
ed  her  fon  to  give  her  leave  to  go  tither  :Upon  which  he  gave 
confent  to  what  (he  defired  very  willingly,  and  made  great 
preparation  for  her  difmiflion,  and  gave  her  a  great  deal  of 
money,  and  fhe  went  down  to  the  city  Jerufalem,  her  fon  con- 
dueling  her  on  her  journey  a  great  way.  Now  her  coming 
was  of  very  great  advantage  to  the  people  of  Jerufalem  ;  for 

*  Jofephus  is  very  full  and  exprefs  in  thefe  throe  chapters,  iii.  iv.  and  v.  in  ob- 
ferving  how  carefully  Divine  Providence  prefcrvjd  this  Izates,  king  ot  Adiabene, 
and  his  fons,  while  he  did  what  he  thought  v;.u  las  br.vjr.din  duty,  notwUhilancU 
ing  the  ftrcr.g-ll  politic*!  mttivss  to  the 


4^S  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JSWS,  [Book  XX, 

whereas  a  famine  did  opprefs  them  at  that  time,  and  many  peo- 
ple died  for  want  of  what  was  nccefiary  to  procure  food  with- 
al, queen  Helena  fent  fome  of  her  fervants  to  Alexandria  wilh 
money  to  buy  a  great  quantity  of  corn,  and  others  of  them  to 
Cyprus,  to  bring  a  cargo  of  dried  iigs.  And  as  foon  as  they 
were  come  back,  and  had  brought  thofe  provifions,  which 
was  done  very  quickly,  (he  diftributed  food  to  thofe  that  wen- 
in  want  of  it,  and  lett  a  mod  excellent  memorial  behind  her 
of  this  benefaclion,  which  fhe  bellowed  on  our  whole  nation. 
And  when  her  fon  Izates  was  informed  of  this  famine,  he  fent 
great  fums  of  money  to  the  principal  men  in  Jerufalem.  How- 
t-ver,  what  favours  this  queen  and  king  conferred  upon  our 
city  Jerufalem  (hall  be  farther  related  hereafter  *. 


CHAP.     III. 

How  Artabanus  the.  King  of  Parthia,  out  of  fear  of  the  Jccrd 
contrivances  of  his  fuDJetls  again  jt  him,  went  to  Izates,  and 
was  by  him  reinjlated  in  his  Government  ;  as  aljo  how  Barda- 
nes,  his  fon  denounced  war  again/I  Izates. 


§  I.  tlUT  now  Artabanus  king  ot  the  Parthians,  perceiv- 
JL3  ing  that  the  governors  of  the  provinces,  had  framed 
a  plot  againft  him,  did  not  think  it  fafe  lor  him  to  continue  a- 
mong  them,  but  refolved  to  go  to  Izates,  in  hopes  of  finding 
fome  way  for  his  prefervation  by  his  means,  and,  if  poffible, 
for  his  return  to  his  onw  dominions.  So  he  came  to  Izate?, 
and  brought  a  thoufand  of  his  kindred  and  fervants  with  him, 
and  met  him  upon  the  road,  while  he  well  knew  )zates,  but 
Izates,  did  not  know  him.  When  Artabanus  Rood  near  him, 
and,  in  the  firft  place,  worfhipped  him.  according  to  the  cul- 
tom.  he  then  faid  to  him  :  "  O  king,  do  not  then  overlook 
me  thy  fervant,  nor  do  thou  proudly  reject  the  fuit  I  make 
thee  ;  for  as  I  am  reduced  to  a  low  effate,  by  the  change  of 
fortune,  and  of  a  king  am  become  a  private  man,  I  Hand  in 
need  of  thy  alfiflance  Have  regard,  therefore,  unto  the  un- 
certainty of  fortune,  and  efteem  the  care  thou  fhalttake  of  me 
to  be  taken  of  thy  fell  alfo  ;  for  it  I  be  neglefted  and  my  fub- 
jecls  go  offunpunifhed,  many  other  fubjefts  will  become  the 
more  infolent  towards  other  kings  alfo."  And  this  fpeech 
Artabanus  made  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  and  with  a  dejefcted 
countenance.  Now  as  foon  as  Izatesheard  Artabanus's  names, 
and  faw  him  (land  as  a  fupplicant  before  him,  he  leaped  down 
irom  his  horfe  immediately,  and  faid  to  him,  "Take  courage, 

.  *  This  farther  account  of  t!:e  bmrfaclions  of  Izates  and  Helena  to  the  Jerufalem 
jr->\".,  which  Jolcphus  here  promiies,  is,  I  think,  no  where  perforrreJ  by  him  in 
i.is  p'efer.t  wur''  s.  But  of  this  terrible  famine  itfelf  in  Jrdt-a,  take  L-r.  Hudfon's 
i-.cte  here  ;  —  '«  This  (fays  hr)  is  that  famii  e  foretold  by  Agabus,  Afts  xi.  28  whicli 
happened  when  Claiuiius  WES  con  hi  I  the  fourth  time  ;  ar.d  not  that  other  which 


Chap.   III.]         ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  433 

O  king,  nor  be  difturbed  at  thy  prefent  calamity,  as  if  it  were 
incurable  ;  for  the  change  of  thy  fad  condition  (hall  be  fud- 
den  ;  for  thou  (halt  find  me  to  be  more  thy  friend  and  thy  al- 
fiitant  than  thy  hopes  can  promife  thee  ;  for  1  will  either  re-ef- 
tablilh  thee  in  the  kingdom  ot  Parthia,  or  lofe  my  own." 

2.  When  he  had  faid  this,  he  lent  Artabanus  upon  his  horfe, 
and  followed  him  on  toot  in  honour  of  a  king  whom  he  own- 
ed as  greater  than  himfelf  ;   which,  when  Artabaius  faw,  he 
was  very  uneafy  at  it,  and  and  fware,  by  his  prefent  fortune 
and  honour,  that  he  would  get  down  from  his  horfe,   unlefs 
Izates  would  ge-t  upon  his   horfe  again,  and  go   before  him. 
So  he  complied  with  his  defire,  and  leaped  upon  his  horle  ; 
and,  when  he  had  brought  him  to  his  royal  palace,  he  (hewed 
him  ail  forts  of  refpe6l,  when  they   fat  together,  and  he  gave 
him  the  upper  place  at  feftivals  alfo,  as  regarding  not  his  pref- 
ent fortune,  but  his  former  dignity,  and  that  upon  this  confid- 
eration  alfo,  that  the  changes   of  fortune  are  common  to  all 
men.     He  alfo  wrote  to  the  Parthians,  to  perfuade  them  to  re- 
ceive Artabanus  again  ;  and  gave  them  his  right  hand  and  his 
faith,  that  he  (hould  forget  what  was  pail  and  done,  and  that 
he  would  undertake  for  this  as  a  mediator  between  them.   Now 
the  Parthians  did  not  themfelves  refufe  to  receive  him  again, 
but  pleaded  that  it  was  not  now  in  theii  power  fo  to  dp  ;  be- 
caufe  they  had  committed  the  government  to  another  perfon, 
who  had  accepted  of  it,  and  whofe  name  was  Oinnamus,.  and 
that  they  were  afraid  left  a  civil  war  (hould  arife  on  this  ac- 
count.     When   Cinnamus   undeHtood   their  intentions,    he 
wrote  to  Artabanus  himfelt,  for  he  had  been  brought  up   by 
him,  and  was  of  a  nature  good  and  gentle  alfo,  and  defired 
him  to  put  confidence  in  him,  and  to  come  and  take  his  own 
dominions  again.     Accordingly  Artabanus  truftad  him,   and 
returned  home  ;  when  Cinnamus  met  him,  worftnpped  him, 
and  faluted  him  as  king,  and  took  the  diadem  off  his  own  head, 
and  put  it  on  the  head  ot  Artabanus. 

3.  And  thus  was  Artabanus  reitored  to  his    kingdom  again 
by  the  means  of  Izates,  when   he  had  loft   it  by  the  means  of 
the  grandees  of  the  kingdom.     Nor  was  he  unmindful  ot  the 
benefits  he  had  conferred  upon  him,  but  rewarded   him  with 
fuch  honours  as  were  of  greateft  efteem  among  them  ;  tor  he 

happened  when  Claudius  was  conful  the  fccoad  time,  and  Cxi'ina  was  his  colleague, 
as  Scaligifr  fays  upon  Eufebius,  p.  174  "  Now  when  Jolephus  had  laid  a  hale 
afterward,  ch.  v.  left.  2  that  '•  Tiberius  Alexander  fucceecied  Cutpius  Fadus  as 
procurator,"  he  immediately  fubjeins,  That  ;l  under  thcie  procurators  there  hap- 
pened a  great  famine  in  Judea.''  Whence  it  is  plain  that  this  famine  ccntm; 
inany  years,  on  account  ot  ics  duration  under  thole  two  procurators.  Now  Fadus 
was  not  lent  into  juiiea  til!  after  the  death  of  king  Agrip^a,  i.  e.  towards  the  latur 
end  of  the  4th  year  of  Claudius  ;  io  that  this  famine  foretold  by  A^abus,  happened, 
upon  the  j,th,  bin,  and  ;th  years  of  Claudius,  as  lays  Valerius  on  Euleb.  II.  12. 
Of  this  famine  alfo,  and  queen  Helena's  iuppiies,  and  her  monument,  fee  Moles 
Chorenenlis,  p.  144,  145,  where  it  is  obl'ervcd  in  the  u.nes,  that  Paulaaias  mentions 
that  her  monutneut  alfo. 

VOL.  II,  G  3 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.         [Book 

gave  him  leaVe  to  wear  his  tiara  upright  *,  and  to  fleep  upon 
a  golden  bed,  which  are  privileges  and  marks  ot  honour  pe- 
culiar to  the  kings  of  Parthia.  He  alfo  cut  off  a  large  and 
fruitful  country  from  the  king  of  Armenia,  and  beftowed  it 
upon  him.  The  name  of  the  country  is  Nifibis,  wherein  the 
Macedonian's  had  formerly  built  that  city  which  they  called 
Antioch  of  Mygdonia.  And  thefe  were  the  honours  that 
were  paid  Izates  by  the  king  of  the  Parthians. 

4.  But  in  no  long  time,  Artabanus  died,  and  left  his  king- 
dom to  his  fon  Bardanes.  Now  this  Bardanes  came  to  Izates, 
and  would  have  perfuadtd  him  to  join  him  with  his  army,  and. 
to  affift  him  in  the  war  he-was  preparing  to  make  with  the  Ro- 
mans ;  but  he  could  not  prevail  with  him.  For  Izates  fo  well 
knQw  the  ftrength  and  good  fortune  oi  the  Romans,  that  he 
took  Bardanes  to  attempt  what  was  impoffible  to  be  done  ;  and 
having  beiides  lent  his  fons,  five  in  number,  and  they  but 
young  alfo,  to  learn  accurately  the  language  of -our  nation, 
together  with  our  learning,  as  well  as  he  had  fent  his  mother 
to  worfhip  at  our  temp'le  as  I' have  laid  already,  was  the  more 
backward  to  a  compliance  ;  and  restrained  Bardanes,  telling 
him  perpetually  ot  the  great  armies  and  famous  actions  of  the 
Romans,  and  thought  thereby  to  terrify  him,  and  defired  thereby 
to  hinder  him  from  that  expedition.  But  the  Parthian  king  was 
provoked  at  this  his  behaviour,  and-  denounced  war  immedi- 
ately again  ft  Izates:  Yet  did  he  gain  no  advantage  by  this 
viar,  becaufe  God  cut  off  all  his  hopes  therein  ;  for  the  Par- 
thians.  perceiving  Bardanes'S  intentions,  and  how  he  had  de- 
termined to  make  war  with  the  Romans,  flew-  him.  and  gave 
his  kingdom  to  his  brother  Gotarzes.  He  alfo,  in  no  long 
time,  perifhed  by  a  plot  made  agai-nil  him  and  Vologafes,  his 
brother,  fucceeded  him.  who  committed  two  of  his  provinces 
to  two  of  his  brothers,  by- the  fame  father  ;  that  of  the  Medef 
to  the  elder,  Pacorus,  and  Armenia  to  the  youugfr,  Tiridates. 


C  H  A  P.     IV, 

%jw  liatfs  was  betrayed  by  his  own  Subjcfts,  and  fought  a- 
gainjl  by  the  Arabians  :  And  how  Izates  t  by  the.  Providence  - 
of  God,  was  delivered  out  of  their  hands* 

§  I.  TVTOW  when  the  king's  brother  Monobazus,  and  hi» 
-1/N  other  kindred,  faw  how  Izares,  by  his  piety  to  God, 
was  become  greatly  efteemed  by  all  men,  they  alfo  had  a  de- 
fire  to  leave  the  religion  of  their  country,  and  to  embrace  the 
cuftoms  ot  the  Jew-s  ;  but  that  aft  of  theirs  was  discovered  by 

*  This  privilege  of  wearing  the  tiara  upright,  or  with  the  tip  o!"  the  cone  ereft, 
is  known  to  have  been  of  old  peculiar  to  [great  J  kin^s,  from  Xcnoph  >n  and  othc'v 
^t-Df•.  Hudiou  obfems  here. 


Chap.  IV.]        ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS. 

Izates's  fuhjefls.  Whereupon  the  grandees  were  much  dif- 
pleafed,  and  could  not  contain  their  anger  at  them  ;  but  ha<d 
an  intention,  when  they  (hould  find  a  proper  opportunity,  to 
infli6t  a  punifhment  upon  them.  Accordingly  they  wrote  to 
Abia,  king  of  the  Arabians,  and  promifed  him  great  fums  of 
money,  if  he  would  make  an  expedition  againft  their  king  ; 
and  they  farther  promifed  him,  that,  on  the  firft  onfet,  they 
would  defert  their  king,  hecaufe  they  were  defirous  topunim 
him,  by  reafon  of  the  haired  he  had  to  their  religious  worlhip  : 
Then  they  obliged  themfelves  by  oaths  to  he  faithful  to  each 
other,  and  defired  that  he  would  make  ha'fte  in  this  defign. 
The  king  of  Arabia  complied  with  their  deCres,  and  brought 
:a  great  army  into  the-field,  and  marched  againft  Izates  ;  and, 
in  the  beginning  of  the* firft  onfet,  and  before  they  came  to  a 
clofe  fight,  thole  grandees,  as  if  they  had  a  panic  terror  upon, 
them,  all  deferted  izates,  as  they  had  agreed  to  do.  and,  turn- 
ing their  backs  upon  their  enemies,  ran  away.  Yet  was  not 
Izates  difmayed  at  this;  but  when  he  underftqod  that  the 
grandees  had  betrayed  him,  he  alfo  retired  into  his  camp,  and 
made  inquiry  into  the  matter  ;  and  as  foon  as  he  knew  who 
they  were  that  had  made  this  confpiracy  with  the  king  of  A- 
rabia,  he  cut  off  thofe  that  were  found  guilty  ;  and  renewing 
the  fight  on  the  next  day,  he  flew  the  greate/l  part  of  his  ene- 
mies, and-iorced  all  the  reft  to  betake  themfelves  to  flight.  He 
alfo  purfued  their  king  and  drove  him  into  a  fortrels  called 
Arfamus,  and,  following  on  the  fiege  vigoroufly,  he  took  tha£ 
fortreis.  And  when  he  had  plundered  it  of  all  the  prey  that 
was  in  it,  which  was  not  fmali,  he  returned  to  Adiabane  :  Yet 
4id  not  he  take  Abia  alive  ;  becaufe,  when  he  found  himfeif: 
encompaffed  on  every  fide,  he  flew  himfeif. 

2.  But  although  the  grandees  of  Adiabene  had  failed  in  their 
.firft  attempt,  as  being  delivered  up  by  God  into  their  king's 
hands,  yet  would  they  not  even  then  be  quiet,  but  wrote  again 
to  Vologafes,  who  was  then  king  of  Parthia,  and  defired  that 
he  would  kill  Izates,  and  let  over  them  fome  other  potentate, 
who  fhould  be  of  a  Parthian  lamily  ;  for  they  faid,  That  "  they 
hated  their  own  king  for  abrogating  the  laws  of  their  fore- 
fathers, and  embracing  foreign  cuftoms."  When  the  king  of 
Parthia  Heard  this,  he  boldly  made  war  upon  Izates  ;  ana  he 
had  juft  pretence  for  this  war,  he  lent  to  him,  and  demanded 
back  thofe  honourable  privileges  which  had  been  beftowed  on 
him  by  his  father,  and  threatened,  on  his  refufal,  to  make  war 
upon  him.  Upon  hearing  of  this,  Izates  was  under  no  fmaii 
trouble  of  mind,  as  thinking  it  would  be  a  reproach  upon  him 
to  appear  to  refign  thofe  privileges  that  had  been  bellowed 
upon  him,  outot  cowardice:  yet  becaufe  he  knew,  that  though 
the  king  of  Parthia  fhould  receive  back  thofe  honours,  yet 
-would  he  not  be  quiet,  he  refolved  to  commit  himfeif  to  God^ 
•hisproteftor,  in  the  prefcnt  danger  he  was  in  of  his  life  ;  aafl 
$s  he  efteemed  him.  to  be  his  principal  afiUlant,,  he  en 


436  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.          [Book  XX. 

his  children  and  his  wives  to  a  very  ftrong  fortrefs,  and  laid 
up  his  corn  in  his  citadels,  and  fet  the  hay  and  the  grafs  on 
fire.  And  when  he  had  thus  put  things  in  order,  as  well  as  he 
could,  he  awaited  the  coining  ol  the  enemy.  And  when  the 
king  of  Parthia  was  come,  with  a.great  army  ot  footmen  and 
horiemen,  which  he  did  iboner  than  was  expected  (tor  he 
marched  in  great  hafle.)  and  had  caft  up  a  bank  at  the  river 
that  parted  Adiabene  from  Media  ;  Izates  alfo  pitched  his 
camp  not  tar  off,  having  with  him  fix  thoufand  horfemen.  But 
there  came  a  mefTenger  to  Izates,  lent  by  the  king  of  Parthia, 
who  told  him,  "  How  large  his  dominions  were,  as  reaching 
from  the  river  Euphrates  to  Baclria  and  enumerated  that  king's 
iubjecls  :  He  alfo  threatened  him,  that  he  fhould  bepunifhcd, 
as  a  perfon  ungrateful  to  his  lords  ;  and  faid,  that  the  God 
whom  he  worlhipped  could  not  deliver  him  out  of  the  king's 
hands."  When  the  mefTenger  had  delivered  this  his  mcllage, 
Izates  replied,  That  "  he  knew  the  king  ot  Parthia's  power 
was  much  greater  than  his  own  ;  but  ihat  he  knew  alfo  that 
God-  was  much  more  powerful  than  all  men."  And  when  he 
had  returned  him  this  anlwer,  he  betook  himfelf  to  make  fup- 
plication*  to  God,  and  threw  himfelf  upon  the  ground,  and 
put  afhes  upon  his  head  in  teftimony  ot  his  conlufion,  and 
tailed,  together  with  his  wives  and  children.  When  he  call- 
ed upon  God,  and  faid,  "  QLord  and  Governor,  ii  1  have  not 
in  vain  committed  my  felt  to  thy  goodnefs,  but  have  jull'y  de- 
termined that  thou  only  art  the  Lord  and  principal  ot  oil  be- 
ings, crme  now  to  my  afiiilance,  and  defend  me  from  v  • 
emies,  nut  only  on  my  own  account,  but  on  account  oi 
infolent  behaviour  with  regard  to  thy  power,  while  tb^y  hav.1. 
not  iraied  to  lift  up  their  proud  and  arrogant  tongue  a 
thee."  Thus  did  he  lament  and  hemoan  himfelf,  wit!; 
in  his  eyes  ;  whereupon  God  heard  his  prayer.  And  imme- 
diately that  very  night  Vob  gales  received  letters,  the  contents 
ot  which  were  theie,  that  a  great  band  of  pah  a;  and  Saha>,  de- 
fpifing  him  now  be  was  gone  fo  long  a  journey  from  home, 
bad  made  an  expedition,  and  laid  Pdrthia  wade  ;  fo  that  fie 
[  was  forced  to]  rctiie  back,  without  doing  any  thing.  And, 
thus  it  was  that  Izates  efcaped  the  thrcatehings  ot  the  Parthi- 
ans,  by  the  providence  of  God. 

3.  It  was  not  long  ere  Izates  died,  when  be  bad  completed 
fifty-five  years  of  his  life,  and  had  ruled  his  kingdom  twenty- 
four  years.  He  left  behind  him  twenty-tour  fons  and  twenty  - 
four  daughters.  However,  be  gave  order  that  his  brother 
Monobazus  ihould  lucceed  in  the  government,  thereby  re- 
quiting him,  becaufe,  while  he  was  himfelf  abfent,  after  their 

*  This  mourning,  and  failing  and  praying  ufed  by  Izates,  with   pro fl ration  of 
his  body,  and  allies  upon  his  head,  are  plain  Tigris  that  he  was  liecorne  either  a  jew, 
or  an  Ebionite  Chriltian,  who  indeed   differed  not  much  from  proper  fews.       S«-e 
cfcap.  vi.  f>  i.      However,  his  fupplicatrons  were  heard,  and  he  was  j 
•^rlivered  from  that  i  in  mine  nt  danger  h«  was  in. 


Chap.  V.]       ANTIQUITIES   OF   THI  JEWS,  437 

father's  death,  he  had  faithfully  preferved  the  government  •Jor 
him.  But  when  Helena,  his  mother  heard  of  her  fort's  death, 
fhe  was  in  great  heavinefs,  as  was  but  natural  upon  her  lofs  of 
fuel)  a  moil  dutituj  fon  ;  yet  was  it  a  comfort  to  her,  that  fhe 
hcaid  the  fucceflion  came  to  her  eldeftfon.  Accordingly  fhe 
west  to  him  in  hafle  ;  and  when  fhe  was  come  into  Adiabene, 
(he  did  not  long  outlive  her  fon  Izates.  But  Monobazus  lent 
her  bones,  as  well  as  thofeot  Izates  his  brother,  to  Jerufalem, 
and  gave  order  that  thej£  fbould  be  buried  at  the  pyramids*, 
wliKh  their  mother  had  ere6ted  ;  they  were  three  in  number, 
and  diflant  more  than  three  furlongs  from  the  city  Jerufalem. 
15  ut  tor  the  aftions  of  Monabazus  the  king;  which  he  had  dur- 
ing the  re  It  of  his  life,  we  will  relate  them  hereaftert. 


CHAP.    V. 

Concerning  Theudas,  and  the  Sons  of  Judas  the  Galilean  :  As 
at/o  what  Calamity  jell  upon  the  Jtus  on  the  Day  oj  the. 
PaJ]o-uer. 


§  i.  I^TOW  it  came  to  pals,  while  Fadus  was  procurator  of 
i.  N  Judca,  that  a  certain  magician,  whole  name  was 
Theudas  %,  periuaded  a  great  part  ot  the  people  to  take  their 
effecls  with  them,  and  follow  him  to  the  river  Jordan  ;  for 
he  told  them  he  was  a  prophet,  and  that  he  would,  by  his  own 
command,  divide  the  river,  and  afford  them  an  eafy  paffage 
over  it  ;  and  many  were  deluded  by  his  words.  However. 
JKatius  did  not  permit  him  to  wake  any  advantage  of  his  wild 
Attempt,  but  fent  a  troop  of  horfemen  out  againft  them  ;  who, 
Jailing  upon  them  unexpectedly,  Hew  many  otthem,  and  took 
niany  of  them  alive.  They  alfo  took  Theudas  alive,  and  cut  off 
his  head,  and  carried  it  to  Jerufalem.  This  was  what  befel 
the  Jews  in  the  time  of  Cufpius  Fadus's  government. 

2.  Then  came  Tiberius  Alexander  as  fucceflbr  to  Fadus; 
he  was  the  fon  ot  Alexander  the  Alabarch  of  Alexandria, 
which  Alexander  was  a  principal  perfon  among  all  his  con- 
fempories,  both  for  his  family  and  wealth:  He  was  alfo  more 
eminent  for  his  piety  than  this  his  fon  Alexander,  for  he  did 
not  continue  in  the  religion  of  his  country.  Under  thefe 
procurators  that  great  famine  happened  in  Judea,  in  which 

*  Thcfe  pyramids  or  pillars,  erefled  by  Helena,  queen  of  Adiabene,  rear  Jer;;- 
falem,  three  in  number.'  are  mentioned  hy  Eul'ebius,  in  his  Ecclei".  Hi  ft.  B.  II.  ch, 
\vh:rh  Dr   Hurt)'')';  reters  us  to  \  slrfuis's  notes  upon  that  place.      They  rr.- 
•:tioi:t(i    hy  P?,iiiiinia;.  a«  5>r:th  bec;i    already  noted,   chap,  ii    ^  6.       Kt!a:;  i 
guefii-s  that  that  now  called  Abfalom1  s  piUw  may  be  one  of  them. 
t  This  account  is  now  wai  t 
\  This  Thrndas.  wfioai  Tad  us  the  procurator,  about  A.  D.  45  or  $.£  , 

not  he  thst  Theudas  who  arole  in  the  days  (if  the  taxir;:,  un^cr  <"\ 
or  about  A.  I)    7    Afts  v    36,  ••>•'-      Who  tbat  earlier  T  h<»ud??  \^:'c.   ' 

B.xyii.ch.  x.«,  5.  Vol.  ii.  ' 


43&  ANTIQUITIES  OF    THE    JEWS.          [Book   XX, 

queen  Helena  bought  corn  in  Egypt  at  a  great  expence,  an«l 
diftributed  it  to  thofe  that  were  in  want,  as  1  have  related  al- 
ready. And  befides  this  the  fons  of  Judas  of  Galilee  were 
now  Cain,  I  mean  ot  that  Judas  who  caufed  the  people  to  re- 
volt, when  Cyrenius  came  to  take  an  account  of  the  eftates  ot 
the  Jews,  as  we  have  fhewed  in  a  foregoing  book.  The 
names  ot  thofe  fons  were  James  and  Simon,  whom  Alexan- 
der commanded  to  be  'Crucified.  But  now  Herdd,  king  of 
Chalcis,  removed  Jofeph,  the  fon  of  Camydus,  from  the 
high-prieithood  and  made  Ananias,  the  ion  of  Nebedus  his 
fucceffor.  And  now  it  was  that  Cumanus  came  afuccefforto 
Tiberius  Alexander  ;  as  alfo  that  Herod,  brother  ot  Agrippa 
the  great  king,  departed  this  life,  in  the  eighth  year  of  the 
reign  ot  Claudius  Casfar.  He  Jeft  behind  him  three  fons, 
Anftobulus,  whom  he  had  by  his  firft  wife,  with  Bernicta- 
nus,  and  Hircanus,  both  whom  he  had  by  Bernice  his  broth- 
er's daughter.  But  Claudius  Cacfar  beflowed  his  dominions 
on  Agrippa  junior. 

3.  Now  while  the  Jewifh  affairs  were  under  the  adminif. 
tjration  of  Camanus,  there  happened  a  great  tumult  at  the  city 
of  Jerufalem,  and  many  of  the  Jews  p<-rifhed  therein.  But 
I  (ball  firft  explain  the  occafion  whence  it  was  derived. 
When  that  feait,  which  is  called  the  PafTover,  was  at  hand, 
at  which  ti«ne  our  cuftomisto  ufe  unleavened  bread,  and  a  great 
multitude  was  gathered  together,  frorr  all  parts  to  that  feaft,  Cu- 
manus wasafraid  left  fame  attempt  ot  innovation  fhould  then  be 
made  by  them  ;  fo  he  ordered  that  one  regiment  of  the  army 
ihould  take  their  arms,  and  Rand  in  the  temple  cloifters,  to  re- 
preis  any  attempts  of  innovation,  if  perchance  any  fuch 
ihould  begin  ;  and  this  was  no  more  than  what  the  former 
procurators  ot  Judca  did  at  fuch  ieftivals.  But  on  the  fourth 
day  of  the  teaft,  a  certain  foidjer  let  down  his  breeches,  and 
expend  his  privy  members  to  the  multitude,  which  put  thofe 
that  faw  h;:n  inio  a  lurious  rage,  and  made  them  cry  out,  that 
this  impious  afction  was  not  done  to  reproach  them,  but  God 
him  fell  ;  nay  fome  of  them  reproached  Cumanus  and  pre- 
tended that  the  foldier  was  fet  on  by  him,  which,  when  Cu- 
marius  heard,  he  was  aHo  hitnfelf  not  a  little  provoked  at  fuch 
reproaches  laid  upon  him  ;  yet  did  he  exhort  them  to  leave 
oft  inch  feditious  attempts,  and  not  to  raife  a  tumult  at  the 
feftival.  But  when  he  could  not  induce  them  to  be  cjuiet,  for 
they  ft  ill  went  on  in  their  reproaches  to  him,  he  gave  order 
that  the  whole  army  (hould  take  their  entire  armour,  and  come 
to  Antonia,  which  was  a  iortrefs  as  we  have  faid  already, 
which  overlooked  the  temple  ;  but  when  the  multitude 
the  ioldiers  there,  they  were  affrighted  at  them,  and  ran  away 
hallily  ;  but  as  the  paffages  out  were  but  narrow,  and  ss  they 
thought  their  enemies  followed  them,  they  were  crowded  to- 
gether in  their  flight,  and  a  great  number  Were  preffed  to  death 
in  thofe  narrow  paffages  ;  nor  indeed  was  the  num-ber  fewer 


Chap.  VI.]     ANTIQUITIES  or  THB 

than  twenty  thoufand  that  perimed  in  this  tumult.  So  in- 
itead  of  a  feftival,  they  had  at  laft  a  mournful  day  of  it;  and 
they  all  of  them  forgot  their  prayers  and  facrifices,  and  be- 
took themfelves  to  lamentation  and  weeping  ;  fo  great  an  af- 
fliciion  did  the  impudent  obfcenenels  of  a  fingle  foldier  bring 
upon  them  *. 

4  Now  before  this  their  firft  mourning  was  over,  another 
mifchief  befel  them  alfo  ;  tor  fome  of  thofe  that  raifed  the 
foregoing  tumult,  when  they  were  travelling  along  the  pub- 
lie  road,  about  an  hundred  furlongs  from  the  city,  robbed 
Stephanus  a  fervant  of  Cacfar,  as  he  wa«  journeying,  and 
plundered  him  of  all  that  he  had  with  him.  Which  things 
when  Cumanus  heard  of,  he  Tent  foldiers  immediately,  and' 
ordered  them  to  plunder  the  neighbouring  villages,  and  to 
bring  the  moil  eminent  perfony  among  them  in  bonds  to  him. 
Now  as  this  devaluation  was  making,  one  ot  the  foltliers  feiz- 
ed  the  laws  of  Mofes  that  lay  in  one  of  thofe  villages,  and 
brought  them  out  before  the  eyes  of  all  prefent,  and  tore  them 
to  pieces  ;  and  this  was  done  with  reproachful  language,  and 
much  fcurrility.  Which  things  when  the  Jews  heard  of,  they 
ran  together,  and  that  in  great  numbers,  and  came  down  to 
Cclarea,  where  Cumanus  then  was,  and  befought  him,  that 
he  would  avenge,  not  themfelves,  but  God  himfeif,  whofe 
laws  had  been  affronted  ;  for  that  they  could  not  bear  to  live 
any  longer,  if  the  lawsot  their- forefathers  mufl  be  affronted 
after  this  manner.  Accordingly  Cumanus  out  of  fear  left  the 
multitude  mould  go  into  a  fedition,  and  by  the  advice  of  his 
friends  alfo,  took  care  tliat  the  foldier  who  had  offered  the  af- 
front to  the  laws  fhould  be  beheaded,  and  thereby  put  a  flop 
to  the  fedition  which  was  ready  to  be  kindled  a  fecond  time. 


CHAP.    VI. 

Haw  there  kapbcned  a  Quarrel  between  the  Jews  and' the.  Sama~ 
ritans,  anctkotu  Claudius  put  an  End  to  their  Differences. 

§  i.  T^TOW  there  arofe  a  quarrel  between  the  Samaritans 
IN  and  the  Jews  on  occafion  following  :  It  was  the 
cuftom  of  the  Galileans,  when  they  came  <o  the  holy  city  at 
the  feftivals,  to  take  their  journeys  through  the  country  of  the 
Samaritans  t  ;  and  at  this  time  there  lay,  in  the  road  they  took, 
a  village  that  was  called  Ginoa,  which  was  fituatedinthe  limits 

*  This,  and  many  more  tumults  and  [editions,  which  arofe  at  the  Jew Llh  fefti- 
vals, in  Joiephus,  illuftraie  trut  cautious  procedure  of  the  Jewilh  governors,  wt»» 
they  fa  id,  Malt  >;xvi.  5.  '-Let  us  not  take  jeius  on  the  feaft-day,  lelt  there  i>e 
au  uproar  among  the  people;"  as  Reland  well  obierves  on  this  place.  Jofcpuus 
9lto  takes  noiiceof  the  time  th:ng,  Of  the  War,  B.  I.  ch.  iv.  (,  3  Vol.  III. 

t  This  contbnt  paffage  of  ths  Galileans  through  the  country  of  Samaria,  as  they 
-went  to  JudOa  and  jemlaicm,  iliu-Ual^  i'?yeral  paffagej  iu  the  gpioeis  K(  UK  l*»ft 


440  ANTIQUITIES    O?    THE    JEWS.  [Book  XX. 

of  Samaria  and  the  great  plain,  where  certain  perfons  thereto 
belonging  fought  with  the  Galileans,  and  killed  a  great  many 
of  them.  But,  when  the  principal  of  the  Galileans  were  in- 
formed of  what  had  been  done,  they  came  to  Cumanus,  and 
defired  him  to  avenge  the  murderer  of  thofe  that  were  killed  ; 
but  he  was  induced  by  the  Samaritans,  with  money,  to  do 
nothing  in  the  matter  :  Up'm  which  the  Qa'HIeans  were  much 
difpleaTed,  and  perfauded  the  multitude  of  the  Jews  to  betake 
themfelves  to  arms,  and  to  regain  their  liberty,  fay  ing,  That''  (la- 
very  was  in  itfelf  a  bitter  thing  but  that,  when  it  was  joined 
with  direft  injuries,  it  was  perfectly  intolerable."  And  when 
their  principal  men  endeavoured  to  pacify  them,  and  prom- 
ifed  to  endeavour  to  perfuade  Cumanus  to  avenge  thofe  that 
were  killed,  they  would  not  hearken  to  them,  but  took  their 
•weapons,  and  entreated  the  afliftance  of  Eleazer,  the  fon  of 
Dineus,  a  robber,  who  had  many  years  made  his  abode  in  the 
mountains,  with  which  affi fiance  they  plundered  many  vil- 
lages of  the  Samaritans.  When  Cumanus  heard  of  this  ac- 
tion ot  theirs,  he  took  the  band  of  Sebafte,  with  four  regi- 
ments of  footmen,  and  armed  the  Samaritans,  and  marched 
out  againft  the  Jews,  and  caught  them,  and  flew  many  of  them 
and  took  a  greater  number  ot  them  alive  .  Whereupon  thofe 
that  were  the  moft  eminent  perfons  at  Jerufalem,  and  that 
both  in  regard  of  the  refpefl  that  was  paid  them,  and  the 
families  they  were  of,  as  foon  as  they  faw  to  what  an  height 
things  were  gone,  put  on  fackclothj  and  heaped  afhes  upon 
their  heads,  and  by  all  poflible  means  befoiight  the  fedi- 
tious,  and  perfuaded  them  that  they  would  fet  before  their 
eyes  the  utter  fubverfion  *  of  their  country,  the  conflagration 
of  their  temple,  and  the  flavery  of  them'felves  their  wives 
and  children,  which  would  be  the  confequences  of  what  they 
were  doing,  and  would  alter  their  minds,  would  caft  away 
their  weapons,  and  for  the  future  be  quiet,  and  return  to  their 
own  homes.  Thefe  perfuafions  of  theirs  prevailed  upon  them. 
So  the  people  difperfed  themfelves,  and  the  robbers  vyent  a- 
way  again  to  their  places  ot  itrength  ;  and  after  this  time  all 
Judea  was  over-ran  with  robberies. 

2.  But  the  principal  ot  the  Samaritans  went  to  UmmidiuS 
Quadratus  the  prefident  ot  Syria,  who  at  that  time  was  at 
1  yre,  and  accufed  the  Jews  of  fetting  their  villages  on  fire,  and 
plundering  them  ;  and  faid  withal,  That  ''  they  were  not  fo 
much  difpleafed  at  what  they  had  luffered,  as  they  were  at  the 

purpofe,  as  Dr  Hudfon  rightly  obferves.  See  Lake  xvii  t.  John  iv.  4..  See  alfo 
Jofephas  in  his  own  life,  ^  52.  Vol.  II.  where  that  journey  is  ciccerm'mud  to  three 
days. 

*  Our  Saviour  had  foretold,  that  the  Jews'  rejection  of  his  gofpel   would  bring 
upon  them,  among  other  miferies,  thefe  three,   which  they  themfelves   here  fhev-/, 
they  expecled,  would  be  the  confequences  of  their  prefeut  tumults  and    (editions  ; 
the  utter  iubverfion  of  their  country,  tin;  conflagration  of  their  temple, 
ery  of  themfeives,  their  wives  an'd  chilur-'n.  See  Luke  xxi.  6 — 2  > 


Chap,  VI.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  441 

contempt  thereby  {ho  wed  the  Romans  ;  while,  if  they  hac?  re- 
ceived any  injury,  they  ought  to  have  made  them  the  judges 
of  what  had  been  done,  and  not  prefentlv  to  make  fuch  de- 
vafration,  as  if  they  had  not  the  Romans  for  their  governors  ; 
on  which  account  they  came  to  him,  in  order  to  obtain  that 
vengeance  they  wanted.'*  This  was  the  accufation  which  the 
Samaritans  brought  againftthe  Jews,  But  the  Jews  affirmed, 
that  the  Samaritans  were  the  authors  of  this  tumult  and 
ing,  and  that,  in  the  firff  place,  Cumanus  had  been  corrupt- 
ed by  their  gifts,  anH  pa  (Ted  over  the  murder  of  tho'e  that-  wen; 
flain,  in  filence.  Which  allegations  when  Cjuadratus  heard, 
he  put  off  the  hearing  of  the  caufe,  and  promiied  that  he  would 
give  fentence  when  he  fhould  come  into  Judea,  and  fhould 
have  a  more  exaft  knowledge  of  the  truth  ot  that  matter.  So 
thefe  men  went  away  without  fuccefs.  Yet  was  it  not  long 
ere  Quadratus  came  to  Samaria,  where,  upon  hearing  the  caufe, 
he  fuppofed  that  the  Samaritan's  were  the  authors  of  that  dif- 
turbance.  But,  when  he  was  informed  that  certain  of  the 
Jews  were  making  innovations,  he  ordered  thofe  to  be  cruci- 
fied whom  Cumanus  had  taken  captives.  From  whence  he 
went  to  a  certain  village  called  Lyddia,  which  was  not  lefs 
than  a  city  in  largenefs,  and  there  heard  the  Samaritan  caufe 
a  fecond  time  before  his  tribunal,  and  there  learned  from  a 
certain  Samaritan,  that  one  of  the  chief  of  the  Jews,  whofe 
name  wa&Dortus,  and  fome  other  innovators  with  him. 
in  number,  perfuaded  the  multitude  to  a  revolt  from  the  Ro- 
mans ;  whom  Quadratus  ordered  to  be  put  to  death  :  But  it  ill 
he  fent  away  Ananias  the  high-pfieft,  and  Ananus  the  com- 
mander [of  the  temple},  in  bonds  to  R'ome,  to  give  an  ac- 
count or  what  they  had  done  to  Claudius  Caefar.  He  allb  or- 
dered the  principal  men  both  of  the  Samaritans  and  of  the 
Jews,  as  alfo  Cumanus  the  procurator, and  Celer  the  tribune, 
to  goto  Italy  to  the  Emperor,  that  he  might  hear  their  caufe, 
and  determine  their  differences  one  with  another.  But  he 
came  again  to  the  city  ot  Jerufalem,  out  of  his  tear  that  the 
multitude  of  the  Jews  fhould  attempt  fome  innovations  ;  but 
he  found  the  city  in  a  peaceable  Hate,  and  celebrating  one  of 
the  ufual  feftivals  of  their  country  to  God,  So  he  believed 
that  they  would  not  attempt  any  innovations,  and  left  them  at 
the  celebration  o\  the  feftival,  and  returned  to  Antipch, 

3.  Now  Cumanus,  andthe  principal  of  the  Samaritans,  who 
were  fent  to  Rome,  had  a  day  appointed  them  by  the  emperor,, 
whereon  they  were  to  have  pleaded  their  Caufe  about  the  quar- 
rels they  had  one  with  another.  But  now  Caefar's  freed- men, 
and  his  friends,  were  very  zealous  on  the  behalf  ot  Cumanus 
and  the  Samaritans  ;and  they  had  prevailed  over  the  Jews,  un- 
lefs  Agrippa  junior  who  vvas  then  at  Rome,  had  feen  the 
principal  of  the  Jews  hard  iet,  and  had  earneftly  entreated  A- 
giippina,  the  emperor's  wife,  to  perfuaded  her  hufband  to  hear 
'  he  caufe,  Jo  as  was  agreeable  to  his  juftice,  and  to  condemn 

VOL  H  3 


443  ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE  JEWS.        [Book  XX, 

thofe  to  be  puniflied  who  were  really  the  authors  of  this  revolt 
from  the  Roman  government.  Whereupon  Claudius  was  fo 
welldifpofed  beforehand,  that  when  he  had  heard  the  caufe, 
and  found  that  the  Samaritans  had  been  the  ringleaders  in  thofe 
mifchievous  doings  he  gave  order,  that  thofe  who  came  up 
to  him  mould  be  flam,  and  that  Cumanus  mould  be  banifhed. 
He  alfo  gave  order,  that  Celer  the  tribune  mould  be  carried 
back  to  Jerufalem,  and  mould  be  drawn  through  the  city  la- 
the fight  of  all  the  people,  and  then  mould  be  flain, 


CHAP.    VII. 

Felix  is  made  procurator  cj  Judea  ;  as  alfo  concernin 
fa  junior,  and  his  Sifters. 

§  i.  QO  Claudius  lent  Felix,  the  brother  ot  Pallans,  totake 
O  care  oi  the  affairs  of  Judea  ;  and,  when  he  had  already 
completed  the  twelfth  year  of  his  reign,  he  had  bellowed  upon 
Agrippa  the  tetrarchy  of  Philip,  and  Batanea.and  added  there- 
to Trachonitis,  with  Abila  ;  which  laft  had  been  :he  tetrarchy 
ofLyfanias;  but  he  took  from  him  Chalcis,  when  he  had 
been  governor  thereof  four  years.  And,  when  Agrippa 
had  received  thefe  countries  as  the  gift  of  Casfar,  he  gave  his 
fifter  Drufilla  in  marriage  to  Azizus,  king  of  Emefa,  upon  his 
confent  to  be  circumciied  ;  for  Epiphanes,  the  fon  ot  King 
Antiochus,  had  refufed  to  marry  her,  becaufe,  after  he  had 
promifcd  her  father  formerly  to  come  over  to  the  Jewifh  reli- 
gion, he  would  not  now  perform  that  promife.  He  alfo  gave 
Mariamne  in  marriage  to  Archelaus,  the  fon  of  Helcias,  to 
whom  flie  had  been  betrothed  formerly  by  Agrippa  her  fath- 
er ;  from  which  marriage  was  derived  a  daughter,  whofe 
name  was  Ben. 

2.  But  for  the  marriage  of  Drufilla  with  Azizus,  it  was  in 
no  longtime  afterward  diffolved  upon  the  following  occafion  : 
While  Felix  was  procurator  of  Judea,  he  faw  this  Drufilla, 
and  fell  in  love  with  her  ;  for  fhe  did  indeed  exceed  all  other 
women  in  beauty  ;  and  he  fent  to  her  a  perfon  whofe  name 
was  Simon  *,  one  ot  his  friends  ;  a  Jew  he  was,  and  by  birth 
a  Cypriot,  and  one  who  pretended  to  be  a  magician,  and  en- 
deavoured to  perfuade  her  to  forfake  her  prefent  hufband,  and 

*  This  Simon,  a  friend  of  Felix,  a  jcv/,  born  in  Cyprus,  though  he  pretended 

to  be  a  magician,  and  (terns  to  have  been  wicked  enough,  could  hardly  be  that  fa- 

roous  Simon  the  magician,  in  the  Ads  of   the    ApoiUes,  viii.  9,  &c.  as  fome  are 

ready  to  fuppoie.     This  Simon  mentioned  in  the  Acls  was  not   properly  a    jew, 

1  ut  a  Samaritan,  of  the  town  ot  Gittae,  in  the  country  ot  Samaria,  as  the  Apoilol- 

>ons,  X' I.  7.  the  Recognitions  of  Clement.   11.6    and  juftin  Maityr, 

•  born  in  the  country  of  Samaria,   Apology,  I.   34.  informs  us.     He  was  al- 

i\>  the  author,  not  of  any  ancient  Jewish,  but  of  the  firft  Gentile  ticreiies,  as  the  fore- 

n;entioned  authors  allure  us.     So  I  iuppoie  him  a  different  perfon  from  the  ether. 

'1  !t  van  tfc:s  only  upon  the  hypothecs,  that  Joiephus  were  uot  mifntformed  as  to 


Chap.    VII.]        ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS.  443 

snarry  him  ;  and  promifed,  that,  if  (he  would  not  refufe  him, 
he  would  make  her  a  happy  woman.  Accordingly  fhe  aOed 
ill,  and  becaufe  (he  was  defirous  to  avoid  her  filler  Bernicc's 
envy,  For  (he  was  very  iH  treated  by  her  on  account  of  her 
beauty,  was  prevailed  upon  to  tranfgrefs  the  laws  ot  her  fore- 
fathers, and  to  marry  Felix  :  and,  when  he  had  had  afon  by  her, 
he  named  him  Aprippa.  But  after  what  manner  that  young 
man,  with  his  wife,  perimed  at  the  conflagration  *  of  the 
mountain  Vefuvius,  in  the  days  of  Titus  Caefar,  (hall  be  re- 
'ated  hereafter  f . 

3.  But  as  for  Bernice,  fhe  lived  a  widow  a  long  while  af- 
ter the  death  of  Herod  [king  of  Chalcis,]  who  was  both  her 
hufband  and  her  uncle  ;  but,  when  the  report  went  that 
ihe  had  criminal  converfation  with  her  brother,  [Agrippa  jun- 
ior], (he  perfuaded  Polerao,  who  was  king  of  Cilicia,  to  be 
circumcifed,  and  to  marry  her,  as  fuppofing,  that  by  this 
means  fhe  mould  prove  thofe  calumnies  upon  her  to  be  falfe  ; 
and  Polemo  was  prevailed  upon,  and  that  chiefly  on  account 
ot  her  riches.  Yet  did  not  this  matrimony  endure  long  ;  but 
Bernice  left  Polemo,  and,  as  was  faid,  with  impure  intentions. 
So  he  forfook  at  once  this  matrimony,  and  the  Jewifh  reli- 
gion: And  at  the  fame  time  Mariamne  put  away  Archelaus, 
and  was  married  to  Demetrius,  the  principal  man  among  the 
Alexandrian  Jews  both  for  his  family  and  his  wealth  ;  and  in- 
deed he  was  then  their  alabarch.  So  (he  named  her  fon,  whom 
ihe  had  by  him,  Agrippinus.  But  of  all  thefe  particulars  we 
(hall  hereafter  treat  more  exaftly.J 

his  being  a  Cypriot  jew  ;  for  olherwife  the  time,  the  name,  the  profession,  and 
I  .cdnels  of  them  both,  would  ftrongly  incline  one  to  believe  them  the  very 

fanu-  As  to  that  Drufilla  the  filler  of  Agrippa  junior,  as  jofephus  informs  us 
here,  and  a  jewefs,  as  St  Luke  informs  us,  Ails  xxiv.  24.  whom  this  Simon  men- 
tioned by  Jofephus,  perfuaded  to  leave  her  former  husband,  Azizus,  king  of  Eme- 
fd,  a  pvolelyte  of  jufUce,  and  to  marry  Felix,  the  Heathen  procurator  of  Judea, 
Tacitus,  Hift.  I'.  9.  ir.ppofa  her  to  be  an  heathen,  and  the  grand-daughter  of 
Antonius  and  Cleopatra,  contrary  both  to  St  Luke  and  Jofephus.  Now  Tacitus 
lived  fomewhat  too  remote  both  as  to  time  and  place,  to  be  compared  with  either 
of  thofe  J  ewish  writers,  in  a  matter  concerning  the  jews  in  judea  in  tlieir  own 
days,  and  concerning  a  fifter  of  Agrippa  junior,  with  which  Agrippa  jotephus 
was  himfelf  fo  well  acquainted.  It  is  probable  thst  Tacitus  may  fay  true  when  he 
informs  us,  that  this  Felix  (who  had  in  all  three  wives,  or  queens,  rs  Suetonius  in 
Claudius,  left.  28  affures  us)  did  once  marry  fuch  a  grandchild  of  Antonius  and 
Cleopatra  ;  and,  finding  the  name  of  one  of  them  to  have  been  Drufilla,  he  miftook 
her  for  that  other  wife,  whofe  name  he  did  not  know. 

*  This  eruption  of  Vefuvius  was  one  of  the  greateft  we  have  in  hiftory.  See  Bi- 
anchini's  curious  and  important  obfervations  on  this  Vefuvius,  and  its  feven  fever- 
al  great  eruptions,  with  their  remains  vitrified,  and  ftil!  exifting,  in  fo  many  differ- 
*ntjirata  under  ground,  till  the  diggers  came  to  the  antediluvian  waters,  with  their 
proportionable  interftices,  implying  the  deluge  to  have  been  above  2500  years  b*> 
I'ore  the  Chriftian  aera,  according  to  our  exafteft  chronology, 

f  This  is  now  wanting. 

$  This  alio  if  now  •wanting. 


444  ANTIQUITIES    O?    THE    JEWS.         [Book  XX. 


CHAP.    VIII. 

After  zvhat  manner,  upon  the  Death  of  Claudius,  Nero  fucceed' 
ed  in  the  Government  ;  as  alfo  what  Barbarous  things  he  did. 
Conetrning  the  Robbers,  Murderers,  and  I/npoflors,  that  a- 
roje,  white  Felix  and  Fejlus  were  Procurators  of  Judea. 


§  I.  "rVTOW  Claudius  Caefar  died  when  he  had  reigned  thir- 
L  il  teen  years  eight  months  and  twenty  days  *  ;  and  a 
report  went  about,  that  he  was  poifoned  by  his  wife  Agrippi- 
na.  Her  father  was  Germanicus,  the  brother  of  Casfar.  Her 
hufband  was  Domitius  ^nobarbus,  one  of  the  moft  illullri- 
ous  perfons  that  was  in  the  city  of  Rome  ;  after  whofe  death, 
and  her  own  long  continuance  in  widowhood,  Claudius  took 
her  to  wife,  She  brought  along  with  her  a  fon,  Domitius,  of 
the  fame  narne  with  his  father.  He  had  before  this  flain  his 
wife  Mattaiina  out  of  jealou:  om  he  had  had  his  chil- 

dren Britannicus  and  Octavia  ;  their  elcleft  filler  was  Antonia, 
whom  he  had  by  Peliraa  his  firil  wife.     He  alfo 
via  to  Nero  ;  for  that  was  the  name  that  Casfar  gave  him  af- 
terward, upon  his  adopting  him  for  I 

2,  Bu.t  nowAgrippina  was  afraid,  left  whenBritahru 

come  to  man's  ellate,  he  fhorJ.d  fucceed  his  tather  in  the  gov- 
ernment, and  defired  to  feixe  upon  the  principality  before 
hand  lor  her  own  {on  [Nero  ;j  upon  wh  ,>ort  went, 

that  fhe  thence  coropafled  the  death  of  Claudius.  According- 
ly (h:>  fent  Bun  hus  the  general  of  the  army,  immediately,  and 
with  him  the  tribunes,  and  fuch  alfo  of  the  ireed  men  a.s 
oi  the  greateft  authority,  to  bring  Nero  away  into  the  camp, 
and  to  ialute  him  emperor.  And  when  Nero  had  thus  obtain- 
ed the  government,  he  got  Britannicus  to  be  fo  poifoned,  that 
the  multitude  fhould  not  perceive  it  ;  although  he  publicly  put 
his  own  mother  to  death  not  long  afterward,  making  her  this 
requital,  not  only  for  being  born  ot  her,  but  by  bringing  it  fo 
about  by  her  contrivances,  that  he  obtained  the  Roman  em- 
pire. He  alfo  flew  Oftavia  his  own  wife,  and  many  other  il- 
Juftrious  perfons,  under  this  pretence  that  they  ploted  againil 
him. 

3.  But  I  omit  any  farther  difcourfe  about  thefe  affairs  ;  tor 
there  have  been  a  great  many  who  have  compoled  the  hirtory 
of  Nero  ;  fome  of  which  have  departed  from  the  truth  of  fafls 
out  of  favour,  as  having  received  benefits  from  him  ;  while 

:'s,  out  of  hatred  to  him,  and  the  great  ill  will  which  they 
bare  him,  have  fo  impudently  ravecf  againft  him  with  their 
lies,  that  they  juftly  deferve  to  be  condemned.  Nor  do  I 

*  1.  -f  the  reign  of  Claudius  agrees  with  Die,  as  Dr  Hudfon  here 

remarks;  ES  hi-  aUo  remarks,  that   Nero's  narne,  which  was  at   hril   /..  -' 
after  Claudius  had  adopted  him,  was  Nerc  C'.audixs  Caafar 


Chap.   VIII.]       ANTIQUITIES    OP    THB   JEWS.  445 

\vonder  at  fuch  as  have  told  lies  of  Nero,  fince  they  have  not 
in  their  writings  preferred  the  truth  of  hiftory  astothofe  facts 
tlv;t  were  earlier  than  his* time,  even  when  the  aftors  could 
luve  no  way  incurred  their  hatred,  fince  thofe  writers  lived  a 
long  time  alter  them.  But,  as  to  thofe  that  have  no  regard  to 
truth,  they  may  write  as  they  pleafe  ;  for  in  that  they  take  de- 
.  But  as  to  ourjelves,  who  have  made  truth  our  direft 
aim,  we  (nail  briefly  touch  upon  what  only  belongs  remotely 
to  this  undertaking,  bat  (hall  relate  what  hath  happened  to  us 
Jews  with  great  accuracy,  and  (hall  not  grudge  our  paing  in 
giving  an  account  both  of  the  calamities  we  have  fuffered,  and 
ot  the  crimes  we  have  been  guilty  of.  I  will  now  therefore 
return  to  the  relation  ot  our  own  affairs. 

4  For  in  the  firfl  year  ot  the  reign  of  Nero,  upon  the  death 
of  Azizus,  king  of  Emefa,  S.oemus  *  his  brother  f  uccceded  in 
his  kingdom,  and  Ariftobulus,  the  fon  of  Herod,  king  of  Chal- 
cis,  was  intruded  by  Nero  with  the  government  of  LefTer  Ar- 
menia. Crefar  alfo  beftowed  on  Agrippa  a  certain  part  of 
Galilee,  Tiberias  t,  and  Tarichese  and  ordered  them  to  fub- 
mit  to  his  iurifdiction.  He  gave  him  alfo  Julias,  a  city  of 
Perea,  witTi  fourteen  villages  that  lay  about  it. 

5.  Now,  as  for  the  affairs  of  the  Jews,  they  grew  worfe  and 
worfe  continually  ;  tor  the  country  was  again  filled  with  rob- 
beries, and  importers  who  deluded  the  multitude.  Yet  did 
Felix  catch,  and' put  to  death  many  of  thofe  impoftors  every 
any,  together  v/ifh  the  robbers.  He  alfo  caught  Eleazer,  the 
fon  of  Dineas,  who  had  gotten  together  a  company  ot  rob- 
bers ;  and  this  he  did  by  treachery  ;  for  lie  gave  him  aflurance, 
that  he  fhould  fuffer  no  harm,  and  thereby  periuaded  him  to 
come  to  him  ;  but  when  he  came  he  bound  him,  and  fent  him 
to  Rome.  Felix  alfo  bore  an  ill-will  to  Jonathan  the  high 
prieft,  becaufe  he  frequently  gave  him  admonitions  about  gov- 
erning the  Jewifh  affairs  better  than  he  did,  left  he  fhould 
himfelt  have  complaints  made  of  him  by  the  multitude,  fiwce 
he  it  was  who  had  defired  Caefar  to  fend  him  as  procurator 'of 
Judea.  So  Felix  contrived  a  method  whereby  he  might  get 
rid  of  him,  now  he  was  become  fo  continually  troublefome  to 
him  ;  for  fuch  continual  admonitions  are  grievous  to  thofe 
who  are  difpofed  to  a£  unjuftly.  Wherefore  Felix  perfuad- 
ed one  of  Jonathan's  mod  faithful  friends,  a  citizen  ot  Jeru- 
falem,  whole  name  was  Doras,  to  bring  the  robbers  upon  Jon- 
athan, in  order  to  kill  him  ;  and  this  he  did  by  promifing  to 
give  him  a  great  deal  of  money  for  fo  doing.  Doras  compli- 
>ed  with  the  propofal,  and  contrived  matters  fo,  that  the  robbers 

*  This  Soemus  is  elfewhere  mentioned  [by  Jofephus  in  his  own  Life,  fe&.  n. 
Vol.  1 1.  as  alfoj  by  Dio  Caflius  and  Tacitus,  as  Dr  Hudfon  informs  us. 

"*•  This  agrees  with  Jofephus's  frequent  accounts  clfcwhere  in  his  own  Life,  that 
Tiberias,  and  Tariche*,  and  Gamala,  were  under  this  Agrippa  junior,  till  juftus, 
the  ion  of  Piftus,  ieized  upon  them  fur  the  Jews  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the 

v»'ar. 


446  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE   JEWS.  [Book  XX, 

after  the  following  manner  :  Certain  of 
••ent  up  to  the  city,  as  if  they  were  going  to 
while  they  had  daggers  under  their  garments, 
•s  mingling  themfelves  among  the  multitude,  they 
Jonathan*,  and  as  this  murder  was  never  avenged,  the 
robbers  went  up  with  the  greateft  fecurity  at  the  feftivals  after 
this  time,  and  having  weapons  concealed  in  like  manner  as  be- 
fore, and  mingling  themfelves  among  the  multitude  they  flew 
certain  ol  their  own  enemies,  and  were  fuhfervient  to  other 
men  for  money,  and  flew  others,  not  only  in  remote  parts  of 
the  city,  but  in  the  temple  itfelf  alfo  ;  for  they  had  the  bold- 
nefs  to  murder  men  there,  without  thinking  of  the  impiety  of 
which  they  were  guilty.     And  this  feems  to  me  to   have  been 
the  reafons  why  God,  out  of  his  hatred  of  thefe  mens  wicked- 
nefs,  rejected  our  city  ;  and  as  for  the  temple,  he  no  longer 
efteemed  it  fufficienuy   pure  tor  him  to  inhabit  therein,  but 
brought  the  Romans  upon  us,  and  threw  a  fire  upon  the  city 
to  purge  it,  and  brought  upon  us,  our  wives,  and  children, 
flavery,  as  defirous  to  make  us  wifer  by  our  calamities. 

6.  Thefe  works,  that  were  done  by  the  robbers,  filled  the 
city  with  all  forts  ot  impiety.  And  now  thefe  -Pimpoftors 
and  deceivers  perfuadcd  the  multitude  to  follow  them  into  the 

*  Tliis  treacVrni:^  :  ,u>  murder  of  the  good  rti^h-prieft  Jonathan,  by 

the  contrivance  of  tbj  -->c urator  Felix,  was  the  immediate  occafion  of  the 

enfuing  mur  r  ruffians,  and  one  great  caufe  of  the  following  hor- 

rid cruelties  siid  inileries  of  (K-  has  here  iuppofcs  ;  whofc 

excellent  reflection  on  the  grofs  wickednefs  of  that  nation,  as  the  <iire£l  caufe  of 
their  terrible  de.fi ruftion,  is  ve'i  worthy  the  attention  of  every  Jewish,  and  of  eve- 
ly  Chriftian  reader.  And,  fine-'  v/e  are  toon  coming  to  the  catalogue  of  the  Jewish 
high-prieft.3,  it  may  not  beamifs,  with  Reland,  (o  infert  this  Jonathan  among  them, 
and  to  tranfcribe  his  particular  catalogue  of  the  laft  twenty-eight  high-priefts,  ta'  ea 
out  of  Jofephus,  and  begin  with  Anauelus,  who  was  made  by  Herod  the  Great. 
See  Antiq  B  XV.  ch.  ii.  left.  4.  Vol.  II.  and  the  note  there. 

i.   Ananelus.  15    Theophilus,  his  brother,  and  for) 

3.   Ariftobulus.  of  Ananus. 

3.  Jefus,  the  fon  of  F  <!  16    Simon,  the  fon  of  Boethus. 

4.  Simon,  the  fon  of  Boethus.  17.   MaHhias,   the   brother  of  Jona- 

5.  Matthias,  the  f^/n  of  Theophilu^.         than,  arri  Ion  of  Ananus. 

6.  Joazar,  the  foR  of  Boe thus.  :8    Aljon 

7.  Eleazar,  the  fon  of  Boethus.  19.  Jolephus,  the  fon  of  Camydus. 
8     yefns,  the  fon  of  Sie                                  20.  Ananias,  the  ion  of  Nebedeus. 

9.  [Annas,  or]  Ananus,  the  fon  of  21     ]c>m< : 

Seth  22    Ifmael,  the  fon  of  Fabi. 

10.  Iftnael,  the  fon  of  Fabus.  23.  JoTeph  Cabi,  the  fon  of  Simon,. 
1  j.  Eleazar,  the  fon  of  Ananus.  24.   Aaanus,  the  fon  of  Ananus. 

12.  Simon,  the  fon  of  Camithus.  25     Jefus,  the  Ion  of  Damneus. 

13.  Jofephus  Caiaphas,  the  fon-in-law  26.    fefus,  the  fon  of  Gameliei. 

f.o  Ananus.  27.  Matthias,  the  fon  of  Theophihis, 

34..   Jonathan,  the  fon  of  Anapus.  28-  Phannias,  the  fon  ot  Samuel. 

As  for  Ananus,  and  Jofeph  Caiaphas,  here  mentioned  about  the  middle  of  this 
catalogue,  they  are  no  other  than  thofe  Annas  and  Caiaphas,  fo  often  mentioned  in 
the  four  gofpels ;  and  that  Ananias,  the  fon  of  Nebedeus,  was  that  high-prieft  be- 
fore whom  St.  Paul  pleaded  his  o'vn  caufe,  A£ls  xxiv. 

£  Of  thefe  Jewish  importers  and  talfe  prophets,  with  many  other  circumftaneen 


Chap.  VIII.]     ANTIQUITIES  OF  TMI  JEWS;  447 

wildernefs,  and  pretended  that  they  would  exhibit  maniFeft 
wonders  and  figns,  that  fhould  be  performed  by  the  provi- 
dence of  God.  And  many  that  were  prevailed  on  by  thetn 
fuffered  the  punifhments  ot  their  folly  ;  for  Felix  brought 
them  back,  and  then  punifhed  them.  Moreover,  there  came 
out  of  Egypt  *  about  this  time  to  Jerufalera,  one  that  faid  he 
was  a  prophet,  and  adviied  the  multitude  of  the  common  peo- 
ple to  go  along  with  him  to  the  Mount  of  Olives,  as  it  was 
called,  which  lay  over  againft  the  city,  and  at  the  diftance  of 
five  furlongs.  He  faid  farther,  that  he  would  (hew  them  from 
hence,  how,  at  his  command,  the  walls  of  Jerusalem  would 
fall  down  ;  and  he  promifed  them,  that  he  would  procure 
them  an  entrance  into  the  city  through  thofe  walls,  whei>  they 
were  fallen  down.  Now,  when  Felix  was  informed  of  thele 
things,  he  ordered  his  foldiers  to  take  their  weapons,  and  come 
againft  them,  with  a  great  number  of  horfemen  and  footmen, 
from  Jerufalem,  and  attacked  the  Egyptian  and  the  people 
that  were  with  him.  He  aHo  flew  four  hundred  of  them,  and 
took  two  hundred  alive.  But  the  Egyptian  himfelt  efcaped 
out  of  the  fight,  but  did  not  appear  any  more.  And  again 
the  robbers  ftirred  up  the  people  to  make  war  with  the  Ro- 
mans, and  faid,  they  ought  not  to  obey  them  at  all  ;  and  when 
any  perfon  would  not  comply  with  them,  they  fet  fire  to  their 
villages,  and  plundered  them. 

7,  And  now  it  was  that  a  great  fedition-  arofe  between  the 
Jews  that  inhabited  Cefarea,  and  the  Syrians  who  dwelt  there 
a'lfo,  concerning,  their  equal  right  to  the  privileges  belonging 
to  citizens,  for  the  Jews  claimed  the  pre-eminence,  becaufe 
Herod  their  king  was  the  builder  of  Cefarea,  and  becaufe  he 
was  by  birth  a  Jew,  Now  the  Syrians  didnot  deny  what  was 
alledged  about  Herod  ;  but  they  faid,  that  Cefarea  was  former- 
ly called  Strato's  tower,  and  that  then  there  was  not  one  Jew- 
ifh  inhabitant.  When  the  prefidents  of  that  country  heard  of 
thefe  diforders,  they  caught  the  authors  ot  them  on  both  fides, 
and  tormented  them  with  flripes,  and  by  that  means  put  a 
flop  to  the  disturbance  for  a  time.  But  the  Jewifh  citizens 
depending  on  their  wealth,  and  on  that  account  defpifmg  the 
Syrians,  reproached  them  again,  and  hoped  to  provoke  them 
by  fuch  reproaches.  However,  the  Syrians,  though  they 
were  inferior  in  wealth,  yet  valuing  themfelves  highly  on  this 
account,  that  the  greatelt  part  of  Roman  foldiers  that  were 
there,  \vere  either  of  Cefarea  or  Sebalte,  they  a4fo  for  fome 
time  ufed  reproachful  language  to  the  Jews  ailb  ;  and  thus  it 
was,  till  at  length  they  came  to  throwing  {tones  at  one  anoth- 
ther,  and  feveral  were  wounded,  and  fell  on  both  fides,  though 
Hill  the  Jews  were  the  conquerors.  But  wnen  Felix  faw  that 

•and  miferics  of  the  Jews,  till  their  utter  deftruftion,  foretold  by  our  Saviour.  Ses 
Lit.  Accompl  of  Proph.  p.  58 — 7;. 

*  Of  this  Egyptian  iin.;  •  :rs  in  Jofcph 


448  ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.          [Book  XX, 

this  quarrel  was  become  a  kind  of  war,  he  came  upon  (hem 
on  the  fudden,  and  defired  the  Jews  to  defift  ;  and  when  they 
refufed  fo  to  do,  he  armed  his  foldiers,  and  lent  them  out  up- 
on them,  and  flew  many  of  them,  and  took  more  of  them  a- 
live,  and  permitted  his  foldiers  to  plunder  fomc  of  the  ';: 
of  the  citizens,  which  were  tull  of  riches;  Now  thofe  Jews  that 
were  more  moderate,  and  of  principal  dignity  among  them, 
v  ere  afraid  of  themfelves,  and  defired  of  Felix  that  he  v 
found  a  retreat  to  his  foldiers,  and  ipare  them  for  the  future, 
and  afford  them  room  for  repentance  for  what  they  had  done  ; 
and  Felix  was  prevailed  upon  to  do  (o. 

8.  About  this  time  king  Agrippa  gave  the  high  priefi; 

to  ifmael,  who  was  the  fon  of  Fabi,  And  now  arofe  a  (edi- 
tion between  the  high  pi  lefts  and  the  principal  men  of  the 
multitude  of  jerufalem  ;  each  of  which  got  them  a  con 
o!  the  boldefl  fort  of  men,  and  of  thofe  that  loved  innovations, 
about  them,  and  became  leaders  to  them  ;  and  when  they  ftrug- 
gled  together,  they  did  it  by  catting  reproachful  words  againft 
one  another,  and  by  throwing  flones  alfo.  And  there  was  no 
body  to  reprove  them  ;  but  thefe  disorders  were  done  after  a 
licentious  manner  in  the  city  as  if  it  had  no  government  over 
it.  And  fuch  was  the  impudence  *  and  boldnefs  that  had  feiz- 
ed  on  the  high  priefts,  that  they  had  the  hardinefs  to  lend  their 
fervants  into  the  threfhing  floors,  to  take  away  thofe  tithes 
that  were  due  to  the  priefts,  info,much  that  it  fo  fell  out.  that 
the  poorer  fort  of  the  priefts  died  for  want.  To  this  degree 
did  the  violence  of  the  {editions  prevail  over  all  right  and  juf- 
tice  ! 

9.  Now,  when  Porcius  Fcflus  was  fent  as  fucceflbr  to  Felix 
by  Nero,  the  principal  ot  the  Jewilh  inhabitants  of  Cefare;i 
went  up  to  Rome  to  accufe  Felix  ;  and  he  had  certainly  been 
brought  to  punifhment,  unlefs  Nero  had  yielded  to  the  impor- 
tunate felicitations  of  his  brother  Pallas,  who  was  at  that  time* 
had   in   the  greateft  honour  by  him.     Two  of    the   principal 
Syrians  in  Cefarea  perfuaded  Burrhus,  who  was  Nero's  : 

and  fecretaiy  for  his  Greek  epiftles    by  giving  him   a  great 
fum  of  money,  to  difannul  that  equality  ot  the  Jewilh  privil- 
eges of  citizens  which  they  hitherto  enjoyed.      So  Burrhus, 
by  his  Coliciiatidns,  obtained  leave  of  the  emperor,  that  an  e- 
piftle  mould  be  written  to  that  purpofe.     This  epifHe  bet 
the  occafion  ot  the  following  mifciies  that  befel  our  nat 
for,  when  the  Jews  of  Cefarea  were  informed  of  the  con 
of  this  epiille  to  the  Syrians,  they  were  more  diforderly   than 
before,  till  a  war  was  kindled, 

10.  Upon  Feltus's  coming  into  Judea,  it  happened  that  Ju- 
dea  was  afflicled  by  die  robbers,  while  all  the  villag; 

*  Tl'i 
should  |  riefts,   as  to  iiarve   the   r- 


Chap.  VIII.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF   TH1   JEV7I.  44$ 

on  fire,  and  plundered  by  them,  And  then  it  was  that  the  Si- 
carii,  as  they  were  called,  who  were  robbers,  grew  numerous, 
They  made  ufe  of  Imall  fwords,  not  mucn  different  in  length 
from  the  Perfian  acinaca,  but  fomewhat  crooked,  and  like 
the  Roman_/?r#  for  ficklesj,  as  they  were  called  :  And  from 
thofe  weapons  thefe  robbers  got  their  denomination  ;  and  with 
thofe  weapons  they  flew  a  great  many  ;  for  they  mingled 
themfelves  among  the  multitude  at  their  feftivals,  when  they 
were  come  up  in  crowds  from  all  parts  to  the  city  to  worfhip 
God,  as  we  laid  before,  and  eafily  (lew  thoie  that  they  had  a 
mind  to  flay.  They  alfo  came  frequently  upon  the  villages 
bdonging  to  their  enemies,  with  their  weapon?,  and  plundered 
them,  and  fet  them  on  fire.  So  Fellus  fent  forces,  bothhorfe- 
tnen  and  footmen,  to  tall  upon  thofe  that  had  been  Jeduced 
by  a  certain  impoftor,  who  promifed  them  deliverance  and 
freedom  from  the  miferies  they  were  under,  if  they  would  but 
follow  him  as  far  as  the  wildernefs.  Accordingly  thofe  for- 
ces that  were  fent  deflroyed  both  him  that  had  deluded  them, 
and  thofe  that  were  his  followers  alfo. 

II.  About  the  fame  time  king  Agrippa  built  himfelf  a  very 
large  dining-room  in  the  royal  palace  at  Jerufalem,  near  to  the 
portico.  Now  this  palace  had  been  erefted  of  old  by  the 
children  of  Afamoneus,  and  was  fituate  upon  an  elevation 4 
and  afforded  a  moft  delightful  profpe£t  to  thofe  that  had  a  mind 
to  take  a  view  of  the  city  which  profpect  was  defired  by  the 
king  ;  and  there  he  could  lie  down,  and  eat,  and  thence  ob- 
ferve  what  was  done  in  the  temple  :  Which  thing,  when  the 
chief  men  of  Jerufalem  faw,  they  were  very  much  difpleafed 
at  it ;  for  it  was  not  agreeable  to  the  inftitutions  ot  our  coun- 
try or  law,  that  what  was  done  in  the  temple  fhould  be  viewed 
by  others,  efpecially  what  belonged  to  the  facrifices.  They 
therefore  erefted  a  wall  upon  the  uppermofl  building  which 
belonged  to  the. inner-court  ot  the  temple  towards  the  weft, 
which  wall,  when  it  was  built,  did  not  only  intercept  the 
profpecl  of  the  dining-room  in  the  palace,  but  alfo  of  the  weft- 
ern  cloifters  that  belonged  to  the  outer-court  of  the  temple 
alfo,  where  it  was  that  the  Romans  kept  guards  for  the  tem- 
ple at  the  feftivals.  At  thefe  doings  both  king  Agrippa,  av'd 
principally  Feftus  the  procurator,  were  much  difpleafed;  and 
Feftus  ordered  them  to  pull  the  wall  down  again  ;  but  the 
Jews  petitioned  him  to  give  them  leave  to  fend  an  arobaffage 
about  this  matter  to  Nero  ;  for  they  iaid  they  could  not  en- 
dure to  live  if  any  part  ot  the  temple  fhould  be  demolifhed  : 
And  when  Feftus  had  given  them  leave  fo  to  do,  they  fent 
ten  of  their  principal  men  to  Nero,  as  alfo  Ifmael  the  high- 
pneft,  and  Helcias  the  keeper  of  the  facred  treafure.  And 
\vhen  Nero  had  heard  what  they  had  to  lay,  he  not  only  for- 
gave *  them  what  they  had  already  done,  but  alfo  gave  thera 

*  We  have  here  one  emijisnt  example  of  Nero's  mildnefs   and  goodnels  in  his 

VOL.  II,  I  3 


,V)0  ANTIQUITIES   Of   THE   J£WS.          ["iiodk   XX; 

leave  to  let  the  wall  they  had  built  ftand.  This  was  granted 
them  in  order  to  gratiiy  Poppea,  Nero's  wife,  who  was  a  reli- 
gious woman,  and  had  requeued  thefe  favours  of  Nero,  and 
•who  gave  order  to  the  ten  amballadors  to  go  their  \vay  home  ; 
but  retained  Helcias  and  Ifmael  as  hoffages  with  herfelf.  As 
loon  as  the  king  heard  this  news,  he  gave  the  high-priefthood 
to  Jofeph,  who  was  called  Cabi,  the  ion  of  Simon,  formerly 
high-prieft. 


CHAP.    IX. 

Concerning  Albinus,   under  whofe  Procurator/Jitp  James  was 
'lain  ;  as  al/o  what  Edijices  vert  bmit  by  Agrippa. 

§  i.  A  ND  now  Caefar,  upon  hearing  the  death  of  Feftu«, 
-t\.  fent  Albinus  into  Judea,  as  procurator.  But  the 
king  deprived  Jofeph  of  the  high-priefthood,  and  beftowed 
the  fucceilion  to  that  dignity  on  the  fon  of  Ananus,  who  was 
alfohimfelf  called  Antrim s.  Now  the  report  goes,  that  this 
eldeft  Ananus  proved  a  moft  fortunate  man  ;  for  he  had  five 
fons,  who  had  all  r>ei formed  the  cffice  ot  an  high-prieft  to 
God,  and  who  hadnimfelf  enjoyed  that  dignity  a  long  time 
formerly,  which  had  never  happened  to  any  other  of  our 
high-priefts.  But  this  younger  Ananus,  who,  as  we  have  told 
you  already,  took  the  h^jh-priefthood,  was  a  bold  man  in  his 
temper,  and  very  infolent :  He  was  alloof  thefeft  of  the  Saddu- 
cees  *  who  are  veiy  rigid  in  judging  offenders  above  all  the 
left  of  the  Jews,  as  we  have  atready  obferved  ;  when  there - 
ioie  Ananus  was  of  this  difpofition,  he  thought  he  had  now  a 
proper  opportunity  [to  exercife  his  authority].  Feffus  was 
now  dead,  and  Albinus  was  put  upon  the  road  ;  fo  he  affem- 
bled  the  fanhedrim  of  judges,  and  brought  hefore  them  the 
brother  of  Jefus,  who  was  called  Ghrijl,  whofe  name  was 
James,  and  fonie  others,  for,  fomeof  his  companions].  And 
when  he  had  formed  an  accufation  again  ft  them  as  breakers  ot 
the  law,  he  delivered  them  to  be  ftoned  :  But  as  for  thofe 
vho  feemed  the  moil  equitable  of  the  citizens,  and  fuch  as 

govt-v  rnent  towart's  the  Jews,  dining  the  firft  five  years  of  his  reign,  fo  famous  in 
antiquity  '>  we  ^ave  i  erhaps  another  in  Joiqjhus's  own  Life,  left.  3.  Vol.  II.  and 
a  third,  though  of  a  very  different  nature  here,  in  feft.  9  ju  ft  before.  However, 
tiv.li  the  geivrous  afts  of  kinanels  were  oL  t.iiried  of  Nero  by  his  queen  Poppea, 
•who  wa;  a  religious  lady,  and  perhaps  privately  a  Jewifh  piofelyte,  and  fo  werfc 
not  owing  en  ireJy  to  Xero's  own  goodnefs. 

*  It  heixe  iviii?iit'y  appears, that  Sadducees  might  be  liigh-prteHs  in  the  days  of 
Jo!  ,'!ius.<nd  th.it  t'lcfcSadduc  e*  wrre  ulually  very  fevcre  and  inexorable  judges, 
\vt,i  L  the  Fhanfers  were  much  milder,  and  more  merciful,  as  appears  by  Reland's 
ir.ftar.ces  in'his  no'.e  on  this  place,  and  «n  Jofephus's  Life,  feft.  34,  Vol.  II.  and 
thole  taken  from  the  New  Teftament,  from  Jofephus  himfelf,  and  from  the  Rahu, 
birs;  nor  do  we  meet  with  sny  Sadducees  latei  thaa  this  high-prieft  in  aS  Jofs- 


Chap.  IX.]      ANTIQUITIES   or   THE   JEWS.  451 

were  the  mofl  uneafy  at  the  breach  of  the  laws,  they  difliked 
what  was  done  ;  they  alfo  fent  to  the  king,  [Agrippa],  defir- 
ing  him  to  fend  to  Ananus  that  he  fhould  aft  fo  no  more,  for 
that  what  he  had  already  done  was  not  to  be  juftified  :  Nay*, 
fome  of  them  went  alfo  to  meet  Albinus,  as  he  was  upon  his  jour- 
ney fromAlexandria,andinformedhim,thatitwasnotlawful  for 
Ananus  to  affemble  a  fanhedrim  without  his  confent.  Where- 
upon Albinus,  complied  with  what  they  faid,  and  wrote  in 
anger  to  Ananus,  and  threatened  that  he  would  bring  him  to 
puniftiment  lor  what  he  had  done  ;  on  which  king  Agrippa, 
took  the  high-priefthood  from  him,  when  he  had  ruled  but 
three  months,  and  made  Jefus,  the  fon  ot  Damneus,  high- 
prieft. 

2.  Now  as  foon  as  Albinus  was  ct>me  to  the  city  of  Jerufa° 
lem,  he  ufed  all  his  endeavours   and  care   that  the    country 
might  be  kept  in  peace,  and  this  by  deftroying  many  of   the 
Sicarii.     But  as  tor  the  high-pried  Ananias  t,  he  increafed  in 
glory  every  day,  and  this  to  a  great  degree,  and  had  obtained 
the  favour  and  eftc-em  of  the  citizens  in  a  fignal  manner  ;  for 
he  was  a  great  hoarder  up  of  money  :  He  therefore  cultivated 
the  fnendfhip  of  Albinus,  and  ot  the  high-prieft  [JefusJ,  by 
making  them  prefentg  ;  he  had  alfo  fervants  who  were  very- 
wicked,  who  joined  themfelves  to  the  boideft  fort  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  went  to  the  threfliing-floors,  and  took  away  the  tithes 
^hat  belonged  to  the  priefts  by  violence,  and  did  not  refrain 
from  beating  fucli  as  would  not  give  thefe  tithes  to  them.    So 
the  other  high-priefls  afled  in  the  like  manner,  as  did  thofe  his 
fervants,  without  any  one's  being  able  to  prohibit  them  ;  fo 
that  [fome  of  thej  priefts,  that  of  old  were  wont  tobefupport- 
ed  with  thofe  tithes,  died  lor  want  of  food. 

3.  But  now  the  Sicarii  went  into  the  city   by  night,    juft 
before  the  feilival,  which  was  now  at  hand,  and  took  the  f cribe 
belonging  to  trje  governor  of   the  temple,    whofe  name  was 

*  Of  this  condemnation  of  James  the  Juft,  and  its  caufes,  as  alto  that  he  did 
rot  die  tilllong  after  wards,  fee  Prim.  Qhrift.  Revived,  Vol.  JII.  ch.  43 — 46. 
The  fanhedrim  condemned  our  Saviour,  but  could  not  put  him  to  death  without 
the  approbation  of  the  Roman  procurator;  nor  could  therefore  Ananias  and  his 
Sanhedrim  do  more  here,  lince  they  never  had  Albtnus's  approbation  for  the  put- 
ting this  James  to  death. 

+  This  Ananias  was  not  the  fon  of  Nebedeus,  as  I  take  it,  but  he  who  was  called 
Annas  or  Ananus  the  elder,  the  gth  in  thecatalogue,and  who  had  been  efteemed  high- 
prieft  for  a  long  time  ;  and,  belides  Caiaphas  his  lon-in-law,  haal  five  of  his  own 
ions  high-prielb  after  him.  which  were  thofe  of  numbers  11,  14,  15,  17,  24,  in 
the  foregoing  catalogue.  Nor  ought  we  to  pafs  (lightly  over  what  Jofephus  here 
fays  of  Annas  or  Ananias,  that  he  was  high-pried  a  long  time  before  his  children 
v/ere  fo  ;  he  was  tbe  fon  of  Seth.  and  is  fet  down  firfl  ior  high-prieft  in  the  fore- 
going catalogue,  under  number  g  He  was  made  by  Quirinus,  and  continued  till 
Ilmael,  the  ioth  in  number,  for  about  23  years,  which  long  duration  of  his  high- 
priefthood,  joined  to  the  fuccessions  of  his  fon-in-law,  and  F.ve  children  of  his 
own,  made  him  a  fort  of  perpetual  high-prieft,  and  was  perhaps  the  occafion  that 
•t  high-priefts  kept  theirtitles  ever  afterwards;  for  I  bdieve  it  is  hardly  rce'; 
•with  before  him. 


452  ANTIQUITIES  or  THE  JEWS.       [Book  XX. 

Eleazar,  who  was  the  fon  of  Ananus  [Ananias]  the  high-priell, 
and  bound  him,  and  carried  him  away  with  them  ;  after 
which  they  fent  to  Ananias,  and  faid,  that  they  would  lend 
the  fcribe  to  him  it  he  would  perfuade  Albinus  to  releafe  ten 
ot  thole  prifoners  which  he  had  caught  of  their  party  ;  fo 
Ananias  was  plainly  forced  to  perfaade  Albinus,  and  gained 
hisrequefl  of  him.  This  was  the  beginning  ot  greater  calam- 
ities ;  tor  the  robbers  perpetually  contrived  to  catch  fome  of 
Ananias's  fervants,  and  when  they  had  taken  them  alive*  they 
would  not  let  them  go,  till  they  thereby  recovered  fome  of 
their  own  Sicani.  And  as  they  were  again  become  no  fmall 
number,  they  grew  bold,  and  were  a  great  affliclion  to  the 
whole  country. 

4.  About  this  time  it  was  that  king  Agrippa  built  Cefarea 
Philippi  larger  than  it  was  before,  and  in  honour  of  Nero, 
named  it  Neronias.  And  when  he  had  built  a  theatre  at  Be- 
rytus,  with  vaft  expences,  he  bellowed  on  them  fhows,  to  be 
exhibited  every  yeat,  and  fpent  therein  many  ten  thoufand 
f  drachmae]  :  He  allo  gave  the  people  a  largefs  ot  corn,  and 
diltributed  oil  among  them,  and  adorned  the  entire  city  with 
ilatues  of  his  own  donation,  and  with  original  images  made  by 
ancient  hands  ;  nay,  he  almofl  transferred  all  that  was  mo'! 
ornamental  in  his  own  kingdom  thither.  This  made  him 
jnore  than  ordinarily  hated  by  his  fubjecls  :  Becaufe  he  took, 
thofe  things  away  that  belonged  to  them,  to  adorn  a  foreign 
city.  And  now  Jefus  the  fon  0}  Gamaliel,  became  the  TLIC- 
ceilbr  ot  Jelus,  the  fon  ot  Bamneas,  in  the  high  prjeftiu;>d, 
which  the  king  had  taken  from  the  other  ;  on  which  account 
a  fedition  arofe  between  the  high  priefts,  with  regard  to  one 
another  ;  tor  fhey  got  together  bodies  of  the  boldeft  fort  of 
the  people,  and  frequently  came  from  reproaches  to  throwing 
of  ftonesateach  other.  But  Ananias  was  too  hard  for  the 
reft,  by  his  riches,  which  enabled  him  to  gain  thofe  that  were 
molt  ready  to  receive.  Coftobarus  alfo,  and  Saulus  did  thern- 
felves  get  together  a  multitude  ot  wicked  wretches,  and  this 
becaufe  they  were  of  the  royal  family  ;  and  fo  they  obtained 
favour  among  them,  becaufe  of  their  kindred  to  Agrippa  : 
But  itill  they  tiled  violence  with  people,  and  were  very  ready 
to  plunder  thole  that  were  weaker  thanthcmfelves.  And  from 
that  it  principally  came  to  pafs,  that  our  city  was  greatly  dif- 
ordered,  and  that  all  things  grew  worfe  and  worfe  among  us. 

,5.  But  when  Albinus  heard  that  Geflius  Floi  us  was  coming 
to  fucced  him,  he  was  defirows  to  appear  to  do  iomewhat  that 
might  be  grateful  to  the  people  ot  Jerufalem  ;  fo  he  brought 
out  all  thole  prifoners  whofeemed  to  him  to  be  the.  moll  plain- 
ly worthy  of  death,  and  ordered  them  to  be  put  to  death  ac- 
cordingly. But  as  to  thole  who  had  been  put  into  prifon  on 
fome  trifling  occafions,  he  took  money  ot  them,  and  difrniffed 
them  ;  by  which  means  the  prifons  were  emptied,  but  tb.r-. 
sountiy  wa*  filled  with  robbery 


Chap.    IX.]  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    JEWS.  453 

6.  Now  as  many  of  the  levitae  *,  which  is  a  tribe  of  ours, 
as  were  fingers  ot  hymns,  perfuaded  the  king  to  affeinble  a 
ianhedrim.  and  to  give  them  leave  to  wear  linen  garments,  as 
well  as  the  priefts  ?  for  they  faid,  that  this  would  be  a  work 
worthy  the  times  of  his  government,  that  he  might  have  a 
memorial  of  fuch  a  novelty,  as  being  his  doing.      Nor  did 
they  fail  of  obtaining  their  defire  ;  for  the  king,  with  the  fuf- 
fi'ages  of  thofe  that  came  into  the  fanhedrim,  granted  the  fing- 
ers of  hymns  this  privilege,  that  they  might  lay  afide  their  for- 
mer garments,  and  wear  fuch  a  linen  one  as  they  defired  ;  and 
as  a  part  of  this  tribe  miniftered  in  the  temple,  he  alfo  permit- 
ted them  to  learn  thofe  hymns  as  they   had  befought  him  for. 
Now  all  this  M'as  contrary  to  the  laws  of  our  country,  which, 
whenever  they  have  been  tranfgrefled,  we  have  never  been  a- 
ble  to  avoid  the  punifhment  of  fuch  tranfgreffions. 

7.  And  now  it  was  that  the  temple  t  wasfiniihed.  So  when 
the  people  faw  that  the  workmen  were  unemployed,  who 
were  above  eighteen  thoufand,  and  that  they,   receiving  no 
wages,  were  in  want,  becaufe  they  had  earned  their  bread  by 
their  labours  about  the  temple,  and  while  they  were  unwilling 
to  keep  them  by  the  treafures  that  were  there  depofited,  out  of 
fear  of  [their  being  carried  away  by]  the  Romans  :  And  while 
they  had  a  regard  to  the  making  prbvifion  tor  the  workmen, 
they  had  a  mind  to  expend  tlxoie  treafures  upon  them  ;  for  if 
any  one  of  them  did  but  labour  for  a  fingle  hour,  he  received 
his  pay  immediately  ;  fo  they  perluaded  him  to  rebuild  the 
eaitern  cloifters.     Thefe  cloifters  belonged  to  the  outer  court, 
and  were  fi.tuated  in  a  deep  valley,  and  had  walls  that  reached 
four  hundred  cubits  [in  length,]  and  were  built  of  fquare  and 
very  white  Hones,   the  length  of  each  of  which  flones  was 
twenty  cubits,  and  their  height  fix  cubits.   This  was  the  work 
of  king  Solomon  +,  who  firft  of  all  built  the  entire  temple. 
But  king  Agrippa,  who  had  the  care  ot  the  temple  committed 
to-  him  by  Claudius  Czefar,  confidering  that  it  is  eafy  to  demol- 
i(h  any  building,  but  hard  to  build  \{  up  again  and  that  it  was 
particularly  hard  to  do  it  to  thefe  cloifters,  which  would  re- 
quire a  cpnfiderable  time,  and  great  fums  of  money,  he  denied 
the  petitioners  their  requeft  about  that  matter  ;  but  he  did  not 
obltruft  them  when  they  defired  the  city  might  be  paved  with 
white  ftone.     He  alfo  deprived  Jefus,  the  fon  of  Gamaliel,  ot 

*  This  infolent  petition  of  fomeof  the  Levites,  to  wear  the  facerdota'  garments, 
v.l  en  they  lung  hymns  to  God  in  the  temp'e,  was  very  probably  owing  to  the  great 
depression  and  contempt  the  haughty  hijjh-priefts  had  now  brought  th.ir  brethren 
the  priefts  into  ;  of  which  fee  chap,  viii  left.  8.  and  chap,  ix  left,  z- 

+  Of  this  rimming,  not  of  die  Naoj,  or  holy  houfe,  but  of  the  'upltj  or  courts  a- 
bout  it,  called  in  general  the  tcmblc,  fee  the  note  on  B.  XVII.  ch.  x.  fe£l.  2. 
Vol.  II. 

J  Of  thefe  cloifters  of  Solomon,  fee  the  defcription  of  the  temple,  ch.  xiii. 
They  J'ecm.  by  Jofephus's  words,  to  have  been  built  from  the  bottom  of  ths 
valley. 


454  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  JEWS,       [Book  XX, 

the  high-priefthood,  and  gave  it  to  Matthias,  the  fon  of  The- 
ophilus,  under  whom  the  Jews  war  with  the  Romans  took  its 
beginning. 


CHAP.    X. 

An  Enumeration  of  the 

§  I.  A  ND  now  I  think  it  proper,  and  agreeable  to  this  hif- 
£\.  lory,  to  give  an  account  ot  our  high-priefts  ;  how 
they  began,  and  who  thofe  are  which  are  capable  of  that  dig- 
nity, and  how  many  of  them  there  had  been  at  the  end  ot  the 
war.  In  the  firft  place,  therefore,  hiftory  informs  us,  that 
Aaron,  the  brother  of  M;>fe$  officiated  to  God  as  an  high- 
prieft,  and  that,  after  his  death,  his  fons  fucceeded  him  imme- 
diately ;  and  that  this  dignity  hath  been  continued  down  from 
them  to  all  their  poflerity.  Whence  it  is  a  cuftom  of  our 
country,  that  no  one  fhould  take  the  high-priefthood  of  God, 
but  he  who  is  of  the  blood  of  Aaron,  while  every  one  that 
is  of  another  ftock,  though  he  were  a  king,  can  never  obtain 
that  high-priefthood.  Accordingly,  the  number  of  all  the 
high-prk'fts  from  Aaron,  of  whom  we  havefpoken  already,  a& 
of  the  firfi  of  them,  until  Phanas,  who  was  made  high-pried 
during  the  war  by  the  faditious,  was  eighty-three  :  Of  whom 
thirteen  officiated  as  high-priefts  in  the  wildernefs,  from  the 
days  of  Mofes,  while  she  tabernacle  was  Handing,  until  the 
people  came  into  Judea,  when  king  Solomon  ere6ied  the  tem- 
ple to  God  :  For  at  the  firlt  they  held  the  higb-priefthood  till 
the  end  ot  their  life,  although  afterward  they  had  fucceffors 
while  they  were  alive.  Now  thefe  thirteen,  who  were  the  de- 
fcendants  ot  two  ot  the  fons  of  Aaron,  received  this  dignity  by 
fircceffion  one  after  another  ;  for  their  form  of  government 
was  an  ariflocracy,  and  after  that  a  monarchy,  and  in  the  third 
place  a  government  wag  regal.  Now  the  number  of  yearg 
during  the  rule  ot  thefe  thirteen,  4rom  the  day  when  our  fa- 
thers departed  out  of  Egypt  under  Mofes  their  leadCT,  until 
the  building  of  that  temple  which  king  Solomon  creeled 1  at  Je- 
rufalem,  were  fix  hundred  and  twelve.  After  thofe  thirteen 
high-priefts,  eighteen  took  the  high-priettho<»i  at  Jerulalem, 
one  in  fucceffion  to  another,  from  the  days  of  king  Solomon, 
until  Nebuchadnezzar  king  of  Babyloo  made  an  expedition 
againft  that  city,  and  burnt  the  temple,  and  removed  our  na- 
tion into  Babylon,  and  then  took  Jofadek  the  high-priefl  captive ; 
the  times  of  thefe  high-priefts  was  four  hundred  fixty-fix  years 
fix  months  and  ten  days,  while  the  Jews  were  ftill  under  the 
regal  government.  But  after  the  term  ot  feventy  years  cap- 
tivity under  the  Babylonians,  Cyrus  king  of  Perfia,  fent  the 
Jews  from  Babylon  to  their  ov.'n  land  again,  and  gave  them 
leave  to  rebuild  their  temple  ;  at  which  time  Jefus,  the  fon  e* 


X;]  ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    J  K  VVS.  455 

Jofadek,  took  the,  high-priefthocd  over  the  captives  when! 
they  were  returned  home.  Now  he  and  his  pofterity  who 
were  in  all  fifteen,  until  king  Arrtiochus  Eupator,  were  under 
a  democratical  government  lor  fourteen  years  ;  and  then  the 
forementioned  Antiochus,  and  Lyfia  the  general  of  his  army, 
deprived  Onias  who  was  alfo  called  Menelaus,  ot  the  high- 
priefthood,  and  flew  him  at  Berea,  and  driving  away  the  (on 
[of  Onias  the  third,]  put  Jacimus  into  the  place  of  the  high- 
prieft,  one  that  was  indeed  ot  the  ftock  of  Aaron,  but  not  of 
that  family  ot  Onias.  On  which  account  Onias,  who  was  the 
nephew  of  Onias  that  was  dead,  and  bore  the  fame  name  with 
his  father,  came  into  Egypt,  and  got  into  the  friendfhip  o£ 
Ptolemy  Philoncetor,  and  Cleopatra  his  wife,  and  perfuaded 
them  to  make^  him  the  high-prieft  of  that  temple  which  he 
built  to  God  in  the  prefecture  of  Heliopolis,  and  this  in  imi- 
tation of  that  at  Jerafalern  ;  but  as  for  that  temple  which  was 
built  in  Egypt,  we  have  Ipokenof  it  frequently  already.  Now 
when  Jacimus  had  retained  the  priefthood  three  years,  he  di- 
ed, and  there  was  no  one  that  iuceeeded  him,  that  the  city- 
continued  feven  years  without  an  high-pvieft ;  but  then  the 
pofterity  of  the  fbns  ot  Afomoneys,  who  had  the  government 
of  the  nation  conferred  upon  them,  when  they  had  beaten  the 
Macedonians  in  war,  appointed  Jonathan  to  be  their  high-priefr, 
who  ruled  over  them  feven  years.  And  when  he  had  been 
llain  by  the  treacherous  contrivance  of  Trypho,  as  we  have 
related  fomewhere,  Simon  his  brother  took  the  high-prieft- 
hood ;  an<4  when  he  was  deilroyed  at  a  feaft  by  the  treachery 
of  his  ibn-in-law,  his  own  fon  whofe  name  was  Hyrcanus,  fuc- 
ceeded  him,  after  he  had  held  the  high-priefthood  one  year 
longer  than  his  brother.  This  Hyrcanus  enjoyed  that  dignity- 
thirty  years,  and  died  an  old  man,  leaving  the  fucceffion  to 
Judas  who  was  alfo  called  Ariftobulus,  whofe  brother  Alex- 
ander was  his  heir  ;  which  Judas  died  of  a  fore  diftemper,  af- 
ter he  had  kept  the  priedhood,  together  with  the  royal  author- 
ity ;  for  this  Judas  was  the  firft  that  put  on  his  head  a  diadem 
for  one  year.  And  when  Alexander  had  been  both  king  and 
high-prieft  twenty-feven  years,  he  departed  this  life,  and  per- 
mitted his  wife  Alexandra  to  appoint  him  that  fhotild  be  high- 
prieft  ;  fo  (he  gave  the  high-priefthood  to  Hyrcanus,  but  re- 
tained the  kingdom  herfelt  nine  years,  and  then  departed  this 
life.  The  like  duration  [and  no  longer]  did  her  fon  Hyrcan- 
us  enjoy  the  high-priefthood  ;  for  alter  her  death  his  brothci 
Ariftobulus  fought  againft  him,  and  beat  him,  and  deprive.! 
him  ot  his  principality  ;  and  he  did  himfelf  both  reign,  and 
perform  the  office  ot  high-prieft  to  God.  But  when  he  had 
reigned  three  years  and  as  many  months,  Pompey  came  upon 
him,  and  not  only  took  the  city  of  Jerufalem  by  force,  but 
put  him  and  his  children  in  bonds,  and  fent  them  to  Rome;. 
He  alfo  reftored  the  high-priefthood  to  Hypcanus,  and  made 
him  governor  of  the  nation,  but  forbade  him  to  wear  a  diademu 


456  ANTIQUITIES   0*   THB    JEWS.        [Book  * 

This  Hyrcanus  ruled,  befides  his  fir  ft  nine  years,  twenty-four 
years  more,  when  Barz^pharnes  and  Parcorus,  the  generals  of 
the  Parthians,  paifed  over  Euphrates,  and  tought  with  Hyr- 
canus and  took  him  alive,  and  made  Antigonus  the  (on  of  Ar- 
i&obulus,  king  ;  and  when  he  had  reigned  three  years  and 
three  months,  Sofius  and  Herod  befieged  him,  and  took  him, 
when  Antony  had  him  brought  to  Antioch,  and  flain  there. 
Herod  was  then  made  king  by  the  Romans,  but  did  no  longer  ap- 
pointhigh-prieilsoutof.  the  family  of  Afamoheus  jbutmade  cer- 
tain men  to  be(o  that  were  of  no  eminent  families,  but  barely  of 
thofe  thatwere  priefts,  excepting  that  hegave  that  dignity  to  Ar- 
iftobulus;  for  when  he  had  made  this  Ariilobulus  thegrandfonof 
that  Hyrcanus  who  was  then  taken  by  the  Parthians,  and  had 
taken  his  fifter  Mariamne  to  wife,  he  thereby  aimed  to  win  the 
good-will  of  the  people,  who  had  a  kind  remembrance  of  Hyr- 
canus [his  grandfather. J  Yet  did  he  afterward,  out  of  his 
fear  leu  they  mould  all  bend  their  inclinations  to  Ariftobulus, 
j)ut  him  to  death,  and  that  by  contriving  how  to  have  him  fuf- 
focated,  as  he  was  (wimming  at  Jericho,  as  we  have  already 
related  that  matter  ;  but  after  this  man  he  never  intrufted  the 
high-priefthood  to  the  pofterity  ot  the  fons  of  Afamoneus. 
Archelaus  alfo,  Herod's  ion,  did  like  his  father  in  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  high  priefts,  as  did  the  Romans  alfo,  who  took  the 
government  over  the  Jews  into  their  hands  afterward.  Ac- 
cordingly the  number  of  the  high-priefts,  from  the  days  of 
Herod  until  the  day  when  Titus  took  the  temple,  and  the  city, 
and  burnt  them,  were  in  all  twenty-eight  ;  the  time  alfo  that 
belonged  to  them  wfts  an  hundred  and  feven  years.  Some  ot 
thefe  were  the  political  governors  of  the  people  under  the 
reign  of  Herod,  and  under  the  reign  of  Archelaus  his  Ton,  al- 
though after  their  death  the  government  became  an  Ariftocra- 
cy,  and  the  high  priefts  were  intrufted  with  a  dominion  over 
the  nation.  And  thus  much  may  fuffice  to  be  faid  concern- 
ing our  high-priefts. 


CHAP.     XL 

Concerning  Florus  the  Procurator,  who  neccjjitated  the  Jews  to 
take  up  Arms  again/I  the  Romans.     The  conclitjion. 

§  i.  1VTOW  GafTius  Fiorus,  who  was  fentas  fucceflbr  to  A!- 
i. A|  binus  by  Nero,  filled  Judea  with  abundance  of  mif- 
eries.  He  was  by  birth  of  the  city  Clazomena::,  and  brought 
along  with  him  his  wife  Cleopatra,  (by  whofe  friendfhip  with 
Poppea,  Nero's  wife,  he  obtained  this  government.)  who  was 
no  way  different  from  h-urv  in  wickednefs.  This  Florus  was 
fo  wicked,  and  fo  violent  in  the  ufe  of  his  authority,  that  the 
Jews  took  Albinus  to  have  been  [comparatively]  their  bene- 
faftor ;  fo  exccflive  were  the  mifchiefs  that  he  brought  upon 


Chap.   XL]          ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   JEWS.  457 

them.  For  Albinus  concealed  his  wickednefs,  and  was  care- 
iul  that  it  might  not  be  difcovered  to  all  men  ;  but  Gefllus 
Flprus,  as  though  he  had  been  fent  on  purpofe  to  (hew  his 
Crimes  to  every  body,  made  a  pompous  oftentation  of  them  to 
bur  nation,  as  never  omitting  any  fort  of  violence,  nor  any 
unjuft  fort  of  punifhment  ;  for  he  was  not  to  be  moved  by 
pity,  and  never  was  fatisfied  with  any  degree  ot  gain  that  came 
in  his  way  ;  nor  had  he  any  more  regard  to  great  than  to  final  I 
acquifitions,  but  became  a  partner  with  the  robbers  thernfelves. 
For  a  great  many  fell  then  into  that  practice  without  fear,  as 
having  him  for  their  fecurity,  and  depending  on  him,  that  he 
would  fave  them  hannlels  iri  their  particular  robberies  ;  fo 
that  there  were  no  bounds  fet  to  the  nation's  miferies  ;  but  the 
unhappy  Jews  when  they  were  not  able  to  bear  the  devaluations 
which  the  robbers  made  among  them,  were  all  under  a  necef- 
fity  of  leaving  their  own  habitations,  and  of  flying  away,  as  ho- 
ping to  dwell  moreeafily  any  where  elfe  in  the  world  among 
foreigners,  [than  in  their  own  country].  And  what  need  I 
fay  any  more  upon  this  head  ?  fince  it  was  this  Floras  who  ne- 
ceffitated  us  to  take  up  arms  againft  the  Romans,  while  we 
thought  it  better  to  be  deftroyed  at  once,  than  by  little  and  lit- 
tie.  Now  this  war  began  in  the  fecond  year  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Florus.  and  the  twelfth  year  of  the  reign  ot  Nero,. 
But  then  what  aftions  we  were  forced  to  do,  or  what  miferies 
we  were  enabled  to  fuffer,  may  be  accurately  known  by  fuch 
as  will  perufe  thofe  books  which  I  have  written  about  the  Jew- 
ifh  war. 

2,  I  fhail  now.  therefore,  make  an  end  here  of  Antiquities; 
after  the  conclufion  ot  which  evev.ts,  1  began  to  write  that 
account  of  the  war  ;  andthe'e  Antiquities  contain  what  hath 
been  delivered  down  to  us  from  the  original  creation  of  man, 
until  the  twelfth  year  of  the  reign  ot  Nero,  as  to  what  hath  be- 
fallen the  Jews,  as  well  in  Egypt  as  in  Syria,  and  in  Paleftine, 
and  what  we  have  fuffered  from  the  Afiyrians  and  Babyloni- 
ans, and  what  afflictions  the  Perfians  and  Macedonians,  and 
after  them  the  Romans,  have  brought  upon  us  ;  for  1  think  1 
may  fay  that  I  have  compofed  this  hiftory  with  fufficient  accura- 
cy in  all  things.  I  have  attempted  to  enumerate  thofe  high 
priefts  that  we  have  had  during  the  interval  of  two  thoufand 
years:  I  havealfo  carried  down  the  fuccefTion  ot  our  kings, 
and  related  their  a6lions,  and  political  adminiftration  with- 
out [confiderable]  errors,  as  alfothe  power  ot  our  monarchs; 
and  all  according  to  what  is  written  in  our  facred  books  ;  for 
this  it  was  that  Ipromifed  to  do  in  the  beginning  otthis  hif- 
tory. And  I  am  fo  bold  as  to  fay, 'now  I  have  fo  completely 
perfected  the  work  I  propofed  to  my  (elf  to  do,  that  rfo  other 
perfon  whether  he  were  a  Jew  or  a  foreigner,  had  he  ever 
fo  great  an  inclination  to  it,  could  fo  accurately  deliver  thefe 
accounts  to  the  Greeks  as  is  done  in  thefe  books.  For  thofe  of 
nsy  own  nation  freely  acknowledge,  that  I  far  exceed  tjiem  in. 
OL.  II.  K3 


45^  ANTIQUITIES   OP    THE  JEWS.          [Book;. 

the  learning  belonging  to  Jews ;  I  havealfo  taken  a  great  deal 
of  pains  to  obtain  the  learning  of  the  Greeks,  and  underftand 
the  elements  ot  the  Greek  language,  although  I  have  fo  long 
accuftomed  my  (elf  to  fpeak  our  own  tongue,  that  I  cannot 
pronounce  Greek  with  diffident  exaftnefs  ;  for  our  nation 
does  not  encourage  thofe  that  learn  the  languages  of  many  na- 
tions, and  fo  adorn  their  difcouries  with  the  fmoothnefs  of 
their  periods  ;  becaufe  they  look  upon  this  fort  of  accomplifh- 
inent  as  common,  not  only  to  all  forts  office  men,  but  to  a? 
rnany  of  the  fervantsas  pleafe  to  learn  them.  But  they  give 
him  theteffimony  of  being  a  wife  rnan  who  is  fully  acquainted 
\vithour  laws,  and  is  able  to  interpret  their  meaning;  on 
vhich  account,  as  there  have  been  many  who  have  done  their 
endeavours  with  great  patience  to  obtain  this  learning,  there 
have  yet  hardly  been  fo  many  as  two  or  three  that  have  fuc~ 
ceeded  therein,  who  were  immediately  well  rewarded  for  their 
pains. 

And  now  it  will  not  be  perhaps  an  invidious  thing,  if  I  treat 
briefly  of  my  own  family,  and  of  the  afciions  of  my  own  life, 
•while  there  is  ftill  living  fuch  as  can  either  prove  what  i  fay 
to  be  talfe,  or  can  atteft  that  it  is  true  ;  with  which  accounts 
I  fhall  put  an  end  to  thefe  Antiquities,  which  are  contained  in 
twenty  books  and  fixty  thoufand  verfes.  And  if  God  *  per- 
mit me,  1  will  briefly  run  over  this  war  again,  with  what  be- 

*  What  Jofephus  here  declares  his  intrntian  to  do,  if  - 
public  again  an  abridgement  uf  the  Jcwifli  War,  and  to' add  »/•,.•  • 
to  that  very  day,  the  13^  of  Domitian,  or  A.  D.  93,  is  nnf.  that    1    have  o 
taken  diftiitft  notice  of  by  any  :    N->r  do  we  ever   he.ir  of  >t  el !'ew he- 
performed  what  he  now  intended  <.r  not.     Some  ol 
might  poflibly  be  hio  observation  of  t'r.e  many   errors  he  ' 

two  firltof  thofe  fevrn  hooks  ot  the  war,  which  were  written   when  he  was  com- 
paratively young,  and  lels  acquainted  with  the  Jcv  es  ilian  he  no 
and  in  which  abridgement  we  might  have  hoped  to  find  • 

him  (elf,   as  well  as  thofe  leveral  •  y  him. 

but  which  are  not  extant  in  hi*  p-  However,   !<nc.'   many  oMi- 

c.i  to  what  he  had  written  el  few  here,  as   well  as  moil  ot  hi'   o  wn  errors,  he- 
lorg  to  Inch  early  times  as  could  not  wtli  con;e  ii  t  i  th;^  abridgement  oft! 
ifhvar;  and  fince  none  of  thofe  that  quo-.e  friinps  not  • 
including  himfelf  as  well  as  others,  ever  cite  any  v 
rather  to  fuppofe  that  he  r.ever  did  puMish  ,?!  v  '   ch    work  ?t  all  ;  1      . 
tipft  from  his  own  life,  written  hv  fiirrf.  If,    for  a:i   appc 

and  tlis   at  lenft  above  fever)  years  niter  tliete    Autiq^'.i'.iis  were  {ini.ihed.      Nor  in- 
deed do.  s  it  appear  to  me,  that  Jofephus  ever  published  that  other  work,  her 
lioned,  as  iat^ndod  by  him  for  the  public  alfo.     I  mean   the  three  or  fmr  books 
ccvrtrriing  God  and  hit  efince,   and  concerning  the  Jewi/J 

me  things  we  permitted  the  Jews,  a<u'  ofltfrs  prd^'otfd  ;  which    iaft  fcenu 
to  be  the  fame  work  which  Jofephus   had    alfo  promifc.'. 
eonclufion  of  his  preface  to  thefe  Antiquities  ;  nor  do  I  iu'/r  > 
lished  any  of  them      The  death  of  all  his  friends  at  court,    Veipaiian,   Titus,  and: 
Domitian,  and  the  coming  of  thofe  he  had    no  acquaintance  with  to   the  crown,  I 
mean  Nerva  and   Trajan,  together  with  his  removal  from  Rome  to  Jude.-i, 
w  rat  followed  it,  n.irjit  eafiiy  interrupt  inch  his  intentions,  and  prevent  his  . 
•cation  oi  thofe  wt 


Chap.  XI.]      ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE   JEWS. 

fel  us  therein  to  this  very  day  which  is  the  thirteenth  year  oi 
the  reign  of  Caefar  Domitian,  and  die  filty-fixth  year  of  my 
own  lite.  I  have  alfoan  intention  to  write  three  books  con- 
cerning our  Jewifh  opinions  about  God,  and  his  eflence,  and 
about  our  laws  ;  why,  according  to  them  forae  things  are 
permitted  us  to  do,  and  others  are  prohibited. 


THE 

LIFE 

OF 

FLAVIUS    JOSEPH  US. 

§  I.  'TpHE  family  from  which  I  am  derived  is  not  an  ignoble 
A  one,  but  hath  defcended  all  along  from  the  priefts  ; 
and  a  nobility  among  feveral  people  is  of  a  different  origin. 
fo  with  us  to  be  of  a  facerdotal  dignity,  is  an  indication  of  the 
fplendour  of  a  family  Now  I  am  not  only  fprung  from  a  fa- 
cerdotal family  in  general,  but  from  the  firft  of  the  twenty  - 
four  *  eourfes  ;  and  as  among  us  there  is  not  only  a  confider- 
able  difference  between  one  family  of  each  courle  and  anoth- 
er, lam  of  the  chief  family  of  that  firft  courie  alfo;  nay,  far- 
ther, by  my  mother  I  am  of  the  royal  blood  ;  for  the  children 
of  Afamoneus,  from  whom  that  family  was  derived,  had  both 
-ce  of  the  high-priefthood,  and  the  dignity  ot  a  king  for 
a  long  time  together.  1  will  accordingly  let  down  my  pro- 
genitors in  order  My  grand-father's  father  was  named  Si- 
mon, with  the  addition  of  Pfellus  :  Ke  lived  at  the  fame  time 
vith  that  fon  of  Simon  the  high  priefl,  who  firft  ot  all  t!,- 
pnefts  was  named  Hyrcanus.  This  Simon  Pieilus  he:  ; 
ions,  one  ot  which  was  Matthias,  called  Ephlias  ;  he  n\ 
the  daughter  of  Jonathan  the  high  pried  which  Jonathan  was 
the  firft  of  the  fons  of  Afamoneus,  who  was  high  pn'efi,  and 
was  the  brother  of  Simon  the  high  priefl  alfo.  This  Matthias 
had  a  fon  called  Matthias  Curtus,  and  that  in  the  firft  year  of 
the  government  of  Hyrcanus  ;  his  fon's  name  was  Jofeph, 
born  in  the  ninth  year  of  the  reign  of  Alexandra  ;  His  ion 

*  We  may  hence  correct  the  error  of  the  L?tin  copy  of  the  fecom'. 
Apion,  teft   7,  8.  Vol.  Ill    (for  the  G  •  >fc,)  whic!'  • 

only  four  tribes  or  courles  ot  priefts,  inltead  of  twenty- iour  x>>r  i:>  this 
r.y  to  be  difregarded,  as  if  Jokphus  there  contradicted  what  he  had  affirm 
becaule  even  the  account  there  given,  better  agrees  to  twenty-four  thr.:: 

ile  he  fays  that  each  of  thole  courles  contained  above  5000  men,  whi 
'oy  only  four,  will  make  not  many  more  than  20,000  priefis  ;  \\\, 
i  so.ooo.  as  multiplied  by  24.  ic-.-ms  much  the  moik  probable,  they  beiiiLj 

ie  people,  even  s'ter  the  captivity.     S  e  Ezra  ii 

Nchem.  vii  35 — 42.  i  Efd.  v.  24,  25   v;;th  Ezra  ii.   64.  Nehem.  vii.  t6.    :    titl. 
v.  41.      Nor  will  this  common  reading  or  notion  of  but  four  courfos  of  y 
j;rce  with  Jofepbus's  own  farther  affertion  tllewhere,   Antiq.  B.  VII.  ch.  xiv.  ftfr. 
i   Vol.1,  that  David's  parution  of  the  prL'flo  Into  twenty-four  c<j^' 
tn.ued  to  that  day. 


THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS   JOSEPHUS.  46* 

Matthias  was  born  in  the  tenth  year  of  the  reign  of  Archela- 
us  :  As  was  I  born  to  Matthias  on  the  firit  year  ot  the  reign  o£ 
Caius  Caefar.  1  have  three  fons  ;  Hyrcanus  the  eldeft,  was 
born  on  the  fourth  year  of  the  reign  ot  Vefpafian,  as  was  Tuf. 
tus  born  on  the  feventh,  and  Agnppa  on  the  ninth.  Thus 
have  I  fet  down  the  genealogy  ot"  my  family  as  I  have  found 
it  defcribed  *  in  the  public  records.,  and  fo  bid  adieu  to  thofe 
who  calumniate  me,  fas  of  a  lower  original.J 

2.  Now  my  father  Matthias  was  not  only  eminent  on  ac- 
count of  his  nobility,  but  had  an  higher  commendation  on  ac- 
count of  his  righteoufneis,  and  was  in  great  reputation  in  Je- 
rufalem,  the  greateft  city  we  have.  I  was  myfelf  brought  up 
with  my  brother,  whofe  name  was  Matthias,  for  he  was  my 
own  brother,  by  both  lather  and  mother;  and  I  made  mighty 
proficiency  in  the  improvements  ot  my  learning,  and  appear- 
ed  to  have  both  a  great  memory  and  underftanding.  Moreo- 
ver, when  I  was  a  chiM,  and  about  fourteen  years  of  age,  I 
was  commended  by  all  for  the  love  I  had  to  learning  ;  on  which 
account  the  high  priefts  arid  principal  men  of  the  city,  came 
then  frequently  to  me  together,  in  order  to  know  my  opinion, 
ibout  the  accurate  underitanding  of  points  ot  the  law.  And 
when  I  was  about  fixteen  years  old.lhada  raind  to  make  trial 
of  the  feyeral  feels  that  were  among  us.  Thele  feels  are  three  ; 
the  firit  is  that  ot  the  Pbarifees,  the  fecond  that  of  the  Saddul 
cees,  and  the  third  that  of  the  Ellens,  as  we  have  frequemly 
told  you  ;  for  I  thought  that  by  this  means  1  might  choofe  the 
belt,  if  I  were  once  acquainted  with  them  all  :  So  I  contented 
rnyfelt  with  hard  fare,  and  underwent  great  difficulties,  and 
went  through  them  allf.  Nor  did  I  content  myfelf  with  thefe 
:nals  only  ;  but  when  1  was  informed  that  one  whofe  name 
was  Banus,  lived  in  the  defart,  and  ufed  no  other  clothing 
than  grew  upon  trees,  and  had  no  other  food  than  what  grew 
of  its  own  accord,  and  bathed  himfell  in  cold  water  frequent- 
ly,  both  by  night  and  by  day,  in  order  to  preferve  his  chaifity, 
I  imitated  him  in  thofe  things,  and  continued  with  him  three' 
yearsi.  So  when  I  had  accomplished  my  defires,  1  returned 

*  An  eminent  example  of  the  care  of  the  Jews  about  their  genealogies,  efpecial- 
•y  as  >!>  tiieprieits.  See  Contr.  Ap    B.  I.  ch.  7. 

*  \Vhen  Jofephas  here  lays,  that  from    fixteen  to  nineteen,   or  for  three  years  he 
made  trijl  of  the  three  jewifh  fefts,  the  Pharilees,   the  Sadducees,  an-. 

and  yet  (ays  pret.ntly,  in  all  our  copies,  that  he  ftayed  betides  with  ore  pa: 
aicetick,  called  Banus,  ira§  civru,  with  him,  and  this  flill  before  he  WPS  ni 
ther.-  is  httie^oom  left  for  his  trial  or  the  three  other  (efts.  1  fuppoi.  i  re) 

that  for  no.?  <x.vra,  with  him,  the  old  reading  might  be  sratrat/roiV. 
yrtrich  is  a  Very  fmal!  cmencia:ion,  and  takes  away  ihe  jifficult .  Xor 

Dr.  Hudfon's  conjeaure,  hinted  at  by  Mr.  Hal!,  in   his   prel  .ftor'i 

edition  of  Jofephus,  at  all   improbable,  that  this  Banus,    by.  .lotion, 

might  well  be  a  follower  of  John  the  Baptift,  and  that  from  hi  ,  might 

eafily  imbibe  fuch  notions,  as  afterward  prepared  him  to  have  a  favi      &[..  opinion 
jbout  Jefus  Chrift  himlelf,  who  was  attefted  to  by  John  the  Bap::::. 


462  YHE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS    JOSEPHUJ, 

back  to  the  city,  being  now  nineteen  years  old,  and  began  to 
conduft  myfelt  according  to  the  rules  of  the  feel  of  the  Phar- 
ifees  which  is  of  kin  to  the  left  of  the  Stoics,  as  the  Greeks 
call  them. 

3  But,  when  I  was  in  the  twenty-Gxth  year  of  my  age,  it 
happened  that  I  took  a  voyage  to  Rome,  and  this  on  the  occa- 
fion  which  I  (hall  now  defcnbe.  At  the  time  when  Felix  was 
procurator  of  Judea  there  were  certain  priefta  of  my  ac- 
quaintance, and  very  excellent  perfons  they  were,  whom  on 
a  fmall  and  trifling  occafion  he  had  put  them  in  bonds,  and 
fent  to  Rome  to  plead  their  caufe  before  Cyefar.  Thefe  I  was 
defirous  to  procure  deliverance  for,  and  that  efpecialiy  be- 
caufe  I  was  informed  that  they  were  not  unmindful  of  piety 
towards  Cod  even  under  their  afflictions,  but  iuppoited  them- 
ielves  with  figs  and  nutst.  Accordingly  I  came  to  Rome, 
though  it  were  through  a  great  number  of  hazards  by  fea  ;  for, 
as  our  (hip  was  drowned  in  the  Adriatic  fea  we  that  were  in 
it  being  about  fix  hundred  in  number  t,  fwam  for  our  lives  all 
the  night  ;  when  upon  the  firft  appearance  of  the  day,  and 
upon  our  fight  of  a  (hip  of  Gyrene,  1  and  fome  others,  eigh- 
ty in  all,  by  God's  providence,  prevented  the  reft,  and  were 
taken  up  into  the  other  fhip.  And  when  I  had  thus  efcaped 
and  was  come  to  Dicearchia,  which  the  Italians  call  Puteoli, 
I  became  acquainted  with  Aliturius,  an  a6tor  of  plays,  and 
much  beloved  by  Nero  but  a  Jew  by  birth  ;  and  through  his 
intereft  became  known  to  Poppea,  Csefar's  wife,  and  took 
care  as  foon  as  poflible  to  intreat  her  to  procure,  that  the 
prieils  might  be  fet  at  liberty.  And  when,  befides  this  fa- 
vour, I  had  obtamed^many  prefents  from  Poppea,  I  returned 
home  again. 

4.  And  now  1  perceived  innovations  were  already  begun, 
and  that  there  were  a  great  many  very  much  elevated  in  hopes 
of  a  revolt  from  the  Romans.  1  therefore  endeavoured  to  put 
a  flop  to  thefe  tumultuous  perfons  and  perfuaded  them  to 
change  their  minds  ;  and  laid  before  their  eyes  againft  whom 
it  was  that  they  were  going  to  fight,  and  told  them  that  they 
were  inferior  to  the  Romans  not  only  in  martial  (kill  but  alfo 
in  good  fortune  ;  and  defired  them  not  rafhly,  and  after  the 
rnoft  foplifh  manner,  to  bring  on  the  dangers  of  the  moft  ter- 
rible mifchiefs  upon  their  country,  upon  their  families,  and 
upon  themfelves.  And  this  I  laid  with  vehement  exhorta- 

*  We  may  note  here,  that  religious  men  among  the  Jews,  or  at  lezft  thofe  that 
•were  priefts,  were  fometimes  afceticks  alfo,  and  li-  e  Daniel  and  his  companions  in 
Babvlon,  Dan.  i.  8 — 16.  ate  no  flesh,  but  Jigs  and  nuts,  &c.  only.  This  -wts  like 
the  £e<Jop«y»«,  or  auftere  die  t  of  ^he  Chriflian  afceticks  in  Passion  week,  Con- 
ftitut.  V.  i& 

+  It  hath  been  thought  the  number  of  Paul  and  bis  companions  on  shipboard, 
Afts  xxvii.  38  which  are  276  in  our  copies,  are  too  many  ;  whereas  we  find  here 
that  Jofephus  and  hi*  companions,  a  very  few  years  after  the  other,  were  about 
600 


THE    LIFE   Of    FLAVIUS  JOSKPHUS.  463 

tions,  becaufe  I  forefaw  that  the  end  of  fuch  a  war  would  be 
moft  unfortunate  to  us.  But  I  could  not  p  »rfuade  them  ;  tor 
the  madnefs  of  defperate  men  was  quite  too  hard  for  me. 

5.  I  was  then  afraid,  left,  by  inculcating  thefe  things  fo  of- 
ten, I  mould  incur  their  hatred  and  their  fufpicions,  as  it  I 
were  of  pur  enemies  party,  and  fhould  run  into  the  danger  of 
being  feized  by  them  and  (lain  ;  fince  they  were  already  pof- 
fefled  of  Antonia,  which  was  the  citadel  ;  fo  I  retired  into  the 
inner  court  of  the  temple.     Yet  did  I  go  out  of  the  temple  a- 
gain,  after  Manahem  and  the  principal  of  the  band  of  robbers 
were  put  to  death,  when  I  abode  among  the  high  priefts  and 
the  chief  of  the  Pharifees.     But  no  fmall  fear  teized  upon  us 
when  we  faw  the  people  in  arms,    while  we  ourfelves  knew 
not  what  we  fhould  do,  and  were  not  able  to  reilrain  their  fe- 
ditions.     However,  as  the  danger  was^direftly  upon  us,  we 
pretended  that  we  were  ot  the  fame  opinion  with  them,  but 
only  advifed  them  to  be  quiet  for  the  prefent,  and  to  let  the 
enemy  go  away,  ftill  hoping,  that  Geffius  [Florus]  would  not 
be  long  ere  he  came  and  that  with  great  forces,  and  fo  put  an 
end  to  thefe  feditious  proceedings. 

6.  But,  upon  his  coming  and  fighting    he  was  beaten,  anri 
a  great  many  of  thofe  ihat  were  with  him  fell.     And  this  dif- 
grace  [which  Geffius  with  CaUius  |  received,  became  the  calam- 
ity of  ourwhole  nation ;  for  thofe  that  were  fond  of  the  war  were 
fo  far  elevated  with  this  fuccefs.that  they  had  hopesof  finally  con- 
quering the  Romans.     Of  which   war  another  occau'on   was 
miniflcred  ;  which  was  this,  Thofe  that  dwelt   in  the  neigh- 
bouring cities  of  Syria  feized  upon  fuch  Jews  as  dwelt  among 
them,  with  their  wives   and  children,  and    flew  them,  when 
they  had  not  the  leaft  occafion  of  complaint  againft  them  ;  for 
they  did  neither  attempt  any  innovation   or  revolt  from   the 
Romans,  nor  had  they  given  any  marks  ot  hatred  or  treache- 
rous defigns  towards  the  Syrians.     But  what  was  done  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Scy thopolis  was  the  moft  impious  and  moft  high- 
ly criminal  ot  all* ;  tor,  when  the  Jews  their  enemies  came  upon 
them  from  without,  they  forced  the  Jews  that  were  among  them 
fco  bear  arms  againft  their  own  countrymen,  which  it  is  unlaw- 
ful for  us  to  do  t ;  and  when,  by  their  affiftance,  they  had  joined 
battle  with  thole  that  attacked  them,  and  had  beaten  them,  af- 
ter that  viftory    they   forgot  the   aflurances  they    had  given 
thefe  their  tellow-citizens  and  confederates,  and  flew  them  ail, 
being   in   number  many  ten   thoufands  [i^oooj.     The   line 
miferies  were  undergone  by  thofe  Jews  that  were  the  inhabi- 

*  See  Of  the  War,  3.  II.  ch   xviii.  feft  3. 

+  The  jews  might colleft  this  unla  vfulnct's  of   fighting  a^ainft  their  brethreti., 
from  that  law  of  M  >ies,  Levit  xix.  16.  "Thou  shalt  not  ftaud  againft  the  b,lood 
of  thy  neighbour  ;''  and   that,  ver.  17.    "Thou  shall  not  avenge,   nor  bear  any 
grudge  againft  the  children  of  thy  people  ;  but  thou  shalt  love  thy   neighbour  3-'- 
;"  as  well  as  Crom  many  other  placts  in  the  Pentateuch  and  Prophets.     S^ 
.  B.  VIH.  ch.  viii.  feft.  3.  Vol  I. 


44  THE    LTFE    OF    -  JOSEFH'JJ. 

tants  of  Damafcus.  But  we  have  given  a  more  accurate  ac- 
count of  thefe  things  in  the  books  of  the  Jewifh  war.  I  only 
mention  them  now  becaufe  I  would  demonftrate  to  my  read- 
ers, that  the  Jews  war  with  the  Romans  was  not  voluntary, 
but  that,  for  the  main,  they  were  forced  by  neceflity  to  enter 
into  it. 

7.  So  when  Geflius  had  been  beaten,  as  we  have  faid  al- 
ready, the  principal  men  of  Jerufalem,  feeing  that  the  robber* 
and  innovators  had  arms  in  great  plenty,  and  fearing  left  they, 
while  they  were  unprovided  of  arms,  fhould  be  in  fubjettion 
to  their  enemies,  which  alfo  came  to  be  the  cafe  afterward  ; 
and.  being  informed  that  all  Galilee  had  not  yet  revolted  iroru 
the  Romans,  but  that  fome  part  of  it  was  dill  quiet,  they  fent 
me  and  two  others  of  the  prielts,  who  were  men  of  excellent 
characters.  Jozar  and  Judas,  in  order  to  perfuade  the  ill  men 
there  to  lay  down  their  arms,  and  to  teach  them  this  leilbn, 
that  it  were  better  to  have  thofe  arms  referred  for  the  moil 
courageous  men  that  the  nation  had,  j  then  to  he  kept  t;, 

for  that  it  had  been  refolved,  that  thofe  our  beft  men  Ihouhi 
always  have  their  arms  ready  againll  futurity,  but  {till  fo,  that 
they  (hrmld  wait  too  fee  what  the  Romans  would  do. 

8.  Wen  I  had  therefore  received  thefe  inftruttions,  I 
into  Galilee,  and  found  the  people  of  Sepphoris  i 

agony  about  their  country,  by  reafon  that  the  Galileans  had 
refolved  to  plunder  it,  on  account  of  the  friendfhip  the.'. 
with  the  Romans,  and  becaufe  they  had  given  their  right-hand, 
and  made  a  league  with  Ceftius  Gallus,  the  prt  fident  of  Sy- 
ria. But  I  delivered  them  all  out  of  the  fear  they  were  in,  arul 
pcrfuaded  the  multitude  to  deal  kindly  with  them,  and  per- 
mitted them  to  fend  to  thofe  that  were  their  own  hoftages  u  ith 
Geffius  to  Dora,  which  is  a  city  of  Phenicia,  as  ohen  as  they 
pleafed  ;  though  I  ftill  found  the  inhabiran'.s  of  Tiberias  ready 
to  take  arms,  and  that  on  the  occafion  following  : 

9.  There  were  three  taftions  in  this  city.  The  firit  was  com- 
pofed  of  men  of  worth  and  gravity  ;  of  thefe  Julius   Capcllus 
was  the  head,     Now  he,  as  well  as  all  his  companions    Herod 
the  fon  ofMiarus,  and  Herod  the  Ion  of  Gamdhu.,and  Comp- 
fus,  the  fon  ot  Compeus  (for  as  to  Compeus's  brother  Cnfpus, 
who  had   once  been  governor  of  the  city    under  the  great 
king  *  [AgrippaJ,  he  was  beyond  Jordan  in  hrs  own  poilef- 
fions)  ;  all  thefe  perfons  before-named  gave  their  advice,  that 
the  city  mould  then  continue  in  their  allegiance   to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  to  the  king.     But  Piftus,  who  was  guided  by    his 
fon,  Juftus,  did  not  accjuiefce  in  that  refolution  ;  otherwile  he 
was  himfelf  naturally  of  a  good  and  virtuous  character.     But 
the  fecond  faction  was  compofed  of  the  moil  ignoble  perfons. 
and  was  determined  lor  war.     But  as   for  Julius,  the  fon  of 

*  That  this  Kernel  Agrippa,  the  father,   war.  of  old  called  a  Great  King,  as  he:"- 
appcars  by  bis  coiiii  ftill  remaining  ;  to  vvliich  HaVsrcainp  refers  us. 


465 

pjftus  who  was  the  head  of  the  third  faftion,  although  he  pre- 
tended to  be  doubtful  about  going  to  war,  yet  was  he  really 
defirous  of  innovation,  as  fuppofing,  that  he  mould  gain  pow- 
er to  himleU  hy  the  change  of  affairs.  He  therefore  came  in- 
to the  mid  ft  ot  them,  and  endeavoured  to  inform  the  multi- 
tude, That  "  the  city  Tiberias  had  ever  been  a  city  of  Gali- 
lee, and  that  in  the  days  of  Herod  the  tetrarch,  who  had  built 
it,  it  had  obtained  the  principal  place,  and  that  he  had  ordered 
that  the  city  Sephoris  fhould  be  Subordinate  to  the  city  Tibe- 
rias ;  that  they  had  now  loft  this  pre-eminenceeven  under  A- 
grippa  the  father,  but  had  retained  it  until  Felix  was  procura- 
tor of  Judea.  But  he  told  them,  that  now  they  had  been  fo 
unfortunate  as  to  be  made  a  prefent  by  Nero  to  Agrippa  jun- 
ior ;  and  that,  upon  Scpphori's  fubmiflion  of  itfelfto  the  Ro- 
mans, that  was  become  the  capital  cily  of  Galilee,  and  that 
the  royal  treafury  and  the  archives  were  now  removed  irom 
them."  When  he  ha.i  fpoken  thefe  things,  and  a  great  ninny 
moreagainil  Agrippa,  in  order  to  provoke  the  people  to  a  re- 
volt, he  added,  That  "  this  was  the  time  for  them  to  take  arms,' 
and  join  with  the  Galileans  as  their  confederates  (whom 
might  command,  and  who  would  now  willingly  afliit  them, 
out  of  the  hatred  they  bare  to  the  people  of  Sepphoris,  btcauie 
they  preferved  tru-ir  fidelity  to  the  Romans),  and  to  gather  a 
great  number  of  forces  in  order  to  punifh  them."  And,  as 
he  faid  this,  he  exhorted  the  multitude  fto  go  to  war  |  ;  foi 
his  abilities  lay  in  making  harrangues  to  the  people,  and  in 
being  too  hard  in  his  Speeches  for  fuch  as  oppoled  him  though 
they  advifed  what  was  more  to  their  advantage,  and  this  by 
his  crattinefs  and  his  fallacies  ;  tor  ho  was  not  unfkilful  in  the 
leaining  of  the  Greeks,  and  in  dependence  on  that  (kill  it 
was.  that  he  undertook  to  write  an  hiftory  of  thefe  affairs,  as 
aiming  by  this  way  of  harranguing  to  difguife  the  truth.  But 
as  to  this  man,  and  how  ill  were  his  character  and  conduct  of 
life,  and  he  and  his  brother  were,  in  great  rneafure,  the  au- 
thors of  our  defh  action,  I  mall  give  the  reader  an  account  in 
the  progrefs  of  my  narration.  So  when  Jultus  had  by  his 
perfuafions,  prevailed  with  the  citizen  ot  Tiberias  to  take 
arms,  nay,  and  had  forced  a  great  many  fo  to  do  again  ft  their 
wills,  he  went  out,  and  fet  the  villages  that  belonged  to  Ga- 
dara,  and  Hippos  on  fire  ;  which  villages  were  iituated  on 
the  borders  of  Tiberias,  and  of  the  region  of  Scythopolis. 

jo.  And  this  was  the  ftate  Tiberias  was  now  in.  but  as  for 
Giichala,  its  affairs  were  thus  :  When  John,  the  fon  ot  Livi, 
faw  fome  of  the  citizens  much  elevated  upon  their  revolt  from 
the  Romans,  he  laboured  to  re  ft  rain  them,  and  entreat  them, 
that  they  would  keep  their  alliance  to  them.  But  he  could 
not  gain  his  purpofe,  although  he  did  his  endeavours  to  the  ut- 
moft  ;  for  the  neighbouring  people  of  Gadara,  and  Gabara,  and 
Sogana,  with  the  Tyriaas,  got  together  a  great  army,  and  fell 
upon  Gifchala.  and  took  Gifchala  by  force,  and  fet  it  on  fire ; 

VOL.  II.  L  3 


sf 


66  THE    LIFE    OF    FLAV1US    JOSiPH 

and  when  they  had  entirely  demolifhed  it,  they  returned  ; 
Upon  which  John  was  fo  enraged,  that  he  armed  all  his  men, 
and  joined  battle  with  the  people   forememioned,  and  rebuik 
Gifchala   after  a   manner  better  than   before,  and  fortified  it 
with  walls  tor  its  future  fecurity. 

ii.  But  Garnalaperfev«rel  in  its  alliance  to  the  Romans  for 
the  reafon  following  :  Philip  the  Ton  <,f  Jacimus.  who  was 
their  governor  under  king  Agrippa.  had  been  unexpectedly 
preferved  when  the  royal  palace  at  Jerusalem  had  been  befieg- 
ed  ;  but,  as  he  fled  away,  h.-  ,;er  danger,  and 

that   was  of  being  lulled   by  Manahem,  and  the  robbers  that 
were  with  him  ;  but    certain  Babylonians,  who    were    of  his 
kindred,  and  wcie   then    in  Jerufalem,  hindered  the  robbers 
irom  executing  their  licfign.     So  Philip  ffaid  there  four 
and  fled  away  on  the  filth,  having  difguifed  hi  h  fic- 

titious hair,   that   he  might  not   be  diiccvered 
was  come  to  one  of  the  villages  to  him   belc; 
that  was  fituated  at  the  borders  of  the    ci:adel  of  (.. 
fent  to  fome  ot  thofe  that  were    under  him,  and   c- 
them  to  come  to  him.     But  God  himfelf  hindered  <. 
tention,  and  this  for  his  own  advantage  a  Ho  : 
fo  happened,  he  had  certainly  perifhed,      Tor 
feized  upon  him  immediately,  he  wrote  letiers  to  A:;; 
-Bernice,  and  gave  them  to  one  of  his  freed-  men  to  ca; 
Varus,  who   at   this   time    was    procurator   of  the  kin;; 
•which  the  king  and  his  filler  had  in-ruffed  them  wit! 
they  were  gone  to  Beiytus  with  an  intention  of  meeting  Gei- 
fais.     When  Varu*  had  received  thefe  letters  of  Philip,  and 
had  learned  that  lie  was  preserved,  he  wa-  -.-aiy  at   it, 

as  fuppofii  •.  fhouid  appear  u-felefs  to  ti  >d  his 

lifter,  novv  '.vas   come.      He    therefore    pr 

carrier  of  the  letiers   before  the  multitude,  at  !  him 

of  forging  the  fame  ;  and-  faid,  that  he  fpake  falfely  when  he 
rekited  that  Philip  was  at  lerufalern,  fighting  among  t:,c  Jews 
againil  the  Romans-.  So  he  ilew  him.  And  when  this  treed 
man  ot  Philip  did  not  return  again,  Philip  was  doubtful  what 
ihould  be  the  otcafion  of  his  ftay,  and  fenr  a  fecond  me 
ger  with  letters,  that  he  might,  upon  his  return,  inform  him 
what  had  befallen  the  other  that  had  been  fent  before,  and 
Avhy  he  tarried  fo  long.  Varus  accufed  this  meflcnger  alio, 
when  he  came,  of  telling  a  ialfehocd,  and  flew  him.  For  he 
was  puffed  up  by  the  Syrians  that  were  at  Cefarea,  and  had 
great  expectations  ;  for  they  faid,  that  Agrippa  would  be  {lain 
by  the  Romans  for  the  crimes  which  the  Jews  had  committed, 
and  that  he  fhouid  himfelf  take  the  government,  as  derived 
from  their  kings  ;  for  Varus  was  by  the  confeflion  of  all,  of 
the  royal  family,  as  being  a  defcendant  of  Sohemus,  who  had 
enjoyed  a  tctrarchy  about  Libanus  ;  for  which  reafon  it  was 
that  he  was  puffed  up,  and  kept  the  letters  to  himfelf.  He 
contrived  ahb  that  the  king  fhouid  not  meet  with  thofe  writ- 


THE    LITE    OF    FLAVIU3    JOSEPHUS.  467 

DY  guarding  all  the  paffes,  left  any  one  fhoulc!  efcape 
and  inform  the  king  what  had  been  done.  He  moreover  flew 
many  oi  the  Jews,  in  order  to  gratify  the  Syrians  of  Cefarea. 
He  had  a  mind  alfo  to  join  with  the  Trachoniies  in  iiatanea, 
and  to  take  up  arms  and  make  an  a  (Fault  upon  the  Babylonian 
Jews  that  were  at  Ecbatana  ;  for  that  was  the  name  they  went 
L>y.  He  therefore  called  to  him  twelve  of  the  Jews  of  Ce- 
iarea,  oi  the  belt:  character,  and  ordered  them  to  go  to  Ecba- 
tana, and  inform  their  countrymen  who  dwelt  there,  that  Varu* 
hath  heard,  that  "  you  intend  to  march  againfl  the  king  ;  but, 
believing  that  report,  he  hath  lent  us  to  periuade  you  to 
lay  down  your  arms,  and  that,  this  compliance  will  be  a  fign, 
that  he  did  well  not  to  give  credit  to  thofe  that  raifed  the  re- 

•  concerning  you."     He  alfo  enjoined  them  to  fend  feven- 

•  f  their  principal  men  to  make  a  defence  for  them  as  to  the 
acculation  laid  againrt  them.     So  when  the  twelve  meffen£ers 
came  to  their  countrymen  at  Ecbatana,  and  found  that  they 
had  no  deilgns  oi  innovation  at  all,  they  periuaded  them  to 
fend  the  feventy  men  alfo  ;  who  not  at  all  fufpefting  what 

.ild  come,  fent  them  accordingly.  So  thefe  feventy  *  went 
?i  to  Cefarea,  together  with  twelve  *  ambaffadors  ;  where 
Varus  met  them  with  the  king's,  and  flew  them  all,  together 
with  the  [twelve  j  ambafladors,  and  made  an  expedition  againft 
Jews  of  Ecbatana  But  one  there  was  of  the  feventy  who 
ped  and  made  hafte  to  inform  the  Jews  of  their  coming  ; 
upon  which  they  took  their  arms,  with  their  wives  and  chil- 
dren, and  retired  to  the  citadel  at  Gamala,  leaving  their  own 
villages  full  of  all  forts  of  good  things,  and  having  many  ten 
thousands  of  cattle  therein.  When  Philip  was  informed  of 
thefe  thii>gs,  he  alfo  came  to  the  citadel  of  Gamala  ;  and, 
when  he  was  come,  the  multitude  cried  aloud,  and  defired 
him  to  refume  the  government,  and  to  make  an  expedition  a- 
gainft  Varus,  and  the  Syrians  of  Cefarea  ;  for  it  was  report- 
ed that  they  had  flain  the  king.  But  Philip  reftrained  thair 
zeal,  and  put  them  in  mind  of  the  benefits  the  king  had  be- 
llowed upon  them  ;  and  told  them  how  powerful  the  Romans 
were,  and  (aid  it  was  not  for  their  advantage  to  make  war 
with  them  ;  and  at  length  he  prevailed  with  them.  But  now, 
when  the  king  was  acquainted  with  Varus's  de-fig n,  which 
was  to  cut  off  the  Jews  of  Cefarea,  being  many  ten  thoui- 
ands with  their  wives  and  children  and  all  in  one  day,  he  call- 
ed to  him  Equiculus  Modius,  and  fent  him  to  be  Varus's  fuc- 
ceflbr,  as  we  have  eliewhere  related.  But  ftill  Philip  kept 
poffeffion  of  the  citadel  of  Gamala,  and  of  the  country  ad- 
joining to  it,  which  thereby  continued  iu  Uieir  aTTegiance  to 
the  Romans. 

12.  Now  as  foon  as  I  was  come  into  Galilee,  and  had  learn- 
ed this  ftate  of  things  by  the  information  of   fuch  us  told   nig 

he  famous  Je\y<fh  numbers  of  twelve  and  feventy  are  here  remarkably. 


4.68  THE    IlfE    OF    FLAVIUS   JOSEPHUS, 

ofthern,  !  wrote  to  the  fanhedrim  at  Jerufalera  about  them, 
and  required  their  direction  what  I  fhould  do.  Their  direc- 
tion was,  that  I  fhould  continue  there,  and  that,  if  my  fellow- 
legates  were  willing,  I  fhould  join  with  them  in  the  care 
ot  Galilee.  But  thofe  my  fellow  legates  having  gotten 
great  riches  from  thole  tythes  which  as  prieits  were  their  dues, 
and  were  given  to  them,  determined  to  return  to  their  own 
country.  Yet  when  1  defired  them  to  liay  Jo  long,  that  we 
might  firft  fettle  the  public  affairs,  they  complied  with  me. 
So  i  removed,  together  with  them,  from  th'e  city  of  Sephoris, 
and  came  to  a  certain  village  called  Bethmaus,  four  furlongs 
diftant  from  Tiberias  ;  ancl  thence  I  fent  meffengers  to  the 
fenate  of  Tiberias,  and  defired  that  the  principal  men  ot"  the  ci- 
ty would  come  to  me  :  And  when  they  were  come,  Julius 
himfeli  being  alfo  with  them,  I  told  them,  that  I  was  fent  to 
them  by  the  people  of  Jerufaiem  as  a  legate,  together  with 
thefe  other  priefts,  in  order  to  perfuade  them  to  demolifh  that 
houfe  which  Herod  the  tetrarch  had  built  there,  and  which 
had  the  figures  of  living  creatures  in  it,  although  our 
have  forbidden  us  to  make  any  fuch  figures  ;  and  I  defired, 
that  they  would  give  us  leave  fo  to  do  immediately.  But  for 
a  good  while  Capellus  and  the  principal  men  belonging  to  the 
city,  would  not  give  us  leave,  but  were  at  length  entirely  o- 
vercome  by  us,  and  were  induced  to  be  of  our  opinion.  So 
Jefus  the  fon  of  Sapphias,  one  of  thofe  whom  we  have  already 
mentioned  as  the  leader  of  a  feditious  tumult  of  mariners  and 
poor  people,  prevented  us,  and  took  with  him  certain  Galile- 
ans, and  let  the  entire  palace  on  fire,  and  thought  he  fhould 
get  a  great  deal  ot  money  thereby,  becaufe  he  (awfome  of  the 
roofs  gilt  with  gold.  They  alfo  plundered  a  great  deal  of  the. 
furniture,  which  was  done  without  our  approbation  :  for,  af- 
ter we  had  difcourfed  Capellus  and  the  principal  men  of  the 
city,  we  departed  from  Bethmaus,  and  went  into  the  upper 
Galilee.  But  Jefas  and  his  party  flew  all  the  Greeks  that 
•were  inhabitants  of  Tiberias,  and  as  many  others  as  were  their 
enemies  before  the  war  began. 

13.  When  I  underftood  this  (late  of  things,  I  was  greatly 
provoked,  and  went  down  to  Tiberias,  and  took  all  the  care  I 
could  of  the  royal  furniture,  to  recover  all  that  could  be  re- 
covered from  fuch  as  had  plundered  it.  They  confided  of 
candlefticks  made  of  Corinthian  brafs,  and  of  royal  tables, 
and  of  a  great  quantity  of  uncoined  filver  :  And  1  refolyed 
to  preferve  whatfoever  came  to  my  hand  for  the  king.  So  1 
lent  for  ten  of  the  principal  men  of  the  fenate,  and  for  Ca- 
pellus the  fon  of  Antyllus,  and  committed  the  furniture  to 
them,  with  this  charge,  that  they  fhould  part  with  it  to  no- 
body elfe  but  to  myfelf.  From  thence  I  and  my  fellow  le- 
gates went  to  Gifchala  to  John,  as  defirous  to  know  his  in- 
tentions, and  foon  faw  that  he  was  for  innovations,  and  had  a 


THE    LIFE   OP    FLAVIUS   JOSEPHUS. 

r.iincl  to  the  principality  ;  for  he  defired  me  to  give  hifn  au- 
thority to  carry  off  that  corn  which  belonged  to  Caefar,  and 
lay  in  the  villages  of  Upper  Galilee  ;  and  he  pretended  that 
h/e  would  expend  what  it  came  to  in  building  the  walls  of 
his  own  city.  But  when  I  perceived  what  he  endeavoured  at, 
and  what  he  had  in  his  mind,  I  faid  I  would  not  permit  him 
:o  to  do  ;  for  that  J  thought  either  to  keep  it  for  the  Romans, 
cr  for  myfelf,  now  was  1  intruded  with  the  public  affairs  there 
by  the  people  of  Jerufalem.  But  when  he  was  not  able  to 
prevail  with  me  he  betook  himfelf  to  my  fellow-legates  ;  for 
they  had  no  fagacity  io  providing  for  futurity,  and  were  very 
;eady  to  take  bribes.  So  he  corrupted  them  with  money  to 
decree,  that  all  that  corn  which  was  within  his  province 
Jhould  be  delivered  to  him  ;  while  I,  who  was  but  one,  was 
outvoted  by  two,  and  held  my  tongue.  Then  did  John  in- 
Troduce  another  cunning  contrivance  of  his  ;  for  he  faid,  that 
thofe  Jews  who  inhabited  Cefarea  Philippi,and  were  (hut  up 
by  the  order  of  the  king's  deputy  there,  had  fent  to  him  to  de- 
iire  him,  that,  fmce  they  had  no  oil  that  was  pure  for  their  ufe, 
he  vould  provide  a  fuflicient  quantity  ot  fuch  oil  that  came 
frorn  the  Qreeks,  and  thereby  tranfgrefs  their  own  laws.  Now 
this  was  faid  by  John,  not  out  of  his  regard  to  religion,  but 
out  of  his  moft  flagrant  defire  of  gain  ;  for  he  knew,  that  two 
:c::tjries  were  fold  with  them  ot  Cefarea  for  one  drachmae, 
but  that  at  Gifchala  four-fcore  fextaries  were  fold  tor  four 
fextaries.  So  he  gave  order,  that  all  the  oil  which  was  there 
Ihould  be  carried  away,  as  having  my  permiffion  for  fo  doing  ; 
which  yet  I  did  not  grant  him  voluntarily,  but  only  out  of 
tear  of  the  multitude,  fmce,  if  I  had  forbidden  him,  I  fliould 
ruve  been  ftoned  by  them.  When  I  had  therefore  permitted 
this  to  be  done  by  John,  he  gained  vaft  fums  of  money  bythis 

navery. 

14.  But  when  I  had  difmiffed  my  fellow-legates,  and  fent 
them  back  to  Jerufalem,  I  took  care  to  have  arms  provided, 
and  the  cities  ioi  tified.  And,  when  I  had  fent  for  the  mod 
i-ar.iy  among  the  robbers,  I  faw  that  it  was  not  in  my  power 
to  take  their  arms  from  them  ;  hut  I  perfuaded  the  multitude 
\o  allow  them  money  as  pay,  and  told  them,  it  was  better  for 
them  to  give  them  a  little  willingly,  rather  than  to  [be  forced 
to  j  overlook  them  when  they  plunderedtheirgoods  from  them. 
And  when  I  had  obliged  them  to  take  an  oath  not  to  come  into 
that  country,  unlefs  they  were  invited  to  come,  or  elfe  when. 
;aey  had  not  their  pay  given  them,  I  difmiffed  them,  and 
c:iarg^d  them  neither  to  make  an  expedition  againft  the  Ro- 
nifcns,  nor  againft  thofe  their  neighbours  that  lay  round  about 
them  ;  tor  my  firft  care  was  to  keep  Galilee  in  peace.  So  I 
was  willing  to  have  the  principal  ot  the  Galileans,  in  all  feven- 
ty,  as  hoflages  tor  their  fidelity,  but  {fill  under  the  notion  of 
fviendlhip.  Accordingly  I  made  them  my  friends  and  com- 
panions as  1  journeyed,  and  let  them  to  judge  caufes;  and 


47©  THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS    JOSEPHUS. 

with  their  approbation  it  was  that  I  gave  my  fentences,  while 
J  endeavoured  not  to  rniftake  what  juftice  required,  and  to 
keep  my  hands  clear  of  all  bribery  in  thefe  determinations. 

1$.  I  was  now  about  the  thirtieth  year  of  my  age  ;  in  which 
time  of  lite  it  is  a  hard  thing  for  any  one  to  efcape  the  calum- 
nies of  the  envious,  although  hereftrain  himfelt  from  fulfilling 
any  unlawful  defires,  eipecially  where  a  perfon  is  in  great  au- 
thority. Yet  did  I  preferve  every  \vomanfree  from  injuries ; 
and,  as  to  what  prefents  were  offered  me,  I  defpifed  them,  as 
not  {landing  in  need  of  them.  Nor  indeed  would  I  take  thofe 
tithes,  which  were  due  to  me  as  a  prieft,  from  thofe  that 
brought  them.  Yet  do  I  confefs,  that  I  took  part  ot  the 
fpoils  of  thofe  Syrians  which  inhabited  the  cities  that  adjoined 
to  us,  when  I  had  conquered  them,  and  that  I  fent  them  to 
my  kindred  at  jerufalem;  although  when  I  twice  took  Sep- 
phoris  by  force,  and  Tiberius  tour  times,  and  Gadara  once, 
and  when  I  had  fubdueu  and  taken  John,  who  often  laid  treach- 
erous fnares  for  me,  I  did  not  punifh  [with  death]  either  him 
or  any  ot  the  people  tore-named,  as  the  progrefs  of  this  dil- 
courfe  will  (hew..  And  on  this  account  I  fuppofe  it  was  that 
God*,  who  is  never  unacquainted  with  thofe  that  do  as  they 
ought  to  do,  delivered  me  flill  out  of  the  hands  of  thefe  my 
enemies,  and  afterward  pieferved  me  when  I  fell  into  thofe 
many  dangers  which  1  (hall  relate  hereafter. 

16.  Now  the  multitude  of  the  Galileans  had  that  great  kind- 
nefsforme,  and  fidelity  to  me,  that  when   their  cities   were 
taken  by  force,  and  their  wives  snd  children  carried   into  fla- 
very,  they  did  not  fo  deeply  lament  tor  their  own  calamities, 
as  they  were  folicitous  for  my  prefervation.     But  when  John 
fawthis,  he  envied  me,  and  wrote  to  me,  defiling  that  I  would 
give  him  leave  to  come  down,  and  make  ufe  of  the  hot-baths 
ot  Tiberias  for  the  recovery  of  the  health  ot  his   body.     Ac- 
cordingly I  did  not  hinder  birn,  as  having  no  fufpicion  of  any 
•wicked  defigns  of  his ;  and  1  wrote  to  thofe  to  whom  I  had 
committed  the  admmiltratiun  ot  the  affairs  of  Tiberias,    by 
name,  thajt  they  fhould  provide  a  lodging  for   John,   and  tor 
fuch  as  fho.uld  come  with  him    and  fhould  procure  him  what 
neceffaries  foever  he  fhould  ftand  in  need  of.   ^Now  at   this 
time  my  abode  was  in  a  village  ot  Galilee,   which  is  named 
Cana. 

17.  But,  when  John  was  come  to  the  city  of  Tiberias,  he 
perfuaded  the  men  to  revolt  from  their  fidelity  to  me,  and  to 
adhere  to  him  ;  and  many  of  them  gladly  received  that  invi- 
tation ot  his,  as  ever  fond  of  innovations,  and  by  nature  dil- 
pofed  to  changes,  and  delighting  in  feditions  :  But  they  were 

*  Our  Jof;phus  (Views  both  here  an  1  f.-ery  where,  that  he  was  a  rmft  religion 
perfon,  and  one  that  had  a  deep  left le of  God  and  his  providence  upon  his  mind, 
and  afcribedall  his  numerous  and  wouderhU  efcapes  and  prefervations,  in  tin, 

ger,  to  God's  blessing  him.  and  faking  care  o*  him,  and  this  on  account  of  his 
wdls  at  piety,  juftice,   huir^.'fy,   j;;d  chaiity  to  the  jews  his  brethren. 


TH£    IIF2    OF    FLAV1US    JOSEPH  US.  47* 

cluefly  Juftusand  his  father  Piftus,  that  were  earned  in  their 
revolt  from  me>  and  their  adherance  to  John.  But  I  came 
apon  them,  and  prevented  them  ;  (era  mefTenger  had  come 
to  me  from  Silas,  whom  I  had  made  governor  ot  Tiberias, as  1 
have  faid  already,  and  had  told  me  ot  the  inclinations  of  the 
people  of  Tiberias,  and  advifed  me  to  make  hafte  thither;  for 
that,  it  I  made  any  delay,  the  ciry  would  come  under  anoth- 
er's jurifdi£lion.  Upon  the  receipt  ot  this  letter  of  Silas,  I 
took  two  hundred  men  along  with  me,  and  travelled  all  night, 
having  fent  before  a  meflenger  to  1ft  the  people  of  Tiberias 
know  that  I  was  coming  to  them.  When  1  came  near  to  the 
city,  which  was  crarly  in  the  morning,  the  multitude  carne 
out  to  meet  me  ;  and  John  came  with  them,  and  .'aimed  me, 
but  in  a  moft  dillurbed  manner,  as  being  afraid  that  my  com- 
ing was  to  call  him  to  an  account  for  what  I  *.vas  now  lenfible 
. ;  doing.  So  he  in  great  hatte,  went  to  his  lodging.  But 
when  I  was  in  the  open  place  or  the  city,  having  difmifTed 
the  guards  I  had  about  me,  excepting  one,  and  ten  armed  men 
that  were  with  him,  I  attempted  to  make  a  fpeech  to  the  mul- 
titade  ot  the  people  of  "Tiberias  ;  and,  Handing  on  a  certain, 
elevated  place,  1  entreated  them  not  to  be  fo  haily  in  their  re- 
volt ;  for  that  fuch  a  change  in  their  behaviour  would  be  to 
their  reproach,  and  that  they  would  then  jultly  be  lufpecleJ. 
by  tlu>{e  that  Ihould  be  their  governors  hereafter,  as  it"  they 
were  not  likely  to  be  taithiul  to  them  neither. 

18.  But,  before  I  had  fpoken  all  I  deiigued,  I  heard  one  of 
my  own  dorne.Oics  bidding  me  come   down;   for  that  it  was 
not  a  proper  time  to  take   care  ot   retaining  the  good-will  ot 
the  people  of  Tiberias,  but  to  provide  lor  my  own  fafety,and 
efcape  my  enemies  there  ;  tor  John  had  chofen  the  moittruf-. 
ty  ot  thole  armed  men  that  were  about  him  out  ot    thofe  thou- 
fand  that  he  had  with  him,  and  had  given  them   orders,  when 
he  fent  them  to  kill  rne,  having  learned  that  I  was  alone  ex- 
cepting fomeof  my  domeftics.     So  thofe  that  were  fent  came 
as  they  were  ordered,  and  tht-y  had  executed  what  they  came 
about,  had  I  not  leaped  down  irom  the  elevation  I  flood  on, 
and  with  one  of  my   gu  mis,  whole  name   was  James,    been 
carried  [out  ot  the  crowdj  upon  the  back  of  one  Herod  of 
Tiberias,  and  guided  by  him  down  to  the  lake  where  I  feized 
a  fhip,  and  got  into  it,  and  efcaped  my  enemies  unexpected- 
ly, and  came  to  Tarichese. 

19.  Now  as  foon  as  the  inhabitants  of  that  city   underftool 
the  perfidtoufnefs  of  the  people  ot  Tiberias,  they  were  greatly 
provoked  at  them.     So  they  fnatched  up  their  arms,  and  de- 
iired  me  to  be  their  leader  againU;  them  ;  for  they    laid  they 
would  avenge  their  commander's  caufe  upon  them.     They 
alfo  carried  the  report  of  what  had  been  done  to  me  to  all  the 
Galileans,  and  eagerly  endeavoured  to  irrritate  them  againft 
the  people  ot  Tiberias    and  defired  that  vaft  numbers  oi  them, 
<would  get  together,  and  €ome  to  them,  that  they  might 


472  THB    LIFE    OF    FLAVIU* 

concert  with  their  commander,  what  fhould  be  determined  as 
fit  to  be  done.  Accordingly  the  Galileans  came  to  me  in  great 
numbers,  from  all  parts  with  their  weapons,  and  befoughtrne 
to  aflault  Tiberias,  to  take  it  by  force,  and  to  demolish  it,  til! 
it  lay  even  with  the  ground,  and  then  to  make  flaves  of  its  in- 
habitants, with  their  wives  and  children.  Thofe  that  were 
Jofephus's  triends  alfo,  and  had  eicaped  out  of  Tiberias,  gave 
mm  the  fame  advice.  But  I  didnot  comply  with  them,  think- 
ing it  a  terrible  thing  to  begin  a  civil  war  among  them  ;  for  I 
thought,  that  this  contention  ought  not  to  proceed  farther 
than  words  :  Nay.  I  told  them  that  it  was  not  for  their  own 
advantage  to  do  what  they  would  have  me  to  do,  while  the 
Romans  expected  no  other  than  that  we  fhould  deflroy  one 
another  by  our  mutual  fedhions.  And  by  fay  ing  this,  I  put  a 
flop  to  the  anger  ot  the  Galileans. 

20.  But  now  John  was  arraid  tor  himfelf,  fince  his  treachery 
had  proved  unfuccefs  till.     So  betook  the  armed  men  that  weie 
about  him,  and  removed  from  Tiberias  to  Gifchala,  and  wrote 
to  me  to  apologize   for  him  felt  concerning   what  had   been 
done,  as  if  it  had  been  done  without  his  approbation,  and  ;ie- 
fired  me  to  have  no  fufpicion  of  him  to  his  difadvantage.     He 
alfo  added  oaths  and  certain  horrible  curfes  upon  hfmfelf,  and 
fuppofed  he  fhould  be  thereby  believed  in  the  points  he  wrote 
about  to  me. 

21.  But  now  another  great  number  of  the   Galileans  came 
together  again  with  their  weapons,  as  knowing  the  man,  how 
wicked  and  how  fadly  perjured  he  was,  and  defired  me  to  lead 
them  againft  him,  and  promifed  me  that  they  would  utterly 
deftroy  both  him  and  Gifchala.      Hereupon  I  profeffed,  that 
I  was  obliged  to  them  for  their  readinefs  to  ferve  me,  an 

I  would  more  than  requite  that  their  good  will  to  me.  How- 
ever I  entreated  them  to  reftrain  thenafelves,  and  begged  ot 
them  to  give  me  leave  to  do  what  I  intended,  which  was  to 
put  an  end  to  thefe  troubles  without  bloodfhed  ;  and  when  I 
had  prevailed  with  the  multitude  of  the  Galileans  to  let  me 
do  fo,  I  came  to  Sepphoris 

22.  But  the  inhabitants  of  this  city  having  determined  to 
continue  in  their  allegiance  to  the  Romans,  wereafnsiu  * 
coming  to  them,  and   tried,  by  putting  me   upon  another  ac- 
tion, to  divert  me,  that  they  might  be  freed  from  the  terror 
they  were  in.     Accordingly  they  fent  to  jefus  the  captain  of 
thofe   robbers  who   were  in  the   confines   ot  Ptolemais,  and 
promifed  to  give  him  a  great  deal  of  money,  if  he  would  come 
with  thofe  forces   he  had   with  him,  which  were  in  number 
eight  hundred,  and  fight  with  us.      Accordingly  he  complied 
with   what  they  defired,  upon  the  promifes   they  had  made 
him,  and  was  defirous  to  fail  upon  us  when  we  were  unpre- 
pared for  him,  and  knew  nothing  ot  his  coming  beiore  hand. 
So  he  fent  to  me  and  defired  that  I  would  give  him   leave  to 
come  and  falute  me.     When  I  had  given  him  that  leave  which 


TliB    LIFR    OF    FLAVIUS   JOSEPH  US.  473 

1  did  without  the  leafl  knowledge  of  his  treacherous  intentions 
beforehand,  he  took  his  band  ot  robbers,  and  made  hade  to 
come  to  me.  Yet  did  not  this  his  knavery  fucceed  well  at  lafl ; 
for  as  he  was  already  nearly  approaching,  one  ot  thofe  with 
him  defertecl  him,  and  come  to  me,  and  told  me  what  he  had 
undertaken  to  do.  When  I  was  informed  of  this,  I  went  into 
the  market-place,  and  pretended  to  know  nothing  of  his  treach- 
erous purpofc.  I  took  with  me  many  Galileans  that  were 
armed,  as  alfo  fomeol  thofe  of  Tiberias  ;  and,  when  I  had  giv- 
en orders  thar  all  the  roads  fhould  be  carefully  guarded,  I 
charged  the  keepers  of  the  gates  to  give  admittance  to  none 
but  Jefus,  when  he  came  with  the  principal  of  his  men,  and 
to  exclude  the  reft  ;  and  in  cafe  they  aimed  to  force  them- 
felves  in,  to  ufe  ftripes  [in  order  to  repel  them  Accordingly, 
thofe  that  had  received  fuch  a  charge  did  as  they  were  bidden, 
and  Jefus  came  in  with  a  few  others  ;  and  when  I  had  ordered 
him  to  throw  down  his  arms  immediately,  and  told  him,  that 
if  he  refufed  fo  to  do,  he  was  a  dead  man,  he  feeing  armed 
men  {landing  all  round  about  him,  was  terrified,  and  compli- 
ed ;  and  as  tor  thofe  ot  his  followers  that  were  excluded,  when 
they  were  informed  that  he  was  feized.they  ran  away.  I  then 
called  Jefus  to  me  by  himfelf,  and  told  him,  that  "  I  was  not 
a  ftranger  to  that  treacherous  defign  he  had  againft  me,  nor 
was  I  ignorant  by  whom  he  was  fent  for  ;  that  however,  I 
would  forgive  what  he  had  done  already,  it  he  would  repent 
of  it,  and  be  faithful  to  me  hereafter."  And  thus,  upon  his 
promife  to  do  all  that  I  defired.  1  let  him  go,  and  gave  him 
leave  to  get  thofe  whom  he  had  formerly  had  with  him,  to- 
gether again.  But  1  threatened  the  inhabitants  of  Sepphoris, 
that,  if  they  would  not  leave  off  their  ungrateful  treatment  of 
me,  1  would  punifh  them  fufficiently. 

23  At  this  time  it  was  that  two  great  men,  who  were  under 
the  jurifdiclion  of  the  king  [Agrippa,  j  came  to  me  out  of  the 
region  of  Trachonitis,  bringing  their  horfes  and  their  arms, 
and  carrying  with  them  their  money  alfo  ;  and  when  the  Jews 
would  force  them  to  be  circumciied,  it  they  would  ffay  a- 
mong  them,  1  would  not  permit  them  to  have  any  force  put 
upon  them,  but  *  faid  to  them,  "  Every  one  ought  to  worfhip 
God  according  to  his  own  inclinations,  and  not  to  be  con- 
ilrained  by  force  ;  and  that  thefe  men,  who  had  fled  to  us  for 
protection,  ought  not  to  be  fo  treated  as  to  recent  of  their 
coming  hither."  And  when  I  had  pacified  the  multitude,  I 
provided  for  the  men  that  were  come  to  us  whatfoever  it  was 

*  JolVphus's  opinion  is  here  well  worth  noting,  that  every  one  is  to  be  permit- 
ted to  worfhip  £od  according  to  his  own  conlciencc,  and  is  not  to  be  compelled 
in  matters  of  religion  :  As  one  may  here  obferve,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  reft  ot" 
the  jews  were  ftill  for  obliging  all  thofe  who  married  Jews  to  be  circumcifed,  and 
become  Jews,  and  were  ready  to  deftroy  all  that  would  not  fubmit  to  do  fo.  See 
fecV  31.  snd  Luke  ix,  54. 

VOL.  II.  M  3 


474  TH1S    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS    JOSEPHS. 

they  wanted,  according  to  their  ufual  way  of  living,  and  tha! 
in  great  plenty  alfo 

24.  Now  king  Agrippa  Tent  an  army  to  make  themfelves 
matters  of  the  citadel  of  Gamala,  and  over  it  Equicolus  Mo- 
tlius  ;  but  the  forces  that  were  fent  were  not  enow  to  encom- 
pafs  the  citadel  quite  round,  but  lay  before  it  in  the  open  pla- 
ces, and  befieged  it.  But  when  Ebutius  the  decurion,  who 
was  intrufted  with  the  government  of  the  great  plain,  heard 
that  I  was  at  Simonias,  a  village  fituated  in  the  confines  of 
Galilee,  and  was  diftant  from  him  fixty  furlongs,  he  took  an 
hundred  horfemen  that  were  with  him  by  night,  and  a  certain 
number  of  footmen,  about  two  hundred,  and  brought  the  in- 
habitants of  the  city  Gibea  along  with  him  as  auxiliaries,  and 
inarched  in  the  night,  and  came  to  the  village  where  I  abode. 
Upon  this  I  pitched  my  camp  over  againft  him,  which  had  a 
great  number  of  forces  in  it ;  but  Ebutius  tried  to  draw  u* 
down  into  the  plain,  as  greatly  depending  on  his  horfemen  ; 
but  we  would  not  come  down  ;  for  when  I  was  fatisfied  of  the 
advantage  that  his  horfe  would  have  if  we  came  down  into  the 
plain,  while  we  were  all  footmen,  1  refolved  to  join  battle 
ivith  the  enemy  where  I  was.  Now  Ebutius  and  his  party 
made  a  courageous  oppofuion  for  fome  time  ;  but  when  he 
faw  that  his  horfe  were  ufelcfs  to  him  in  that  place,  he  retired 
hack  to  the  city  Gibea,  having  loft  three  of  his  men  in  the 
iight.  So  I  followed  him  duefUy.  with  two  thoufand  armed 
men  ;  and  when  1  was  at  the  city  Befara,  that  lay  in  the  con- 
fines of  Ptolemais,  but  twenty  furlongs  from  Nibea  where 
£butius  abode,  1  placed  my  armed  men  on  the  outfidc  of  the 
Tillage,  and  gave  orders  that  they  mould  guard  the  pafles  with 
great  care,  that  the  enemy  might  not  difturb  us,  until  we 
jhould  have  carried  off  the  corn,  a  great  quantity  of  which  lay 
there  :  It  belonging  to  Bernice  the  queen,  and  had  been  gath- 
ered together  out  ot  the  neighbouring  villages  into  Beiara  : 
vio  1  loaded  my  camels  and  affes,  a  great  number  of  which  I 
had  brought  along  with  me,  and  fent  the  corn  into  Galilee. 
When  I  had  done  this,  I  offered  Ebutius  battle  ;  but  when  he 
would  not  accept  of  the  offer  lor  he  was  terrified  at  our  readi- 
nels  and  courage,  I  altered  my  route,  and  marched  towards 
Neopolitanus,  becaufe  1  had  heard  that  the  country  about  Ti- 
berias was  laid  wafte  by  him.  This  Neopolitanus  was  cap- 
tain of  a  troop  of  horfe,  and  had  the  cuftody  of  Scythopolis 
intrufted  to  his  care  by  the  enemy  ;  and  when  I  had  hindered 
him  from  doing  any  farther  mifchief  to  Tiberias,  I  let  myfeli 
to  make  provifion  for  the  affairs  of  Galilee. 

25.  But  when  John,  the  fon  of  Levi,  who,  as  we  before  told 
you,  abode  at  GiTchala,  was  informed  how  all  things  had  fuc- 
ceeded  to  my  mind,  and  that  I  was  much  in  favour  with  thofe 
that  were  under  me  ;  as  alfo  that  the  enemy  were  greatly  a- 
iraid  of  me,  he  was  not  pleaied  with  it,  as  thinking  my  prof- 
perity  tended  to  his  ruin.  So  he  took  up  a  bitter  envy  and 


THE    LIFE    OF    FLAV1US    JOSEPIIITS.  475 

enmity  againfl  me  ;  and  hoping,  that  if  he  could  inflame  thofe 
that  were  under  me  to  hate  me,  he  fhould  put  an  end  to  the 
profperity  I  was  in,  he  tried  to  perfuade  the  inhabitants  o£ 
Tiberias,  and  of  Sepphoris  (and  for  thofe  of  Gabara  he  fup- 
pofed  ihey  would  be  alfo  of  the  fame  mind  with  the  others,) 
which  were  the  greateft  cities  of  Galilee,  to  revolt  from  their 
fubjeclionto  me,  and  to  be  of  his  party  ;  and  told  them,  that 
he  would  command  them  better  than  I  did.  As  for  the  peo- 

gle  of  Sepphoris,  who  belonged  to  neither  of  us,  becaufe  they 
ad  chofen  to  be  in  fubjecltion  to  the  Romans,  they  did  not 
comply  with  his  propofal  ;  and  tor  thofe  ot  Tiberias,  they  did 
not  indeed  fo  far  comply,  as  to  make  a  revolt  from  under  me, 
but  they  agreed  to  be  his  friends,  while  the  inhabitants  of  Ga- 
bara did  go  over  to  John  ;  and  it  was  Simon  that  perfuaded 
them  fo  to  do,  one  who  was  both  the  principal  man  in  the  city, 
and  a  particular  friend  and  companion  of  John.  It  is  true, 
thefe  did  not  openly  own  the  making  a  revolt,  becaufe  they 
were  in  great  tear  of  the  Galileans,  and  had  frequent  experi- 
ence of  the  good-will  they  bore  to  me  ;  yet  did  they  privately 
watch  for  a  proper  opportunity  to  lay  fnares  for  me  ;  and  in- 
deed i  thereby  came  into  the  greateli  danger,  on  the  occafion 
following. 

26.  There  were  fome  bold  young  men  of  the  village  Da- 
baritta,  who  obferved  that  the  wife  of  Ptolemy,  the  king's  pro- 
curator, was  to  make  a  progrefs  over  the  great  plain  with  a 
mighty  attendance,  and  with  fome  horfemen  that  followed,  as 
a  guard  to  them,  and  this  out  of  a  country  that  was  fubje6l  to 
the  king  and  queen,  into  the  jurifdiclion  of  the  Romans  ;  and 
fell  upon  them  on  the  hidden,  and  obliged  the  wife  of  Ptole- 
my to  fly  away,  and  plundered  all  the  carriages.  They  alfo 
came  to  me  to  Taricheae,  with  four  mules  loading  ol  garments, 
and  other  furniture  ;  and  the  weight  ot  the  fi'ver  chey  brought 
was  not  fmall,  and  there  were  five  hundred  pieces  of  gold  al- 
fo. Now  I  had  a  mind  to  preferve  thefe  fpoils  for  Piolemy, 
who  was  my  countryman  ;  and  it  is  prohibited*  us  by  our 
laws  even  to  fpoil  our  enemies;  fol  faid  to  thofe  that  brought 
thefe  fpoils,  that  they  ought  to  be  kept  in  order  to  rebuild  the 
walls  of  Jeruialem  with  them,  when  they  came  to  be  fold.  But 
the  young  men  took  it  very  ill  that  they  did  not  receive  a  part 

*  How  Jofephus  could  fay  hers  that  the  Jewifh  laws  forbade  them  to  (;  fpoil 
ev«n  their  enemies,"  while  yet,  a  little  before  his  time,  our  Saviour  had  mention*?! 
it  as  then  a  current  maxim  with  them,  "  Thou  (halt  love  thv  neighbour,  ai:d  hate 
thine  enemy,"  Matt.  v.  43.  is  worth  our  inquiry.  I  take  it  that  Jofephus,  having 
been  no  v  for  many  years  an  Ebionitc  Chriihan,  had  learned  this  inttrpruaiion  of 
the  law  ot  Moitsfrom  Chrift,  whom  he  owned  for  the  true  MefTiah,  as  it  follows 
in  the  fucceeding  ver'es,  which,  though  he  might  not  read  in  St.  Matthew's  ^oi'pel, 
yet  mi^ht  he  have  read  much  the  lame  expofition  in  their  own  F.bionite  or  Xa/ar- 
ene  goipel  itielf  ;  ol  which  improvements  made  by  joicphus,  after  he  was  become 
a  Chriiuan,  we  have  already  had  ieveral  examples  in  this  his  life,  {eft.  3.  13,  i  5, 

19,  21,  23,  arid  shall  have  many  more  therein  before  :?• 

fcave  them  elicwhere  ia  all  his  latter  writ:: -    , 


476  THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS   JOSKPHUSo 

of  thofe  fpoils  for  themfelves,  as  they  expe£led  to  have  done,  ; 
fo  they  went  among  the  villages,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ti- 
berias, and  told  the  people,  that  I  was  going  to  betray  their 
country  to  the  Romans,  and  that  1  ufed  deceitful  language  to 
them,  when  I  faid,  that  what  had  been  thus  gotten  by  rapine 
fhould  be  kept  for  the  rebuilding  oi  the  walls  of  the  city  or  Je- 
rufalem  ;  although  I  had  refolved  to  reitore  thefe  fpoils  again 
to  their  tormer  owner.  And  indeed  they  were  herein  not 
miilaken  as  to  my  intentions  ;  tor  when  1  had  gotten  clear  of. 
them,  1  fentfor  two  of  the  principal  men,  Daffion,  and  Jan- 
iieus  the  fon  oi  Levi,  perfons  that  were  among  the  chief  friends 
of  the  king,  and  commanded  them  to  take  the  furniture  that 
had  been  plundered,  and  to  fend  it  to  him  ;  and  I  threatened 
that  I  would  order  them  to  be  put  to  death  by  way  of  punifh- 
inent,  if  they  difcovered  this  my  command  to  any  other  pei- 
fon. 

27.  Now  when  all  Galilee  was  filled  with  this  rumour,  that 
their  country  was  about  to  be  betrayed  by  me  to  the  Romans, 
and  when  all  men  were  exafperated  againft  me,  and  ready  to 
bring  me  to  punilhmcnt,  the  inhabitants  of  Taricheae  did  ai'o 
themfelves  fuppofe  that  what  the  young  men   faid  was  tru-. 
and  perluaded  my  guards  and  armed  men  to  leave  me   when  I 
was  afleep,  and  to  come  prefently  to  the  hippodrome,  in  order 
there  to  take  counfel  againft  me  their  commander.     And  when, 
they  had  prevailed  with  them,  and  they  were  gotten  together, 
they  found  there  a  great  company  aflembled  already,  who   all 
joined  in  one  clamour,  to  bring  the  man  who  was  fo  w 

to  them  as  to  betray  them,  to  his  due  punimment  ;  and  it  was 
Jefus,  the  Ton  oi  Sapphias,  who  principally  fct  them  on.  He 
was  ruler  in  Tiberias,  a  wicked  man,  and  naturally  difpofed 
to  make  difturbances  in  matters  of  confequence  ;  a  feditious 
perfon  he  was  indeed,  and  an  innovator  beyond  every  body 
die.  He  then  took  the  laws  of  Mofes  into  his  hands,  Cdme  in- 
to the  midft  of  the  people,  and  faid,  *4  O  my  fellow-ch. 
if  you  are  not  difpofed  to  hate  (olephus  on  your  own  account, 
have  regard  however  to  thefe  laws  ot  your  country,  which 
your  commander  in  chief  is  going  to  betray  ;  hate  him  there- 
lore  on  both  thcie  accounts,  and  bring  the  man  who  hat;. 
ed  thus  infolently  to  his  deferved  punimmeut." 

28.  When  he  had  faid  this,  and  the  multitude  had  openly 
applauded  him  for  what  he  had  faid,  he  took  fome  of  the  ami' 
ed  men,  and  made  hafte  away  to  the  houfe  in  which  I  lodged, 
as  if  he  would  kill  me  immediately,  while  I  was  wholly  inlen- 
fible  ol  ail  till  this  difturbance  happened  ;  and  by  reafonof  the 
pains  I  had  been  taking,  was  fallen  faft  afleep.     But  Simon, 
-A  ho  was  intruded  with  the  care  of  my  body,  and  was  the  only 
pei Ton  that  ftayed  with  me,  and  law  the  violent  incurfion  the 
citizens  made  upon  me,  he  awaked  me,  and  told  me  of  the 
danger  I  was  in,  and  defired  me  to  let  him  kill  me,  that  I 
might  die  bravely  and  like  a  general,  beioremy  enemies  came 


THE    LIFE   OF    FLAVIUS  JOSEPHUS.  477 

in,  and  forced  me  [to  kill  myfelf,!  or  killed  me  themfelves. 
Thus  did  he  difcourfe  to  me  ;  but  I  committed  the  care  of  my 
Jile  to  God,  and  made  hafte  to  go  out  to  the  multitude.  Ac- 
cordingly I  put  on  a  black  garment,  and  hung  my  fword  at 
rny  neck,  and  went  by  fuch  a  different  way  to  the  hippodrome, 
wherein  I  thought  none  of  my  adverfaries  would  meet  me  ;  fo 
I  appeared  among  them  on  the  fudden,  and  fell  down  flat  on 
the  earth,  and  bedewed  the  ground  with  my  tears  :  Then  I 
feemed  to  them  all  an  objefcl  ot  compaflion.  And  when  1  per- 
ceived the  change  that  was  made  in  the  multitude,  I  tried  to 
divide  their  opinions,  before  the  armed  men  Ihould  return  from 
iuy  houle  ;  fo  I  granted  them,  that  I  had  been  as  wicked  as  they 
fuppofed  me  to  be  ;  but  ilill  I  entreated  them,  to  let  me  firfl  in- 
form  them  tor  what  ufe  1  had  kept  the  money  which  arofe  from 
the  plunder,  and  that  they  might  then  kill  me  if  they  pleafed  : 
And  upon  the  multitude's  ordering  me  to  fpeak,  the  armed 
men  came  upon  me,  and  when  they  faw  me,  they  ran  to  kill 
me  ;  but  when  the  multitude  bid  them  hold  their  hands,  they 
complied,  and  expected  that  as  foon  as  I  fhould  own  to  them 
that  I  kept  the  money  iorthe  king,  it  would  be  looked  on  as  a 
confe'Iion  ot  my  treafon,  and  they  fhould  then  be  allowed  to 
kill  me. 

29.  When  therefore  Hlence  was  made  by  the   whole  multi- 
tude, I  fpake  thus  to  them:  "O   my    countrymen,  I  re  f  ufe 
not  to  die,  ifjuftice  fo  require.     However,  1  am  defirous  to 
tell  you  the  truth  of  this  matter  before    I  die  ;  for  as  I  know 
that  this  city  of  yours  [Taricheae]  was  a  city  of  great  hofpital- 
ity,  and  filled  with  abundance  ot  fuch  men  as  have  lelt  their 
own  countries,  and  are  come   hither  to  be  partakers  of  your 
fortune  whatever  it  be,  I  had  a  mind  to  build   walls  about  it, 
outot  this  money,  for  which  you  are  fo  angry  with  me,  while 
yet  it  was  to  be  expended  in  building  your  own  walls."  Upon 
my  faying  this,  the   people  ot  Tancheze,  and   the   Grangers 
cried  out,  That  "  they  gave  me  thanks,  and  defircd  me  to  be 
ot  good  courage."     Although  the    Galileans,  and  the  people 
ot    1  iberias  continued   in  their  wrath  againit  me,  infomuch 
that  there  arofe  a  tumult  among  them,  while  fome  threatened 
to  kill  me,  arid  fome  bid  me  not  to  regard  them  ;  but  when  I 
piomiied  them  that  I  would  build  them  walls  at  Tiberias,  and 
at  other  cities  that  wanted  them,   they   gave  credit  to   what   1 
promiied,  and  returned  every  one  to  his  own  home.     So  I  ef- 
caped  the  forementioned  danger,  beyond  all  my    hopes,  and 
returned  to  my  owe  houfe,  accompanied  with  my  friends,  and 
twenty  armed  men  alfo 

30.  However,  thefe  robbers  and  other  authors  ot  this  tu- 
mult, who  were  afraid  on  their  own  account,  left  I  fhould  pnn- 
ilh  them  tor  what  they  had  done,  took  fix  hundred  armed  men, 
and  came  to  the  houfe  where  1  abode,  in  order  to  fet  it  on  fire. 
When  this  their  infult  was  told  me,  1  thought  it  indecent   for 
me  to  run  away,  and  I  refolved  :o  expofe  inyfclf  to  danger, 


473  THE    LIFE    OF    FLAV1US    JOStPHUS. 

and  to  a£i  with  fome  boldnefs ;  fo  I  gave  orders  to  fhut  ths 
doors,  and  went  up  into  an  upper  room,  and  defired  that  they 
would  fend  fome  of  their  men  in  to  receive  the  money  [from 
the  fpoilsj  ;  tor  I  told  them  they  would  then  have  no  occafion 
to  be  angry  with  me  ;  and  when  they  had  lent  in  one  of  the 
boldeft  of  them  all,  I  had  him  whipped  feverely,  and  I  com- 
manded that  one  of  his  hands  {hould  be  cut  off,  and  hung  about 
his  neck ;  and  in  this  cafe  was  he  put  out  to  thofe  that  fent  him. 
At  which  procedure  of  mine  they  were  greatly  affrighted,  and 
in  no  fmall  conflcrnation,  and  were  afraid  that  they  (hould 
themfelves  be  ferved  in  like  manner,  if  they  flayed  there  ;  tor 
they  fuppofed  that  I  had  in  the  houfe  more  armed  men  than 
they  had  themfelves,  fo  they  ran  away  immediately,  while  I, 
by  the  ufe  of  this  ftratagem,  efcaped  this  their  fecond  treache- 
rous defign  again  ft  me. 
31.  But  there  were  flill  fome  that  irritated  the  multitude  a- 

fainft  me,  and  faid,  that  thofe  great  men  that  belonged  to  the 
ing,  ought  not  to  be  fuffered  to  live,  if  they  would  not  change 
their  religion  to  the  religion  of  thofe  to  whom  they  fled  for 
fafety  :  They  fpake  reproachfully  of  them  alio,  and  faid,  that 
they  were  wizards*,  and  fuch  as  called  in  the  Romans  upon 
them.  So  the  multitude  was  foon  deluded  by  fuch  plaufible 
pretences  as  were  agreeable  to  their  own  inclinations,  and, 
were  prevailed  on  by  them.  But  when  I  was  informed  of  this, 
I  inftruftedthe  multitude  again,  that  thofe  that  fled  to  them  for 
refuge  out  not  to  be  perfecuted:  I  alfo  laughed  at  the  allega- 
tion about  witchcraft  *,  and  told  them  that  the  Romans  would 
not  maintain  fo  many  ten  thoufand  foldiers,  it  they  could  o- 
vercorne  their  enemies  by  wizards.  Upon  my  faying  this,  the 
people  alfented  for  a  while  ;  but  they  returned  afterward,  as 
irritated  by  fome  ill  people,  againft  the  great  men  ;  nay,  they 
once  made  an  ailault  upon  the  houfe  in  which  they  dwelt  at 
Tarichae,  in  order  to  kill  them  ;  which,  when  I  was  informed 
of,  I  was  afraid  left  fo  horrid  a  crime  {hould  take  effett,  and 
nobody  elfe  would  make  that  city  their  refuge  any  more.  I 
therefore  came  my  felf  and  fome  others  wilh  me  to  the  houfe 
where  thefe  great  men  lived,  and  locked  their  doors,  and  had  a 
trench  drawn  from  their  houfe  leading  to  the  lake,  and  fent 
for  a  (hip,  and  embarked  therein  with  them,  and  failed  to  the 
confines  of  Hippos  :  I  alfo  paid  them  the  value  of  their  horf- 
es,  nor  in  fuch  a  flight  couid  I  have  their  horfes  brought  to 
them.  I  then  difmilfed  them,  and  begged  of  them  earneftly 
that  they  would  courageoufly  bear  this  diftrefs  which  bcfel 
them.  I  was  alfo  my  felf  greatly  difpleafed  that  I  was  compel- 
led to  expole  thofe  that  had  fled  to  me  to  go  again  into  an  ene- 
my's country  ;  yet  did  I  think  it  more  eligible  that  they  mould 
perifh  among  the  Romans,  if  it  {hould  fo  happen,  than  in  the 

*  Here  we  may  obferve  the  vulgar  Jewish  notions  of  witchcraft  ;  but  that  our 
Jofepbus  was  too  \\;.e  to  give  any  couDtenant.^  to  it. 


THX    LIFE    OF    FLAVlUS   JOSEPHUS.  479 

country  that  was  under  my  jurifdiftion.  However  they  efca: 
ped  at  length,  and  king  Agrippa  forgave  them  their  offences. 
And  this  was  the  conelufion  ot  what  concerned  thefe  men. 

32.  But  as  for  the  inhabitants  ot  the  city  ot  Tiberias,  they 
wrote  to  the  king,  and  defired  him  to  fend  them  forces  fuffi- 
cient  to  be  guard  to  their  country  ;  for  that  they  were  defirous 
to  come  over  to  him  :  This  was  what  they  wrote  to  him.  But 
when  I  came  to  them,  they  defired  me  to  build  their  walls,  as  I 
had  promifed  them  to  do  j  for  they  had  heard  that  the  walls  of 
Taricheas  were  already  built  ;  1  agreed  to  the  propofal  accord- 
jingly.  And  when  1  had  made  preparation  tor  the  intire  build- 
ing, I  gave  order  to  the  architects  to  go  to  work  ;  but  on  the 
third  day,  when  I  was  gone  to  Taricheae,  which  was  thirty 
furlongs  diflant  from  Tiberias,  it  fo  fell  out  that  fome  Roman 
horfemen  were  difcovered  on  their  march,  not  far  from  the 
city,  which  made  it  to  be  fuppofed  that  the  forces  were  come 
from  the  king  ;  upon  which  they  fhouted,  and  lifted  up  their 
voices  in  commendations  of  the  king,  and  in  reproaches  againft 
me.  Hereupon  one  came  running  to  me,  and  told  me  what 
their  difpofitions  were,  and  that  they  had  refolved  to  revolt  trorn 
me  ;  upon  hearing  which  news  1  was  very  much  alarmed  ; 
for  I  had  already  fent  away  my  armed  men  from  Taricheae  to 
their  own  homes,  becaufe  the  next  day  was  our  Sabbath  ;  for  I 
would  not  have  the  people  ot  Taricheae  diflurbed  [on  that 
day  j  by  a  multitude  of  foldiers  ;  and  indeed,  whenever  I  fo- 
journed  at  that  city,  I  never  took  any  particular  care  tor  a 
guard  about  my  own  body,  becaufe  I  had  had  frequent  inftan- 
ces  of  the  fidelity  its  inhabitants  bore  to  me.  I  had  now  about 
me  no  more  than  feven  armed  men,  befides  fome  triends,  and 
was  doubtful  what  to  do  ;  for  to  fend  to  recal  my  own  torces  I 
did  not  think  proper,  becaufe  the  prefent  day  was  almoftover, 
and  had  thofe  forces  been  with  me,  1  could  not  take  up  arms 
on  the  next  day,  becaufe  our  laws  forbid  us  fo  to  do,  even 
though  our  neceffity  fhould  be  very  great ;  and  it  I  fhould 
permit  the  people  of  Tenches,  and  the  ftrangers  with  them,  to 
guard  the  city  I  faw  that  they  would  not  be  fufficient  for  that 
purpofe,  and  I  perceived  that  I  mould  be  obliged  to  delay  my 
affi Ranee  a  great  while  ;  for  I  thought  with  myfelf  that  the 
forces  that  came  from  the  king  would  prevent  me,  and  that  I 
Ihould  be  driven  out  of  the  city.  I  eonfidered  therefore,  how 
to  get  clear  of  thefe  forces  by  a  ilratagem  ;  fo  I  immediately 
placed  thofe  my  friends  of  Taricheae,  on  whom  I  could  heft 
confide,  at  the  gates,  to  watch  thofe  very  carefully  who  went 
out  at  thofe  gates  ;  I  alfo  called  to  me  the  heads  of  families, 
and  bid  every  one  of  them  to  feize  upon  a  fhip  *,  to  go  on 
board  it,  and  to  take  a  matter  with  them,  and  follow  him  to 
the  city  ot  Tiberias.  I  alfo  myfelf  went  on  board  one  ot  thofe 

•  In  this  feflion,  as  well  as  fe&.  18.  and  feft.  33.  thofe  fmall  veflTels  that  failed 
on  the  fea  of  Galilee,  are  called  by  Jofeplius  Nijsr,  and  !I*oi«t  and  ffriatQii,    i.  e. 
;  fo  that  we  need  not  wonder  at  our  Evangelifts,  who  (till  call  th«nr, 


4&3  JHB    LIFE    O?    TLAVIUS    JOSEPHUS. 

fhips,  with  my  friends,  and  the  feven  armed  men  already  men- 
tioned, and  failed  for  Tiberias. 

33.  But  now,   when  the  people  of  Tiberias  perceived  that 
there  were  no  forces  cotaefrom  the  king,  and  yet  faw  the  whole 
lake  full  of  fhips,  they  were  in  fear  what  would  become  of  their 
city,  and  were  greatly  terrified,  as  fuppofing  that  the  fhips 
were  full  of  men  on  board  ;  fo  they  then  changed  their  minds, 
and  threw  down  their  weapons,  and  met  me  with  their   wives 
and  children,  and  made  acclamations  to  me,  with  great  com- 
mendations ;  for  they  imagined  that  I  did  not  know  their  for- 
mer inblinations  j~to  have  been  againfl  mej  ;  fo  they  perfuaded 
me  to  fparethe  city.     But  when  I  was  come  near  enough,  I 
gave  order  to  the  mafters  of  the  fhips  to  cafl  anchor  a  good 
way  offthe  land,  that  the  people  of  Tiberias  might  not  per- 
ceive that  the  {hips  had  no  men  on  board ;  but  I  went  nearer  to 
the  people  in  one  of  the  fhips,  and  rebuked  them  for  (heir  folly, 
and  that  they  werefo  fickle  as,  without  any  juftoccafion  in  the 
world,  to  revolt  from  their  fidelity  to  me.     However,  I  a  flu  re  ft 
them,  that  I  would  entirely  forgive  them  for  the  time  to  come,  it 
they  would  fend  ten  of  the  ringleaders  of  the  multitude  to  me; 
and  when  they  complied  readily  with  thispropofal,  and  fent  me 
the  men  forementioned,  I  putthemon  board  a  fhip.  and  fent 
them  away  to  Taricheas  and  ordered  them  to  be  kept  in  prifon. 

34.  And  by  this  flratagem  it  was,  that  I  gradually  got  all  the 
fenate  of  Tiberias  into  my  power,  and  fent  them  to  the  city  fore- 
mentioned,  with  many  of  the  principal  men  among  the  popu- 
lous, and  thofe  not  fewer  in  number  than  theot'ner.     But  when 
the  multitude  faw  into  what  great  mi feries  they  had  brought 
themfelves,  they  defired  me  to  punifh  the  author  of  this  fedi- 
tion  :  His  name  was  Clitus,  a  young  man,  bold  and  ram  in  hi* 
undertakings.     Now  fince  I  thought  it  not  agreeable  to  piety  io 
put  one  of  my  own  people  to  death,  and  yet  found  it  neceffary 
to  punifh  them,  1  ordered  Levi,  one  of  my  own  guards,  to  go  to 
him,  and  cut  off  one  of  Clitus's  hamls ;  but  as  he  that  was  order- 
ed to  do  this,  was  afraid  logo  out  of  the  fhip  alone,  among  fo 
great  a  multitude,  I  was  not  willing  that  the  timoroufnefs  of  the 
Ibldier  mould  appear  to  the  people  ol  Tiberias.     So  I  called  to 
Clitus  himfelf,  and  laid  to  him,  "  Since  thou  defervefl  to  looie 
both  thine  hands  for  thy  ingratitude  to  me,  be  thou  thine  own 
executioner,  left,  if  thou  refufeft  fo  to  be,  thou  undergo  a  worfe 
punilhement,"     And  whenheearneftly  beggedofme  to  fpare 
him  one  ol  his  hands,  it  was  with  difficulty  that  I  granted  it. 
So  in  order  to  prevent  the  lofsof  both  his  hands,  he  willingly 
took  his  fword,  and  cut  off  his  own  left  hand;  and  this  pat  an 
end  tothefedition. 

35.  Now  the  men  of  Tiberias,  after  I  was  gone  to  Tarichea. 

fhips  ;  nor  ought  we  to  render  them  boats,  as  fome  do.  Their  number  was  in  all 
220,  as  we  learn  from  our  author  •lfewh»re,  Of  the  War,  B.  II,  ch.  xxi  fe&,  8- 
Vol.  III. 


THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS    JOSEPHUS.  481 

perceived  what  ftratagem  I  had  ufed  againft  them,  and  they 
admired  how  I  had  put  an  end  to  their  foolifh  fedition,  with- 
out fhedding  of  blood  But  now,  when  I  had  fent  for  fome 
of  thofe  multitudes  of  the  people  ot  Tiberias  out  of  prifon,  a- 
mong  whom  were  fuftus  and  his  father  Piftus,  I  made  them  to 
fup  with  me  ;  and  during  our  Tapper  time  I  laid  to  them,  that 
I  knew  the  power  or  the  Romans  was  fuperior  to  all  others, 
but  did  not  fay  fo  ["publicly  J  becaufe  of  the  robbers.  So  i 
viied  them  to  do  as  I  did,  and  to  wait  for  a  proper  opportuni- 
ty, and  not  to  be  uneafy  at.  my  being  their  commander  ;  tor 
that  they  could  not  expe£t  to  have  another  who  would  u(e  the 
like  moderation  that  I  had  done.  -I  alfo  put  Juftus  in  mind 
how  the  Galileans  had  cut  off  IMS  "brother's  hands,  before  ever 
1  came  to  Jerufalem,  upon  an  accufation  laid  againft  him  as 
if  he  had  been  a  rogue,  and  had  forged  fome  letters  ;  as  alfo 
how  the  people  of  Gamala,  in  a  fedirion  they  railed  againft  the 
Babylonians,  alter  the  departure  of  Philip,  flew  Chares,  who 
was  a  kinfman  of  Philip,  and  withal  how  they  had  wifely  pun- 
ifhed  Jefus,  his  brother  Juftus's  fitter's  hufband  [with  death.] 
When  I  had  faid  this  to  them  during  f  upper-time,  I  in  the 
morning  ordered  Juftus,  and  all  the  reft  that  were  in  prifon 
be  loofed  out  of  it,  and  fent  away. 

56.  But  before  this  it  happened  that  Philip,  the  fon  of  Jaci- 
mus,  went  out  of  the  citadel  of  Gamala  upon  the  following 
occafion  :  When  Philip   had  been   informed  that  Varus  was 
I HU  out  of  his  government  by  king  Agrippa,  and  that  Modius 
iicolus,  a  man  that  was  of  old  his  friend  and  companion, 
was  come  to  fucceed  him,  he  wrote  to  him,   and  related  what 
turns  of  fortune  he  had  had,  and  defired  him  to  forward  the 
letters  he  fent  to  the  king  and  queen.      Now  when   Modius 
had  received  theie  letters,  he  was  exceeding  glad,  and  fent  the 
letters  to  the  king  and  queen,  who  were  then  about  Berytus. 
But  when  king  Agrippa  knew  that  the  ftory  about  Philip  v 
ialfe  (for  it  had  been  given  out,  that  the  Jews  had  begun  a  war 
with  the  Romans,  and  that  this  Philip  had  been  their  com- 
mander in  that  warj  he  fent  fome  horlemen  to  conduct  Philip 
to  him,  and,  when  he  was  come,  he  faluted  him  very   oh; 
ingly,  and  fhewed  him  to  the  Roman  commanders,   and  i 
them  that  this  was  the  n-an  of  whom   the  report  had  g. 
bout  as  if  he  had  revolted  from  the  Romans.     He  alfo  bid  h 
to  take  fome  horfemen  with  him,  and  to  go  quickly  to  the  cit- 
adel of  Gamala,  and  to  biing  outtheuce  all  his  <lomeftics,  a 
to  reftore  the  Babylonians  to  Batanea  again.     He  alfo  gave 
him  in  charge  to  take  all  poffible  care  that  none  ot  his  fubjc 
(hould  be  guilty  of  making  any   innovation.     Accordingly, 
upon  thefe  directions  from  the  king,  he  made  hade  to  do  what 
he  was  commanded. 

37.  Now  there  was  one    Jofeph,  the  fon  of  a  female  phyfi- 
cian,  who  excited  a  great  many  young  men  to  join  with  him, 
He  alfo  infolently  addreffed  himfelf  to  the  principal  perfons 
VOL.  II.  N3 


IHJ&    LIU    OF    fLAVIUS    JOSEPil 

-at  Gamala,  and  perfuadecl  them  to  revolt  from  the  king. 
take  up  arms,  and  gave  them  hopes  that  they  {hould,  by  his 
means,  recover  their  liberty.  And  fome  they  forced  into  the 
fervice,  and  thofe  that  would  not  acquiefce  in  what  they  had 
refolved  on,  they  flew.  They  alfo  flew  Chares,  and  with  him 
Jefus,  one  of  his  kinfmen  and  a  brother  ot  Jnftus  ot  Tiberi- 
as, as  we  have  already  faid.  Thofe  of  Gamala  alfo  wrote  to 
me.  defiring  me  to  fend  them  an  armed  force/and  workmen  to 
raife  up  the  walls  of  their  ci'.y  ;  nor  did  I  reject  either  of  their 
rcquefts.  The  region  of  Guulanitis  did  alfo  revolt  from  the- 
king,  as  far  as  the  village  Solyma.  I  alfo  built  a  wall  about 
Seleucia  and  Sogrinni,  which  are  villages  naturally,  ot  very 
gr::at  ftrength.  Moreover  I,  in  like  manner,  waited  feveral 
villages  of  Upper  Galilee,  though  they  were  very  roc; 
themfehvs.  Their  names  are  Jamnia.  and  Meroth,  and  Ach.a- 
bare.  I  alfo  fortified,  in  the  Lower  Galilee,  the  cities  Tari- 
cheo:.  Tiberias.  Sepphoris,  and  the  villages,  the  Cave  of  Ar- 
hela,  Berfobe,  Selamin,  jot;;pata,  Caphareccho,  and  Sigo,  and 
Japh.i,  and  Mount  Tabor*.  I  alfo  laid  up  a  great  quantity  of 
corn  in  thefe  places,  and  arms,  withal,  that  might  be  tor  their 
•Security  afterward. 

38.  I- ut  the  hatred  that   Jolm   the  fon  of  Levj  bore   to   me 
grew  now  more  violent,  whil<-  he  could  not  bear  my  profper- 
ity  with  patience.     So  he  propoled  to  himferf,  by  all  means 
pofTible  '.o  make  away  with  me,  and  built  ('::>  wjlh  ot  Gifcha- 
la,  which  was  the  place  of  his  nativity.     lie  then  lent  his  bro- 
ther Simon,  and    Jonathan  the   fon-  of  Sifenna,   and   about  an 
hundred  armed  men  to  Jcrufalom  to  Simon  the  fon  of  Gamal- 
ielt,  in  order  to  perfnade  him  to  induce  the  commonality  of 
Jerulalem  to  take  from  me  the  government  over  the  Galile- 
,-nd   to  give  their   fulfrages  tor  conferring  that  authority 
him.     Tins  Simon  was  of  the   city    Jeirufalem,  and  of 
.1  very  noble  family,  of  the   feel  oi  the  Phanfees,    which  are 
fuppofed  to  excel  otheis  in  the  accurate  knowledge,  of  the 
<A  tlieir  country.     He  was  a  man  of  great   wildom  and 
ri'iiion,  and  capable  of  rcitoring  public  affairs  by  his  prudence, 
\vhen  tr-.cy  were  in  an  ill  pofturc.     He  was  alfo  an  old   friend 
union  of  John  ;  but  at  that  time  he  had  a  difference 
me.     Vi'hcn  thcjefore  he  had  received  fuch  an   exhorta- 
he  peiTuaded  tiie  high  priefts.  Ananas  i;nd  Jefus  the  fon 
of  Gamala,  arid  fcirte  others  ol  the  lame  feditums  f  aft  ion.  to 
«:iu  me  down  now  I  was  growing  fo  great,   and  not  to  ovcr- 
:r.e  while  I  was  aggrandizing  myfelf  to  the  height  of  glo- 

>   'IVbor  may  be  thoic  (H!i  remaining,  and 
?vlaundrcl.     Stc  his  Travels,  p.  1 1  ^ 

••:ic  ^l!at.   is  if  .   ihc  rabbins  in   the 

is  obierwcl  in  the   Latin  nui. 
,;ia!her  v,-ji   Gamaliel  !. 

••at 
. 


THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS   JOSEPHUS.  483 

ry  ;  arul  he  faid,  that  it  would  be  for  the  advantage  of  the  Gal- 
,  if  I  were  deprived  ot  my  government  there.  Ananus 
alfo,  and  his  friends  dcfired  them  to  make  no  delay  about  the 
matter,  left  1  fhould  get  the  knowledge  ot  what  was  doing  too 
loon,  and  fhould  come  and  make  ar,  affault  upon  the  city  with 
a  great  army.  This  was  the  counlcl  of  Simon  ;  but  Ananus 
the  high  pricfl  dernonfl rated  to  them,  that  this  was  not  an  eafy 
thing  to  be  done,  becaufe  many  ot  the  high  prieits  and  ot  the 
rulers  of  the  people  bore  witnefs  that  I  had  acled  like  an  ex- 
cellent general,  and  that  it  was  the  work  ot  ill  men  to  accufe 
one  againfl  whom  they  had  nothing  to  fay. 

39.  When  Simon  heard  Ananus  lay  this,  he  defirec!  that  the* 
melfengers  would  conceal  the  thing,  and  not  let  it  cor.ie  a- 
mong  many  ;  for  that  he  would  take  care  to  have  Jofephus  re- 
moved out  of  Galilee  very  quickly.  So  he  calico  for  John'* 
brother  [Simon,]  and  charged  him,  that  they  fhould  fend  pref- 
ents  to  Ananus  and  his  friends  ;  lor,  as  he  laid,  they  mighr 
probably  by  that  means  perfnade  them  to  change  their  minc'.i. 
And  indeed  Simon  did  at  length  thus  compafs  what  he  aimed 
at ;  for  Ananus,  and  thofe  with  him,  being  corrupted  by  bribes, 
agreed  to  expel  me  out  of  Galilee,  without  making  the  reft  ot 
the  citizens  acquainted  with  what  they  were  doing.  Accord- 
ingly they  refolved  to  fend  men  of  diftinttion  as  to  their  fam- 
ilies, and  of  difiinclion  as  to  their  learning  alfo.  Two  ct  thefe 
were  ot  the  populace,  Jonathan  *  and  Ananias,  by  feel  ot 
Pharifees  ;  while  the  third,  Jozar,  was  of  the  {lock  of  the 
priefls,  and  a  Pharifee  al!o  ;  and  Simon,  the  laft  ot  them,  was 
of  the  youngefl  of  tl;e  high  pri^fls.  Thefe  had  it  given  them 
in  charge,  that,  when  they  were  come  to  the  multitude  of" the 
Galileans,  they  fhould  am  them  what  was  the  reafon  of  their 
love  to  me  ?  and  it  they  faid,  that  it  was  becaule  I  was  born 
at  Jerusalem,  that  they  fhould  reply,  that  they  tour  were  alt 
born  at  the  fame  place  ;  and  it  they  fhould  fay,  it  was  becauie 
I  was  well  verfed  in  their  law,  they  fhouid  reply,  that  neither 
were  they  unacquainted  with  the  practices  or  their  country  ; 
I  ut  if,  befides  thefe,  they  fhould  fay,  they  loved  me  becaule  I 
was  a  prieft,  they  fhould  reply,  that  two  of  thefe  were  priefts 
iilfo. 

43.  Now,  when  they  had  given  Jonathan  and  his  compan- 
ions thefe  initruilions,  they  gave  them  forty  thoufand  [drach- 
mae] out  ot  the  public  money  :  But  when  they  heard  that 
there  was  a  certain  Galilean  that  then  fojourned  at  Jerufalem, 
\vhofe  name  was  Jelus,  who  had  about  him  a  band  ot  fix  hun- 
dred armed  men,  they  fent  tor  him,  and  gave  him  three  months 
pay,  and  gave  him  orders  to  follow  Jonathan  and  his  compan- 
ions, and  be  obedient  to  them.  T;;ey  alfo  gave  money  to  three 
hundred  men  that  were  citizens  ot  Jcrulaiem.  to  niairitairi 

*  This  J  >r  t'.Ti   i.s  alf,>  taken  notice  of  hi  t!\e  J.atin  - 
.  bbins  in  I'r>r.3  ?.: 


484  TH1   LIFE   OF   FLAVIUS   JOSEPHUS. 

them  all,  and  ordered  them  alfo  to  follow  theambafTadors  ;  and 
when  they  had  complied;*  ami  were  gotten  ready  tor  the  march, 
Jonathan  and  his  companions  went  out  with  them,  having  a- 
long  with  them  John's  brother,  and  an  hundred  armed  men. 
The  charge  that  was  give*  them  by  thofe  that  fent  them  was 
this,  that  it  I  would  voluntarily  lay  down  my  arms,  they 
Ihould  fend  me  alive  to  the«£ily  Jerufalem,  but  that,  in  cafe  1 
oppofed  them,  they  ihould^kill  me,  and  tear  nothing  ;  for  that 
it  was  their  command  for  them  fo  to  do.  They  aiio  wrote  to 
John  to  make  all  ready  tor  fighting  me,  and  gave  order  to  the 
inhabitants  of  Sepphoris  and  Gabara,  and  Tiberias,  to  fend 
auxiliaries  to  John. 

41.  Now  as  my  father  wrote  me  an  account  of  this,  (for  Je- 
fus  the  km  of  Gamala,  who  was  prefent  in  that  council,  a 
friend  and  companion  ot  mine,  told  him  ot  it,)  1  was  very  mucn 
tioubled,  as  discovering  thereby,  that  my  lellow  citizens  prov- 
ed fo  ungrateful  to  me,  as,  out  ot  envy,  to  give  order  that  I 
Ihould  be  (lain  ;  my  father  earneftly  preffcd  me  alfo  in  his  let- 
ter to  come  to  him,  for  that  he  longed  to  fee 

died.  I  informed  my  friends  of  thefe  things,  and  that  in  three 
days  time  I  fhould  leave  the  country,  and  go  !  oon 

hearing  this  they  were  all  very  forry,  and  defined  me,  with 
tears  in  their  eyes,  not  to  leave  them  to  be  <  i  fo 

they  thought  they  fhould  be,  if  I  were'deprived  ot    ii 
mand  over  them  :  But  as  I  did  not  grant  their  reqncft,  bin 

ing  care  of  my  own  fatety.  the  Galileans, 
ot  the  confequence  of  my  departure,  that  ti  :  rhen  be 

at  the  mercy' of  ihe  robbers,  lent  meilengers  over  all  Galilee 
to  inform  them  of  my  refolution  to  leave  them.     Wl.f 
a>  foon  as  they  heard  it,  they  gol  together  in  great  numbers, 
{:om  all  parts,  with  their  wives  and  children  ; 
as  it  appeared  to  me,  not  more  out  of  their  n  to  me, 

than  out  ot  their  tear  on  their  own  account  ;  tor,  while  I  ftaid 
with  them,  they  fuppofed  that  they  fhpuld  fuflfer  no  harm.     So 
they  all  came  into  the  great  plain,  wherein  I  lived,  ti.-;   na 
ot  which  was  Afochis. 

42.  But  wondertul  it  was  what  a  dream  I  faw  that  very 
night  ;  tor  when  I  had  betaken  myfelf  to  my  bed,  as  grieved 
and  difiurbed  at  the  news  that  had  been  written  to  rrc,  ;t  feem- 
ed  to  me,  that  a  certain  perfon  ftood  by  me  *,  ami  faid,  "  O  Jo- 
fephus  !  leave  off  to  affiicl  thy  foul,  and  put  away  ,  for 
what  now  grieves  thee  will  render  thee  very  conficierable.  and 
in  all  refpecls  moft  happy  ;  for  thou  fhalt  get  over  not  only 
thefe  difficulties,  but  many  others,  with  great  fuccefs.     How- 
ever, be  not  caft  down,  but  remember  that  thou  art  to  fight 
with  the  Romans."     When  1  had  feen  this  dream,  I  got  up 

*  This  I  take  to  be  the  firft  of  Jofephus's  remarkable  or    divine   dreams. 
•were  prediftive  of  the  great  things  that  afterward  came  to  pals  :   Of  which  fee  more 
»n  the  note  en  Antiq.  B.  III.  ch  viii,  left.  9.  Vol.  I.     The  other  is  in  the  War,  B, 
311.  ch.  viii.  left.  3,  9.  Vol.  III. 


THE    Lite.    OF    FLAVIUS   JCSEPHUS,  485 

with  an  intention  of  going  down  to  the  plain.     Now  when  the 
whole  multitude  of  the  Galileans,  among  whom  were  the  wo- 
men and  children,  faw  me,  they  threw  themfelves  down  upon 
v.ces,  and  with  tears  in  their  eyes,   be/ought  me  not  to 
•hem  expoled  to  their  enemies,  nor  to  go  away  and  per- 
mit their. counti y  to  be  injured  by  them.   But,  when  I  did  not 
comply  with  their  intreaties,  they  compelled  me  to  take  an 
oath,  that  I  would  ftay  with  them  :  They  alfo  caft  abundance 
ot  reproaches  upon  the  people  of  Jerufalem,  that  they  would 
\r  country  enjoy  peace. 

43.  When  I  heard  this,  and  law  what  forrow  the  people 
were  in,  I  was  moved  with  companion  to  them,  and  thought 
it  became  me  to  undergo  the  mofl  manifefl  hazards  for  the 
fake  ot  fo  great  a  multitude  ;  fo  I  let  them  know  I  would  flay 
with  them.     And  when  I  had  given  order  that  five  thoufand 
ot  them  Ihould  come  to  me  ar.~>.ed,   and  with  provifions  for 
their  maintenance,  I  fent  the  rell  away  to  their  own  homes  ; 
anri,  when  thofe  five  thoufand  were-  come,  I  took  them,  to- 

r  with  three  thoufand  of  the  foldiers  that  were  with  me 
and  eighty  horfemen,  and  marched  to  the  village  of 
Chabolo,  fituated  in  the  confines  of  Ptolemais,  and  there  kept 
my  forces  together,  pretending  to  get  ready  to  fight  with  Pla- 
cidus,  who  was  come  with  two  cohorts  of  footmen,  and  one 
troop  of  horfemen,  and  was  fent  thither  by  Ceftius  Gallus  to 
burn  thofe  villages  ot  Galilee  that  were  near  Ptolemais.    'Up- 
on whofe  cafting  up  a  bank  before  the  city  Ptolemais,  I  alfo 
pitched  my  camp  at  about  the  di  (lance  of  fixty  furlongs   from 
that  village.     And  now  we  frequently  brought  out  our  forces 
as  if  we  would  fight,  but  proceeded  no  farther  than  fkirmifh- 
i  diiiance  ;  tor,  when  Placidus  perceived  that  I  was  earn- 
come  to  battle,  he  was  afraid,  and  avoided  it.     Yet  did 
Le  not  remove  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Ptolema 

44.  About  this   time    it  was  that  Jonathan  and  his  fellow- 
legates  came.      They  were   fent  as  we   have 'faid  already,  by 
Simon,  and  Ananus  the  high-prieft.     And  Jonathan  contriv- 
ed how  he  might  catch  me  by  treachery  ;  for  he  durft  not 
make  any  attempt  upon  me  openly.     So  he  wrote  me  the  fol- 
lowing epillle  :  "  Jonathan  and  thofe  that  are  with  him,  and 
are  fent  by  the  people  of  Jerufalem,  to  Jofephus,  fend  greet- 
ing.    We  are  fent  by   the  principal  men  ot   Jerufalem,  who 
have  heard  that  John  of  Gifchala  hath  laid  many   fnares  for 
thee,  to  rebuke  him,  and  to  exhort  him  to  be  fubjeft  to  thee 

fter.  We  are  alfo  defirous  to  confult  with  thee  about 
our  common  concerns,  and  what  is  fit  to  be  clone.  We  there- 
lore  defire  thee  to  come  to  us  quickly,  and  to  bringonly  a  few 
men  with  thee  ;  tor  this  village  will  not  contain  a  great  num- 
ber of  foldiers."  Thus  it  was  that  they  wrote,  as  expecting 
one  of  thefe  two  things,  either  that  1  fhould  come  without 
^rmedmen.and  then  they  mould  have  me  under  their  power  ; 
or  it  I  came  with  a  great  number,  they  fhould  judge  me  to  be 


4&6  THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS   JOSEPHUS. 

a  ptiblic  enemy.  Now  it  was  an  horfeman  who  bi; 
letter,  3  m-in  at  other  times  bold,  and  one  that  had  fervid  \r.  the 
army  under  the  king.  It  was  the  lecond  hour  of  the  night 
that  he  came,  when  I  was  feafting  with  my  friends,  an  . 
principal  ot  the  Galileans.  This  man,  upon  my  fervant's  tel- 
jlingme,  thata  certain  horfeman  ot  the  Jewifh  nation  was  come, 
lie  was  called  in  at  my  command,  but  did  not  fo  much  as  fa- 
lute  me  at  all,  hut  held  out  a  letter,  and  faid,  "  This  letter  is 
lent  thee  by  thole  that  are  come  from  Jeru{alem.  Do  thou 
write  an  anfvver  to  it  quickly  ;  for  I  am  obliged  to  return  to 
them  very  foon."  Now  my  guefb  could  not  but  wonder  at 
the  boldnefs  of  the  foldier.  But  1  defired  him  to  fit  down  and 
lup  with  us  ;  but  when  he  re  hi  fed  fo  to  do,  I  held  the  letter 
in  my  hands  as  I  received  it,  and  fell  talking  with  my  guelts 
about  other  matters.  But  a  few  hours  afterwards  I  got  up,  and 
•when  I  had  difmiffed  the  reft  togo  to  their  beds,  1  bid  only 
four  of  my  intimate  friends  to  flay,  and  ordered  my  fervantto 
get  lome  wine  ready.  laHo  opened  the  letter  fo,  that  no  body 
could  perceive  it  ;  and  understanding  thereby  prefently  the 
purport  ot  the  writing,  1  fealcd  it  up  again,  and  appeared  as 
if  I  had  not  yet  read  it  but  only  hell  it  my  hands.  1  ordered 
twenty  drachmas  thould  be  given  the  foldier  for  the  charges  of 
his  journey  ;  and  when  he  took  the  money,  and  faid  he  thank- 
ed me  tor  it,  I  perceived  that  he  loved  money,  and  that  h 
to  be-caught  chiefly  by  that  means,  and  I  faid  to  him,  "  If 
thou  wilt  but  drink  with  us,  thou  fhalt  have  a  drachma?  for 
every  glafs  thou  drinkeft."  So  he  gladly  embraced  the 
pofal,  and  drank  a  great  deal  ot  wine,  in  order  togetthemore 
money,  and  was  fo  (trunk,  that  at  latl  he  could  not  keep  the 
fecrets  he  was  intruited  with  but  dilcovercd  them  without  my 
putting  queiiions  to  him,  viz.  that  a  treacherous  defign  was 
contrive^  againlt  me,  and  that  1  was  doomed  to  die  by  thole 
that  fen t  him.  When  I  heard  this,  1  wrote  back  this  anfwer  : 
"  Jofephtis,  to  Jonathan  and  thofe  that  are  with  him,  ferideth 
greeting.  Upon  the  information  that  you  are  come  in  health 
into  Galilee,  I  rejoice,  and  this  efpecially  becaufe  I  can  now 
refign  the  care  of  public  affairs  here  into  your  hands,  and  re- 
turn into  rny  native  country  ;  which  is  what  I  have  defired  to 
dp  a  great  while  :  And  1  confefs  I  ought  not  only  to  come  to 
you  as  far  as  Xaloth,  but  farther,  and  this  without  your  com- 
mands. But  I  defire  you  to  excuie  me,  becaufe  1  cannot  do 
it  now,  fince  1  watch  the  motions  of  Placidus,  who  hath  a 
inind  to  go  up  into  Galilee  ;  and  this  I  do  here  at  Chabalo. 
Do  you  therefore  on  the  receipt  of  this  epiftle,  come  hither  to 
me...  Fare  you  well." 

45  When  i  had  written  thus,  and  given  the  letter  to  be 
carried  by  the  foldier,  I  fent  along  with  them  thirty  ot  the  Gal- 
ileans of  the  beft  characlers,  and  gave  them  inflruchons  to  fa- 
lute  thofe  ambaffadors,  but  to  lay  nothing  elfe  to  them.  1 
aJfo  gave  orders  to  as  many  ol  thofe  armed  men,  whom  \  ef- 


THE    Lift    OF    FLAVIUS    JOSEPHUS.  487 

teemed  mod  faithful  tonie^  to  go  along  with  the  others,  every 
one  with  him  whom  he  was  to  guard,  left  fome  conversion 
might  pafs  between  thofe  whom  i  fent  and  thofe  that  were  with 
Jonathan.  So  thofe  men  went  fto  Jonathan].  Bat  when  Jon- 
ithan  and  his  partners  had  failed  in  this  their  fii  11  attempt,  they 
>ent  me  another  letter,  the  contents  whereof  were  as  follows  : 
1  Jonathan  and  thofe  with  him  to  Jofephus,  fend  greeting. 
We  require  thee  to  come  to  us  to  the  village  Gabaroth,  on  the 
third  day,  without  any  armed  men,  that  we  may  hear  what 
thou  haft  to  lay  to  the  charge  of  John  [ot'Gifchala  |."  When 
they  had  written  this  letter,  they  faluted  the  Galileans  whom 
I  (ent,  and  came  to  Japha,  which  was  the  largeit  village  of  all 
Galilee,  and  encompafTed  with  very  (hong  walls,  and  had  a 
great  nuinher  of  inhabitants  in  it.  There  the  multitude  of 
men  with  their  wives  and  children,  met  them  and  exclaimed 
loudly  againft  them,  and  defined  them  to  be  gone,  and  not  t^> 
envy  them  the  advantage  of  an  excellent  commander.  With 
thefe  clamours  Jonathan  and  his  partners  were  greatly  pro. 
vokcd,  although  they  durft  not  fhew  their  anger  openly  :  So 
they  made  him  no  anfwer,  hut  went  to  other  villages.  But 
(till  the  fame  clamours  met  them  from  all  the  people  who  laid, 
"  No  body  (hould  perfuade  them  to  have  any  other  command- 
er betides  Jolephus."  So  Jonathan  and  his  partners  went  a- 
way  from  them  without  fuccefs,  and  came  to  Sepphoris,  the 
greateft  city  of  all  Galilee.  Now  the  men  of  that  city  who 
inclined  to  the  Romans  in  their  fentiments,  met  them  indeed 
but  neither  praifed  nor  reproached  me  ;  and  when  they  were 
gone  downt  from  Sepphoris  to  Afochis,  the  people  of  that 
place  made  a  clamour  againft  them,  as  thofe  of  Japha  had 
done.  Whereupon  they  were  able  to  contain  themfelves  no 
longer,  but  ordered  the  armed  men  that  were  wkh  them  to 
beat  thofe  that  made  the  clamour  with  ther  clubs.  And  when 
they  carne  to  Gabara  John  met  them,  with  three  thoufand  arm- 
ed men  ;  but,  as  I  underltood  by  their  letter,  that  they  had  re- 
folved  to  fight  againft  me,  I  arofe  from  Chabolo,  with  three 
thoufand  armed  men  alfo,  but  left  in  my  campoiieof  my  fait- 
eft  friends,  and  came  to  Jotapata,  as  defirous  to  be  near  them, 
the  diftance  being  no  more  than  forty  furlongs.  Whence  I 
wrote  thus  to  them  :  "  If  you  are  very  dmfirous  that  1  fhould 
come  to  you,  you  know  there  ate  two  hundred  and  forty  cit- 
ies and  villages  in  Galilee,  1  will  come  to  any  of  them  which 
you  pleale,  excepting  Gabara  and  Gifchala  ;  the  one  of  which 
is  John's  native  city,  and  the  other  in  confederacy  andlriend- 
fhip  with  him." 

46  When  Jonathan  and  his  partners  had  received  this  let- 
ter, they  wrote  to  me  no  more  anfwers,  but  called  a  council 
of  their  friends  together,  and  taking  John  into  their  coniuita- 
tion,  they  took  connfel  together  by  what  means  they  might 
attack  me.  John's  opinion  was,  that  they  mould  wtite  to  ail 
the  cities  ,erc  in  Galilee  ;  iur  ihat  there  mult 


488  THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS   JO.. 

be  certainly  one  or  two  perfons  in  every  one  of  them  that  was 
at  variance  with  me  and  that  they  be  invited  to  come  to  op- 
pofe  me  as  an  enemy.  He  would  a! fo  have  them  fend  this 
refolution  of  theirs  to  fhe  city  Jerutalem,  that  its  citizens  up- 
on the.  knowledge  of  my  being  adjudged  to  be  an  enemy  by 
the  Galileans,  might  themfelves  alfo  confirm  that  determina- 
tion. He  iaid  alfo,  that  when  this  was  done,  even  thofe  Gali- 
leans who  were  affefted  to  me,  would  defert  me  out  of  fear. 
When  John  had  given  them  this  counfel,  what  he  had  faid 
was  very  agreeable  to  the  reft  ot  them.  I  was  alfo  man 
quainted  with  thefe  affairs  about  the  third  hour  of  the  night, 
by  the  means  of  one  Saccheus,  who  had  belonged  to  them,  but 
now  deferted  them  and  came  over  to  me,  and  told  me  what 
they  were  about ;  fo  1  perceived  that  no  time  was  to  be  loft. 
Accordingly  I  gave  command  to  Jacob,  an  armed  man  o!  my 
guard,  whom  I  efteemed  faithful  to  me,  to  take  two  hundred 
men  and  to  guard  the  paflages  that  led  from  Gabara  to  Gali- 
lee, and  to  feize  upon  the  paflengers,  and  fend  them  to  me, 
efpecially  fuch  as  were  caught  with  letters  about  them  :  I  alia 
fent  Jeremias  himfelf,  one  of  my  friends  with  fix  hundred 
armed  men,  to  the  borders  of  Galilee,  in  order  to  watch  the 
roads  that  led  from  this  country  to  the  city  Jerufalem,  and 
gave  him  charge  to  lay  hold  of  fuch  as  travelled  with  letters 
about  them,  to  keep  the  men  in  bonds  upon  the  place,  but  to 
fend  me  the  letters. 

47.  When  i  had  laid  thefe  commands  upon  them,  I 
them  orders  and  bid  them  to  take  their  arms  and  bring  three 
days  provifion  with  them,  and  be  with  me  the  next  day.  I  al- 
io  parted  thofe  that  were  about  me  into  four  parts,  and  ordain- 
ed thofe  of  them  that  were  molt  faithful  to  me  to  be  a  guard  to 
my  body.  I  alfo  fet  over  them  centurions,  and  commanded 
them  to  take  care  that  not  a  foldier  which  they  did  not  kn^w 
ihould  mingle  himfelf  among  them.  Now  on  the  fifth  day  fol- 
lowing, when  I  was  in  Gabaroth,  I  found  the  entire  pla;. 
was  before  the  village  full  of  armed  men,  who  were,  come  out 
of  Galilee  to  aflift  me  :  Many  others  of  the  multitude  alfo,  out 
ot  the  village  ran  along  with  me.  But  as  fooa  as  i  had  taken 
my  place,  arid  began  to  (peak  to  them,  they  all  made  an  accla- 
mation, and  called  me  the  benefactor  and  iaviour  of  the  coun- 
try. And  when  1  had  made  them  my  acknowledgements,  and 
thanked  them  [for  their  affeftion  to  me,  |  1  alfo  advircd  them 
to  fight*  with  no  body,  nor  to  fpoil  the  country  ;  but  to  pitch 
their  tents  in  the  plain,  and  be  content  with  their,  fuftenance 
they  had  brought  with  them  ;  for  I  told  them  1  had  a  mind  to 
compofe  thefe  troubles  without  fhedding  any  blood.  Now  it 

*  Jofephus's  direftiops  '.  •    'vre  are  much  the  fame  that  J  ohn  the  Bap- 

:'iii-  14.   "  to  no  man,  neiti.cr  accufe  any  iaHc 

•ntwiih  your  vra^."     Whence  Dr.  Hudfon  confirms  this  conje£t« 

,  <;hn  the  Baptift,  v. 


TilE    LIFfl    OF    FLAVIUS   JOSKPHUS.  489 

came  to  pafs  that  on  the  very  fame  day  thofe  who  were  fent  by 
John  with  letters,  fell  among  the  guards  whom  I  had  appoint- 
ed to  watch  the  roads  ;  io  the  men  were  themfelves  kept  upon 
the  place,  as  my  orders  were,  but  !  got  the  letters,  which  were 
full  of  reproaches  and  lies  ;  and  I  intended  to  fall  upon  thefe 
men,  without  faying  a  word  ot  thefe  matters  to  any  body. 

48.  Now  as  foon  as  Jonathan  and  his  companions  heard  o£ 
rny  coming,  they  took  all  their  own  friends,  and  John  with 
them,  and  retired  to  the  houfe  of  Jefus,  which  indeed  was  a 
large  caftle,  and  no  way   unlike  a  citadel;  fo  they  privately 
laid  a  band  of  armed  men  therein,  and  (hut  all  the  other  doors 
but  one,  which  they  kept  open,  and  they  expe£ied  that  I  (hould 
come  out  of  the  road  to  them,  to  falute   them.      And  indeed 
they  had  given  orders  to  the  armed  men,  that  when  I  came 
they  ihould  let  no  body  be  fides  me  come  in,  but  fhould  ex^ 
elude  others;  as  fuppofing  that,  by  this  means,  they  ihould 
eafily  get  me  under  their  power  :  But  they  were  deceived  i;i 
their  expectation  ;  {or  I  perceived  what  fnares  they  had  laic! 
for  me.     Now  as  foon  as  I  was  got  off  my  journey,  I  took  uj> 
my  lodgings  over  againfl  them,  and  pretended   to  he  afleep  ; 
fo  Jonathan  and  his  party  thinking  that   I  was   really  afleep, 
and  at  reft,  made  hafte  to  go  down  into  the  plaia,  to  perfuade 
the  people  that  I  was  an  ill  governor.      But  the  matter  proved 
otherwife  ;  for  upon  their  appearance  there  was  a  cry  made  by 
the  Galileans  immediately,  declaring  their  good  opinion  ot 
me  as  their  governor  ;  and  they  made  a  clamour  againft  Jon- 
athan and  his  partners,  tor  coming  to  them  when  they    had 
differed  no  harm,  and  as  though  they   would   overturn  theif 
happy  fettlement ;  and  defired  them   by  all  means  to  go  back 
again,  for  that  they    would  never  be  perfuaded  to    have   any 
other  to  rule  over  them  but  my  felf.    When  I  heard  of  this,  I 
did  not  fear  to  go  down  into  the.  midft  ot  them  ;  i  went,  there- 
fore, my  felt  down  prefemly  to  hear  what    Jonathan  and  his 
companions  faid.      As  fcon  as  1  appeared,  there  was  immedi- 
ately an  acclamation  made  to  me  by  the  whole  multitude,  and 
a  cry    in  my    commendation  by   them,  who   confeffed   their 
thanks  was  owing  to  me  for  my  good  government  ot  them, 

49.  When  Jonathan  and  his  companions    heard  this,  they 
were  in  fear  ot  their  own  lives,  and  in  danger  left  they  fhould 
be  affaulted   by  the  Galileans  on  my   account  ;  fo  they  con- 
trived how  they  might  run  away.     But  as  they  were  not  able 
togetofftorldefired them  to  flay,  they  looked  down  with  con- 
cern at  my  words  to  them.     I  ordered  therefore  the  multitude  to 
reftrain  entirely  their  acclamations,  and  placed  the  moil  faith- 
ful of  my  armed  men  upon  the  avenues,  to  be  a  guard  to  us, 
left  John  Ihould  unexpectedly  fall  upon  us  ;  and  I  encouraged 
the  Galileans  to  take  their  weapons,  left  they   fhould  be  dif- 
turbed  at  their  enemies,  if  any  fudden  infult  ihould  be  made 
upon  them.     And  then,  in  the  firil  place,  I  put  Jonathan  and 
his  partners  in  mind  of  their  Hornier]  le'ter,  and  after  what 

Voi ..  II.  O  3 


49P  THE    LIFI  OF    PLAVIUS   JOSEPHUS. 

manner  they  had  written  to  me,  and  declared  they  were  fent? 
by  the  common  confent  of  the  people  of  Jet  ufalem,  to  make 
up  the  differences  1  had  with  John,  and  how  they  had  defireci 
me  to  come  to  them  ;  and  as  1  fpake  thus,  I  publicly  (hewed 
that  letter  they  had  written,  till  they  could  not  at  all  deny 
•what  they  had  done,  the  letter  itfelt  convicting  them.  I  then 
faid,  "  O  Jonathan,  and  you  that  are  fent  with  him  as  his  col- 
league?, if  I  were  to  be  judged  as  to  my  behaviour,  compar- 
ed with  that  of  John's,  and  had  brought  no  more  than  two  *  or 
three  witnefles,  good  men  and  true,  it  is  plain  you  had  been 
forced,  upon  the  examination  of  their  characltrs  beforehand, 
to  difcharge  the  accufations  :  That  therefore  you  may  be  in- 
formed that  I'have  afied  well  in  the  affairs  of  Galilee,  I  think 
three  witneffes  too  few  to  be  brought  by  a  man  that  hath  done 
as  he  ought  to  do  ;  fo  I  gave  you  all  thefe  for  witneffes.  In- 
quire of  them  -r  how  I  have  lived,  and  whether  1  have  not  be- 
liaved  myfelf  with  all  decency,  and  alter  a  virtuous  manner 
among  them.  And  I  farther  conjure  you,  O  Galileans,  to 
hide  no  part  of  the  truth,  but  to  (peak  before  thefe  men  as  be- 
fore iudges,  whether  I  have  in  any  thing  a£lcd  ctheiwife  than 
' 


50.  While  I  was  thus  fpeaking,  the  united  voices  of  all  the 
people  joined  together,  and  called  me   their  benefaclor  and 
iaviour,  and  attefled  to  my  former  behaviour,  and  exhorted 
me  to  continue   fo  to  do  hereafter  ;  and   they  all  faid,  upon 
their  oaths,  that  their  wives  had  been  preferved  free  from  in- 
juries, and  that  no  one  had  ever  been  aggrieved  by  me.  After 
this,  1  read  to  the  Galileans   two  of  thole  epilrles  which  bad 
been  fent  by  Jonathan   and   his  colleagues,  and  which  thofe 
whom  I  had  appointed   to  guard  the  road  had  taken,  and  fent 
to  me.      Thefe  were  full  ot  reproaches,  and  of  lies,  as  if  I 
had  acled  more  like  a  tyrant  than  a  governor  againff  them,  with 
many  other  things  befides  therein  contained,  which  were  no 
better  indeed  than  impudent   falfities.      I  alfo   informed  the 
multitude  how   1    came  by   thefe   letters,  and  that  thofe  who 
carried  them   delivered  them   up  voluntarily  ;  for  I  was  not 
•willing  that  my  enemies  fhould  knoAV  any  thing  ot  the  guard* 

1  had    fet,  left  they    mould  be  afraid,  and  leave  off  writing 
hereafter. 

51.  When  the  multitude  heard  thefe  things,  they  weregreat- 
ly  provoked  at  Jonathan,  and  his   colleagues  that   were  with 
him,  and  were  going  to  attack  them  and  kill  them  ;  and  this 

*  We  here  learn  the  practice  ef  the  Jfws,  hi  the  clays  of  Joiepbus,  to  enquire 
into  the  chareflers  of  witnefles,  before  they  •weie.  admitted,  ar.ri  that  thJrnuin- 
ocr  ought  to  be  three,  or  t\vo  at  the  Jeaft,  alio  exadly  ss  in  the  la  v  oi  Mofes.  and 
in  the  Apoftolical  Conftitutions,  B.  II.  ch  37.  See  Horao  Covenant  Revived, 

2  g«97i  98- 

t  This  appcai  to  the  whole  body  of  the  Galileans  by  Jofephus,  and  the  tefti- 
mony  they  gave  Rim  of  integrity  in  his  conciuft,  as  their  governor,  is  very  likt 
that  appeal  and  teftimony  in  the  cafe  of  the  prophet  Samdel,  i  Sam.  xii.  1—5  anii 
perhaps  was  done  by  Joiepbus  in  imitation  ot  him. 


THE    "LIFE    OF    FLAV1US    JOSEPHUS.  Sttyi 

•they  had  certainly  done,  nnlefs  I  had  reftrained  the  ?nger  of 
•the  Galileans,  and  faid,  That  "  I  forgave  Jonathan  and  hrs 
•colleagues  what  was  pail,  if  they  would  repent,  and  go  to 
•their  own  country,  and  tell  thofe  who  fent  them  the  truth,  as 
to  my  conrluft."  When  I  had  laid  this,  I  let  them  go,  al- 
though I  knew  they  would  do  nothing  of  what  they  had  prom- 
ifed.  But  the  multitude  were  very  much  enraged  againft 
them,  and  entreated  me  to  give  them  leave  to  puniih  them  for 
their  infolence  ;  yet  did  I  try  all  methods  to  perfuade  them  te> 
fpare  the  men  ;  for  I  knew  that  every  inftance  of  fedition  was 
pernicious  to  the  public  welfare.  But  the  multitude  was  too 
angry  with  them  to  be  diffuaded,  and  all  of  them  went  imme- 
diately to  the  houfe  in  which  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  a- 
bode.  However,  when  I  perceived  that  their  rage  could  not 
be  reftrained,  I  got  on  horfe-back,  and  ordered  the  multitude 
to  follow  me  to  the  village  Sogane,  which  was  twenty  iur- 
longs  off  Gabara  ;  and  by  tifirg  this  flratagem,  1  fo  managed 
mylelf.  as  not  to  appear  to  begin  civil  war  amongfi  them. 

52.  But  when  I  was  come  near  Sogane,  I  caufed  the  mul- 
titude to  make  an  holt,  and  exhorted  them  not  to  be  fo  eafjly 
provoked  to  anger,  and  to  the  inflifting  fuch  punifhrnents  as 
could  not  be  afterwards  recalled  :  J  alfo  gave  order,  that  an 
"hundred  men,  who  were  already  in  years,  and  were  principal 
men  among  them,  mould  get  themfelves  ready  to  go  to  the 
city  Jerufa!em,and  fhould  make  a  complaint  before  the  peo- 
ple, of  fuch  as  raifed  feditions  in  the  country.  And  1  faid 
to  them,  that  '•  in  cafe  they  be  moved  with  what  you  fay,  you 
fhall  deiire  the  community  to  write  to  me,  and  to  enjoin  me  to 
continue  in  Galilee,  and  to  order  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues 
to  depart  out  of  it."  When  I  had  inggefled  thefe  inftruftions. 
to  them,  and  while  they  were  getting  themfelves  ready  as  fad 
as  they  could,  I  lent  them  on  this  errand  the  third  day  after 
they  had  been  afiembled  :  I  alfo  fent  five  hundred  armed  men 
with  them  fas  a  guard].  I  then  wrote  to  my  triends  in  Sama- 
ria, to  take  care  that  they  might  fafely  pafs  through  the  coun- 
try :  For  Samaria  was  already  under  the  Romans,  and  it  was 
abfolutely  neceffary  for  thofe  that  go  quickly  [  to  Jerufalernj, 
to  pafs  through  that  country  ;  for  in  that  road  you  may,  in 
three  days  time,  go  from  Galilee  to  Jerufalcm.  J  alfo  went 
inyfelt,  and  conduced  the  old  men  as  far  as  the  bounds  of 
Galilee,  and  fct  guards -in  the  roads,  that  it  might  not  be  cafily 
known  by  any  one  that  thefe  men  were  gone.  And  when  I 
had  thus  done,  I  went  and  abode  at  Japha. 

,53.  Now  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  having  failed  of  ac- 
compli(hing  what  they  would  have  done  againlt  me,  they  Tent 
John  back  to  Gifchala,  but  went  themfelves  to  the  city 
JTiberias,  cxpecling  it  would  fubmit  itfelf  to  them  ;  and 
this  was  founded  on  a  letter  which  Jefus,  their  then  governor, 
.had  written  them,  promifing,  that  if  they  came,  the  multi- 
tude would  receive  them,  and  choofe  to  be  under  thei  r  gov- 


492  THE    LIF£    OF    FLAVIUS    JOSEPHUS. 

eminent  ;  fo  they  went  their  ways  with  this  expectation.  But 
Silas,  who  as  I  laid,  had  been  left  curator  ot  Tiberias  by  me, 
informed  me  ol  this,  and  defired  me  to  make  hafte  thither. 
Accordingly  I  complied  with  his  advice  immediately,  and 
came  thither  ;  but  found  myfelf  in  danger  of  my  life,  from 
the  following  occafion  ;  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  had  been 
at  Tiberias,  and  had  perfuaded  a  great  many  of  fuch  as  had  a 
quarrel  with  me  to  defert  me  ;  but  when  they  heard  of  my 
coming  they  were  in  fear  for  themfelves,  and  came  to  me,  and 
when  they  had  faluted  me,  they  faid,  that  1  was  an  happy 
man  in  having  behaved  myfelt  ib  well  in  the  government  of 
Galilee;  and  they  congratulated  me  upon  the  honours  that 
were  paid  me  :  For  they  laid,  that  my  glory  was  a  credit  to  them, 
fince  they  had  been  my  teachers  and  fellow  citizens  ;  and  they 
{aid  farther,  that  it  was  but  juft  that  they  fhould  prefer  my 
friendfhip  to  them  rather  than  John's,  and  that  they  would 
have  immediately  gone  home,  but  that  they  flayed  that 
might  deliver  up  John  into  my  power  ;  and  when  they  faid 
this  tney  took  their  oaths  of  it,  and  thofe  fuch  as  are  mod 
tremendous  atnonft  us,  and  fuch  as  I  did  not  think  fit  to  dit- 
believe.  However,  they  defned  me  to  lodge  forne  when- 
elfe  ;  becauie  the  next  day  was  tne  Sabbath,  and  that  it  uv.^ 
not  fit  the  city  of  Tiberias  fhould  be  dillurbed  j  on  that  day  |, 
54.  So  I  fufpecled  nothing,  and  went  away  to  Taricht.v  ; 
yet  did  I  withal  leave  fome  to  make  inquiry  in  the  city  how 
matters  went,  and  whether  any  thing  was  faid  a'»out  me  :  I 
a'.fo  fet  many  perfons  all  the  way  that  led  from  TarichecC  to 
Tiberias,  that  they  might  communicate  from  one  to  another 
if  they  learned  any  news  from  thole  that  were  left  in  the  city. 
On  the  next  day.  therefore,  they  all  came  into  thePiof.:u- 
rha  *  ;  it  was  a  large  edifice,  and  capable  of  receiving  a  great 
number  of  people  ;  thither  Jonathan  went  in,  and  though,  he 
durft  not  openly  fpeak  of  a  revolt,  yet  did  he  fay  that  their 
city  flood  in  need  of  a  better  governor  than  it  then  had.  But 
Jelus  who  was  the  ruler,  made  no  fcruple  to  fpeak  out,  and 
laid  openly,  "  O  fellow  citizens !  it  is  better  for  you  to  be  in 
fubjeclion  to  four  than  to  one  ;  and  thofe  fuch  as  are  of  high 
birth,  and  not  without  reputation  for  their  wifdom  ;"  and 
pointed  to  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues,  Up-m  his  faying 
this,  Julius  came  in  and  commended  him  for  what  he  had  faici, 
and  perfuaded  fome  of  the  people  to  be  of  his  mind  alfo. 
But  the  multitude  were  not  pleated  with  what  was  faid,  and 
had  certainly  gone  into  a  tumult,  unlefs  the  fixth  hour 
which  was  now  come  had  diffolved  the  aflembly,  at  which 

•  It  is  worth  noting  here,  that  there  was  now  a  great  Profeucha,  or  place  of 
prayer  in  the  city  Tiberias  itfelf,  though  fuch  Profeucha  ufed  to  be  out  of 
as  the  lynagogues  were  withiathem  ;  of  them  fee  Le  Moyne  on  Polyrarp's  epiftle, 
page  76.  It  is  a!fo  worth  our  remark,  that  the  Jews  in  the  days  of  Jofephus  uicd 
to  dine  at  the  fixth  hour  or  noon  ;  and  that  in  obedi  -nee  to  their  ntftioas  of  the 
law  of  Mofes  aHo. 


THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS    JOSEPHUS.  493 

hour  our  law  requires  us  to  go  to  dinner  on  Sabbath  days  ;  fo 
Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  put  off  their  council  till  the  next 
day,  and  went  off  without  fuccefs.  When  I  was  informed  of 
theie  affairs,  I  determined  to  go  to  the  city  of  Tiberias  in  the 
inorning.  Accordingly,  on  the  next  day  about  the  firft  hour 
oi  the  day,  I  came  to  Taricheae,  and  found  the  multitude 
ready  aflembled  in  Profeucha ;  but  on  what  account  they  were 
gotten  together,  thofe  that  were  aflembled  did  not  know.  But 
when  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  faw  me  there  unexpected- 
ly,  they  were  in  diforder  ;  after  which  they  raifed  a  report  of 
their  own  contrivance,  that  Roman  horfemen  were  feen  at  a 
place  called  Union,  in  the  borders  ot  Galilee,  thirty  furlongs 
diftant  from  the  city.  Upon  which  report  Jonathan  and  his 
colleague";,  cunningly  exhorted  me  not  to  neglecl  this  matter, 
nor  to  fuffer  the  land  to  be  fpoiled  by  the  enemy.  And  this 
they  faid  with  a  defign  to  remove  me  out  of  the  city,  under 
thr^  pretence  of  the  want  of  extraordinary  afliftance,  while 
they  might  difpofe  the  city  to  my  enemy. 

^5.  As  for  myfelF,  although  I  knew  of  their  defign,  yet 
did  I  comply  with  what  they  >;ropofed  left  the  people  of  Ti- 
berias (hould  have  occafion  to  fuppofe,  that  I  was  not  careful 
oi  their  fecurity.  I  therefore  went  out;  but  when  1  was  at 
the  place,  1  found  not  the  leafl  footfteps  of  any  enemy, 
fo  1  returned  as  tad  as  ever  I  could,  and  found  the  whole 
council  atTembled,  and  the  body  of  the  people  gotten  togeth- 
er, and  Jonathan  snd  his  colleagues  bringing  vehement  accu- 
fations  againft  me,  as  one  that  had  no  concern  to  eafe  them  of 
the  burdens  ot  war.  and  as  one  that  lived  luxurioufly.  And 
as  they  were  difcourfing  thus,  they  produced  tour  letters  as 
written  to  them  from  fome  people  that  lived  at  the  borders  of 
Galilee,  imploring  that  they  would  come  to  their  affiftance, 
l')f  that  there  was  an  army  oi  Romans,  both  horfemen  and 
footmen,  who  would  come  and  lay  wafte  the  country  on  the 
third  day  ;  they  de  fired  them  alfo  to  make  haltc,  and  not  to 
overlook  them.  When  the  people  of  Tiberias  heard  this,  they 
thought  they  fpake  truth,  and  made  a  clamour  againft  me,  and 
faid,  1  ought  riot  to  fit  ftill,  but  to  g>  away  to  the  afliftance 
ot  their  countrymen.  Hereupon  I  laid,  (for  I  under/food  the 
meaning  of  Jonathan  and  his  col  leagues) ,  that  I  was  ready  to 
comply  with  what  they  propofed,  and  without  delay  to  march 
to  the  war  which  they  ipake  of,  yet  did  I  advife  them,  at  the 
fame  time,  that  fmce  theie  letters  declared  that  the  Romans  would 
make  their  affault  in  four  feveral  places,  they  (hould  part  their 
forces  into  five  bodies,  and  make  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues 
generals  ot  each  body  ot  them,  b'ecaule  it  was  fit  for  brave 
men,  not  only  to  givecounfel,  but  to  take  the  place  of  lead- 
ers, and  aifilf  their  countrymen  whenfuch  a  neceflity  p re  fled 
them  ;  tor,  faid  I-,  it  is  not  poffible  for  me  to  lead  more  than 
one  party.  This  advice  ot  mine  greatly  plea  fed  the  multi- 
tude ;  fo  they  compelled  them  to  go  forth  to  war.  But  :!;  :tr 


494  ™£    LIFE    Oi     FLAVIUS    JOSEPHUS, 

defigns  were  put  into  very  much   diforder,  becaufe  they 
not  done  what  they  defigned  to  do,  on  account  of  my  ftrata- 
gem,  which  was  oppofite  to  their  undertakings. 

56.  Now  there  was  one  whole  name  was  Ananias,  a  wicked 
man  he  was,  and  very  mifchievous  ;  he  propofed  that  a  gen- 
eral  religious  fall  *  (hould  be  appointed  the  next  day  for  all 
the  people,  and  gave   order  that  at  the  fame  hour  they  fhould 
come  to  the  fame  place  without  any  weapons,  to  make  it  rr.anifeft 
before  God.  that  while  they  obtained  his  affiftance,  they  tho't 
all  thefe  weapons  ufelefs.     This  he  laid,  not  out  ot  piety,  but 
that  they  might   catch  me  and  my  friends  unarmed.     Now  I 
was  hereupon  forced  to  comply,  left  I  mould  appear  to  def- 
pife  a  propofal  that  tended  to  piety.      As  foon,  therefore,  as 
we  weregone  home,  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  wrote  tojohn.to 
come  to  them  in  themorning  and  defiring  him  to  come  with  as 
many  foldiers  as  he  poJIibly  could,   tor  that  they    ihouid  then 
be  able  ea-fily  to  get  me  into  their  hands,  and  to  do  all  that  they 
defired  to  do.       When  John  had    received  this   letter,  he  re- 
folved  to  comply  with  it.     As  for  myfelf',  on  the  next  day,  I 
ordered  two  ot  the  guards  ot  my  body,  whom  1  e deemed  the 
moil    courageous,  and  moft   faithtul,  to  hide   daggers    under 
their  garments,  and  to  go   along  with  me,   that    we  might  de- 
fend omfelves.  if  any  attack  fhould  be  made  upon  us  by  our 
enemies.     I  allo  mylelt  took  my  bieaft  plate,  and  gird  on  my 
fword,  fo  that  it.  might   be,  as  far  as   was  poffible,  concealed, 
and  came  into  the  Profe-u-cha. 

57.  Now  Jefus.  who  was  the   ruler,   commanded    that  they 
fhould  exclude  all  that  cdme  with  me,  tor  he   kept  the  door 
Jiimfelt,  and  fufleied  none  hut  his  frien-Js  to  go  in.     And  while 
we    were  engaged   in  the  duties  of  the  day,  and  had    betaken 
ourfelves  to  our  prayers,  Jt'us  got  up,  and  enquired  of  me 
what  was   become  ot  the  veSTds   that    were   taken   out  of  the 
king's    palace,  when    it  was   burnt    down,  [and]  of  that  un- 
coined ulver;  And  in  whole  poflefR on  they  now  were  ?     This 
lie  laid,  in  order  to  drive  away  time  till  John  fhould  come     I 
faid  that  Capellus,  and  the  ten  principal  men  of  Tiberias  had 
them  all  ;  and  I  told  him  that   they  might  alk  them  whether  I 
told  a  lie  or  not.     And  when  they  faid  they  had  them,  heafk- 
cd  me,  w-hat  is  become  ot  tho'e  twenty  pieces  of  gold  which 
thou  didft  receive    upon   the  fale  ot  a   certain  weight  ot  un- 
coined money  ?     I  replied,  that  I    had    given   tticm   to  thofe 
ambaflfadors  ot  theirs,  as  a  maintenance  tor  them,  when  they 
were  lent  hy  them  to  Jerufalem.  So  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues 
faid,  that  I  had  not  done  well  to  pay    the   ambalfadors    out  ot 
the  public  money.      And  when  the  multitude  were  very    an- 
gry at  them   for   this,  tor  they  perceived   the   wickednefs   ot 

*  One  may  obferve  here,  That  this    by    Piisri!Vp  Ananias,   as  w  have    fcen    he 
w«,  tfft.  39  t:>ok  upon  him  t'i  .  i  ..f.  "i'iueri?.;.  and  was   obeyed  ;  tha" 

i-ideed  it  was.  not  odtol  religion;  bui  Knavri:  p.-liry. 


THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIU&  JOSEPHU*.  495 

the  men,  I  underftood  that  a  tumult  was  going  to  arife  ;  and 
being  defirous  to  provoke  the  public  to  a  greater  rage  againft. 
the  men,  I  laid,  "  But  if  I  have  not  done  well  in  paying  our 
ambaffkdors  out  of  the  publick  ftock,  leave  off  your  anger  at 
me,  for  I  will  repay  the  twenty  pieces  ol^jold  myfelf." 

58.  When  I  had  faid  this,  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  held 
their  peace ;  but  the  people   were  ftill  more  irrii.Ked  againfl 
them,  upon  their  openly  mewing  their  unjuft  ill-will  to  me. 
When  Jefus  faw  this  change  in  the  people,  he  ordered  them  to 
depart,  but  defired  the  fen-ate  to  ftay  ;   for  that  they  could  not 
examine  things  of  fucha  nature,  in  tumult  ;  and,  as  the  peo- 
ple were  crying  out  that  they  would  not  leave  me  alone,  there 
came  one  and  told  Jelus  and  his  friends  privately,   that  John 
and  his  armed  men  were  at  hand  :  Whereupon  Jonathan  and 
his  colleagues,  being  able  to  contain  themfelves  no   longer, 
(and  perhaps  the  providence  of   God  hereby   procuring  my 
deliverance  ;  for,  had  not  this  been  fo,  I  had  certainly  been 
deftroyed  by  John,  faid,   <l  O  you  people  of  Tiberias,  leave 
off  this  enquiry  about  the  twenty  pieces  of  gold  ;  for  Jofephus 
hath  notdeferved  to  die  tor  them  :  But  he  hath  deferved  it  by 
his  defire  of  tyrannizing,  and  by  cheating  the  multitude  of  the 
Galileans  with  his  fpeeehes,  in  order  to  gain  the  dominion  o- 
ver  them."     When  he  had  faid  this,  they  prefently  laid  hands 
upon  me    and  endeavoured  to  kill  me  :  But,  as  foon  as  thofe 
that  were  with  me  faw  what  they  did,  they  drew  their  fwords, 
and  threatened  to  fmite  them,  if  they  offered  any  violence  to 
me.     The  people  alfo  took  up  itones,  and  were  about  to  throw 
them  at  Jonathan;  and  fo  they  fnatched  me  from  the  violence 
ot  my  enemies. 

59.  But,  as  I  was  going  out  a  little  way,   I  was  juft  upon 
meeting  John,  who  was  marching  with  his  armed  men.     Sol 
was  afraid  of  him,  and  turned  afide,  and  efcaped  by  a  narrow 
paffage  to  the  lake,  and  feized  on  a  (hip,   and  embarked  in  it. 
and  failed  over  to  Taricheae.     So  beyond  my   expeftation,  I 
efcaped  this  danger.  Whereupon  I  prefently  fent  for  the  chief 
of  the  Galileans,  and  told  them  after  what  manner,  againfl; all 
faith  given,  I  had  been  very  near  to  deftruttion  from   Jona- 
than and  his  colleagues,  and  the   people  of  Tiberias.     Upon 
which  the  multitude  of   the  Galileans  were  very  angry,  and 
encouraged  me  to  delay  no  longer  to  make   war  upon  them, 
but  to  permit  them  to  go  againft  John,  and  utterly  to  deftroy 
him,  as  well  as  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues.      However,    1 
reftrained  them,  though  they  were  in  fuch  a  rage,  and  defired 
them  to  tarry  a  while,  till  we  mould  be  informed  what  orders 
thofe  ambafladors,  that  were  lent  by  them  to  the  city  of  Jeru- 
falem,  mould  bring  thence  ;   for  I  told  them,  that  it  was  beft 
for  them  to  acl  according  to  their  determination;  whereupon 
they  were  prevailed  on.     At  which  time  alfo  John,  when  the 
fnares  he  had  .laid  did  not  take  effect,  returned  back  to  Giu 
chala. 


49^  THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS   JOS1PHUS; 

60.  Now  in  a  tew  days  tho'fe  ambaiTadors  whom  he  had  fent 
came  back  again  and  informed  us,  that  the  people  were  great- 
ly provoked  at  Ananus,  and  Simon  the  fon  of  Gamaliel,  and 
their  friends  ;  that,  without  any   public  determination,  they 
had  fent  to  Galilee,  and  had  done  their  endeavours  that  1  might 
be  turned  out  of  the  government.     The  ambafTadors  faid  far- 
ther, that  the  people  were  ready  to  burn  their  houfes.    They 
alfo  brought  letters,  whereby  the  chiet  men  of  Jerufalem,   at 
theearneft  petition  of  the  people,  confirmed  me  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Galilee,  and  enjoin  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  to 
return  home  quickly.  When  1  had  gotten  thefe  letters,  I  came 
to  the  village  Arbela,  where  I  procured  an  aflembly   of  the 
Galileans  to  meet,  and  bid  the  ambaffaclors  declare  to  them  the 
anger  of  the  people  of  Jerufalem  at  what  had  been  done  by 
Jonathan  and  his  colleagues,  and  how  much  they  hated  their 
wicked  doings,  and  how  they   had  confirmed  me   in  the  go- 
vernment of  their  country,  as  alfo  what  related  to  the  order 
they  had  in  writing  for  Jonathan  and  his  colleagues  to  return 
home.     So  I  immediately  fent  them  the  letter    and  bid  him 
that  carried  it  to  inquire,  as  well  as  he  could,  how  they  intend- 
ed to  aft  [on  this  occafionj. 

61.  Now  when  they  had  received  that  letter,  and  were  there- 
by greatly  difturbed,  they  fent  for  John,  and  for  the  lenators 
of  Tiberias,  and  for  the  principal  men  of  the  Gabarens,  and 
propofed  to  hold  a  council,  and  defired  them  to  confider  what 
was  to  be  done  by  them.     However  the  governors  of  Tiberi- 
as were  greatly    difpofed  to   keep  the   government   to   them- 
felves  ;  tor  they  faid  it  was  not  fit  todefert  their  city,  now  it 
was  committed  to  their  truft,  and  that  otherwife  I  ftrould  not 
delay  to  fall  upon  them  ;  tor  they  pretended  falfcly   that  fo  I 
had  threatened  to  do.     Now  John  was  not  only  ot   their  opin- 
ion, but  advifed  them,  that  two  of  them  fhould  go  to  accufe 
me  before  the  multitude  [at  JerufalemJ,  that  I  do  not  manage 
the  affairs  ot  Galilee  as  I  ought  to   do;  and    that  they    would 
eafily  perfuadc  the  people,  becau'e  of  their  dignity,  and   be- 
caufe  the  whole  multitude  are  vfrry  mutable.    When  therefore 
it  appeared  that  John  had  fuggiited  the  wifeft  advice  to  them, 
they  refolved  that  two  of  them,  Jonathan  and  Ananias,  mould 
go  to  the  people  of  Jeruialem,  and  the  other  two.  [Simon  and 
JoazarJ  fhould  be  left  behind  to  tarry  at  Tiberias.     They  al- 
lo  took  along  with  them  an  hundred  foldiers  for  their  guard. 

62.  However,  the  governors  ot  Tiberias  took  care  to  have 
their  city  fecured  with  walls,  and  commanded  their  inhabitants 
to  take  their  arms.     They  alfo  feat  for  a  great  many   foldiers 
from  John  to  aflitl  them  againft  me,  if  there  mould  be  occafion 
for  them.     Now  John  was  at   Gifchala.     Jonathan  therefore, 
and  thofe  that  were  with  him,  when  they  were  departed  from 
Tiberias,  and  as  foon  as  they  were  come  to   Dabaritta,  a  vil- 
lage that  lay  in  the  utmoit  parts  of  Galilee  in  the  great  plain, 
they  about  midnight  fell   among  the  guards   I  had  fet,  whi> 


LIFE    OF    PL.-VV1US   JOSEPH  US.  497 

both  commanded  them  to  lay  afide  their  weapons,  and  kept 
them  in  bonds  upon  the  place,  as  I  had  charged  them  to  do. 
This  news  was  written  to  me  by  Levi,  who  had  the  command 
of  that  guard  committed  to  him  by  me.  Hereupon  I  faid  no- 
thing of  it  for  tsvo  days  }  and,  pretending  ro  know  nothing  ::- 
bout  it,  1  fent  a  meflage  to  the  people  of  Tiberias,  and  advif- 
ed  them  to  lay  their  arms  afide,  and  to  difmifs  their  men,  tuait 
they  might  go  home.  But  fupp-ofing  that  Jonathan,  and  thofe 
that  were  with  him,  were  already  arrived  at  jerufalem,  they 
made  reproachful  anfwers  to  me  ;  yet  was  I  not  terrified  there- 
by, but  contrived  another  Jlratagem  againft  them,  tor  I  did  not 
think  it  agreeable  with  piety  to  kindle  the  fire  of  v/ar  againii 
the  citizens.  As  I  Was  defirous  to  draw  thofe  men  away  from 
Tiberias,  1  chofe  out  ten  thoufand  of  the  befl  of  my  armed 
men,  and  divided  them  into  three  bodies,  and  ordered  them 
to  go  privately,  and  lie  ftill  as  an  ambufh,  in  the  villages.  1 
alfo  led  a  thoufand  into  another  village,  which  lay  indeed  in 
the  mountains,  as  did  the  others,  but  only  four  furlongs  dif- 
tant  from  Tiberias,  and  ga-ve  order  that  when  they  faw  my  fig- 
nal  they  mould  come  down  immediately  ;  while  I  my  fell  lay 
with  my  foldiers  in  the  fight  of  every  body.  Hereupon  the 
people  of  Tiberias,  at  the  fight  of  me,  came  running  out  ot  the 
city  perpetually,  and  abufed  me  greatly.  Nay,  their  madneis 
was  come  to  that  height,  that  they  made  a  decent  bier  for  me, 
and  (landing  about  it,  they  mourned  over  me  in  the  way  of 
j eft  and  fport ;  and  I  could  not  but  be  my  felt  in  a  pleafant  hu- 
mour upon  the  fight  of  this  madnefs  of  theirs. 

63.  And  now  being  defirous  to  catch  Simon  by  a  wile,  and 
Joazar  with  him,  I  fent  a  meflage  to  them,  and  defired  then1 
to  come  a  little  way  out  of  the  city,  with  many  of  their  friends 
to  guard  them  ;  for  I  faid  I  would  come  down  to  them,  and 
make  a  league  with  them,  and  divide  the  government  of  Gali- 
lee with  them.  Accordingly  Simon  was  deluded  on  accoun* 
of  his  imprudence,  and  out  ot  the  hopes  ot  gain,  and  did  not 
delay  to  come  ;  but  Joazar,  fufpe&ing  fnares  were  laid  tor 
him,  ftaid  behind.  So  when  Simon  was  come  out,  and  his 
friends  with  him  for  his  guard,  1  met  him,  and  faluted  him 
with  great  civility,  and  protelfed  that  I  was  obliged  to  hirn  for 
his  coming  up  to  me  :  But  a  little  while  afterward  I  walked 
along  with  him,  as  though  I  would  fay  fomething  to  him  by 
himielf,  and,  when  I  had  drawn  him  a  good  way  from  his 
friends,  I  took  him  about  the  middle,  and  gave  him  to  my 
friends  that  were  with  me,  to  carry  him  into  a  village  ;  and, 
commanding  my  armed  men.  to  come  down,  I  with  them  made 
an  alTault  upon  Tiberias.  Now  as  the  fight  grew  hot  on  both 
fides,  and  the  foldiers  belonging  to  Tiberias  weie  in  a  fair  way 
to  conquer  me,  (for  my  armed  men  were  already  fled  away  j 
I  faw  the  poiiure  of  my  affairs  ;  and  encouraging  thofe  that 
were  with  me,  I  purfued  thofe  of  Tiberias,  even  when  they 
were  already  conquerors,  into  the  city.  J  alfo  fent  anothet 

VoL.II/  ? 


THE  LIFE  OF  FLAVIUS  JOSiPHUS. 

of  foldiers  into  the  city  by  the  lake,  and  gave  them  or- 
ders to  fet  on  fire  the  firft  houfethey  could  feize  upon.  When 
this  was  done,  the  people  of  Tiberias  thought  that  their  city 
was  taken  by  force  and  fo  threw  down  their  arms  lor  fear, 
and  implored,  they,  their  wiv'es  and  children,  that  I  would 
fpare  their  city.  So  I  was  over-perfuaded  by  their  entreaties, 
<»nd  reflrained  the  foldiers  from  the  vehemency  with  which 
they  purfued  them  ;  while  1  mvfelf,  upon  the  coming  on  of 
the  evening,  returned  back  with  my  foldiers,  and  went  to  re- 
frefh  rnyfelf.  I  alfo  invited  Simon  to  fup  with  me,  and  com- 
forted him  on  occafion  of  what  had  happened  ;  and  1  promif- 
ed  that  I  would  fend  him  fafe  and  fecure  to  Jerufalem,  and 
withal  would  give  him  provifion  for  his  journey  thither. 

64.  But  on  the  next  day  I  brought  ten   thoufand  men  with 
me  and  came  to  Tiberias,    1  then  fent  for  the  principal  men 
of  the  multitude  into  the  public  place,  and  enjoined  them  to 
tell  me  who  were  the  authors   of  the  revolt  ;  and  when  they 
had  told  me  who  the  men  were,  I  fent  (hem  bound  to  the  city 
Jotapata.     But  as  to  Jonathan  and  Ananias,  I  heed  them  from 
their  bonds,  and  gave  them  provifions  for  their  journey,  to- 
gether with  Simon  and  Joazar,  and  five  hundred  armed  men 
who  (hould  guard  them,  and  fo  I  fentthem  to  Jerusalem.  The 
people  of  Tiberias  alfo  came  to  me  again,  and  defired  that   I- 
would  iorgive  them  lor  what  they  had  done,  and  they  (aid  they 
would  amend  what  they  had  done  amifs  with  regard  to  me,  by 
their  fidelity  for  the  time  to  come  ;  and  they   be/ought  me  to 
preferve  what  fpoils  remained  Upon   the  plunder   of  the  city, 
for  thofe  that  had   loft  them.     Accordingly   I   enjoined  thofe 
that  had  got  them  to  bring  them  all  before  us  ;  and  when  they 
did  not  comply  for  a  great  while,  and  I  faw  one  of  the  foldier* 
that  were  about  me  with  a  garment  on  that  was  more  fplendid 
than  ordinary    I  afked  him  whence  he  had  it  ;  and  he  replied, 
that  he  had  it  out  of  the  plunder  of  the  city  1  had  him  punifli- 
ed  with  (tripes,  and  I  threatened  all  the  reft  to  inflift  a  leverer 
puniOiment  upon  them   unlefs  they  produced  before  us  what- 
foever  they  had  plundered  ;  and   when  a  great   many   fpoils 
•were  brought  together,  1  reftored  to  every  one  oi  Tiberias  what 
they  claimed  to  be  their  own. 

65.  And  now  I  am  come  to  this  part  of  rny  narration,  I  have 
A  mind  to  fay  a  few  things  to  Juflus,  who  hath  rrimfelf  written 
;?n  hiftory  concerning  thefe  affairs,   as  alfo  fo  others  who  pro- 
feis  10  write  hifiory,  but  have  little  regard  to  truth,  and  are  not 
afraid,  either   out  of  ill-will  or  good-will  to  fome  perfons  to 
relate  laliehoods.      Thefe  men  do,   like  thofe  who  compofe 
forged  deedsand  conveyances  ;  and  becaufe  they  are  not  brought 
to  the  likepunifhnicnt  with  them,  they  have  no  regard  to  truth. 
When  therefoie  Julius  undertook  to  write  about  thefe  facls, 
and  about  the  Jewifh  war,  that  he  might  appear  to  have  been 
an  induflrious  man,  he  falfified  in  what  he  related  about  me, 
and  could  not  fpeak  truth  <4|reii  about   his  own   country  ; 


THE  Lire  or  FLAVIUS  JOSEPHUS.  499 

Whence  it  is,  that  being  belied  by  him,  I  am  under  a  nscefli- 
ty  to  make  my  detence;  and  iolihall  fay  what  1  have  conceal- 
ed till  now.  And  let  no  one  wonder  that  I  have  not  told  the 
world  thefe  things  a  great  while  ago.  For  although  it  be  ne- 
ceflary  foran  hiftorian  to  write  the  truth, yet  is  fuch  an  one  not 
bound  feverely  to  animadvert  on  the  wickednefs  of  certain 
men  ;  not  out  ot  any  favour  to  them,  but  out  ot  an  author's 
own  moderation.  How  then  comes  it  to  pafs,  O  Julius,  thou 
moft  iagacious  ot  writers  (that  I  may  addrefs  myfeif  to  him  as- 
it  he  were  prefentj  tor  fo  thou  boaftelt  of  thyfelf,  that  I  and 
the  Galileans  have  neen  the  authors  of  that  fedition  which  thy 
country  engaged  in  both  againil:  the  Romans  and  againft  the 
king  [Agrippa  junior J  ?  For  before  ever  I  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor ot  Galilee  by  the  community  ot  jerufalem,  both  thou, 
and  all  the  people  of  Tiberias  had  not  only  taken  up  arms,  but 
had  made  war  with  Decapolis  ot  Syria.  Accordingly,  thou 
hadft  ordered  their  villages  to  be  burnt,  and  a  domeitic  fervant 
et  thine  tell  in  the  battle.  Nor  is  it  I  only  who  fay  this  ;  but 
io  it  is  written  in  the  commentaries  ot  Vefpafian  the  emperor, 
as  alfo  how  the  inhabitants  of  Decapolis  came  clamouring  to 
Vefpafian  at  Ptolemais,  and  defired  that  thou,  who  wait  the 
author  [of  that  war,  j  mighteft  be  brought  to  punifhment.  And 
thou  hadft  certainly  been  punilhed  ax  the  command  ot  Vef^ 
pafian,  had  not  king  Agrippa,  who  had  power  given  him  to 
have  thee  put  to  death,  at  tne  carneft  entreaty  of  his  filter  Ber- 
nice,  changed  the  punifhment  from  death  into  a  long  imprif- 
onment.  Thy  political  adminiftration  of  atFairs  afterward  do 
alfo  clearly  difcover  both  thy  other  behaviour  in  life,  and  that 
thou  waft  the  occafion  of  thy  country's  revolt  from  the  Ro- 
mans ;  plain  figns  of  which  1  lhall  produce  prefently.  1  have 
alfo  a  mind  to  lay  a  lew  things  to  the  reft  ot  the  people  ot  Ti- 
berias on  thy  account  and  to  demonftrate  to  thofe  that  light  up- 
on this  hiftory,  that  you  hare  nogood-will,  neither  to  the  Ro- 
mans, nor  to  the  king.  To  be  iure,  the  greatelt  cities  of  Gal- 
ilee, O  Juilus,  were  Sepphoris,  and  thy  country  Tiberias. 
But  Sepphoris,  fituated  in  the  very  midftot  Galilee,  and  hav- 
ing many  villages  about  it,  and  able  with  eale  to  have  been 
bold  and  troublefome  to  the  Romans,  if  they  had  io  pleafed, 
yet  did  it  reiolve  to  contyiue  faithful  to  thofe  their  mailers, 
and  at  the  fame  time  excluded  me  out  ot  their  city,  and  pro« 
iiibited  all  their  citizens  irom  joining  with  the  Jews  in  the  war, 
and  that  they  might  be  out  ot  danger  from  me,  they  by  a  wile 
got  leave  of  me  to  fortify  their  city  with  walls  ;  they  alip,  of. 
their  own  accord,  admitted  ot  a  garrifon  ot  Roman  legions, 
fent  them  by  Cettius  Gallus.  who  was  then  prelidentot  ^yria, 
and  fo  had  me  in  contempt,  though  1  was  then  very  powerful, 
and  all  were  greatly  afraid  of  me  ;  and  at  the  fame  time  that 
the  greatelt  of  our  cities,  Jerufalem,  was  befleged,  and  that 
temple  ot  ours,  which  belo.nged  to  us  all,  was  in  danger  ot  fal!- 
ing  under  the  enemy's  power,  they  fent  no  a fli fiance  thither. 


THE    LIFB    OF    FLAV1US    JOSEPHUS. 

as  not  willing  to  have  it  thought  they  would  bear  arms  againft 
the  Romans  But  as  for  thy  country,  Q  Juftus,  fituated  up- 
on the  lake  of  Gennefareth,  and  diflant  irom  Hippos  thirty 
furlongs,  from  Gadara  fixty,  and  from  Scythopolis,  which 
was  under  the  king's  jurifdiclion,  an  hundred  and  twenty  ; 
when  there  was  no  Jetvifh  city  near,  it  might  eafily  have  pre- 
Jerved  its  fidelity  [to  the  Romans, J  if  it  had  fo  pleafed  them 
to  do  ;  for  the  city  and  its  people  had  plenty  ot  weapons.  But, 
as  thou  fayeft,  I  was  then  the  author  |  of  their  revolt. J  And 
pray,  O  Juftus,  who  was  that  author  afterwards  ?  For  thou 
Jknoweft  that  I  was  in  the  power  oi  the  Romans  before  Jeru- 
lalem  was  befieged,  and  before  the  fame  time  Jotapata  was 
taken  by  force  as  well  as  many  other  fortrefles,  and  a  great 
many  of  the  Galileans  fell  in  the  war.  It  was  therefore  then 
a  proper  time  when  you  were  certainly  freed  from  any  fear  on 
my  account,  to  throw  away  your  weapons,  and  to  demonftrate 
to  the-kingand  to  the  Romans,  that  it  was  not  of  choice,  but 
as  forced  by  neceffity,  that  you  fell  into  the  war  againft  them  ; 
but  you  ftaid  till  Vefpafian  came  himfelf  as  iar  as  your  walls, 
with  his  whole  army  ;  and  then  you  did  indeed  lay  afide  your 
weapons  out  of  tear,  arid  your  city  had  for  certain  been  taken 
by  force,  unlefs  Vefpafian  had  complied  with  the  king's  fup- 
plication  for  you,  and  had  excufed  your  madnefs.  It  was  not 
I,  therefore,  who  was  the  author  of  this,  but  your  own  incli- 
nations to  war.  Do  not  you  remember  how  often  I  got  you 
under  my  power,  and  yet  put  none  ot  you  to  death  ?  nay,  you 
once  fell  into  a  tumult  one  againft  another,  and  flew  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty  five  of  your  citizens  not  on  account  of  your 
good-wili  to  the  king  and  to  the  Romans,  but  on  account  of 
your  own  wickednefs,  and  this  while  I  was  befieged  by  the 
Romans  in  Jotapata.  Nay  indeed,  were  there  not  reckoned 
up  two  thou  i  and  of  the  people  of  Tiberias  during  the  fiege  ot 
Jerufalem,  iome  of  which  were  {lain,  and  the  reit  caught  and 
carried  captives  ?  But  thou  wilt  pretend  that  thou  didft  not 
engage  in  the  war  fince  thou  didft  flee  to  the  king.  Yes,  in- 
deed, thou  didft  flee  to  him  ;  but  I  fay  it  was  out  ot  fear  of  me. 
Thou  fayeft  indeed,  that  it  is  I  who  am  a  wicked  man.  But 
then,  for  what  reafon  was  it  that  king  Agrippa,  who  procured 
thee  thy  life  when  thou  waft  condemned  to  die  by  Vefpafian, 
and  who  bellowed  fo  much  riches  upon  thee,  did  twice  alter- 
vard  put  thee  into  bonds,  and  as  often  obliged  thee  to  run  a- 
•way  from  thy  country,  and,  when  he  had  once  ordered  thee  to 
be  put  to  death,  lie  granted  thee  a  pardon  at  the  earneft  defire 
of  Bernice  ?  and,  when  (after  fo  many  of  thy  wicked  pranks} 
he  had  made  thee  his  fecretary,  he  caught  thee  falfifying  his  e- 
pifllcs,  and  drove  thee  away  from  his  fight.  But  1  fhall  not 
inquire  accurately  into  thele  matters  of  fcandal  agairjft  thee. 
Yet  cannot  I  but  wonder  at  thy  impudence,  when  thou  haft 
the  affurance  to  fay,  that  thou  haft  better  related  thefe  affairs 
{of  the  war]  than  have  all  the  others  that  have  written  about 


THE    LIFE    OF    FLAVIUS  JOSEPHUS.  50! 

them,  whilft  thou  didft  not  know  what  was  done  in  Galilee  ; 
for  thou  wall  then  at  Berytus  with  the  king  ;  nor  didft  thou 
know  how  much  the  Romans  iuffered  at  the  fiege  of  Jotapata, 
or  what  miferies  they  brought  upon  us  ;  nor  couldfl  thou  learn 
by  inquiry  what  1  did  diirin-g  that  fiege  myfelf  ;  ior  all  thofe 
that  might  afford  fuch  information  were  quite  deftroyed  in 
that  fiege.  But  perhaps  thou  wilt  fay,  thou  haft  written  of 
what  was  done  againft  the  people  of  Jerufalem  exaftly.  But 
how  {hould  that  be  !  for  neither  waft  thou  concerned  in  that 
war,  nor  haft  thou  read  the  commentarieg  of  Caefar  ;  of  which 
we  have  evident  proof,  becaufe  thou  haft  contradicted  thole 
commentaries  of  Oaefar  in  thy  hiftory.  B.ut  if  thou  art  fo  har- 
dy as  to  affirm,  that  thou  haft  written  that  hiftory  better  than 
all  the  red,  why  didft  thou  not  publifh  thy  hiftory  while  the 
emperors  Vefpafian  and  Titus,  the  generals  in  that  war,  as 
well  as  king  Agrippa  and  his  family,  who  were  men  very  well 
{killed  in  the  learning  of  the  Greeks,  were  all  alive  ?  tor  thou 
haft  had  it  written  thefe  twenty  years,  and  then  mighteft  thou 
have  had  the  tefiimony  of  thy  accuracy.  But  now  when  thefe 
men  are  no  longer  with  us,  and  thou  thinkeft  thou  canft  not 
be  contradicted,  thou  ventureft  to  publiih  it.  But  when  I  was 
not  in  like  manner  afraid  of  my  own  writing,  but  I  offered  my 
books  to  the  emperors  themfelves,  when  the  facts  were  almolt 
under  mens  eyes ;  for  I  was  confcious  to  myfelf,  that  I  had 
obferved  the  truth  of  the  tacts  ;  and  as  I  expect  to  have  their 
aitedation  to  them,  fo  I  was  not  deceived  in  iuch  expectation. 
Moreover,  I  immediately  prelented  my  hiftory  to  many  other 
peifons,  foine  of  which  were  concerned  in  the  war  as  was 
king  Agrippa  and  fome  of  his  kindred.  Now  the  emperor 
Titus  was  fo  defircKS  that  the  knowledge  ot  thefe  affairs  fhould 
be  taken  from  thefe  books  alone,  that  he  fubicribed  his  own 
hand  to  them,  and  ordered  that  they  (hould  be  publimed  ;  and 
for  Agrippa  he  wrote  me  (ixty-two  letters,  and  attefted  to  the 
truth  of  what  I  had  therein  delivered  ;  two  ot  \vliich  letters  I 
have  here  fubjoined,  and  thou  mayeft  theieby  know  their  con- 
tents. "  King  Agrippa  to  Jofephus,  his  dear  Inend,  fendeth. 
greeting.  1  have  read  over  thy  book  with  great  pleafure,  and 
it  appears  to  me,  that  thou  haft  done  it  much  more  accurately, 
and  wkh  greater  care,  than  have  the  other  writers.  Send  me 
the  rell  ot  thele  books.  Farewell,  my  dear  friend."  "  King 
Agrippa  10  Jofephus,  his  dear  friend,  fendeth  greeting.  It 
ieems  by  what  thou  haft  written,  that  thou  ftandeft  in  need  of 
i;o  inftruftion,  in  order  to  our  information  from  the  beginning. 
However  when  thou  comeft  to  me,  I  will  inform  thee  ot  a 
great  many  things  which  thou  doll  not  know."  So  when  this 
hiftory  was  pertecled,  Agrippa  neither  by  way  ot  flattery, 
which  was  not  agreeable  to  him,  nor  by  way  ol  irony,  as  thou 
wilt  lay,  (tor  he  was  entirely  a  ftranger  to  iuch  an  evil  difpo- 
iition  oi  ii-ind  J  but  he  wrote  this  by  way  ot  atleftation  to  what 
was  true,  as  all  that  read  hiftories  may  do.  And  fo  much  thall 


502  THE    LIPK    OF    FLAV1US   JOSEPHUS. 

he  faid  concerning  Juftus*,  which  I  am  obliged  to  add  by 
way  of  digrefjion. 

66.  Now  when  I  had  fettled  the  affairs  of  Tiberias,  and  had 
affembled  ray  friends  as  a  Sanhedrim,  1  confuhed  what  I  fhould 
do  as  to  John.     Whereupon  it  appeared  to  be  the  opinion  of 
all  the  Galileans,  that  J  fhould  arm  them  ali,  and  march  againft 
John,  and  punifli  him  as  the  author  of  all  the  diforders  that 
had  happened.     Yet  was  not  I  pleafed  with  their  determina- 
tion ;  as  purposing  to  compofe  thefe  troubles  without  blood- 
ihed.     Upon  this  I  exhorted  them  to  ufe  the  utmoft  care  to 
learn  the  names  of  all  that  were  under  John  ;  which  when 
they  had  done,  and  i  thereby  was  apprifed  who  the  men  were, 
I  publifhed  an  edi6l,  wherein  1  offered  fecurity  and  my  right 
hand  to  fuch  o4  John's  party  as  had  a  mind  to  repent ;  and  I  al- 
lowed twenty  days  time  to  fuch  as  would  take  this  molt  ad- 
vantageous courle  for  themfelves.     I  alfo  threatened,  that  un- 
Jefs  they  threw  down  their  arms,  1  would  burn  their  houfes, 
and  expofe  their  goods  to  public  fale.     When  the  men  heard 
of  this,  they  were  in  no  fmall  diforder,  and  delerted  John  ; 
and,  to  the  number  of  four  thoufand,   threw  down  their  arms, 
and  came  to  me.     So  that  no  others  fiaid  with  John  but  his 
own  citizens,  and  about  fifteen  hundred  ilrangers  that  came 
from  the  metropolis  oi  Tyre  ;  and,  when  John  iaw  that  he  had 
been  outwitted  by  my  ftratagem,   he  continued  alterward    in 
his  own  country,  and  was  in  great  fear  of  me, 

67.  But  about  this  time  it  was  that  the  people  ot  Sepphoris 
grew  infolent,  and  took  up  arms,  out  of  a  confidence  they  had 
in  the  ftrength  of  their  walls,  and  becaule  they  iaw  me  engag- 
ed in  other  affairs  alfo.     So  they  fent  to  Ceftius  Gallus,  who 
was  prefidentof  Syria,  and  dtfired  that  he  would  either  come 
quickly  to  them,  and  take  their  city   under  his  prote6tion,  or 

*  The  character  of  this  Tiiftcry  of  Juftus  of  Tiberias,  the  rival  of  our  Jofephus, 
•which  is  now  loft,  with  its  only  ivmsininj;  fragmtvit.  are  givca  us  by  a  v.ry  able 
critic,  Photius,  who  re;:-:!  that  hiftory.  It  is  in  the  ^d  code  of  his  Bibliotheca, 
?nd  runs  thus.  "  I  have  read  (fays  Photius)  the  chronology  of  Juftus  of  Tiberias, 
whofe  title  is  this,  [The  chronology  o/~]  the  Kings  of  Judah,  which  fucceedtd  one  ano- 
fhrr.  This  [  jultusj  came  out  of  the  city  Tiberias  in  Galilee  He  begins  liis  hit- 
tory  from  Moles,  and  ends  it  not  till  the  death  of  Agiippa  the  leventh  [ruler  J  oi 
the  family  of  Herod,  and  the  laft  king  of  the  jews  ;  who  took  the  government  un- 
der Claudius,  had  it  augmented  under  Nero,  and  it  ill  more  augmented  by  Vci- 
pafian.  He  died  in  the  third  year  of  Trajan,  where  allo  his  hiftory  ends.  He  is 
very  concife  in  his  Inn^'iage.  and  flightly  pafTes  over  thole  affairs  that  were  moft 
neceffary  to  be  infifted  on  ;  and  being  under  the  jf-wifn  prejudices,  as  indeed  he 
'vas  himfelf  alfo  a  jew  by  birth,  he  makes  not  the  lead  mention  of  the  appearance 
ft  Chrift,  or  of  what  things  happened  to  him,  or  of  the  wonderful  works  that  he 
r.id.  He  was  the  ion  of  a  certain  Jew,  whofe  name  was  Pijlus.  He  was  a  man, 
as  he  is  delcribed  by  Jofephus,  of  a  moil  profligate  character;  a  flave  both  to  mon- 
ey and  to  pleafutes.  In  public  affairs  he  \\  as  oppofite  to  Jofephus;  and  it  is  related, 
that  he  laid  many  plots  againft  him,  but  that  joiephus,  though  he  had  this  his  ene- 
my frequently  under  his  power,  did  only  reproach  him  in  words,  and  fo  let  him 
go  without  farther  punifhrnent.  He  iays  n::o,  that  the  hiftory  which  this  mnr. 
viote  is.  for  the  main,  iabulo:;s,  and  ri  K"fi<  -s  tr>  tbofe  parts  where  he  defcribe7 
th«  Roman  war  with  the  Jews,  and  the  takirb  of  Jerulalcm." 


Lira    OF    FLAVIUS   JCSfiPHUS.  503 

fend  them  a  garrifori.  Accordingly  Galtus  prornifed  them  ta 
come,  hut  did  not  fend  word  when  he  would  come  :  And, 
when  I  had  learned  fo  much,  I  took  the  foldiers  that  were  with 
me,  and  made  an  afTault  upon  the  people  of  Sepphoris,  and 
took  the  city  by  force.  The  Galileans  took  this  opportunity, 
as  thinking  they  had  now  a  proper  time  for  (hewing  their  ha- 
tred to  them,  fince  they  bore  ill  will  1.0  that  city  alfo.  They 
then  exerted  themfelves,  as  if  they  would  deftroy  them  all  ut- 
terly, with  thofe  that  fojourned  there  alfo.  So  they  ran  upon 
them,  and  fet  their  houfes  on  fire,  as  finding  them  without  in- 
habitants ;  tor  the  men  out  ot  fear  fan  together  to  the  citadel. 
So  the  Galileans  carried  off  every  thing,  and  omitted  no  kind 
of  defolation  which  they  could  bring  upon  their  countrymen. 
When  I  faw  this,  I  was  exceedingly  troubled  at  it,  and  com- 
manded them  to  leave  off,  and  put  them  in  mind  that  it  was  not 
agreeable  to  piety  to  do  fuch  things  to  their  countrymen  :  But 
fince  they  neither  would  hearken  to  what  I  exhorted,  nor  to 
what  I  commanded  them  to  do  (for  the  hatred  they  bore  to  the 
people  there  was  too  hard  for  my  exhortations  to  them,)  I  bid 
thofe  my  friends,  who  were  moll  faithful  to  me,  and  were  a- 
bout  me,  to  give  out  reports,  as  if  the  Romans  were  falling  up- 
on the  other  part  of  the  city  with  a  great  army  ;  and  this  I  did, 
that,  by  fuch  a  report's  being  fpread  abroad,  I  might  reflrain 
the  violence  ot  the  Galileans,  and  preferve  the  city  of  Sep- 
phoris. And  at  length  this  flratagem  had  its  effe£t ;  for,  upon1 
hearing  this  report,  they  %ere  in  fear  tor  themfelve*.  and  fo 
they  left  off  plundering,  and  ran  away  ;  and  this  more  efpe- 
cially,  becaufe  they  faw  me,  their  general,  do  the  fame  alfo  ; 
for,  that  I  might  caufe  this  report  to  be  believed,  I  pretended 
to  be  in  fear  as  well  as  they.  Thus  were  the  inhabitants  of" 
Sepphoris  unexpectedly  preferved  by  this  contrivance  of 
mine. 

68.  Nay  indeed  Tiberias  had  like  to  have  been  plundered 
by  the  Galileans  alfo  upon  the  following  occafion  :  The  chief 
men  of  the  fenate  wrote  to  the  king,  and  defired  that  he  would 
come  to  them,  and  take  pofTeffion  df  their  city.     The  king 
promifed  to  come,  and  wrote  a  letter  in  anfwer  to  theirs,  and 
gave  it  to  one  of  his  bed-chamber,  whofe  name  was  Crifpus, 
and  who  was  by  birth  a  Jew,  to  carry  it  to  Tiberias.     Whea 
the  Galileans  knew  that  this  man  carried  fuch  a  letter,  they 
caught  him,  and  brought  him  to  me  ;  but  as  foonas  the  whole 
multitude  heard  of  it,  they  were  enraged,  and  betook  them- 
felves to  their  arms.     So  a  great  many  of  them  got  together 
from  all  quarters  the  next  day  and  came  to  the  ciiy  Aiochis, 
where  I  then  lodged,  and  made  heavy  clamours,  and  called  the 
city  of  Tiberias  a  traitor  to  them,  and  a  friend  to  the  king  ; 
and  defired  leave  of  me  to  go  down,  and  utterly  deiiroy  it  ; 
for  they  bore  the  like  ill-will  to  the  people  of  Tiberias,  as 
ihev  did  to  thofe  of  Sepphoris. 

69.  When  I  heard  this,  I  was  in  doubt  what  to  do,  and  hek 


$04  THB    LIF»   OF    FLAVIUS   JOSEPIJUSo 

itated  by  what  means  I  migbt  deliver  Tiberias  from  the  rage 
of  the  Galileans  ;  for  I  could  not  deny  that  thofe  of  Tiberias 
had  written  to  the  king,  and  invited  him  to  come  to  them  ;  for 
his  letters  to  them  in  anfwer  thereto,  would  hilly  prove  the 
truth  ot  that.  So  I  fat  a  long  while  mufing  with  inyfelf,  and 
then  (aid  to  them,  "  I  know  well  enough  that  the  people  of 
Tiberias  have  offended  ;  nor  {hall  I  i'orbid  you  to  plunder  the 
city.  However,  fuch  things  ought  to  be  done  with  difcre- 
tion  ;  for  they  of  Tiberias  have  not  been  the  only  betrayers 
of  our  liberty,  but  many  of  the  moft  eminent  patriots  of  the 
Galileans,  as  they  pretended  to  be,  have  done  the  fame.  Tar- 
ry therefore  till  I  mall  thoroughly  find  out  thofe  authors  of 
our  danger,  and  then  you  fhall  have  them  all  at  once  under 
your  power,  with  all  fuch  as  you  fha!l  yourfel'-'es  bring  in  al- 
fo."  Upon  my  faying  this,  1  pacified  the  multitude,  and  they 
left  off  their  anger,  and  went  their  ways  ;  and  I  gave  orders 
that  he  whobrought  the  king's  letters  mould  be  put  into  bonds ; 
but  in  a  few  days  I  pretended  that  I  was  obliged,  by  a  neceffa- 
i  y  affair  of  my  own,  to  go  out  of  the  kingdom.  I  then  called 
Crifpus  privately,  and  ordered  him  to  make  the  foldier  that 
kept  him  drunk,  and  to  run  away  to  the  king.  So  when  Ti- 
berias was  in  danger  ot  being  utterly  deftroyed  a  fecond  time, 
it  efcaped  the  danger  by  my  fkilful  management,  and  the  care 
that  I  had  for  its  preservation. 

70.  About  this  time  it  was  that  Juftus,  the  fon  of  Piftus, 
without  my  knowledge,  ran  away  to  the  king  ;  theoccafion  oi 
which  I  will  here  relate.     Upon  the  beginning  of  the  war  be- 
tween the  Jews  and  the  Romans,  the  people  of  Tiberias  re- 
folved  to  fubmit  to  the  king,  and  not  to  revolt  from  the  Ro- 
mans ;  while  Juftus  tried  to  perfuade  them  to  betake  themfelves 
to  their  arms,  as  being  himfell  defirous  of  innovations,  and 
having  hopes  of  obtaining  the  government  of  Galilee,  as  well 
asoi  his  own  country  [Tiberias]  alfo.     Yet  did  he  not  obtain 
what  he  hoped  for ;  becaufe  the  Galileans  bore  ill-will  to  thofe 
of  Tiberias,  and  on  this  account  of  their  anger  at  what  miferiea 
they  had  fuffered  from  them  before  the  war  ;  thence  it  was, 
thatthey  would  not  endure  that  Juftus  mould  be  their  governor. 
I  myfelf  alfp,  who  had  been  entrufted  by    the  community  of 
Jerufalem  with  the  government  of  Galilee,  did  frequently  come 
to  that  degree  of  rage  at  Juftus,  that  I  had  almoft  refolved  to 
kill  him,  as  not  able  to  bear  his  mifchievous  difpofition.     He 
"was  therefore  much  afraid  ot  me,  lelt  at  length  my  pafliou 
fhould  come  to  extremity  ;  fo  he  went  to  the  king,  as  fuppoi- 
ing  that  he  mould  dwell  better,  and  more  fafely  with  him. 

71.  Now  when  the  people  of  Sepphoris  had,  in  fo  furpi ifing 
a  manner,  efcaped  their  nrft  danger,  they  lent  to  Ceftius  Gal. 
lus,  and  defired  him  to  come  to  them  immediately,  and  take 
poffefllon  of  their  city,  or  elfe  to  fend  forces  fufficient  to  reprefs 
all  their  enemies  incurfions  upon  them  ;  and  at  the   lall  they 
did  prevail  with  Gallusto  fend  th^ma  confiderable  army,  both 


THE   Lift  OF    FLAVIUS  JOSEPHUS.  S°5 


of  horfe  and  foot,  \vhich  came  in  the  night-time,  and 
they  admitted  into  the  city.     But  when  the  country  round  a- 
bout  it  was  harraffed  by  the  Roman  army,  I  took  thofe  foldiers 
that  were  about  me,  and  came  to  Garifme,  where  I  caft  up  a 
bank,  a  good  way  off  the  city  Sepphoris  ;  and  when  1  was  at 
twenty  furlongs  diftance,  I  came  upon  it  by  night,  and  made 
an  affault  upon  its  walls  with  my  forces  ;  and  when  I  had  or- 
dered a  confiderable  number  oi  my  foldiers  to  fcale  them  with 
ladders,  I  became  matter  ot  the  greateft  part  of  the  city.     But 
foon  after  our  unacquaintednefs  with  the  places  forced   us  to 
retire,  alter  we  had  killed  twelve  of  the  Roman  footmen,  and 
two  horfemen,  and  a  few  of  the  people  oi  Sepphoris,  with  the 
Jofs  ot  only  a  fingle  man  of  our  own.     And  when  it  afterward 
came  to  a  battle  in  the  plain  againft  the  horfemen,  and  we  had 
undergone  the  dangers  of  it  courageoufly  fora  long  time,  we 
were  beaten  ;  tor  upon  the  Romans  encompafjjng  me  about, 
my  foldiers  were  afraid,  and  fled  back.   There  fell  in  that  bat- 
tle one  of  thole  that  had  been  entrufted  to  guard  my  body,  his 
name  wasju/lus,  who  at  this  time  had  the  fame  poft  with  the 
king.     At  the  fame  time  alfo  there  came  forces,  both  horfemen 
and  footmen,  from  the  king,  and  Sy\\a.  their  commander,  who 
was  the  captain  of  this  guard  ;  this  Sylla  pitched  his  camp  at 
five  furlongs  diftance  from  Julias,  and  fet  a  guard  upon   the 
roads    both  that  which  led  to  Cana,  and  that  which  led  to   the 
fortrefs  Gamala,  that  he  might  hinder  their  inhabitants   from 
getting  provifions  out«of  Galilee. 

72.  As  foon  as  I  had  gotten  intelligence  of  this,  I  fent  two 
thou&nd  armed  men,  and  a  captain  over  them,  whofe  name 
was  Jeremiah,  who  raifed  a  bank  a  furlong  off  Julias,  near  to 
the  river  Jordan,  and  did  no  more  than  fkirmifh  with  the  ene- 
my ;  till  I  took  three  thoufand  foldiers  myfelf,  and  came  to 
them*     But  on  the  next  day,  when  1  had  laid  an   arribufh    in 
a  certaiii  valley,  not  far  from  the  banks,  I  provoked  thofe  that 
belonged  to  the  king  to  come  to  a  battle,   and  gave   orders   to 
my  own  foldiers  to   turn  their  backs  upon  them,  until  they 
mould  have  drawn  the  enemy    away    Irom  their  camp,  and 
brought  them  out  into  the  field,  which  was  done  accordingly; 
for  Sylla,  fuppofing  that  our  party  did  really  run   away,  was 
ready  to  purfue  them,  when  our  foldiers  that  lay  in   atnbufh 
took  them  on  their  backs,  and  put  them  all  into  great   difor- 
der.     1  alfo  immediately  made  a  fudden   turn  with   my    own 
forces,  and  met  thofe  ot  the  king's  party,   and  put  them    to 
flight.     And  1  had  performed  great  things  that  day,  if  a  certain 
fate  had  not  been  my  hindrance  ;  for  the   horfe  on   which  I 
rode,  and  upon  whofe  back  I  fought,  fell  into  a  quagmire,  ami 
threw  me  on  the  ground,  and  I  was  bruifed  on  my  wrift,  and 
carried  into  a  village  named    Cepharnome,    or   Capernaum. 
Whan  my  foldiers  heard  of  this,  they  were  afraid  I  had  been 
worfe  hurt  than  I  was  :  And  fo  they  did  not  go  on  with  their 
purfuit  any  further,  but  returned  in  very  great  concern    for 
me.     I  therefore  fcnt  for  the  phyficians,  and  while  I  was  urv 
VOL.  II.  Q  3 


506  THE    LIFE    OF    tLAVIUS   JOSEPHUS. 

der  their  hand,  I  continued  feeverifh  that  day  ;    and  as   the 
phyficians  directed,  I  was  that  night  removed  to  Taricheas. 

73.  When  Sylla  and  his  party  were  informed  what  happen- 
ed to  me,  they  took  courage  again  ;  and   underftanding   that 
the  watch  was  negligently  kept   in  our  camp,   they  by   night 
placedabody  of  horfemen  in  ambufh  beyond  Jordan,    and 
when  it  was  day  they  provoked  us  to  fight  ;  and  as  we  did  not 
refufe  it,  but  came  into  the  plain,  their  horfemen  appeared 
out  of  that  ambufh  in  which  they  had  lain,  and  put  our  men 
into  diforder,  and  made  them  run  away  ;  fo  they  flew  fix  men 
of  our  fide.    Yet  did  they  not  go  off  with  the  viclory  at  laft  ; 
for  when  they  heard  that  fome  armed  men   were   failed   from 
Taricheae  to  Julias,  they  were  afraid,  and  retired. 

74.  It  was  not  now  long  before  Vefpafian  came  to  Tyre, 
and  king  Agrippa  with  him  ;  but  the  Tyrians  began  to  fpeak 
reproachfully  of  the  king,  and   called  him   an  enemy   to   the 
Romans.     For  they  faid,  that  Philip,  the  general  of  his  army, 
had  betrayed  the  royal  palace,  and  the  Roman  forces  that  were 
in  jerufaiem,  and  that  it  was  done  by  his  comm  :id.     V 
Vefpafian  heard  ot  this  report,  he  rebuked  the   Ty  runs    fur 
abufing  a  man  who  was  both  a  king,  and  a  friend  to   the    Ro- 
mans ;  but  he  exhorted  the  king  to  (end    Philip   to   Rome,  to 
anfwer  for  what  he  had  done  before  Nero.     But  when  Philip 
was  tent  thither,  he  did  not  come  into  the  fight  of  Nero,  tor 
he  found  him  very  near  death  on  account  ot  the  troubles  ttuU 
then  happened,  and  a  civil  war  ;  and    fo  he   returned    to   the 
king.     But  when  Vefpafian  was  come  to  Ptolerrais,  the  chief 
men  of  Decapolis  of  Syria  made  a  clamour  againft  juflus    ot 
Tiberias,   becaufe  he  had  fet  their  villages  on  fire  :  So  Vefpa- 
fian delivered  him  to  the  king,  to  be  put   to   death   b>    thufe 
under  the  king's  jurifdi&ion  ;  yet    did  the   king    [only]    put 
him  into  bonds,  and  concealed  what  he  had  done  from    Vt  {- 
pafian,  as  I  have  before  related.     But  the  people  of  Sepphov 
ris  met  Vefpafian,  and  faluted  him,  and  had  forces  fent  him, 
with  Placidus  their  commander  :  He  alfo  went  up  wittothem, 
as  I  alfo  followed  them,  tiil  Vefpafian  came  into  Galilee.    As 
to  which  corning  of  his,  and  after  what  manner  it  was  ordered 
and  how  he  fought  his  firlt  battle  with  me  near  the  village 
Tanciieas,  and  how  from  thence   they  went  to    Jotapata,  and 
low  1  was  taken  alive,  and  bound,  and  howl  was  alter/,  a,  .1 
looied,  with  all  that  was  done  by  me  in  the  Jevvifh  war,    and 
curing  the  fiege  of  Jerufaiem  ;  I  have  accurately  related  them 
in  the  books  concerning  the  War  of  the   Jews.     However,  it 
will,  I  think,  be  fit  tor  me  to  add  now  an  account  of  tnofe 
actions  ot  my  life,  which  I  have  not  related  in  that  book  of 
the  Jewifh  War. 

75.  For  when  the  fiege  of  Jotapata  was  over,    and  I  was  a- 
mong  the  Romans,  I  was  kept  with  much  care,  by   means  of 
the  great  refpecl  that  Vefpafian  (hewed  me,    Moreover,  at  his 
command,  I  married  a  virgin  *,  who  was  from  among  the 

Here  Jofephus,  a  prieft,  honeftly  confeffes  that  he  did  that  at  the  command  of 
liaDjvybich  be  bad  before  (old  us  was  not  lawful  for  a  pri«£t  to  do  by  the  law 


THK    LIF.B    OF    FLAVIUS   J»SKPHUS.  507 

captives  of  that  country  :  Yet  did  me  not  live  with  me  long,, 
but  was  divorced,  upon  my  being  treed  from  my  bonds,  and 
my  going  to  Alexandria.  However,  1  married  another  wife 
at  Alexandria,  and  was  thence  fent,  together  with  Titus,  to 
the  fiege  of  Jerufalem,  and  was  frequently  in  danger  ot  being 
put  to  death  ;  while  both  the  Jews  were  very  defirous  to  get 
me  under  their  power,  in  order  to  have  me  puniihed.  And 
the  Romans  alfo,  whenever  they  were  beaten,  fuppofed  that 
it  was  occafioned  by  my  treachery,  and  made  continual 
clamouis  to  the  emperors,  and  defired  that  they  would  bring 
me  to  that  punifhment,  as  a  traitor  to  them  :  But  Titus  Caefar 
was  well  acquainted  with  the  uncertain  fortune  of  war  and 
returned  no  anfwer  to  tHe  foldiers  vehement  felicitations  a- 
gainil  me.  Moreover,  when  the  city  Jerulalem  was  taken  by 
force,  Titus  Caefar  perfuaded  me  frequently  to  take  whatfo- 
ever  I  would  of  the  ruins  ot  my  country,  and  faid,  that  he  gave 
me  leave  fo  to  do.  But  when  my  country  was  deltroyed,  I 
thought  nothing  elfe  to  be  of  any  value,  which  I  could  take 
and  keep  as  a  comtort  under  my  calamities  ;  fo  1  made  this 
requeii  to  Titus,  that  my  family  might  have  their  liberty  :  I 
had  alio  the  holy  books  *  by  Titus's  conceflion.  Nor  was  it 
long  after  that  1  afked  of  him  the  life  of  my  brother,  and  of 
fifty  friends  with  him,  and  was  not  denied.  When  1  alfo 
went  once  to  the  temple,  by  the  permiflion  ot  Titus,  where 
there  were  a  great  multitude  of  captive  women  and  children  ; 
I  got  all  thole  that  1  remembered  as  among  ray  own  triends 
and  acquaintance  to  be  fet  tree,  being  in  number  about  one 
hundred  and  ninety  ;  and  fo  I  delivered  them  without  their 
paying  any  price  ot  redemption,  and  reftored  them  to  their 
former  fortune.  And  when  I  was  fent  by  Titus  Caefar  \vith 
Cerealius,  and  a  thoufand  horfemen,  to  a  certain  village  cal- 
led Thecoa,  in  order  to  know  whether  it  were  a  place  fit  for  a 
camp,  as  I  came  back,  I  faw  many  captives  crucified,  and 
remembered  three  ot  them  as  my  former  acquaintance.  I  was 
very  iorry  at  this  in  my  mind, and  went  with  tears  in  my  eyes 
to  Titus,  and  told  him  ot  them  ;  fo  he  immediately  command- 
ed them  to  be  taken  down,  and  to  have  thegreateit  care  taken 
of  them  in  order  to  their  recuveiy  ;  yet  two  ot  them  died  un- 
der the.  phyficians  hands,  while  the  third  recovered. 

76.  .but  when  Tims  had  compofed  the  troubles  in  Judea 
and  conjectured  that  the  lands  which  I  had  in  Judea  would 
bring  ~n>e  in  no  profit,  becaule  a  garrifon  to  guard  the  coun- 
try, was  afterward  to  pitch  there,  he  gave  me  another  country 
in  the  plain.  And  when  he  was  going  away  to  Rome;  he 
made  choice  of  me  to  fail  along  with  him  and  paid  me  great 
refpedl :  And  when  we  were  come  to  Rome,  I  had  great  care 

of  Mofes,  Antiq.  B.  III.  ch.  xii.  feft.  2  Vol.  I.  I  mean,  the  taking  a  captive 
woman  to  wife,  See  alio  againil  Appiau,  B.  I  ch.  vii,  Vol.  III.  But  he  leeios  to 
have  been  quickly  knfible  that  hiscomp  iancewith  the  camsaands  of  an  emperor 
•would  not  excufe  him,  for  he  foon  put  her  away,  as  Reland  jalliy  obterves  here, 
*  Ot  this  molt  remarkable  claule,  and  its  ia<?ft  UWpwaaj  tanieouea^e^  ice 
Efiay  on  As  Old  Tc 


5bS  tHI  LTFS  OF  FLAVIUS 

taken  of  me  by  Vefpafian  ;  for  he  gave  me  an   apartment  in 
his  own  houfe,  which  he  lived  in  before  he  came  to  the  em- 
pire.    He  allo  honoured  me  with  the  privilege  of  a   Roman 
citizen,  and  gave  me  an  annual  penfion  ;  and  continued  to 
refpe£l  me  to  the  end  of  his  life,  without  any  abatement  ol  his 
kindnefs  to   me  ;    which  very   thing  made  me  envied,  arul 
brought  me  into  danger  ;  for  a  certain  Jew,  whofe  name  was 
Jonathan,  who  had  raifed  a  tumult  in  Gyrene,  and  had  per- 
luaded  two  thoufand  rrtenot   that  country  to  join  with   him, 
was  theoccafiori  of  their  ruin.    But   when  he  was  bound  by 
the  governor  of  that  country,  and  fent  to  the  emperor,  he  told 
him,  that  I  had  fent  him  both  weapons  and  money.     Howe- 
ver, he -could  not  conceal  his  being  a  liar  from  Vefpafian,  who 
condemned  him  to  die  ;  according  to  which  fentence  he  was 
put  to  death.     Nay,  after  that,  when  thofe  that  envied   my 
good  fortune  did  frequently  bring  accufations  againft  me,  by 
God's  providence  I  efcaped  them  all.     I  alfo  received   from 
Vefpafian  no  fmall  quantity  of  land,  as  free  gift  in  Judea  ;  a- 
bout  which  time  I  divorced  my  wife  alfo,  as  not  pleafed  with 
her  behaviour,  though  not  till  (he  had  been  the  mother  of  three 
children,  two  of  which  are  dead,  and  one,   whom   I  named 
fjyrcanits,  is  alive.     After  this  I  married  a  wife  who  had  lived 
at  Crete,  but  a  Jew  by  birth  :  A  woman  (he  was  of  eminent 
parents,  and  fuch  as  were  the  moil  illuflrious  in  all  the  coun- 
try, and  whofe  charafter  was  beyond  that  of  moft  other  wo- 
men, as  her  future  life  did  demonftrate.     By  her  I   had  two 
fons,  the  elder's  name  was  jfuftus,   and  the  next  Simonides, 
who  was  alfo  naaied  Agrippa.    And  thefe  were  the  circum- 
ftances  of  my  domeftic  affairs.     However,  the  kindnefs  of  the 
emperor  to  me  continued  ftill  the  fame  ;  for  when  Vefpafian 
was  dead,  Titus,  who  fucceeded  him  in  the  government,  kept 
tip  the  fame  relpeft  tor  me,  which  1  had  from  his  father  ;  and 
when  I  had  frequent  accufations  laid  againft  me,  he  would  not 
believe  them.     And  Domitian,  who  fucceeded,  ftill  augment- 
ed his  refpefts  to  me  ;  for  he  punifhed  thofe  Jews   that  were 
my  accufers,  and  gave  command  that  a  fervant  ot  mine,  who 
was  an  eunuch,  and  my  accufer.    mould   be   punifhed.     He 
alfo  made  that  country  I  had  in  Judea,  tax-free,    which   is   a 
mark  of  thegreateft  honour  to  him  who  hath  it ;  nay,   Domi- 
tia ,  the  wife  of  Caefar,  continued  to  do  me   kindnelfes.     And 
this  is  the  account  of  the  a6}ions  of  my    whole  lite  ;   .and    let 
ohers  judge  of  my  chara6ter  by  the<n  as  they  pleale.     But  to 
thee,  O  Epaphiodims*.  thou  moft  excellent  of  men,  do    I 
dedicate  all  this  treatife  of  our  Antiquities  ;    and   fo,    for  the 
prefent  1  here  conclude  the  whole. 

*  Of  thi?  Fpap'iroJ'tus,  f  e  die  note  on  the  Preface  to  the  Amiquit'ie? 
END    0  F    r  0  1.  /"  M  L     *  E.  C  0  ,V  /). 

.IENRY   BREWER,    \ 
Print-r,  Spriricrfr-jd 


& 


University  of  California 

SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

Return  this  material  to  the  library 

from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


QL 

JMN  25  m 

&OCT141996 


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